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Radiation
Detection
• Confirm the presence of radiation
Measurement
• Quantification of radiation
— Nature
— Energy
— Intensity
K.L.Ramakumar 1
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Detection systems : Different
Why so ?
α particles, β particles
Heavy ions, fission fragments
Neutrons
γ Ray photons
X-ray photons
That is why!!!
K.L.Ramakumar 2
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Radiation Detector M
S
K.L.Ramakumar 3
Radiation Detection and Measurement
K.L.Ramakumar 4
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Current mode
Detector I
I0
K.L.Ramakumar 5
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Squaring
Ion Chamber Averaging
Circuit
K.L.Ramakumar 6
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Detector C R V(t)
K.L.Ramakumar 7
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Time constant
RC >>> tc
tc
Vmax = Q/C
V(t)
t
Pulse amplitude α Q
Q α Energy of incident radiation
K.L.Ramakumar 8
Radiation Detection and Measurement
K.L.Ramakumar 9
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Intensity
Channel number
K.L.Ramakumar 10
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Intensity
Channel number
K.L.Ramakumar 11
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Intensity
Channel number
K.L.Ramakumar 12
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Intensity
Channel number
K.L.Ramakumar 13
Radiation Detection and Measurement
12
Intensity
Channel number
K.L.Ramakumar 14
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Intensity
Channel number
K.L.Ramakumar 15
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Intensity
Channel number
K.L.Ramakumar 16
Radiation Detection and Measurement
K.L.Ramakumar 17
Radiation Detection and Measurement
K.L.Ramakumar 18
Radiation Detection and Measurement
K.L.Ramakumar 19
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Radiation survey
meter
K.L.Ramakumar 20
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Proportional Counters
K.L.Ramakumar 21
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Fill gases
Gas multiplication is dependent on the
migration of electrons rather than
negative ions
(Negative ion formation should be
negligible)
Air is not suitable (Oxygen !!!)
Noble gase (Ar, Kr, Xe)
90%Ar + 10% CH4 (P-10 gas)
Low energy x-rays: Kr, Xe
Thermal neutrons: BF3, 3He
Fast neutrons: H2, CH2, He
Dosimetry (biological tissues):
64.4% CH4 + 32.4% CO2 + 3.2% N2
Ethylene to enhance Penning effect
K.L.Ramakumar 22
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Cathode
RL
Anode
wire V
- +
Charge collected : proportional to
the number of ion-pairs created by
the incident radiation
Multiplication needs high electric
field ε(r) V = voltage 2000 V
K.L.Ramakumar 23
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Counting curve
Count rate
α + β
Gas Gas
K.L.Ramakumar 24
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Geiger-Muller Counters
K.L.Ramakumar 25
Radiation Detection and Measurement
G-M tube
R V(t) Signal
K.L.Ramakumar 26
Radiation Detection and Measurement
+++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++
+ ve ions
massive drift
slowly
towards
cathode
Electrons
move fast
towards
anode wire
Anode wire
Cathode
Decrease in electric field below
critical point
Subsequent discharges cannot occur
Counter is “dead”
K.L.Ramakumar 27
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Dead time
Recovery time
K.L.Ramakumar 28
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Scintillation Detectors
K.L.Ramakumar 29
Radiation Detection and Measurement
K.L.Ramakumar 30
Radiation Detection and Measurement
K.L.Ramakumar 31
Radiation Detection and Measurement
dN/dE
E
Compton scattering
Continuum
dN/dE
Edge
E
Double escape peak
dN/dE
K.L.Ramakumar E 32
Radiation Detection and Measurement
dN/dE
K.L.Ramakumar 33
Radiation Detection and Measurement
2
3
1
4
3 4
2
K.L.Ramakumar 34
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Suggested Reading
K.L.Ramakumar 35
Radiation Detection and Measurement
K.L.Ramakumar 36
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Plateau
K.L.Ramakumar 37
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Detectors in pulse mode
Each pulse amplitude (height) carried
important information about the incident
radiation
(Type, energy and strength)
Pulse amplitude information is obtained
by differential pulse height distribution
dN
dH
H3
H1 H2 H5
H
K.L.Ramakumar 38
Radiation Detection and Measurement
H4
dN
dH
H3
H1 H2 H5
H
Typical pulse height spectrum
Thank you
K.L.Ramakumar 40