A Technique to improve the Spectral efficiency by Phase shift keying

modulation technique at 40 Gb/s in DWDM optical systems.

A.V Ramprasad and M.Meenakshi
Reserach scholar and Assistant professor , Department of Electroncis and Communication Engg.
College of Engg , Anna unversity , Guindy ,Chennai -25 ,INDIA.
avramprasad2002@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT
Fiber non linear effects play a major role in the limitations of optical system band width.
The traffic demands can utilize the available optical system band width either by
increasing the data rate or by multiplexing the wavelength channels. This utilization can
be measured in terms of its spectral efficiency (b/s/hz) which can be improved by
decreasing the channel spacing and increasing the data rate. In this paper an extensive
study has been carried on PSK modulations with Bragg filtering technique and hybrid
Raman amplification at a data rate of 40 Gb/s with 16 channels. It is found that the
CSRZ-DQPSK is more tolerant to non linear and dispersive effects with Bragg filtering
with 1.6b/s/Hz spectral efficiency.

Keywords: Modulation formats , Bragg filtering , specctral efficiency, Hybrid Raman

technique.

1 INTRODUCTION class of components namely called fiber Bragg

Spectral efficiency is a key issue to enhance
aggregate capacity and cost-effectiveness of optical
systems. The evolution of these systems is presently
following three major technological trends regarding
capacity increase (1) an increase in channel bit rate
(systems with 40Gb/s per channel), (2) a widening of
the transmission bandwidth of the optical fiber (S
and L-bands optical amplifiers), and (3) a narrowing
of the channel spacing (from 200 GHz to 25
GHz)[1][2][3].This narrowing technique can be
implemented by a better filtering technique and an
optimal modulation format. In this paper for the first
time of the author’s knowledge we have considered
the implementation of asymmetric pre-filtering by
Bragg filtering technique. The spectral efficiency of
this system can also be improved by hybrid Raman
amplifier technique in the Carrier suppressed Return
to zero format (CSRZ-DQPSK) differential
quadrature phase shift keying modulation format.
Since detailed studies on the benefit of asymmetric
pre-filtering have been already reported for OOK( on
off keying) carrier-suppressed return-to-zero (CS-
RZ) signals[4]. However, regarding differential
quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) signals,
which is a promising format for high bit rate ULH
system applications, similar study has not been
reported so far, whereas remarkable demonstrations
of 40Gbit/s-based DWDM transmission have been
already reported by using symmetrically pre-filtered
DQPSK signals. The highlight of this work is the
application of asymmetric Bragg filtering in CSRZ –
DQPSK modulation format towards the
improvement of spectral efficiency. The discovery of
photosensitivity in optical fiber by Hill et al. in 1978
has opened the doors for the development of a new
gratings (FBG) devices. The filtering capabilities of
Bragg gratings combined with its all-fiber
configuration and flexibility make them an ideal
candidate for components such as spectrally-
designed complex filters, dispersion compensators
and add/drop filters. This paper is comprised as
follows section 2 brief about the improvement of
the spectral efficiency with the Bragg filtering in the
presence of non linear effect. Section 3 discusses
about the impact of non linear effects in the presence
of Hybrid Raman amplifiers for other modulation
formats like Duo binary and CSRZ DQPSK
techniques. Section 4 brings about the results and
discussion and finally section 5 concludes our work.
2 IMPLEMENTATION OF BRAGG
FILTERING TECHNIQUE IN CSRZ
DQPSK
In this section, we have described our novel
technique of combining the CSRZ –DQPSK
modulation format with the dispersion compensating
Bragg filter that will improve the spectral efficiency
of 40 Gb/s optical system. In the modern dense
wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) systems,
characterized by small channel spacing and high bit
rates, selective band pass filters are a key component
for the implementation of fundamental functions,
such as channel add-drop, channel selection, de
multiplexing , multi channel filtering and inter leaver.
Fig 1 is the transmitter set up for generating CSRZ-
DQPSK. To achieve this we require high
selectivity(ability to separate two adjacent
channels),high out of band rejection in order to
guarantee a low cross talk between the channels, flat
in band response and low insertion loss[5].

Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal 1

 implemented to suppress or avoid this effect.

Fig 1. Transmitter set up for CSRZ DQPSK

Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), arrayed waveguide

gratings (AWGs), and cascaded Mach–Zehnder
filters are excellent devices for filtering purposes but
their complexity or dimensions strongly increase for Fig 2.back to back measurement of Q factor
applications in high- density WDM systems. Table 1..fiber coefficients
Compared to Fiber Bragg grating the AWGs are Parameters NZDSF fiber
difficult to realize when channels are closely spaced. Attenuation Coefficient (α) 0.22
The optical signal and associated ASE noise output
from the EDFA is passed through an optical band Chromatic dispersion (Dc) 3
pass filter bandwidth The FBG filter shape is
designed for 25-GHz channel spacing UDWDM by Dispersive Slope (S) 50
optimizing the tradeoff between cross talk and
dispersion[6]. After passing through the optical band Nonlinearity Coefficient ( γ) 1.8
pass filter, the signal is received by MZI
interferometric detection, a p-i-n with 15-GHz PMD Coefficient 0.1
bandwidth. The p-i-n is followed by a selectable RF
low-pass filter, a limiting amplifier (LA), and an Effective core area f) 72
error detector. The decision threshold at the input to
the LA, as well as error detector threshold, and Using the uniform grating for dispersion
sampling instant are all optimized before measuring compensation the Q factor is improved as shown in
bit error rate (BER). Filters allow light to transmit in the table 4. Fig 2 shows the Eye diagram Q factor
a very narrow spectral range and reflect light in other back to back with the simulation parameters in
spectral ranges[7]. In this paper we have simulated Tables 1 and 5 .
CSRZ DQPSK modulation format at 40 Gb/s with Table 2: Bragg filtering parameters
16 channels of separation 25 Ghz ,with wavelengths Parameter Multi
varied from 1556.4nm -1559.4 nm and with 8 spans channel
of EDFA and NZDSF of 80 kms each with the total filter
Reflected bandwidth fc±10
distance of 640 kms .at the spectral efficiency of
1.6b/s/hz. The non linear effects and the dispersive GHz
effects are compensated as we have adapted Bragg
technique for filtering actions. The channels went Drop channel Insertion loss < 1.5 dB
through a Lithium Niobate Mech zender modulator
driven at 10 Ghz clock cycle. The duty cycle of Drop Channel IL Uniformity <0.1 dB
CSRZ modulation is 60 % and second modulator
produces DQPSK modulation with the quadrature Group Delay across Reflected Band <12.0 ps
shift. Bragg filter is chromatic dispersion tolerant as
mentioned in the literatures the self phase Adjacent & No n-Adjacent Channel >20 dB,
modulation can be tolerated. The transmission line
Isolation 22 dB
has a total length of 640 kms and consists of 08
spans. Each span has an EDFA, approximately 15 PDL of Dropped & Transmitted <0.02 dB
kms of SMF and 65 kms of dispersion shifted fiber
for a net dispersion of approximately 0.8 ps/nm/km Channels
at 1557 nm. A single adjustable gain-flattening filter
is installed at the halfway point of the transmission Express Channel insertion Loss < 1.0 dB
line. We are using Chirped Bragg grating filter in our
paper where the spectral broadening due to SPM can Cladding Modes < 0.2dB
be narrowed that depends up on the initial chirp
induced by Brag grating. Several schemes can be

Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal 2

 Drop Channel Isolation in Express >25 dB Low pass filter B/w 1.875 Ghz.

( ITU± 10 GHz) 3 HYBRID RAMAN AMPLIFICATIONS IN

NON LINEAR EFFECTS.
Apodization profile Sinc

function

Table 3: obtained OSNR value.

OSNR values BER values

22 in the center channel 10 -12

Table 4: Meaured Q factor with and without filtering

Distance in Q with out Q with
kms comp comp Fig 3 hybrid Raman set up.
Back to Back 37. 59 ------------ The gain medium here is the transmission fiber itself
and Raman amplification by the pump will produce
100kms 21.80702 26.70 less noise due to distributed amplification[8]. The
noise figure approximately is 0 db for the hybrid
200kms 19.026 21.948 condition In this section using the parameters in
tables 2 and 6 with and with out the presence of
300kms 15.42509 18.7878
Raman hybrid amplification the Q factors and the
400kms 13.2275 15.4994 OSNR values are measured for the fixed number of
fiber spans and the dispersion compensation ratio is
Fiber Bragg grating with chirp and apodization is plotted for the Q factors the eye opening penalty is
used in this paper. After selecting the mono mode calculated for the hybrid conditions. In the case of
SMF fiber, we have selected the grating properties multiplexed channels 16 channels of spacing 25 GHz
whose order is one with sine function shape, linear is used for our simulation for the first time with
periodic chirp of 101 segments with total chirp 2 nm, Bragg filtering asymmetrical to determine the EYE
length 50000, index modulation is 0.0006, The user PENALTY.Fig 4 shows the plot between the
defined function for apodization is the fourth order calculated eye opening penalty when the optical filter
Gaussian function. The grating used for the filtering bandwidth is varied for multi channel 16 in numbers.
action is that each grating has the different period From the above figure it is clear that by assuming the
The device can use as 16 channel WDM narrow band optimal value of Eye opening penalty around 1 dB
selective filter, As shown in Table 4 the Bragg filter and analyzed the performance of the multiplexed
performance can be evaluated for dispersion channels. Due to narrow spectral width duo binary
compensation and the Q factor is calculated for are expected to provide improvements in terms of
various distance using EDFA. Table 3 shows the tolerance to GVD and should allow increase in the
obtained OSNR values and calculated it error spectral efficiency whereas CSRZ DQPSK system
rate .Table 2 shows the Bragg filtering parameters. was initially proposed for its resilience to SPM
used in our simulation . [11] .However the relative performance of these
Table 5 Simulation parameters used in CSRZ modulation formats strongly depends on the type of
DQPSK. the system (fiber type , amplifier spacing , hybrid
Parameters Values Raman amplification etc..)
Table 6: hybrid setup simulation parameters .
Continuous wave laser 7 dbm/channel Parameters Values
PRBS 40 Gb/s data rate,232
Non linear dispersive fiber Attenuation 0.22 db/km
length
Optical filter – trapezoidal Zero db bandwidth = 45
Continuous wave Laser 1550nm 15 mw power
filter Ghz ,Cut off bandwidth
Mechzender Modulator 100 db ext ratio
-50 Ghz ,cut off
EDFA Gain 5 dB Noise figure
magnitude -30 dB .
6dB
Photo detector Darkcurrent 10 na
Number of loops 4 spans of EDFA and

Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal 3

 Nonlinear dispersive fiber 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this paper we have observed the improvement in
Bessel optical filter 1550 nm with the varying the spectral efficiency to 1.6b/s/hz at 40 Gb/s with 25
Ghz channel spacing. To achieve this improvement
band width
we have applied CSRZ-DQPSK modulation
technique with asymmetric Bragg filtering for
Pin diode Responsivity 1 A/w Dark
channel separation. This kind of filtering action will
current 10 nA. suppress the non linear effects like SPM and reduces
the GVD which will improves the OSNR and Q
factor. In the second half of our paper we have also
compared the performance for other modulation
formats like RZ, Duobinary with CSRZ DQPSK
using Bragg filtering technique nce can be improved
by the Hybrid Raman amplifier. From various plots
and results we see CSRZ–DQPSK has better
performance with the hybrid Raman amplifier and
OSNR improvement is also observed. An
improvement in the transmission performance of 4-5
db of OSNR and Q factor at the receiver side has
been achieved with and with out applying the bragg
filtering as shown in table 4. As shown in the Fig .4
for the DWDM systems the eye penalty remains
nearly one db for the CSRZ-DQPSK scheme in the
narrow band filtering. As a result we can conclude
the hybrid Raman amplification will improve the
spectral efficiency with CSRZ -DQPSK format using
Fig 4. Eye opening penalty with Bragg filters at the receiver for the SMF fiber with the sufficient dispersion
16 channels . compensating parameters as shown in the Table 1.
Table 7: Q factor comparison for a distance of 640 The improvement in the OSNR is obtained based on
kms. the Raman gain introduced by the pumping in the
Modulation Q with out Q with hybrid distributed amplification. In this paper for the first
hybrid time simulation is carried out for 16 channels at the
RZ 27.67 30.88 distance of 640 kms using Dispersion compensator
Bragg filter where the spectral efficiency is improved
NRZ 18.78 21.66 to 1.6 b/s/hz at the rate of 40 Gb/s and the channel
spacing is 25 Ghz .The Q factor performance is
CS RZ DQPSK 20.44 24.44
improved where the non linear and dispersive effects
Duo binary 19.88 20.88
are tolerated at the high input power 12 dbm /channel
The Q factors are measured and found that at 640
3.1 Multi channel kms it is showing better performance when hybris
For a multi channel of 16 channels with 12 dbm raman amplifier is applied rather than doped
/channel the duo binary modulation format and amplifiers as shown in Table 8..
CSRZ –DQPSK is tolerant to non linear effects and 6. Conclusion
narrowing the filter bandwidth does not affect the An improvement in spectral efficiency is carried out
eye opening penalty with the filter bandwidth in at 40 Gb/s with 25 Ghz spacing of 16 channels with
increased and on observing the other modulation the input power of 12 dbm / channel by using hybrid
formats like RZ and CSRZ-DQPSK where the eye raman amplifier with carrier suppressed DQPSK
opening penalty is reduced gradually for CSRZ modulation technique using Bragg filtering
DQPSK whereas drastically for RZ .The value of the technique to suppress the linear and non linear
OSNR improvement in the presence of the hybrid effects
amplifier depends on the Raman amplifier gain ratio.
Table 7 shows the measured OSNR values with and References
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Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal 4

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