Izraavanje elje (Subjunctive: I wish/If only)

In these sentences we use the past simple for the present and future and the past perfect tense for the past. Wishes: I wish/If only I lived in France. Indirect speech: She wished she lived in France. Regrets: I wish/If only I had had the chance of going to university. Indirect speech: He wished he had had the chance of going to university. He regreted that he had not had the chance of going to university. Complaints: The conditional tense (would + infinitive) I wish you would look where youre going. Indirect speech: to wish/to complain She wished that he would look where he was going.She complained that he didnt look where he was going.She complained about him not looking where he was going.

Learning by examples
Counterfactual statements
If I were you, then I would not do that. I am not you, however, so I use the subjunctive to express this hypothetical or counterfactual condition. Especially note that the modern usage If I was you is completely incorrect. If only she were here, then she would speak up. She is not here, however, so the subjunctive expresses that fact appropriately. Again, If only she was has drifted into modern usage and should be avoided. We should act as if he were watching. We doubt that he is watching or know that he is not. It is as though she were here. We know she is not here, but it seems so.

Wishful statements
She wishes she were not here. The modern usage She wishes she was is incorrect. He wishes he had a hammer. Without the subjuctive, this would be constructed in the indicative as He wishes he has a hammer, but the indicative is incorrect. I wish I knew. This formulation is distinctly different the following indicative statement: I wish I know (which makes no sense). The indicative is inappropriate here.

Conjunctive formulations
Do this now, lest you be harried later. Lest typically takes the subjunctive. * lest = in order to prevent any possibility that something will happen He keeps the faith, though he face so many trials. Here, though takes the subjunctive. This sounds very pretentious. Whether it be true, we shall proceed. They like all dogs, be they large or small, short or tall, ...

Verbs Followed by the Subjunctive The Subjunctive is used after the following verbs: to advise (that) to ask (that) to command (that) to demand (that) to desire (that) to insist (that) to propose (that) to recommend (that) to request (that) to suggest (that) to urge (that) Examples:

Expressions Followed by the Subjunctive The Subjunctive is used after the following expressions: It is best (that) It is crucial (that) It is desirable (that) It is essential (that) It is imperative (that) It is important (that) It is recommended (that) It is urgent (that) It is vital (that) It is a good idea (that) It is a bad idea (that) Examples:

--Dr. Smith asked that Mark submit his research paper before the end of the month. --Donna requested Frank come to the party. --The teacher insists that her students be on time.

-It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives. --It is important she attend the meeting. --It is recommended that he take a gallon of water with him if he wants to hike to the bottom of the Grand Canyon.

Negative, Continuous and Passive Forms of Subjunctive

The Subjunctive can be used in negative, continuous and passive forms. Negative Examples: The boss insisted that Sam not be at the meeting. The company asked that employees not accept personal phone calls during business hours. I suggest that you not take the job without renegotiating the salary. Passive Examples: Jake recommended that Susan be hired immediately. Christine demanded that I be allowed to take part in the negotiations. We suggested that you be admitted to the organization. Continuous Examples: It is important that you be standing there when he gets off the plane. It is crucial that a car be waiting for the boss when the meeting is over. I propose that we all be waiting in Tim's apartment when he gets home. Should as Subjunctive After many of the above expressions, the word "should" is sometimes used to express the idea of subjunctiveness. This form is used more frequently in British English and is most common after the verbs "suggest," "recommend" and "insist." Examples: The doctor recommended that she should see a specialist about the problem. Professor William suggested that Wilma should study harder for the final exam.

Confusing Verbs: Lie lay lain lying leati, neprelazan (intransitive) Lay laid laid laying poloiti, prelazan (transitive) Lie lied lied lying lagati

Regular Verb TRANSITIVE - needs an object VERB FORMS: raise - raised - raised raising TO RAISE = to lift something, to elevate, to bring to maturity, to increase, to set upright by lifting or building Terry raised her hand to wave at her friend. My grandmother raised cotton. I'm raising some tomatoes. The store always raises prices.

Irregular Verb INTRANSITIVE - no object VERB FORMS: rise - rose - risen - rising TO RISE = to move upward (without assistance) to move upright from a lying, kneeling, or sitting position to return from death Hot air balloons rise. Frank's rising from the sofa. The sun has already risen this morning. Zombies rise from the dead in horror movies!

Gerund i present participle (glagolska imenica i sadanji particip)

Gerund is a word that functions as a noun. It is derived by adding ing to the end of a verb (jog), e.g. Jogging is a good way of exercising. A present participle is formed by adding -ing to the verb, as in reading., e.g. He may be reading the newspaper now.

A gerund is used:
as the subject of the sentence. Example: Waiting for a bus can take a long time. as the object of a verb. Example: Will you stop crying? as a verbal noun, i.e. as a verb doing the work of a noun. Example: Her scolding frightened her children. after a verb. Example: The gate needs repainting. after busy. Example: She is busy cooking for dinner. with a preposition. Example: We are tired after walking for two hours. after a phrasal verb. Example: If we carry on working, we can complete it today.

A present participle is used:

immediately after a subject to which it refers. Example: People driving in the rain have to drive carefully. after a verb. Example: He went fishing with his friends. after a noun. It tells us what a person or thing is doing. Example: She heard them talking about her. Example: I saw a rock rolling down the hill. as an adjective. Example: That twinkling star is much brighter than the rest. to show that a person is doing two things at the same time. Example: He is sitting outside the house, watching people pass by. to form the continuous tense. Example: He is washing his car. when one action is followed by another. Example: Walking on the beach, he threw a ball to his friend.