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tydkif;(2) aiGvJvS,fEIef;jrifhrm;vmjcif;\taMumif;w&m;ESifht usdK;oufa&mufrIrsm; 5/ abm*aA'bmom&yf\ oabmw&m;wpfckjzpfonfh 6 'wfcsfa&m*g (Dutch disease) onf kwfw&ufaiGwefzdk;wuf&jcif;ESifh 4if;\tusdK;oufa&mufrIrsm;ESifhywfouf vlodrsm; NyD;xif&Sm;onfh om"uwpfck jzpfygonf/ (1960)jynfhvGefESpfrsm;u e,fomvefEdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ xdktcsdefu
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Corden, WM, and PJ Neary (1982), "Booming Sector and Deindustrialization in a Small Open Economy", Economic Journal 92;825-848, December.

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0ifa&muf vmaom jynfyrSoGif;ukefrsm;onf jynfwGif;aps;uGufwGif xdkukefrsm;ESifh ,SOfjydKifa&mif;cs ae&aom oGif;ukeftpm;xdk; vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; xdcdkufapygonf/ xdkodkYaomtaMumif;rsm; aMumifh e,fomvefEdkifiHwGif pufrIu@usqif;oGm;onfhjzpf&yfudk London Economist r*Zif;u 'wfcsfa&m*g (Dutch disease) [k (1977) ckESpfwGif pwifac:a0:oHk;pGJcJhygonf/ 9/ pwkwtcsuftaejzifh aemufususef&pfcJhaom v,f,mESifhpufrIu@wdkYrS vkyfom; ESifht&if;tESD;wdkYonf pef;yGifhESifhjynfyaps;uGufwGif ryg0ifaomvkyfief;rsm;odkY a&TUajymif;oGm; &ef tvm;tvmrsm; ay:aygufEdkifygonf/ ,if;wdkYudk aumif;onfhtvm;tvmrsm;[k r,lq Edkifyg/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf a&eHESifhobm0"gwfaiGUu@rsm;onf jynfyrS&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI vHkavmufpGm&&Sdaeojzifh jynfwGif;rS xyfrHt&if;tESD;jrKyfESH&ef rvdktyfyg/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD; jrKyfESHolrsm;u rdrdwdkY\avmifpmvdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;&ef vHkavmufaom t&if;tESD;jrKyfESH xm;NyD; jzpfygonf/ a&eHESifhobm0"gwfaiGUu@onf pufud&d,mudk tm;udk;aomvkyfief; rsm;jzpfojzifh tvkyftudkifay;EdkifpGrf; tenf;i,frQom &Sdygonf/ xdkYtjyif vdktyfonfh vkyftm;udkvnf; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHonfhjyifyEdkifiHrsm;rS wpfygwnf; ac:aqmifvmwwfMuygonf/ 10/ aqmufvkyfa&;? plygrm;uwfESifh pm;aomufqdkifrsm;wGif tvkyftudkif&&SdEdkifaomfvnf; tvkyform;rsm;taejzifh xdkvkyfief;rsm;rS EdkifiHudktusdK;jyKonfh enf;ynmESifhtwwfynm &&SdEdkifonfhtcGifhtvrf;rsm; enf;yg;ygonf/ txl;owdjyKoifhonfrSm acmwfrDzGHYjzdK;wdk;wuf aomEdkifiHtwGuf tajccHusaom enf;ynm? uRrf;usifrI? pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh a&mif;0,fazmufum; a&;ynmrsm;udk

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10

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7

Katrina Vanden Heuvel, Melttdown: how greed and corruption shattered our financial system and how we can recover (New York: Nation Books, 2009); Andrew Ross Sorkin, Too Big to Fail:inside the battle to save Wall Street(New York: Penguin Group, 2009). 8 Joseph Stiglitz, "Inequality: of the one percent, by the one percent, for the one percent" Vanity Fair, May 2011. 9 Joseph Stiglitz, Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the sinking of the World Economy (New York:W.W Norton and Company, 2010).

11

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10

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12

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13

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14

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15

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