. Linux.


Origin: http://www.linux.org.ru/books/ http://www.linux.org.ru/books/
From: Ultracom ================================================================
====
0.3
1995

(Lars Wirzenius)

- 2
1 4 1.1 Linux 6 2 Linux

- 3 4.6.3 ? 44 4.6.4 44 4.6.5

.

- 4 -

Lin

? ,

- 5 ,

Linux,

, Linux,

, ,

- 6 -

.
Lars Wirzenius / Linux docs Hernesaarentie 15 A 2 00150 Helsinki Finland

, : Ma
H.Peter Anvin, Remy Card, Theodore Ts'o Stephen Tweedie

, Mark Komarinski 1993

Erik Troan Red Hat

ki Havia, Jim Haynes, York Lam, Timothy Andrew Lister, Jim Lynch, Dan Poirier, D
aniel Quinlam, Philippe Steindl.
1.1 Linux

Linux LDP (Linux Documentation Project),

- 7 Linux. Matt We

LDP,
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/LDP ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/docs/gu
ides

, LDP, Matt' Welsh

mdw@sunsite.unc.edu .

- 8 -

2 Linux

Linux.
2.1

UNIX- .
,

- 9 .

(
2.2

Linux : ,

( ) -

- 10 ' ', ' N', '

, , . ,
2.3 UNIX

U
2.3.1 init

UNIX p init.
, init, .

- 11 -

, init - ,

, init ,
2.3.2

( ) (
2.3.3 Syslog

,
2.3.4 : cron at

- 12 -

cron. crontab,

at cron,
2.3.5

UNIX Linux,

, . ,

Linux X Window Sy
2.3.6
- , .

- 13 UNIX- .
, .
2.3.7

, .

, gett
2.3.8

, ,

- 14 . , Network File System NFS,

,
2.3.9

" " (.. ,

.
2.3.10

- 15 , ,

,
2.4

: root,

5 (. Linux Filesy

- 16 -

3
, Linux
3.1

Linux, , init(8),

(..

- 17 , , ,
3.2

Linux , . "

, BIOS ,

, , MBR, (

- 18 : ,

LILO ,

, LILO,

, ,
, (

- 19 ) , :

Linux ,

sVGA,
( , ,
LILO boot: Loading linux. Console: colour EGA+ 80x25, 8 virtual consoles Serial
driver version 3.94 with no serial options enabled tty00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is
a 16450 tty01 at 0x02f8 (irq = 3) is a 16450 lp_init: lp1 exists (0), using pol
ling driver Memory: 7332k/8192 available (300k kernel code, 384k reserved, 176k
data) Floppy drive(s): fd0 is 1.44M, fd1 is 1.2M Loopback device init Warning WD
8013 board not found at i/o = 280 Math coprocessor using irq13 error reporting P
artition check:
hda: hda1 hda2 hda3 VFS: Mounted root (ext filesystem) Linux version 0.99.pl9-1
(root@haven) 05/01/93 14:12:20

- 20 , Linux .

, p root. ,
root p read-only (

init(8) ( /sbin/

init getty(8)
.
3.3

Linux .

- 21 ,

, - shutdown(8)

, ,

, ,
shutdown -h +time message,

time , , message -
root# shutdown -h +10 'We will install a new disk. System should > be back on-l
ine in three hours.'

- 22 -

, ,
Broadcast message from root (ttyp0) Wed Aug 2 01:03:25 1995...
We will install a new disk. System should be back on-line in three hours. The s
ystem is going DOWN for system halt in 10 minutes !!

: /etc/inittab , .

, (

. ,

- 23 .

sync(8),
3.4

,
3.5

shutdown
3.6

. ,

Linux

- 24 , ,

- 25 -

. , ,
:
(

, .

. Linux

- 26 -

6 p ,

,
4.1

UNIX, Linux, :
ttyp5 root ~ $ cat filename > /dev/lp1 ttyp5 root ~ $
, ( lpr(1)),

( /dev),

- 27 ,
ttyp5 root ~ $ ls -l /dev/cua0 crw-rw-rw- 1 root uucp 5, 64 Nov 30 1993 /dev/cu
a0 ttyp5 root ~ $

, .. 'c', ,

,
4.2
, .

- 28 -

(CPU)
,

( ) ,

- 29 .

( , ),

, BIOS , ,

IDE . SCSI

Linux ,

- 30 .
. IDE
4.3

, ,

, (

. , 3.5

- 31 pp, /dev/fd0H1440 (fd0) 3.5

, Linux

, ,
4.4
- ,

MS-DOS,

- 32 . UNIX ( )

IDE SCSI , ,

,
,

fdformat(8).
ttyp5 root ~ $ fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 Double-sided, 80 tracks, 18 sec/track. To
tal capacity 1440 kB. Formatting ... done Verifying ... done ttyp5 root ~ $

- 33 -

(, /dev/fd0),
ttyp5 root ~ $ setfdprm /dev/fd0 1440/1440 ttyp5 root ~ $ fdformat /dev/fd0 Dou
ble-sided, 80 tracks, 18 sec/track. Total capacity 1440 kB. Formatting ... done
Verifying ... done Double-sided, 80 tracks, 18 sec/track. Total capacity 1440 kB
. Formatting ... done Verifying ... done ttyp5 root ~ $

fdformat .
ttyp5 root ~ $ fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 Double-sided, 80 tracks, 18 sec/track. To
tal capacity 1440 kB. Formatting ... done Verifying ... read: Unknown error ttyp
5 root ~ $

- 34 -

badblocks(8)
ttyp5 root ~ $ badblocks /dev/fd0H1440 718 719 ttyp5 root ~ $

.
4.5

- 35 4.5.1 MBR,

(..

BIOS. ,

. -
4.5.2

, PC

- 36 (, Linux, MS-DOS, OS/2, Minix,

, .

pp p p.
"
MBR
No

--------------------------------------



No



--------------------------------------

--------------------------------------

- 37


No



No

--------------------------------------

4.5.3

( MBR, )

, ,
0 40 Venix 80286 94 Amoeba BBT 1 DOS 12- FAT 51 Novell a5 BSD/386 2 XE
BSDI fs 3 XENIX usr 63 GNU HURD b8 BSDI swap-

- 38 4 DOS 16- (<32) 64 Novell c7 Syrinx 5 75 PC/IX db CP/M 6 DOS 16- (>=32
HPFS 81 Linux/MINIX e3 DOS r/o 8 AIX 82 Linux swap- f2 DOS 9 AIX
4.5.4

, .

p IDE , (, ,
BIOS IDE

- 39 -

, Linux

4.5.5

p.
4.6
4.6.1 ?

- ,

- 40 . (,

, ,

UNIX ,

UNIX (

- 41 , Linux,

. 20
4.6.2

Linux .
minix ,
xia minix,
ext2
ext ext2, .

- 42 ext2.

, Linux
msdos MS-DOS ( OS/2 Windows NT).
umsdos MS-DOS Linux ,
iso9660 CD-ROM. CD
nfs ,
hpfs OS/2.
sysv System V/386, Coherent Xenix.

proc, /proc.

- 43 , ,
ttyp5 root ~ $ ls -l /proc total 0 dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 1 dr-x
r-xr-x 4 liw users 0 Jan 31 20:37 63 dr-xr-xr-x 4 liw users 0 Jan 31 20:37 94 dr
-xr-xr-x 4 liw users 0 Jan 31 20:37 95 dr-xr-xr-x 4 root users 0 Jan 31 20:37 98
dr-xr-xr-x 4 liw users 0 Jan 31 20:37 99 -r--r--r- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 d
evices -r--r--r- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 dma -r--r--r- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 2
0:37 filesystems -r--r--r- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 interrupts -r------- 1 roo
t root 8654848 Jan 31 20:37 kcore -r--r--r- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 11:50 kmsg -r-r--r- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 ksyms -r--r--r- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 11:51 load
avg -r--r--r- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 meminfo -r--r--r- 1 root root 0 Jan 31
20:37 modules dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 net dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 0
Jan 31 20:37 self -r--r--r- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 stat -r--r--r- 1 root ro
ot 0 Jan 31 20:37 uptime -r--r--r- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 20:37 version ttyp5 root
~ $
( , , ,

/proc , .

- 44 , - , .
4.6.3 ?

p .
4.6.4

, .. , mkfs(8).

, , mkfs, .
-t fstype .
-c , , .
-l filename filename.
ext2 ,
ttyp5 root ~ $ fdformat -n /dev/fd0H1440

- 45 Double-sided, 80 tracks, 18 sec/track. Total capacity 1440 kB. Formatting ... d

one ttyp5 root ~ $ badblocks /dev/fd0H1440 1440 > bad-blocks ttyp5 root ~ $ mkfs
-t ext2 -l bad-blocks /dev/fd0H1440 mke2fs 0.5a, 5-Apr-94 for EXT2 FS 0.5, 94/0
3/10 360 inodes, 1440 blocks 72 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First
data block=1 Block size=1024 (log=0) Fragment size=1024 (log=0) 1 block group 8
192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
360 inodes per group Writing inode tables: done Writing superblocks and filesys
tem accounting information: done ttyp5 root ~ $

( -n
badblocks, mkfs -c,
ttyp5 root ~ $ mkfs -t ext2 -c /dev/fd0H1440 mke2fs 0.5a, 5-Apr-94 for EXT2 FS
0.5, 94/03/10 360 inodes, 1440 blocks 72 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super u
ser First data block=1 Block size=1024 (log=0) Fragment size=1024 (log=0) 1 bloc
k group 8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group 360 inodes per group

- 46 Checking for bad blocks (read-only test): done Writing inode tables: done Writi
ng superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done ttyp5 root ~ $

-c , badblocks,
,
4.6.5

, .

. (2- 3-)
1] 2] 3]
/ bin / abc / bin

dev liw etc

home ftp lib

etc

lib

- 47
usr
4] / usr

lib

etc

bin

lib

etc

home

ftp

liw

abc

bin

dev
, , , .
ttyp5 root ~ $ mount /dev/hda2 /home ttyp5 root ~ $ mount /dev/hda3 /usr ttyp5
root ~ $

mount(8) . - ,

- 48 , .

, .

, mount -r,

: (..

- 49 LILO rdev.

root read-only. fs
,

, .
ttyp5 root ~ $ umount /dev/hda2 ttyp5 root ~ $ umount /usr ttyp5 root ~ $

root. , .

- 50 - ).
- (, sudo(8)),

mtools, MS-DOS
, ,

/etc/fstab :
/dev/fd0 /floppy msdos user,noauto

, , ,
ttyp5 root ~ $ mount /floppy ttyp5 root ~ $
umount .
4.6.6

- 51 -

, fsck
,

fsck , ,

- 52 .

fsck (

badblocks.
ttyp5 root ~ $ badblocks /dev/fd0H1440 1440 > bad-blocks ttyp5 root ~ $ fsck -t
ext2 -l bad-blocks /dev/fd0H1440 Parallelizing fsck version 0.5a (5-Apr-94) e2f
sck 0.5a, 5-Apr-94 for EXT2 FS 0.5, 94/03/10 Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, an
d sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connecti
vity Pass 4: Check reference counts. Pass 5: Checking group summary information.
/dev/fd0H1440: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED ***** /dev/fd0H1440: 11/360 files
, 63/1440 blocks ttyp5 root ~ $
4.7
. , swap-

- 53 tar-

( )
ttyp5 root /usr/tmp $ dd if=/dev/fd0H1440 of=floppy-image 2880+0 records in 288
0+0 records out ttyp5 root /usr/tmp $ dd if=floppy-image of=/dev/fd0H1440 2880+0
records in 2880+0 records out ttyp5 root /usr/tmp $
dd floppy-image,
4.8
4.8.1

,
root,

- 54 /tmp , .

.
4.8.2

Linux

, , .
swap- 6.5.

- 55 4.8.3

109 .
(109 ) .

330 :
5 root 10 swap- 180 /usr 120
4.8.4

Linux ,
4.8.5

- 56 -

. ,

- 57 -

Linux,
5.1
Linux FSSTND 1.2,

, FSSTND.

, -

- 58 .
root ( , p
/usr , pp, , p p
/var p p , p p ,

/home . /home
p ,

- 59 p p. pp p p,

UNIX pp (
5.2 root
root pp, p

p p - ,
/bin , p p p .
/sbin , /bin, p
/etc p .

- 60 /root root.
/lib , pp root.
/lib/modules p p.
/dev p.
/tmp p .
/boot , p (.. LILO). , p
/mnt p p . p
/proc, /usr, p p . /var, /home
5.2.1 /etc
p p p . p
/etc/rc /etc/rc.d /etc/rc?.d , p

- 61 . p init p p.
/etc/passwd , p p p
/etc/fdprm pp , p p . pp
/etc/fstab , p p
/etc/group /etc/passwd, p p p,
/etc/inittab p init(8).
/etc/issue pp getty p p login. p p
/etc/magic p file(1). p p p
/etc/motd , p .
/etc/mtab p .

- 62 p p (p
/etc/shadow . p.
/etc/login.defs p login(1).
/etc/printcap , /etc/termcap, p p pp. p
/etc/profile, /etc/csh.login, /etc/csh.cshrc Bo
/etc/securetty p p, p r
/etc/shells p . chsh(1) p
/etc/termcap p. escape-
5.2.2 /dev

- 63 p.
5.3 /usr

/usr , pp
/usr/X11R6 , X Windows. p p
/usr/X386 , /usr/X11R6, p X11 5.
/usr/bin p , p /bin /usr/local/bin.
/usr/sbin , p pp p p
/usr/man, /usr/info, /usr/doc p, GNU Info p
/usr/include .

- 64 -

/usr/lib pp , p p
/usr/local p pp p .
5.4 /var

p , p p p .
/var/catman p pp p p. p
/var/lib , p p p .
/var/local pp, /usr/local.
/var/lock -. pp p p - p
/var/log p p pp, login (/var/log/wtmp,

- 65 /var/run , p p p
/var/spool , p , , p pp,
/var/tmp p , pp p p
5.5 /proc

/proc p
/proc/1 , p p p p 1. p
/proc/cpuinfo p pp, pp, , p
/proc/devices pp p, p p.
/proc/dma DMA.
/proc/filesystems , p p.

- 66 /proc/interrupts pp.
/proc/ioports p /.
/proc/kcore p . p
/proc/kmsg , p. pp syslog.
/proc/ksyms .
/proc/loadavg pp p .
/proc/meminfo p , swap-.
/proc/modules p, p .
/proc/net p p.
/proc/self p, p /p
/proc/stat p p .
/proc/uptime p, p p .

- 67 /proc/version p p.

p, p .

- 68 -

6 p

pp p Linux, p
6.1 p ?

Linux p p ,
Linux swap , p .

Linux p swap p / swap .

- 69 p swap , swap ,
6.2 swap

Swap p.

p swap . ppp pp
pp , swap , p p.
ttyp5 root ~ $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/extra-swap bs=1024 count=1024 1024+0 records
in 1024+0 records out ttyp5 root ~ $

/extra-swap swap , pp pp count=.

Swap p p p.

- 70 p.

swap p p
ttyp5 root ~ $ mkswap /extra-swap 1024 Setting up swapspace, size = 1044480 byt
es ttyp5 root ~ $

, swap . , p

p Linux p pp swap 127.5 .

6.3 swap pp

p swap swapon(8)
ttyp5 root ~ $ swapon /usr/tmp/temporary-swap-file ttyp5 root ~ $
Swap /etc/fstab.
/dev/hda8 swap swap defaults

p p , swap -a, p

- 71 /etc/fstab. swapon

p swap p free(1), p

Swap swapoff(8).

swap , swapon -a,

swap
6.4 swap p p

p p

- 72 . p , p (
6.5 swap pp

, p p swap :
1. p . , p
2. , p p ( pp

- 73 p p swap , pp
3. p , p p , ,
4. swap , (
6.6 p

, p .

, , p, p

- 74 p p . p,

p p (

, p p , , p

- 75 -

p p p. p p

p p , ,

Linux p - p

- 76 -

p , p p p
7.1 p p

p p p p p p init pp pp g

p, init p ( fork(

pp .

p pp getty init p

- 77 pp , p p (
7.2 p
p, p , . p

p p pp,

p, . p

, p .

- 78 p p (pp, FTP, Gopher, HTTP p

7.3 pp login

pp login p (pp p

p p /etc/motd (p

/etc/nologin, p .

Login p (

, , /var/run/u

- 79 , .

/var/log/wtmp.

(utmp wtmp) p p (. p utmp(5))

7.4 X xdm

: X p p xdm, xterm -l
7.5 p

p /etc/passwd. p p

p p, p p

- 80 p p p , root (

p, p pp, .. p. pp

p p /etc/group. p

root p,
7.6

p p

, pp, Bourne (/bin/sh

- 81 . .

- 82 -

p A
p p EXT2
p Remy Card (card@masi.ibp.fr), Theodore Ts'o (tytso@mit.edu),

Linux Unix- p , p p PC
pp p , p p p

p p Linux. p p
A.1 p p Linux

- 83 -

p p Linux pp p Minix. p p
p, pp Minix, ,
p p p Linux, pp p

p VFS, p 1992 pp EXTf

p p 1993 -p

- 84 p p p p p

, p p.

p p , p
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Minix FS Ext FS Ext2 FS Xia FS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 2 4 2
64 2 2 64
16/30 . 255 . 255 . 248 .
p p p
pp
pp

- 85 p ?
A.2

Linux ,
A.2.1 pp

p pp, pp. pp
A.2.2
pp p. p

- . , , p

- 86 A.2.3

Unix . pp

Unix . , p
A.2.4

Unix-

- 87 . .
: .
A.3 (VFS)
A.3.1

Linux , ,

Unix-

- , ,
A.3.2 VFS
VFS ,

- 88 . ,

VFS .

VFS : inode .
A.4 EXT2 (The Second Extended File System)
A.4.1
EXT2 pp p

- 89 , p p EXT (Extended File System). p

p, EXT2 p. p
A.4.2 p EXT2fs

EXT2fs p p Unix: , ,

EXT2fs p , p
EXT2fs p . p

EXT2fs ppp p root. 5 %

A.4.3 EXT2fs

p Unix, EXT2fs p p

- 90 p Unix.

p p p p p p .

p p p ,

EXT2fs p , BSD.
EXT2fs p p pp .

- 91 -

EXT2fs p . p p
EXT2fs . p p

pp p p p

- 92 -

EXT2fs p p p. pp tune2fs
p p . p p p ,
p.
p pp.
, ppp root.

, p p, p

p p . p
EXT2fs , 4.4

- 93 A.4.4 pp

pp EXT2fs p BSD.
p p p p

p p , p

EXT2fs p p .
A.4.5 p

EXT2fs p , p p,

- 94 -

EXT2fs p. , p p

EXT2fs p p p. p

p , EXT2fs p p 8 p p
A.5 EXT2fs

p pp EXT2fs pp p pp

EXT2fs (mke2fs, e2fsck, tune2fs, dumpe2fs, debugfs, p.)

p EXT2fs p p,

- 95 p p p p . pp, EXT2fs
EXT2fs p p . p -

p p p . pp, EXT2fs,
p pp p.
A.6 p EXT2fs
EXT2fs pp p p. p

pp tune2fs p pp .

- 96 p pp , ppp

, p p pp pp . E2fs

pp e2fsck pp p, p

p p e2fsck p pp pp

e2fsck , p p p pp,

p p p, pp

- 97 p p / p, p

p p pp .

p pp , pp

p p p, p, p ,
, p p p p /

p p pp . E2fsck pp

- 98 -

p p e2fsck pp pp

, , p e2fsck pp p

p p . Debugfs - pp

Debugfs p p pp , p
A.7 p
A.7.1
p . p

- 99 Lite).

p . p - Bonnie p p
A.7.2 Bonnie

Bonnie :
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- p
(/) (/) (/) (/) (/) --------------------------401 721 888 BSD Sync 699 677 400 710 878 Ext2 fs 452 1237 536 397 1033 Xia fs 44
0 704 380 366 895 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

p p /: EXT2fs p p

- 100 -

p p, FreeBSD p / p .
A.7.3 Andrew

Andrew :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------p 1 p 2 p 3 p 4 p 5
p pp
pp ------------------------------------------------------------------------03 7391 6319 17466 75314 BSD Sync 2330 7732 6317 17499 75681 Ext2 fs 790 4791 72
35 11685 63210 Xia fs 934 5402 8400 12912 66997 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

p p , Linux p p p
p p Linux BSD . p p

p p Linux p p FreeBSD, p

- 101 p p 5-10 %.
A.8
EXT2 p p Linux.

EXT2fs , . p

EXT2fs pp p Linux, p p
p

p EXT2fs p p p

- 102 -

p B p

p p pp,
int process(FILE *f, char *filename) {
static char *buf = NULL;
static long prev_block_size = -1;
long zeroes;
char *p;
if (buf == NULL || prev_block_size != block_size) {
free (buf);
buf = xmalloc (block_size + 1);
buf [block_size] = 1;
prev_block_size = block_size;
}
zeroes = 0;
while (fread(buf, block_size, 1, f) == 1) {
for (p = buf; *p =='\0'; )
++p;
if (p ==buf+block_size)
zeroes += block_size;
}
if (zeroes > 0)
printf ("%ld %s\n", zeroes, filename);
if (ferror(f)) {
errormsg (0, -1, "read failed for '%s'", filename);
return -1;
}
return 0; } .

- 103 -

p p Linux

p p H. Peter Anvin (Peter.Anvin@linux.org)

.1

p Linux Rick Miller', p pp

p FTP c ftp.yggdrasil.com /pub/device-list.

Linux Filesystem Standard (FSSTND). FSSTND p

p p p p .
(68k) p Linux/68k.
.2 p p
0 p ( p NFS,
p p) 1 char p

- 104 -

block RAM 2 char ppp PTY

block 3 char ppp PTY
block p p MFM, RLL IDE / CD-ROM 4 char p p
block p 10 char , p 11
block p p MSCDEX CD-ROM 13 char pp
block 8- MFM/RLL/IDE pp 14 char
block p p BIOS 15 char
block CD-ROM Sony CDU-31A/CDU-33A 16 char ppp p
block CD-ROM Gold Star 17 char Chase (pp)
block Optics Storage CD-ROM (pp) 18 char
block Sanyo CD-ROM (pp) 19 char Cyclades
char Double 20 block Cyclades
char Hitachi CD-ROM (pp) 21 block Generic SCSI 22 char
block p p MFM, RLL IDE / CD-ROM 23 char
block Mitsumi CD-ROM 24 char Stallion

- 105 -

block Sony CDU-535 CD-ROM 25 char Stallion

block p CD-ROM Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) 26 block p CD-ROM Matsushita
c/SoundBlaster) 27 char QIC-117
block p CD-ROM Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) 28 char ppp
block p CD-ROM Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster)
block ACSI (68k) 29 char p p p
block Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes CD-ROM 30 char iBCS-2
block Philips LMS-205 CD-ROM 31 char MPU-401 MIDI
block ROM / flash 32 block Philips LMS-206 CD-ROM 33 block Modular RAM 3
.3 p
0 p ( p NFS, p p)
1 char p
1 /dev/mem
2 /dev/kmem p p
3 /dev/null p
4 /dev/port p /
5 /dev/zero
6 /dev/core /proc/kcore
7 /dev/full p p ENOSPC
block RAM-
1 /dev/ramdisk RAM-

- 106 2 char ppp PTY (tytso@athena.mit.edu)

block
0 /dev/fd0 p pp, p 1, p
1 /dev/fd1 p pp, p 2, p
2 /dev/fd2 p pp, p 3, p
3 /dev/fd3 p pp, p 4, p
128 /dev/fd4 p pp, p 1, p
129 /dev/fd5 p pp, p 2, p
130 /dev/fd6 p pp, p 3, p
131 /dev/fd7 p pp, p 4, p
p p p
0 /dev/fd? p p
4 /dev/fd?d360 5.25 , 360K, p 360K
20 /dev/fd?h360 5.25 , 360K, p 1200K
48 /dev/fd?h410 5.25 , 410K, p 1200K
64 /dev/fd?h420 5.25 , 420K, p 1200K
24 /dev/fd?h720 5.25 , 720K, p 1200K
80 /dev/fd?h880 5.25 , 880K, p 1200K
8 /dev/fd?h1200 5.25 , 1200K, p 1200K
40 /dev/fd?h1440 5.25 , 1440K, p 1200K
56 /dev/fd?h1476 5.25 , 1476K, p 1200K
72 /dev/fd?h1494 5.25 , 1494K, p 1200K
92 /dev/fd?h1600 5.25 , 1600K, p 1200K
12 /dev/fd?u360 3.5 , 360K,
16 /dev/fd?u720 3.5 , 720K,
120 /dev/fd?u800 3.5 , 800K,
52 /dev/fd?u820 3.5 , 820K,
68 /dev/fd?u830 3.5 , 830K,
84 /dev/fd?u1040 3.5 , 1040K,
88 /dev/fd?u1120 3.5 , 1120K,
28 /dev/fd?u1440 3.5 , 1440K,
124 /dev/fd?u1600 3.5 , 1600K,
44 /dev/fd?u1680 3.5 , 1680K,
60 /dev/fd?u1722 3.5 , 1722K,

- 107 76 /dev/fd?u1743 3.5 , 1743K,

96 /dev/fd?u1760 3.5 , 1760K,
116 /dev/fd?u1840 3.5 , 1840K,
100 /dev/fd?u1920 3.5 , 1920K,
32 /dev/fd?u3200 3.5 , 3200K, p
104 /dev/fd?u3200 3.5 , 3200K, p
108 /dev/fd?u3520 3.5 , 3520K, p
112 /dev/fd?u3840 3.5 , 3840K, p
36 /dev/fd?CompaQ p Compaq 2880K.

: p (d,q,h u) p p
3 char ppp PTY (tytso@athena.mit.edu)
block p p MFM, RLL IDE
CD-ROM
0 /dev/hda ( CD-ROM)
64 /dev/hdb p ( CD-ROM)
p p p p
0 /dev/hd?
1 /dev/hd?1 p p
2 /dev/hd?2 p p
3 /dev/hd?3 p p
4 /dev/hd?4 p p
5 /dev/hd?5 p p
6 /dev/hd?6 p p
7 /dev/hd?7 p p
......
63 /dev/hd?63 p

- 108 4 char TTY p

0 /dev/console
1 /dev/tty1 p p
.......
63 /dev/tty63 p p
64 /dev/ttyS0 p p
.......
127 /dev/ttyS63 p p
128 /dev/ptyp0 p -tty
.......
191 /dev/ptysf p -tty
192 /dev/ttyp0 p p -tty
.......
255 /dev/ttysf p p
-tty
-tty p:
-tty pty, p tty;

p p, q, r s, p p
0123456789abcdef, p p.
5 char p TTY p
0 /dev/tty p tty
64 /dev/cua0 p , ttyS0
.......
127 /dev/cua63 p , ttyS63
6 char p p p pp
0 /dev/lp0 p p pp (0x3bc)
1 /dev/lp1 p p pp (0x378)
2 /dev/lp2 p p pp (0x278)

- 109 -

p p 0x3bc, p p pp
7 char p p
0 /dev/vcs p

1 /dev/vcs1 tty1
..........
63 /dev/vcs63 tty63
128 /dev/vcsa p
p
129 /dev/vcsa1 p tty1
..........
191 /dev/vcsa63 p tty63
: p .
8 block p SCSI
0 /dev/sda p SCSI
16 /dev/sdb p SCSI
32 /dev/sdc p SCSI
........
240 /dev/sdp SCSI

p IDE (. p p 3)
9 char p SCSI
0 /dev/st0 p SCSI
1 /dev/st1 p SCSI
.........
128 /dev/nst0 p SCSI p p p
129 /dev/nst1 p SCSI p p p

- 110 .........
block p
0 /dev/md0 p p p
1 /dev/md1 p p p
.........

pp
10 char p p
0 /dev/logibm Logitech
1 /dev/psaux p PS/2
2 /dev/inportbm Microsoft Inport
3 /dev/atibm ATI XL
4 /dev/jbm J-
4 /dev/amigamouse Amiga (68k)
5 /dev/atarimouse Atari (68k)
128 /dev/beep pp
129 /dev/modrq p p p
11 block CD-ROM p SCSI
0 /dev/sr0 p SCSI CD-ROM
1 /dev/sr1 p SCSi CD-ROM
..........
p /dev/scd p /dev/sr.
12 char QIC-02
2 /dev/ntpqic11 QIC-11, p p p
3 /dev/tpqic11 QIC-11, p p p
4 /dev/ntpqic24 QIC-24, p p p
5 /dev/tpqic24 QIC-24, p p p
6 /dev/ntpqic120 QIC-120, p p p
7 /dev/tpqic120 QIC-120, p p p
8 /dev/ntpqic150 QIC-150. p p p
9 /dev/tpqic150 QIC-150, p p p
block MSCDEX CD-ROM p callback

- 111 0 /dev/dos_cd0 p MSCDEX CD-ROM

1 /dev/dos_cd1 p MSCDEX CD-ROM
..........
13 char pp
0 /dev/pcmixer /dev/mixer
3 /dev/pcsp /dev/dsp (8 )
4 /dev/pcaudio /dev/audio
5 /dev/pcsp16 /dev/dsp (16 )
block 8 MFM/RLL/IDE pp
0 /dev/xda p XT
64 /dev/xdb p XT
p IDE (. p p 3).
14 char
0 /dev/mixer p
1 /dev/sequencer p
2 /dev/midi00 p MIDI p
3 /dev/dsp p
4 /dev/audio p , Sun
6 /dev/sndstat p
8 /dev/sequencer2 p
16 /dev/mixer1 p p
17 /dev/patmgr0 Patch p
18 /dev/midi01 p MIDI p
19 /dev/dsp1 p p p
20 /dev/audio1 p p, Sun, p
33 /dev/patmgr1 p patch p
34 /dev/midi02 p MIDI p
50 /dev/midi03 p MIDI p
block p BIOS p callback
0 /dev/dos_hda p (BIOS)
64 /dev/dos_hdb p (BIOS)
128 /dev/dos_hdc p (BIOS)
192 /dev/dos_hdd p (BIOS)

- 112 p IDE (. p p 3).

15 char
0 /dev/js0 p
1 /dev/js1 p
block CD-ROM Sony CDU-31A/CDU-33A
0 /dev/sonycd CD-ROM Sony CDU-31A
16 char ppp p
block CD-ROM Gold Star
0 /dev/gscd CD-ROM Gold Star
17 char Chase (pp)
0 /dev/ttyH0 p p hase
1 /dev/ttyH1 p p chase
..........
block Optics Storage CD-ROM (pp)
0 /dev/optcd Optics Storage CD-ROM
18 char chase
0 /dev/cuh0 p callout, ttyH0
1 /dev/cuh1 p callout, ttyH1
........
block CD-ROM Sanyo (pp)
0 ? CD-ROM Sanyo
19 char Cyclades
32 /dev/ttyC0 p p Cyclades
.......
63 /dev/ttyC31 p p p Cyclades
block Double
0 /dev/double0 p
.......
7 /dev/double7
128 /dev/cdouble0 p p
.......

- 113 135 /dev/cdouble7 p

. Double p p p.
20 char Cyclades
32 /dev/cub0 p callout, ttyC0
........
63 /dev/cub31 p callout, ttyC31
block CD-ROM Hitachi (pp)
0 /dev/hitcd CD-ROM Hitachi
21 char Generic SCSI
0 /dev/sg0 p p generic SCSI
1 /dev/sg1 p p generic SCSI
........
22 char Digiboard
0 /dev/ttyD0 p p Digiboard
1 /dev/ttyD1 p p Digiboard
.........
block p p MFM/RLL/IDE / CD-ROM
0 /dev/hdc ( CD-ROM)
64 /dev/hdd p ( CD-ROM)
p p p (. p p 3).
23 char Digiboard
0 /dev/cud0 p callout, ttyD0
1 /dev/cud1 p callout, ttyD1
block CD-ROM Mitsumi
0 /dev/mcd CD-ROM Mitsumi
24 char Stallion
0 /dev/ttyE0 Stallion, p 0 0
1 /dev/ttyE1 Stallion, p 1 0
..........

- 114 64 /dev/ttyE64 Stallion, p 0 1

65 /dev/ttyE65 Stallion, p 1 1
..........
128 /dev/ttyE128 Stallion, p 0 2
129 /dev/ttyE129 Stallion, p 1 2
..........
192 /dev/ttyE192 Stallion, p 0 3
193 /dev/ttyE193 Stallion, p 1 3
..........
block CD-ROM Sony CDU-535
0 /dev/cdu535 CD-ROM Sony CDU-535
25 char Stallion
0 /dev/cue0 p callout, ttyE0
1 /dev/cue1 p callout, ttyE1
..........
64 /dev/cue64 p callout, ttyE64
65 /dev/cue65 p callout, ttyE65
..........
128 /dev/cue128 p callout, ttyE128
129 /dev/cue128 p callout, ttyE129
..........
192 /dev/cue192 p callout, ttyE192
193 /dev/cue193 p callout, ttyE193
..........
block p CD-ROM Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster)
0 /dev/sbpc0 CD-ROM Panasonic pp 0 p 0
1 /dev/sbpc1 CD-ROM Panasonic pp 0 p 1
2 /dev/sbpc2 CD-ROM Panasonic pp 0 p 2
3 /dev/sbpc3 CD-ROM Panasonic pp 0 p 3
26 char p
0 /dev/wvisfgrab p Quanta WinVision
block p CD-ROM Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster)
0 /dev/sbpcd0 CD-ROM Panasonic pp 1 p 0
1 /dev/sbpcd1 CD-ROM Panasonic pp 1 p 1
2 /dev/sbpcd2 CD-ROM Panasonic pp 1 p 2
3 /dev/sbpcd3 CD-ROM Panasonic pp 1 p 3

- 115 -

27 char QIC-117
0 /dev/rft0 p 0, p p p
1 /dev/rft1 p 1, p p p
2 /dev/rft2 p 2, p p p
3 /dev/rft3 p 3, p p p
4 /dev/nrft0 p 0, p p p
5 /dev/nrft1 p 1, p p p
6 /dev/nrft2 p 2, p p p
7 /dev/nrft3 p 3, p p p
block p CD-ROM Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster)
0 /dev/sbpcd8 CD-ROM Panasonic pp 2 p 0
1 /dev/sbpcd9 CD-ROM Panasonic pp 2 p 1
2 /dev/sbpcd10 CD-ROM Panasonic pp 2 p 2
3 /dev/sbpcd11 CD-ROM Panasonic pp 2 p 3
28 char ppp Stallion
0 /dev/staliomem0 / p Stallion
1 /dev/staliomem1 / p Stallion
2 /dev/staliomem2 / p Stallion
3 /dev/staliomem3 / p Stallion
block p CD-ROM Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster)
0 /dev/sbpcd12 CD-ROM Panasonic pp 3 p 0
1 /dev/sbpcd13 CD-ROM Panasonic pp 3 p 1
2 /dev/sbpcd14 CD-ROM Panasonic pp 3 p 2
3 /dev/sbpcd15 CD-ROM Panasonic pp 3 p 3
block ACSI (68k)
0 /dev/ada p ACSI
16 /dev/adb p ACSI
32 /dev/adc p ACSI
.........
240 /dev/adp ACSI
p IDE (. p p 3),
29 char p p p

- 116 -

0 /dev/fb0current p p p
1 /dev/fb0autodetect
..........
16 /dev/fb1current p p p
17 /dev/fb1autodetect
..........
p p p p p p Linux/68k.
block CD-ROM Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
0 /dev/aztcd CD-ROM Aztech
30 char iBCS-2
0 /dev/socksys
1 /dev/spx p SVR3 X
2 /dev/inet/arp
2 /dev/inet/icmp
2 /dev/inet/ip
2 /dev/inet/udp
2 /dev/inet/tcp
p iBCS-2 p /dev/nfsd /dev/socksys /de
block CD-ROM Philips LMS CM-205
0 /dev/cm205cd CD-ROM Philips LMS CM-205
/dev/lmscd p p. pp p p
31 char MPU-401 MIDI
0 /dev/mpu401data p MPU-401
1 /dev/mpu401stat p MPU-401
block ROM/ flash
0 /dev/rom0 p ROM (p read-write)
..........
7 /dev/rom7 ROM (p read-write)

- 117 -

8 /dev/rrom0 p ROM (p read-only)

..........
15 /dev/rrom7 ROM (p read-only)
16 /dev/flash0 p flash (read-write)
..........
23 /dev/flash7 flash (read-write)
24 /dev/rflash0 p flash (read-only)
..........
31 /dev/rflash7 flash (read-only)
p, p p read-write, p p p ,
32 block CD-ROM Philips LMS CM-206
0 /dev/cm206cd CD-ROM Philips LMS CM-206
33 block Modular RAM
0 /dev/ram0 p Modular RAM
1 /dev/ram1 p Modular RAM
.........
255 /dev/ram255 Modular RAM
34-223 pp
224-254 /p

pp,
255 ppp

- 118 C.4 /dev

p pp , p
C.4.1

:
/dev/fd /proc/self/fd pp /dev/stdin fd/0
C.4.2

, :
/dev/XOR null iBCS-2 /dev/nfsd socksys
C.4.3

p .

- 119 -

/dev/mouse p p /dev/tape p
/dev/cdrom p CD-ROM p
root /dev/swap swap p swap p
p /dev/modem , p p dialin
C.4.4 pp
/dev pp. p
/dev/printer lpd /dev/log syslog