ABSTRACT

Adolescence based on WHO is a person within the age of 10-19 years old while according to Indonesian Adolescence Reproduction Survey, adolescence is male or female, unmarried and aged between 15-24 years old.

In Indonesia, the main adolescence health problems are drugs addiction, reproductive health, smoking and mental health. A lot of interventions have been done by the government and NGOs for all of the problems except mental health. That is why we are pleased to choose mental health as the field of concern in writing our paper.

Self-concept refers to self-evaluation or self perception, and it represents the sum of an individuals beliefs about his or her own attributes. Self concept reflects how an adolescent evaluates himself or herself in domains (or areas) in which he or she considers success important. In addition, how children feel about themselves represents a crucial component in child growth and development.

Many of these adolescence uses Internet, in this case; Facebook, as the main medium to communicate. As the effect of the online social networking, people find the real world boring and unstimulating. Online session changes the perception to a dream-like state, and this unnatural blending of mind with the other person leads to entirely different meaning to friendships and relationships.

This study utilized a community based cross-sectional using a survey population consisting of early adolescence (13-15 years old). We distribute two types of questionnaires to 370 samples. The samples are the final year students of 3 elite governments junior high schools in Palembang, Indonesia. Strategies that can be used to improve an adolescents self-concept include providing praise for accomplishments, praising effort, working with the individual to encourage improvement in areas where he or she feels deficient, and refraining from using negative feedback.

INTRODUCTION
According to WHO, 1 over 5 from world population is adolescence with 900 millions live in developing country and 20% of them is in Indonesia. Indonesian population has reached over 237,6 million people as the fourth country with most population in the world after People Republic of China, India and United States of America consecutively with 35% of the population is adolescence.1

Adolescence based on WHO is a person within the age of 10-19 years old while according to Indonesian Adolescence Reproduction Survey, adolescence is male or female, unmarried and aged between 15-24 years old.1

In Indonesia, the main adolescence health problems are drugs addiction, reproductive health, smoking and mental health. A lot of interventions have been done by the government and NGOs for all of the problems except mental health. That is why we are pleased to choose mental health as the field of concern in writing our paper.

Dwidjo Saputro, the head of Indonesia Child and Adolescent Mental Health Association stated that there is no serious action taken until now by the law enforcers. While in the other hand, the low awareness about the external factors that may bring harmful effect to adolescence mental growth will bring problems to the nation.2

Adolescence period is the time when the formation of self concept happens. Basically, self concept is the understanding and hope about how the person looks at themselves, what they want to be and seeing themselves in a reality from the physical and the psychological aspect. There are 2 kinds of self concepts, negative self concept where the person will look themselves negatively and positive self concept where the person will look themselves positively. These 2 kinds of self concept resembled the 8 aspects of self concepts which are scholastic competence, athletic competence, physical appearance, peer acceptance, close friendships, romantic relationships, job competence and conduct/morality.3

One of the biggest influence that affect the self concept formation in Indonesia is the use of internet, especially Facebook. From the last 6 months (April-September 2010), Indonesia was
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placed in the third place worldwide after the United States of America and United Kingdom with the total of 26.8 million Facebook users and counting. 63% of the users are in the range of 13-24 years old.4

The success of having a positive self concept during the adolescence period may ensure that a person will have a better view on their life. So, we are suggesting that the best way to avoid adolescence health problems such as smoking, drug addiction, free sex and others is by fixing the root of the problems which is the formation of positive self concept. We hope that by writing this paper, we can create global awareness about the importance of adolescence mental health.

As the conclusion, the most important things about this issue is not only the effect of Facebook on adolescence but how their addiction to Facebook can cause family dynamic changes, drifting interpersonal relationship apart, crime arises and education problems that might cost them a brighter tomorrow.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Self concept Self-concept refers to self-evaluation or self perception, and it represents the sum of an individuals beliefs about his or her own attributes. Self concept reflects how an adolescent evaluates himself or herself in domains (or areas) in which he or she considers success important. In addition, how children feel about themselves represents a crucial component in child growth and development.5

An adolescent can have a positive self-concept in some domains and a negative self-concept in others. Researchers have identified the following eight domains that make up an adolescents self-concept: scholastic competence, athletic competence, physical appearance, peer acceptance, close friendships, romantic relationships, job competence, conduct/morality.6

Several signs may indicate that an adolescent has a negative self-concept. These may include one or more of the following: doing poorly in school; having few friends; putting down oneself and others; rejecting compliments; teasing others; showing excessive amounts of anger; being excessively jealous; appearing conceited; or hesitating to try new things.7 An adolescents self-concept is dynamic, and causality is complex. That is, problems and difficulties can lower self-concept; but low self-concept can also cause problems.8 Having an overall negative self-concept in adolescence has been associated with depression9, drug use, and eating disorders in girls.

In conclusion, because negative self-concept in adolescence has been associated with various maladaptive behavioural and emotional problems, it is important to address signs of negative self-concept in youth.

Developmental theory in adolescences Based on the theory of development by Erik Erikson, adolescence or children over the age of 11 until the end of their adolescence period will gone through several phases including identity versus role diffusion; struggle to develop ego identity (sense of inner sameness and continuity); preoccupation with appearance, heroship and ideology; group identity (peers)
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develops; combinative structures emerge, permitting flexible grouping of elements in a system; ability to use two system of reference simultaneously; and ability to grasp concept of probabilities.10 The distraction that happen in this crucial periods, will influence their personality and mental health later in life.

Adolescent health in Indonesia

In Indonesia, health and other services in general are more and more starting to respond to the needs and demands of most adolescents. A number of projects and programs, supported by the government with or without donor assistance, have been in place for some time but most of them focus only on a limited number of issues relevant for adolescents and not on their overall need. The 2004 - 05 focus of the project will be to support the further development of national and sub-national adolescent health strategies and their implementation including the need for coordination between partners, the access and quality of adolescent friendly health services in the context of a more "public friendly" approach and the access for adolescents to reliable and relevant information on which the adolescent can base her or his decisions. 16

One of adolescent problem in Indonesia is smoking. Smoking among teens is associated with additional health and social problems. Smoking affects the physical growth and activities of teenagers. The younger people start smoking, the more likely they are to become strongly addicted to nicotine. Furthermore, teens who smoke are much more likely to use alcohol, use drugs, engage in fighting, and engage in unprotected sex. 17

Keeping children in school during their adolescent years is essential on a number of fronts. Being out of school increases a childs risk of becoming a victim of exploitation, including trafficking, and of run-ins with the law, ranging from drug abuse to petty crime. Increasingly, HIV/AIDS is also a threat to this vulnerable age group. Social and cultural conditions in Indonesia contribute to a higher exposure rate to these risks amongst female adolescents. 17

Mental health has long been neglected, despite an estimated 12.3% loss of productive days due to mental and neurological disorders. This situation was further aggravated by the tsunami of 26 December 2004, which substantially impacted the mental health of affected populations. It soon became clear that a large number of people were suffering from
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afflictions ranging from mild psychological distress to severe mental disorder. An additional, increasing problem among children and adolescents is that of substance abuse, while social unrest, conflict and acts of terrorism add further burden to the mental health problem in the country. 19

Facebook Facebook is the biggest free social network service worldwide. Users can create profiles with photos, lists of personal interests, contact information and other personal information. Communicating with friends and other users can be done through private or public messages or a chat feature. Facebook has a number of features with which users may interact. They include the Wall, a space on every user's profile page that allows friends to post messages for the user to see. Pokes, which allows users to send a virtual "poke" to each other (a notification then tells a user that they have been poked); Photos, where users can upload albums and photos; and Status, which allows users to inform their friends of their whereabouts and actions.11

Facebook in Indonesia Indonesia, as the fourth country with most population in the world, is a developing country where it occurs in every aspect including technology. The use of internet increases as the use of technology such as computers, notebooks, and cellphone increase too. According to some researchs, the most visited website by Indonesian is Facebook. Indonesia is the country with the 3rd most users of Facebook (Table 1).

According to WHO,1 over 5 from world population is adolescence with 900 millions live in developing country and 20% of them is in Indonesia. We found that 26% of Indonesian Facebook users are in the age of 13-17 while 42% are at the age of 18-24 (Figure 1). As WHO classified adolescence as the people of the age of 13-19 years old, we can conclude that most Facebook users in Indonesia are adolescence.4 The most of Facebook users in Indonesian are male (Figure 2).

How Facebook influence adolescences self concept Many of these adolescence use Internet, in this case Facebook, as the main medium to communicate. As the effect of the online social networking, people find the real world boring and unstimulating. Online communication reduced sensory experience; persons expression/body language/ voice/tone arent there; and this can shape ones perceptions of the interaction differently. Online session changes the perception to a dream-like state, and this unnatural blending of mind with the other person leads to entirely different meaning to friendships and relationships. These all will later influence their self concept into the negative one in which will later influence their future. In addition, the impact of this online method will also develop the changing in family dynamics, interpersonal relationships, crime, and education.

METHOD
This study utilized a community based cross-sectional using a survey population consisting of early adolescence (13-15 years old). We distribute two types of questionnaires to 370 samples. The samples are the final year students of 3 elite governments junior high schools in Palembang, Indonesia.

The data is analyzed by SPSS 16.0 software. During data analysis, only 346 questionnaires accepted due to exclusion criteria which are incomplete data and unclear answer. We have 132 females and 154 males as our respondents.

The first questionnaire (attachment 1) consists of 11 questions to assess the use of Facebook in adolescence. We divide the result into two different categories: Facebook addict and normal Facebook users. The second questionnaire (attachment 2) consists of 50 items about self concept which has been used in a previous research. There are favourable and unfavourable types of items, each item score within the range of 1 through 4 points. In the case of self concept categories, we categorize the data into two categories which are positive and negative self concept.

The method to specify those categories is by finding the mean or median of our data. Facebook addicts and positive self concept are students with the scores above the mean or median while normal Facebook users and negative self concept are students with score less than and equals to the mean or median.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Result From 346 samples, the mean score for Facebook questionnaire is 13,16. The result is 56,4% samples are normal facebook users while 43,6% are facebook addicts. Details shown in Figure 3.

The distribution of gender in facebook category for this research sample shown that most of Facebook addict are boys (51,7%) compared to girls (48,3%). While most of normal Facebook users is girls (61%) compared to boys (39%) (Table 2).

From the data analysis, self concept mean is 144. So, the samples with negative self-concept category are 52% while samples with positive self-concept category are 48%. The result of self-concept category based on the gender shows that in negative self-concept category, the majority is girls with 60% followed by boys with 40%. While in positive self-concept category, theres only a slight differences between the gender, where girls are 50,6% and boys are 49,4% (Table 3).

The result of frequency distribution and percentage for the correlation between Facebook usage and self-concept category showed that adolescence with Facebook addiction prone to have negative self concept (46.1%) compared to adolescence with positive self-concept (41%) (Table 4), n=346. Further statistic test with Chi-square analysis, there is enough evidence to accept null hypothesis. P value 0.392 > showed that there is no significant relation between self-concept and Facebook usage.

Discussion

Self-concept formation happens in adolescence period which will decide the whole life point of view in the future. Based on the result from this paper, Facebook usage does not have a significant relation with self-concept formation in adolescence. Although it is shown from frequency distribution table that adolescence with Facebook addiction prone to have negative self-concept rather than adolescence with normal usage of Facebook, but Facebook cannot stand by itself to influence the formation of self-concept to be positive or negative.
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Self-concept formation also influence by other aspects like parenting style from the parents, the environment surround them and others. Although high Facebook usage seems like it can influence self-concept formation, but the fact is there are other aspect that also can disturb self-concept formation in adolescence and altogether they can decide whether they selfconcept will be positive and negative.

Other thing that also affect the result of this research is that not every adolescence, especially in early adolescence, going through the same development period in the same time and in the same age. So there are some adolescence that already in higher development stage than the others.20

Once again, we want to highlight that the formation of positive self-concept is very important in determining the future of an adolescent. If a person having a healthy mind, it may protect them from other physical illnesses such as HIV/AIDS due to drugs abuse and free sex, cancer due to smoking and others. A positive self-concept will lead them into a healthy life. MENSANA INCORPORA SANO in a healthy body, there is a healthy mind. A healthy adolescent will embrace the future and make the world a better place.

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SOLUTION
Strategy 1: Praise the adolescents accomplishments in specific domains. Specifically, praise the adolescents successes. Feedback is most effective when it addresses the role that the adolescent played in producing positive outcomes. Strategy 2: Praise the adolescents efforts. Research suggests that children who focus on improving their skills gain self-worth through growth. In contrast, children who only focus on achievements base their self-worth solely on their successes and failures. Strategy 3: Work with the adolescent to improve skills in domains in which he or she feels deficient. Program directors and staff members must first work with youth to identify and discuss elements of tasks that show room for improvement. Staff members can then provide the guidance, support, and resources needed to accomplish this improvement. Strategies include helping adolescents practice skills, giving them tips, or suggesting relevant workshops or programs to enhance skills. Recognize that skill training is typically only effective when it is used in conjunction with positive feedback. Strategy 4: Refrain from negative comments or feedback. Research finds that praise and positive reinforcement are more effective in changing behavior and sustaining positive behavior. Avoid making negative comments or giving negative feedback to a child. Instead, describe and praise what they should do, rather than what they should not do. To summarize, strategies that can be used to improve an adolescents self-concept include providing praise for accomplishments, praising effort, working with the individual to encourage improvement in areas where he or she feels deficient, and refraining from using negative feedback.

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Hence, we decide to give some suggestion for Post Conference Project in order to create and raise awareness about the importance of self concept in adolescence. These are some input that can be implied: Counsel the parents to give more attention towards their parenting skill and childs care Counsel the parents to supervise their child Facebook usage Giving workshop to parents and teachers about the importance of self concept formation in adolescence and how it determine their future Advocate the authorities to organize extra curricular activities in school to fill in students free time Organize a bi-annual self concept test to evaluate the development of students self concept Organize the out-bond activity between the students and all the AMSA Sriwijaya Universitys members to build their self confidence and improve the ability to communicate and cooperate with other.

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