New functionalities for advanced optical interfaces (Dispersion compensation)

Kazuo Yamane
Photonic systems development dept.

Fujitsu

Outline

Chromatic dispersion effect Dispersion compensating techniques Optimization of residual dispersion or its map PMD compensation Conclusions

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Signal distortion due to chromatic dispersion

Optical spectrum Wavelength Transmitter output Spectrum broadening Difference in group velocity Pulse broadening (Waveform distortion) Optical fiber
Group velocity

Receiver input

Time Original signal

Time Regenerated signal

1
3

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1
Time

Wavelength

Time

Waveform distortion due to fiber non-linearity

High power intensity Refractive index change Frequency chirp Spectrum broadening Waveform distortion due to chromatic dispersion

Optical fiber

Low optical power

High optical power

Transmitter out
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Received waveform

Dispersion compensation example

Transmission fiber Dispersion compensating fiber (DCF)

Positive dispersion (Negative dispersion)

Longer wavelength Shorter wavelength

Negative dispersion (Positive dispersion)

Longer wavelength Shorter wavelength Fast (Slow) Slow (Fast)

Slow (Fast) Fast (Slow)

40 Gb/s optical signal

25 ps

Transmitter output
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After fiber transmission

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After dispersion comp.

DC allocations and dispersion maps

R.D. [ps/nm]

Postcomp.

Fiber#1

Fiber#2

DC

DC

Distance [km]

+ R.D. [ps/nm]

Pre-comp.

Fiber#1

Fiber#2

DC

DC

Distance [km]

R.D. [ps/nm]

Post- & Precomp.

Fiber#1

Fiber#2

DC
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DC

DC
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Distance [km]

Residual dispersion and tolerance of receiver

Allowable penalty + R.D. [ps/nm]
Longer wavelength

+ R.D. [ps/nm] Distance [km] Penalty [dB]

Center wavelength Shorter wavelength

Dispersion tolerance of receiver

Parameters affecting to the tolerance - Signal bit rate - Channel counts and spacing - Distance or number of spans - Fibre type - Fibre input power - Pre-chirping of transmitter - Modulation scheme of transmitter - DC allocation / value
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Need to consider the variation of tolerance due to characteristics of transmitter, fibre non-linear effects and dispersion map. Even if residual dispersion values are same, the received waveforms are different, affected by these parameters.

Comparison of 40Gbit/s modulation schemes

NRZ RZ CS-RZ Optical duobinary

Optical power (dBm)

108 GHz
-20
-40 1542 1545 1548 -20 -40

180 GHz
-20 -40 1545 1548 1542 1545

165 GHz
-20 -40 1548 1542

70 GHz

1542

1545

1548

Wavelength (nm)

Wavelength (nm)

Wavelength (nm)

Wavelength (nm)

Now evaluating transmission performance

Chromatic dispersion tolerance Fibre non-linear tolerance (Maximum input power) Spectral tolerance (Degradation due to filter narrowing)
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A past field experiment example

10Gbit/s 750km WDM field trial between Berlin and Darmstadt (Ref.: OFC/IOOC99, Technical Digest TuQ2, A. Ehrhardt, et.al.)

Berlin
Before Optimization
O/E Post-amplifier

Link for field trial

Darmstadt

E/O Pre-amplifier

After optimization
-400 ps/nm O/E Post-amplifier Pre-amplifier +900 ps/nm E/O

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Dispersion maps and waveforms in the trial

Dispersion (ps/nm)
2000 1500 1000 500 0 -500 -1000 -1500 -2000
0 200 400 600 800 Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 4

Before optimization

Distance (km)

Dispersion (ps/nm)

2000 1500 1000 500 0 -500 -1000 -1500 -2000

0 200 400 Channel 1 Channel 1 (Before) (After)

After optimization

600

800

Distance (km)
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Automatic dispersion compensation example

l1 Tx #1 l2 Tx #2 Provisioning
VDC

Provisioning & Tracking

VDC

Rx #1 Rx #2 Rx #40

l40 Tx #40

DC

DC

li Dispersion Monitor

Dispersion compensator (fixed or variable)

VIPA variable dispersion compensator

Line-focusing lens Optical circulator

DC > 0

Variable x-axis

DC < 0
Glass plate

Collimating lens

Focusing lens
3-Dimensional Mirror

VIPA : Virtually Imaged Phased Array

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Dispersion compensation trend

NE NE

Photonic network Manage dispersion or residual dispersion (dispersion map) !!

NE NE NE

Transmitter / Receiver
Adjust parameters including residual dispersion to optimum!!
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Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

Cross-section of optical fiber
Cladding Core

Ideal

Practical
Fast axis

Slow axis

1st-order PMD

Fast

Dt Dt
Slow
D t : Differential Group Delay (DGD)

- Well defined, frequency independent eigenstates - Deterministic, frequency independent Differential Group Delay (DGD) - DGD scales linearity with fiber length
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Higher-order PMD
D tn

D t1

D t2

D t3

D t4

Mode-coupling at random locations with random strength

Maxwellian distribution of the instantaneous DGD

-Statistically varying due to environmental fluctuations -Fiber PMD unit: ps/ km

Frequency of occurrence

-Frequency dependence of DGD

Prob.(DGD>3xPMD) = 4x10-5 = 21 min/year Prob.(DGD>3.5xPMD) =10-6 = 32 sec/year PMD 3.5PMD Instantaneous DGD (ps)

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Automatic PMD compensation

PMD compensation scheme in receiver
PMD comp. device #1 PMD comp. device #2 PMD comp. device #3 O/E module

40Gb/s waveforms Before PMD comp.

Control algorithm

Distortion analyzer

After PMD comp.

PMD characteristic changes slowly due to normal environmental fluctuations (e.g. temperature) But, fast change due to e.g. fiber touching High-speed PMD compensation device & Intelligent control algorithm
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Conclusions

In fibre optical high bit rate (such as 10G or 40G bit/s) long-haul transmission systems, dispersion compensation is one of the most important items to be considered for design. Management or optimization of residual dispersion are required for photonic networks, i.e., for fibres, repeaters and optical interfaces. PMD compensation is also required especially for 40Gbit/s or higher bit rate long-haul systems.

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