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owif;[lonf

r=um;&rod&ao;aom xl;jcm;onfh jzpfr_udk owif;[kac:onf? aehpOfESifhtr# jzpfysufaeaom

udpPonfowif;rsm;jzpfusonf? odk@&mwGiftjzpftysufrsm; jzpfay:vmyHkESifh xdkodk@jzpfysufaomt
a=umif;&mrsm;onf umva'otvdkufI xl;jcm;aomowif;[kwf r[kwf oHk;oyf&onf?
omreftm;jzifh owif;rsm;udk &mZ0wfr_@owif;/ &kH;owif; tpdk;&owif;/ edkifiHa&;owif; / pD;
yGm;a&;owif;/ tm;upm;owif; / oma&;ema&;owif; / rdk;av0oowif;/ tp&Sdojzifh trnfwyf+yD;
ac:=uonf?
rnfonfhowif;rqdk atmufygtcsuftvufESifhE_dif;,SOf+yD; owif;wefbdk;&Sd / r&Sd qHk;jzwf&
onf? jzpfysufaomudpP&yfonf
(1) tcsdeftm;jzifh eD;pyfr_@/ xl;jcm;r_ &Sd/ r&Sd ?
(2) a'otm;jzifh qufpyfr_/ eD;pyfr_ &Sd/ r&Sd ?
(3) vltrsm;ESifh oufqdkifr_ &Sd / r&Sd ?
(4) jzpfysufyHk xifjcm;xl;jcm;r_ &Sd / r&Sd ?
(5) trsm;qGJaqmifpdwf0ifpm;r_&Sdr&Sd? paomtcsuftvufrsm;udkrlwnfI owif;wefbdk;&Sdr&SdqHk;jzwf
edkifonf?

tcsdeftm;jzifheD;pyfr_ &Sd r&Sd

(1)tcsdeftm;jzifh eD;pyfr_ xl;jcm;r_&Sd r&Sd qdk&mY omreftm;jzifhavmavmvwfvwfjzpfaom

tjzpfysufudkqdkvdkonf?

Oyrm?
? &Gmw&GmwGif arayG;tudkufcH&aom &Gmom;tm; a&ref;jzifhukoI tqdwfajyoGm;onf
qdkaom owif;onf r=umrDao;u udpPjzpfygu owif;jzpfedkifaomfvnf; vGecf JhaomeSpfuudpPjzpfygu
tcsdef=umjrifhoGm;rnf jzpfI rSefrrSefpl;prf;&efvnf; rjzpfowif;wefbdk;vnf;r&Sdyg?
odk@&mwGifowif;wefbkd;&Sdr&SdoHk;oyf&mwGif wcgw&H owif;jzpfysufaom tcsdefrSmt"du r
[kwfyJ od&Sd&aomtcsdefESifh xkwfazmfaomtcsdefumveD;pyfr_udkvdkufI qHk;jzwf&onfvnf;&Sdonf?
Oyrm?
? vGefcJhaomESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu wnfaqmufcJhaoma&S;a[mif;r@}uD;wr@udk blrdab' ynm
&Sifrsm; wl;azmfawG@&Sdaomtcg tqdkygr@}uD;wnfaqmufcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umjrifhcJhaomfvnf;
,if;r@&Sda=umif;udkwl;azmfawG@&SdrS od&ojzifh awG@&Sd&aomtcsdefudkom owif;twGuftcsdefeD;pyfr_&Sdr*&Sd
pOf;pm;&jyefonf? wl;azmfawG@&SdaomtcsdefESifh teD;pyfqHk;tcsdfefudkazmfxkwfedkifv#if ydkIwefbdk;&Sdygonf?
vGefcJhaomESpfu wl;azmfawG@&o
Sd nfqkdygu rod&ao;aomowif;jzpfI wefbdk;&Sdaomfvnf; wl;azmf
awG@&Sd+yFD;csdef csufcsif;xkwfazmfedkfifu ydkIwefbdk;&Sdaom owif;[kqdk&rnf?
a'otm;jzifhpyfqufr_ eD;pyfr_&Sdr&Sd
(2) a'otm;jzifh qufpyfr_eD;pyfr_&Sdr&dS qdk&mY ta=umif;csif;&mjzpfysufaom a'oonfrdrdwdkif;jynfESifh
rnfr# qufpyfonf /eD;uyfonfudkpOf;pm;&rnf?
Oyrm?
? Aefaumufr@awmf0efvkyf}uHcH&aomowif; onf vlodenf;aom tmz&duwdkufedkifiH
i,fwck. r@awmf0efvkyf}uHcH&aom owif;xuf jrefrmvlxk pdwf0ifpm;r_&Sdrnf? a'ot&a0;vifhu
pm; qufpyfr_&Sdonfhtcgvnf;&Sdonf?
Oyrm?
? awmif0ef&kd;pGe;f wGif aoqHk;oGm;onffqdkaom owif;rSm jzpfysufonfha'oESifha0;aomf
vnf; yk*~dKvftm;jzifhqufpyfr_&Sdojzifh owif;wefbdk;&Sdjyefonf?
jzpfysuf&ma'oonf owif;axmuftwGuf ta&;}uD;aomowif;jzpfvifhupm; owif;pm
zwfy&dowftwGufta&;r}uD;aom owif;rjzpfaomtcgrsdK;vnf;&Sdonf?
Oyrm?
? e,fowif;axmufwa,muftwGuf rdrd&Gmol}uD;om;&Sify tcrf;tem;onf rdrd&Gmt
wGuf ta&;}uFD;onfhudpPjzpfaumif;jzpfrnfjzpfaomfvnf; owif;pmzwfy&dowftwGufowif;rjzpfyg?
tu,fI &Gmol}uFd;u w&GmvHk;&Sdvli,ftm;vHk;tm; &Sifyay;aomtcrf;tem; jzpfygu pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
owif;jzpfedkifonf?
vltrsm;eSifhoufqdkifr_&Sd r&Sd
(3) vltrsm;eSifhoufqdkifr_&Sdr&Sdqdk&mY jzpfysufonfhudpP&yfonf yk*~dKvfwOD;wa,muf odk@r[kwf t
enf;tus Of;ESifhomoufqdkifygu pmzwfy&dowftwGufowif;rjzpfyg?
Oyrm?
// avrkefwdkif;a=umifh rdrdt&yf&SdtdrfwvHk;ysufaomowif;xuf ausmif;om; ig;&m&Sdaom
owif;uydkIta&;}uD;ygonf?
Oyrm//
// wpfckrSm pdkufysdK;a&;b%frefae*smwa,muf ol.aiGwaomif;
usaysmufoGm;onfxufv,ftrawmfa=u;ay;&ef aiGwaomif;usaysmufoGm;aomowif;u trsm;
ESifhoufqdkifIydkI ta&;}uD;aomowif;jzpfonf?
jzpfysufyHkxl;jcm;r_ &Sdr&Sd
(4) jzpfysufyHk xl;jcm;r_&Sdr&Sdqdk&mY tjzpftysufudpPwGif yg0ifaeaom yk*~dKvf? Jzpfysufonfha'otcsdef /
jzpfysufyHk bma=umifhjzpfysuf&on ftp&Sdaomtcsuftvufrsm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf?
Oyrm//
// ,mOfwdkufr_wckjzpfygu omrefum;ESpfpD;wdkufrdI }uD;us,faomxdcdkufr_r&Sdyguowif;r
jzpfyg? tu,fI ,mOfarmif;olonf ,mOfxdef;&Jt&m&Sdjzpfygu ( okd@ ) 0ef}uD;tp&Sdaomyk*~dKvfjzpfygu
tcsuftvufwGifyg0ifaom yk*~dKvf. xl;jcm;csufa=umifhowif;jzpfygonf? tqkdyg,mOfwdkufr_onf
,Ofxdef;&Jpcef;teD;Y (odk@) jzwfoef;oGm;vmjcif;ry&[k wm;qD;aomae&mjzpfygu jzpfysufaomae&m

.xl;jcm;r_a=umifhowif;jzpfonf? ,mOfwdkufr_tcsdefonf vrff;tEW&m,fuif;&Sif;a&; txl;&ufowW

ywftwGif;jzpfygu tcsdefa=umifhta&;}uD;jyefygonf?
Oyrm? ? &Jpcef;a&S@Y "m;jywdkufr_jzpfjcif; ae@v,faa=umifawmif rd@tv,fwGif "m;jrr_jzpfa=umif;
wdk@onfvnf;jzpfysuf&ma'oESifh tcsdefxl;jcm;r_a=umifh xl;jcm;aomowif;jzpfedkifonf?
jzpfysufykHxl;jcm;csufqdk&mY omrefjzpf&kd;jzpfpOfr[kwfaom tjzpftysufudkqdkvdkonf?
Oyrm ?
? armfawmf,OfwpD; jrpfurf;em;rS vGefus+yDF; jrpfwGif;&Sd avS oAmefrsm;udk wdkifrdjcif; av
,mOfuGif;Y av,sOfysHESifharmfawmf,sOfwdkifrdjcif; tp&Sdaomjzpf&kd;jzpfpOfr[kwfonfh tjzpftysufrsdK;udk
xl;jcm;onfhowif;[kac:onf?
owif;vdkufenf;
owif;vdkufenf;qdkonfrSm owif;&Smenf; =um;od&aomowif;tpterSjynfhpkHatmif o
wif;pkaqmifenf;udkqdkvdkonf? owif;axmufwa,muftwGuf owif;onfa=ujimcsufrsm; a[m
ajymyGJrsm; tpnf;a0;rsm;owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrsm;omru vltrsm;rodao;aom (jzpfaysmufr_) owif;
udkvdkuf vH&SmazG&onf? owif;&SmazG&mY rnfolxHrS=um;&onfjzpfap rSwfom;&rnf? odk@&mwGif rdrd
udk,fawG@rsufjrifr[kwfygu jzpfysufudpPudkjrif&aomrsufjrifudk,fawG@yk*~dKvfrsm; wm0ef&Sdolrsm;.
rSwfom;csufrsm;udkom t"duxm;rSwf,l&ygrnf? wqifh=um;olrsm;xHrSowif;rsm;udk rsufjrifoufao
(odk@)wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESifhtwnfycsufr&bJ roHk;&? owif;&Ia&;om;aomtcgYvnf; rdrdjrif&aomudpP
r[kwfygu rsufjrifoufao.ajym=um;csuf wm0ef&dyS k*~dKvf.ajymjycsuf (odk@) twnfycsufr&ao;
aomowif;[lIcGJjcm;azmfjy&ygrnf?
twnfycsufr&ao;aomowif;udk tvGefta&;}uDF;aomtcgrSvGJIroHk;&? oHk;v#ifvnf;
twnfycsufr&ao;aomowif;[kaz:jyum twnfycsuf&atmif qufvufpHkprf;Itwnfycsuf
&a=umif; (odk@) aumv[mvomjzpfa=umif; aemufqufwGJowif;a&;&onf?
Oyrm ? ? omrefvlwa,mufu jrefrmedkifiHonf vuf&Sdtajctaet& ta&S@awmiftm&S
tzGJ@(tmqD,H)odk@0ifoifhonf? txD;usefIr&[kajymv#if ol.xifjrifcsufa0zefcsufonfowif; wef
bdk;r&Sdyg? odk@&mwGifxdka0zefcsufrsdK;udk tpdk;&tzGJ@0ifwOD;OD; (odk@) ta&;ygaomedkiif Ha&;acgif;aqmifw
OD;OD;u ajymyguowif;jzpfedkifonf?
awG@qHkar;jref;&mwGif tar;cH&olaemufcHordkif; tjzpfomajymonf? a&;om;&efr[kwf[k
um,uH&SifuE_wfydwfvdkufaomtcsufudk owif;wGifxnfhra&;rd&ef wdwdususvdkufem&rnf?
awG@qHkar;jref;&mwGif=um;od&aom owif;twnfy&ef (odk@) xifjrifcsuf&,l&ef [laom t
"dutm;jzifh ESpfrsdK;&dSonf? xifjrifcsuf,l&mwGifjzpfay:vmaomudpPESifhyufoufI ouffqdkifoludkar;jref
&efvdkonf? edkifiHa&;orm;jzpfv#if xifjcm;aomedkifiHa&;orm;.xifjrifcsufudkar;&efvdkonf? pD;yGm;
a&;udpPjzpfv#if pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif ynma&;jzpfv#ifausmif;q&mrsm; / ausmif;om;rsm; / vHkcHa&;udpP
jzpfv#ifwyfrawmf(okd@ ) &Jt&m&Sdpaomoufqdkifol owif;ESifh yufoufolwdk@.a0zefcsufwdkh. a0zef
csufudk ar;jref;&efvdkonf?

tom;a&zsufr_ (Oya'jyXmef;csuf)
jypfr_qkdif&m Oya'yk'fr 494 wGif azmfjyxm;aomtom;a&zsufr_qdkonfh jypfr_ta=umif;udk
&Sif;vif;wifjyjcif; / jypfr_qdkif&mOya'yk'fr (500) wGifjyXmef;xm;aomjypf'%f rsm;udk &Sif;vif;wifjy
jcif;wdk@udkyvkyf&rnf? tom;a&zsufr_wGifjyXmef;xm;aom uif;vGwfcsuf (10) csufwcsufjcif; tvdkuf
&Sif;vif;wifjyrnfjzpfygonf?

tom;a&zsufap&ef&nf&G,fcsuf
vlwOD;wa,muftom;a&zsufap&ef &nf&G,fcsufr&Sdapumrl a=umfjimaompGwfpGJcsufonf
xkdvlwOD;wa,mufm. tom;a&udkxdcdkufrnfudkodv#if od&efta=umif;&Sdv#if tom;a&zsufr_a&muf
a=umif; ? ( OD;atmifaz ESifh tpdk;& / 1938 &efukef 404 )
tom;a&xdcdkufepfemr_
pGwfpGJcsufudktrsm;jynfolu ,Hk=unf&efrvdkyg ? pGwfpGJcsufonf,Hk=unf&efta=umif;&Sdapumrl
xdkpGwfpGJcsufonftom;a&udkxdcdkufapv#if tom;a&zsufr_jzpfygonf? tom;a&xdcdkufrnfukdodv#uf
xdcdkufepfemap&eft}uHESifhyv#if trSefwu,fxdcdkufepfemr_&Sdapumrl jypfr_ajrmufa=umif;? (r'*spfESifh
tpdk;&bm;rm;avmwdkif; twGJ (4) pm (48) )
owif;pmrl0g'
(1) owif;rsm;udk rSefrSefuefuefa&;om;azmfjy&ef
(2) owif;xkwfjyef&mwGif owif;tqifhtwef;tvdkuf pdppfxm;&Sd&ef?
(3) vlyk*~Kdvftvdkuf ykwfcwfa&;om;jcif;ry&ef?
(4) tzGJ@tpnf;tvdkuf ykwfcwfa&;om;jcif;ry&ef?
(5) wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_ yduGJatmifa&;om;jcif;ry&ef?
(6) vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk nDnGefr_ysufjym;atmifa&;om;jcif;ry&ef?
(7) wyfrawmfeSifhjynfol txiftjrifrSm;jyD; oHo,pdwfrsm; jzpfay:vmatmifa&;om;jcif;ry
&ef?
(8) wdkif;jynfyduGJysufpD;aponfh ta&;tom;rsm;yvkyf&ef?
edkifiHawmfjidrf0wfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ OuUX AdkvfcsKyfr_}uD;oef;a&$. owif;rsm;vdkufem&ef
vrf;n$efcsuf (11) csuf
(1) trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;&&Sd&ef?
(2) wyfrawmfeSifhjynfol edkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; pkaygif;vdkufemylaygif;aqmif&Guf=u&ef?
(3) jynfaxmifpkwnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;/ vlrsdK;a&;tmCmwr&Sda&;/ &if;ESD;cspfcifpmG nDnGwfa&;
aqmif&Guf&ef?
(4) ESpfvtwGif Time Frame ay;xm;aom a=ujimcsufxw
k jf yef&eftrsdK;om;jyef vnfpnf;
vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk OD;wnfI owif;pmrsm;Y acgif;}uD;aqmifyg;rsm; a&;om;&ef?
(5) tjyeftvSef wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; rjzpf&avatmif yk*~dKvfa&; (i,fusdK;i,fem) azmfjya&;om;
jcif;rsm; &yfwef@u&yf=u&ef/ wyfrawmfESifhjynfol&if;ESD;atmif a&;om;=u*&ef?
(6) yk'<bmom ,Ofaus;r_xGef;um;atmif vkyfaqmif=u&ef/ bmoma&;eSifh,Ofaus;r_udk
rD;armif;xdk;jy+yD; acgif;}uD;aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;&ef/ trsdK;om;pnfvHk;nDnGwfr_&&Sdap&ef?
(7) zGH@zd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;Ia&;om;=u&ef?
(8) rdrdwdk@jrefrmekdifiHwGif b,fvdkvkyfaeonfudk jynfy{nfo
h nfrsm;vmcsiaf tmifa&;om;ay;
=u&ef?
(9) e,fpyfa'o wdkif;&if;om;zG@Hzd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk rD;armif;xdk;jyI a&;om;ay;=u&ef?
(10) aomif;usef;oludpP/ aomiff;usef;olrsm;eSifh ESpf&Snfumv=umjrifhpGm&Sdaejcif;udkaxmufjyI
aomif;usef;olrsm; vufeufudkiv
f rf;pOf pGef@vGwf&eftwGuf?
(11) taemufESifh edkifiHwumrsm; rD'D,m a&;om;xkwfv$ifhazmfjy&ef/ rdrdwdk@edkifiHwGifa&;om;=u
ovdk wjcm;edkifiHrsm; owif;pmrsm;wGifvnf; acgif;}uD;aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;}u&ef/ (4) ESpft

wGif; Time Frame ay;xm;onfh a=umfjimcsufxkwfjyef&ef trsdK;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nD udk

OD;wnfI owif;pmrsm;Y acgif;}uD; nGwfa&;aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;&ef?
0g'rsm;taumif;txnfazmfjcif;
10? ,ckvuf&Sd edkifiHawmfrSm edkifiHawmfrSm edkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;zGH@zd;a&;aumifpD taeeJ@edkifiHa&;
udpPt00udk wm0ef,lxm;vsuf &Sdayonf? xdkuJhodk@ OD;aqmifOD;&GufyaeaomtzGJ@tpnf;ESifhpyfvsOf;I
nD;nGwfr_uGJ;jym;atmif a&;om;jcif;ry&efqdkaomtcsufudk txl;wifjy&ef rvdkawmh[k ,lqygonf?
11? xdkenf;wlpGm wyfrawmfeSifhjynfol txiftjrifvGJrSm;aprnfh oHo,pdwfrsm; jzpfay:atmifa&;om;
jcif;ry&efqdkaom tcsufonfvnf; qufpyfvsuf&Sdaom tcsufjzpfygonf? trSefwu,fqkdvSsif wyfr
awmfom;rsm;ta&twGufESifh jynfolwdk@. ta&twGufE_dkif;,SOfygu jynfolwdk@u tqaygif;rsm;pGmrsm;
jym;ygonf? edkifiHwpfckwdk;wuf&ef zGH@zd;aqmif&Gufonfhae&mwGif OD;aqmif OD;&Gufyaom; tzGJ@tpnf;eSifh
edkifiHtwGif;rSD;wif;aexdkif=uaom wdkif;&if;om; jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk; nDnDnGwfnGwfeSifh vufwGJvkyf
aqmif=urS vkyfief;rsm;atmifjrifpGm aqmif&Gufedkifrnf qdkonfrSm vufawG@yifjzpfygonf? xdk@a=umifh
wyfrawmfESifhjynfol txiftjrifvGJrSmaprnfh oHo,pdwfrsm;jzpfay:atmif a&;om;jcifryrd&efrmS
vnf; owif;pmorm;rsm;twGuf tvGefta&;}uD;aomtcsufjzpfygonf? wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; txiftjrif
vGJrSm;aprnfh tajymtqdk/ ta&;tom;xkwfv$ifhcsuf/ a&;om;csuf/xkwfv$ifhcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI
udk,faumif;&ifacgif;ra&G@qdkaom taetxm;eSifh jyefvnfwHk@jyefavh r&SdcJhyg? ,ckedkifiHawmf at;csrf;
om,ma&;ESifh zHG@zd;a&;aumifpDvufxufwGifrl jyefvnfwHk@jyef a&;om;xkwfv$ifhcJhygonf? rdrdwdk@ vlxk
qufoG,fa&;utaejzifh rdrdwdk@edkifiHESifywfoufI r[kwfrrSefwJh ta&;tom;/ tajymtqkd/ xkwf
v$ifhcsufawGrSeforSs us&muuaeI xkwfjyefavh&Sdygonf?
12? rdrdwdk@taejzifh wyfeSifhjynfol txiftjrifvGJrSm; oHo,jzpffay:vmr_rsm;udktjzpfrcHay;/ 1988ckESpf
ta&;tcif;umv tajctaeonf tm;vHk;awG@jrif=u&onfhtwdkif; awmfawmfqdk;&Gm;onfh tajct
aejzpfa=umif;/ ,if;tawG@tuHrsm;onf vl@b0wGif uHuufcJhaom tawG@tuHrsm;jzpf+yD; ruHtyf
onfh tawG@tuHrsdK;vnf;jzpfa=umif;/ vlxkqufoG,fa&; uwGif csrSwfxm;aomrl0g'eSifh vrf;pOf
rsm;udk taustvnf em;vnfvdkufemedkifrnf jzpfayonf?
owif;acgif;pOf.jyqdkcsufrsm;?
(u) owif;.tusOf;tESpfom&udk owif;zwfy&dowfod&SdEdkifap&ef?
(c) pmzwfolwdk@ uufESpfouf&mowif;udk vG,fulpGma&G;cs,fzwf&_edkifap&ef?
(*) owif;pmt,f'Dwm (odk@) pmwnf;u owif;pmzwfy&dowftwGuf owif;wefzdk; udkjzwf+yD; azmf
jyay;jcif;?
(C) owif;pmzwfoludk qGJaqmifedkif&efESifh
(i) owif;pm. udk,fydkif[efudk ay:vGifap&ef &nf&G,fcsufxm;&Sdygon f?
- wpfenf;tm;jzifh owif;acgif;pOfwyfjcif;onf tEkyonmqefonf[k qdk&ygrnf? pmaytEky
nmrsm;teuf tusO;f tESpfcsKyfum zefwD;&aom tekynm&yfjzpfygonf?
- wifpm;azmfjy&ygaomf owif;wnf;jzwfjcif;vkyfief;onf yefyJvkyfief;ESifhtvm;wlI acgif;wyf
jcif;onf;a&$yef;wdrfESifhwla=umif; yrmyvdkygonf?
- owdy&eftcsufrSm owif;ESifhywfoufI twdkqHK;/ t&Sif;qHk;/ cHpm;csuftjynfhjzifh apwemay:
vGifpGm/ pmay&oajrmufpGm owfrSwfaumfvHtwGif;0ifqHh&ef usGrf;usif&ygrnf?
- xdk@a=umifh pmwnf;aumif;wpfOD;taejzifh Todk@tajymifajrmufq;kH owif;acgi;f wyfEkdi&f efrSm pm
ayA[kokw =uG,f&rnfhtjyif pmzwfem&ygrnf? rsufpdzGifh/ em;pGifhaomtusifh &Sdf&ygrnf?
- acgif;wyf&mY owif;ESifpkyfvsOf;I wdwdusus &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; 'dk;'dk;a'gufa'guf azmfjyygrnf?

- v_yf&Sm;r_yg0if&ygrnf?
- pum;vHk;rxyfap&yg?
- pum;vHk;wdkrsm; (vlodenf;aom toHk;tE_ef;rsm;udk a&Smif=uOf&ygrnf?)
- acgif;pma=umif;av; odk@r[kwf ig;a=umif;txd tqifhqifh qufa&;Edkifaomvnf; xl;jcm;t
a=umif;t&mr&SdbJ wpfa=umif;ESifhwpfa=umif; pmrquf&yg?
- pum;tusOf;&kH; yvkyfwyf&ygrnf? (Oyrm;tm;jzifh arG;/ a& 0ef}uD;Xme/ jyef/quf OD;pD;)
- xdk@jyif udk;um;csufcdkifvHkjcif;/ tEkynmqefaom wifpm;csuf/ pum;vH;k / y&d,m,fa00kpf oHK;Edkif
I pum;vHk;tavsmhtwif;Edkifeif;pGm/ pum;yHkqdk&dk;&nfn$ef;oHk;pGJ&rnf? um&iftiftm;,lao acgif;rsdK;
wyfjcif;udk *&kyavhvmxm;&rnf?
owif;"mwfyHkudkwnf;jzwfjcif;
- ,ae@owif;rD'D,macwfwGif owif;pmyg&kyfyHkv$m/ "mwfyHkwdk@onf t"du=ueftiffvuQ%m wpf
&yfjzpfygonf?
- owif;pmpmrsufESmzG@J pnf;&mwGif owif;"mwfyHkwdk@. tcef;onf t"duusvSonf?
EdkifiHwumowif;pmusifh0wf pnf;urf;rsm;qdkif&m azmfjycsufrsm;
tydk'f (1)?
jynfolwdk@xHarSmuf&Sdonfhowif;rsm;/ tcsufrsm;/ wdusrSefuefa&;udktmrcH&ef o
wif;pmESifhtjcm;aom vlxkqufoG,fa&;vkyfom;rsm;u tpGrf;ukefaqmif&Guf&rnf? wdk@onf o
wif;tcsuftvuftm;vHk;udk tpGr;fukefppfaq;&rnf? yHkyefap&ef wrifry&/ xdk@tjyif vdk&if;tcsuft
vufudkvnf; wrifzHk;zdrazsmufzsuf&?
tydk'f (2)?
wrifoufouf om;ykyfavvGifh ajymqdka&;omr_/ olwpfyg;ta=umif;raumif;ajymqdk
a&;om;r_/ toa&ysufapaom ta&;tom;/ tajctjrpfr&Sdonfh pGwfpGJazmfjycsufrsm;ESifh olwyg;.t
awG;tac: pum;vHk;rsm;udk cdk;csjcif;rsm;onf Tvkyfief;.}uD;av;aomjypfr_rsm;jzpfonf? wOD;w
a,mufudk xdcdkufapvSsuf rwdrusjzpfaeonfudk awG@&SdonfESifwpf+ydKifeuf rqdkif;rwGjyifqifcsufwnfh
ay;&rnf? aumv[vrsm;ESifh twnfycsufr&ao;aomowif;udk pdppf&rnf?
tydk'f (3)?
vlwOD;csifpD.f *k%foduQmudk av;pm;&rnf? tjcm;olrsm;. udk,fydkifobm0ESifh ywf
oufI a0zefa&;om;r_udk trsm;jynfoltusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf r[kwfvkyf,l xkwfa0jzef@csDjcif; ryvkyf&/
*k%foduQm odk@r[kwf pm&dwWudk xdyg;a0zefazmfjyygu acsyedkifonfhtcGifhta&;ay;&rnf?
tydk'f (4)?
edkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfwckESifh ywfoufonfh tjzpftysufrsm;udk azmfjy&mwGif a0zefolrsm;
taeESifh xdkedkifiHta=umif;udk avhvmod&Sdqnf;yl;xm;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf? odk@rSom ,if;tay:wGif wdwd
ususESifh w&m;rSSswpGm a0zefazmfjyEdkifrnfjzpfonf?

vpfb&,f0g'
liberalism bmoma&;/ edkifiHa&;cH,lcsufeSifhywfoufI wpfOD;csif;wdk@. vGwfvyfcGifh&Sd&rnf[l
aom t,ltqjzpfonf? Oya'pdk;rdk;r_vufcHonf? udk,fydkifjyVmef;cGifh rJay;cGifh vdkvm;onf? tpdk;&u
yk*~vdu vGwfvyfcGifhESifh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm; 0ifpGwfjcif;udk qef@usifonf?

owif;pmusifh0wfudk xde;fodrf;aomOya'rsm;
toa&
jynfolwdkif;toa&&Sd.? *k%f[kvnf;ac:.? Emrnfaumif;jzpf.? ,if;udkolwyg;u zsufqD;
apmfum;jcif; ryEdkifatmif Oya'u tumtuG,fay;onf? rdrdudk,fudk rdrd*k%f&Sdonf[k ,lqaom
xifjrifcsufonf rjynfhpHk? trsm;uxifjrif,lqaom*k%fudkqdkvdkonf?
tjypfxajrmufaomt*Fg&yfrsm;
rrSefaomtcsufudk raumif;aom apwemjzifh trsm;odatmif a=ujimjcif;onf to&zsuf
jcif;jzpfonf? 0pDuHtoa&zsufedkifonf? um,uHjzifhvnf; toa&zsufedkifonf? pm/ &kyfyHK/ "mwfyHk/
rsufjrifxif&Sm; trSwftom;[lonfwdk@jzifh trsm;odatmifa=ujimedkifonf? olwpfyg;epfemap&eft=uH
jzifh/ epfemrnfvdrfrnfudkodvsufESifh epfemzG,fta=umif;&SdvsufESifh ajymqdka&;om;jzef@csDjcif;onf jypfr_
usL;vGefjcif;yif jzpfonf? epfemonf[laomtcsufudk oufaoxlp&mrvdk?
toa&zsufaompum;udk tqifhqifhowifv$ifhjcif;onf a=ujimjcif;jzpfonf? ESpfOD;jcif; od
atmif ajymqdka&;om;jcif;um; a=ujimjcif;r[kwf? odk@aomf ESpfOD;csif;pum;udkwyg;olodatmifjyKv#if
a=unm&ma&mufonf? owif;pmorm;wdk@twGufa=unmjcif;rSm tqifhqifhjzpfonf? owif;axmuf
ua&;onfudk t,f'DwmucGifhjyKojzifh yHkESdyfoluyHkESdyf+yD;aemuf xkwfa0olujzef@csDv#if tm;vHk;w&m;cH
xJYtusHL;0ifonf? toa&zsufaompmrludk ay;ydk@olyifv#if w&m;cHjzpfEdkifonf?
a0zefydkifcGifh
a0zefa&;Y a0zef&rnfhta=umif;&if;udkoma0zef&rnf? yk*~dKvfwOD;.pD;yGm;a&;udka0zefpOf xdk
yk*~dKvf.pm&dwWudk rqdkifbJqGJrwnfh&? cdk;r_jzifhw&m;pGJ;jcif;cH&oludk w&m;ol}uD;u cdk;onf[kpD&ifqHk;
jzwfjcif;ryrD owif;axmufu olcdk;yg[ka0zefydkifcGifhr&Sd? ,cifuajymcJhaom Sub- Judic oabmudk
jyef=unfhyg? w&m;&kH;u tr_udkppfaq;aeqJ owif;axmufu}udK;wifI xifjrifcsufay;jcif;onf
tEW&,f&Sdonf? &mZ0wfr_wGif w&m;cHonf vufiif;pGJcsufwifxm;aom tcsuftjyif ,cifujypfr_&SdcJh
zl;onfudkyifvSsifoufaocHr0if[k jyVmef;xm;onfjzpf&m ,if;tcsufudk a0zefa&;Y txl;owdy&rnf
oabm&kd;jzifhw&m;rsSwpGm a0zefjcif;qdkonfrSm vlomrmefwdk@ owdor`ZmOfjzifh *&k"rRyjcif;udkqdkvdk
onf?
a&;om;ajymqdkcGifh
owif;pmq&m. a&;om;ajymqdkcGifhonf t&yfolt&yfom;wdk@xufrydk? r_cif;rsm;/ tpdk;&.
Aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;/ jynfol@vGwfawmf. aqG;aEG;csufrsm; ponfwdk@udka0zefydkifcGifh&Sd.f? pD&iftkyfcsKyfa&;
vkyfenf;vkyfxHk;t& trsm;jynfolwdk@tusdK;iSm xkwfazmf&ifroifh[k ynwfxm;aomt&mY jc$if;csuf&Sd
onf? trsm;jynfoltusdK;ESifh rywfoufaomyk*~vdutwGif;a&;wdk@Y a0zefydkifcGifhr&Sd? xdk@a=umifh aphpyf
a=umif;vrf;jcif;/ xdrf;jrm;jcifudpPwdk@wGif owd@k om;Y om;}uD;r,m;}uD;&Sda=umif;udk owifaxmufu
xkwfazmfa0zef&ef tcGifhta&;r&Sd?
xkacsedkifaomtcsufrsm;
a&;om;ajymqdk a=ujimaomtcsufonf rSefuefa=umif;/ oabm&kd;jzifhrsSwpGma&;om;a=umif;/
a&;ydkifcGifh&Sda=umif;[lI w&m;cHuta=umif;jyI xkacsedkifonf? rSefonf[kqdkaomfvnf; rSefaomt
csufudk tajccHI tremy emrnfysufatmif a0zefvSsiftjypfjzpfonf? om;orD;ESifrdb/ vifESifhr,m;

pdwftcef@roifhI aocef;&Sifcef;jzwfaoma=umfjimwdk@Y vdkonfxufykdI tremy pum;rsm;ygaevSsif

t,f'Dwmonf tEW&m,fESifh&ifqdkif&wwfonf?
owif;a&;om;&mwGif atmufygtcsufrsm;udk owdy&ygrnf?
(u) rSefuefcdkifvHk&rnf?
(c ) twnfy+yD;jzpf&rnf?
(*) jynfoludk rd_if;wdkuf+rLqG,fjcif;r&Sdap&?
(C) jynfol@tusdK;udk tenf;eSifhtrsm; a&S;&_&rnf?
(i) jynfolodoifhaom owif;jzpf&rnf?
(p) jynfhpHkwdus&rnf?
(q) vG,fu&l Si;f vif;&rnf?
(Z) zwfoltm; qGJaqmifr_&Sd&rnf?
(ps) w&m;rSswr_&Sd&rnf?
(n) t*wdrvdkufpm;&?
() trsufa'gorygap&?
(X) o'NgtoHk;tE_ef;/ owfyHktoHk;tE_ef;rSef&rnf?
() b (6)vHk;eSifhnDnGwf&rnf?
() Oya'ESifhrnSdpGef;&?
tjyKoabmeSifh tysufoabm zefwD;edkifaom rD'D,mrsm;
Destructive Motive (tysufoabm)
1? jynfolvlxk qlyltHk=uGatmif vkyfedkifonf?
2? edkifiHawmfta&;tcif;rsm; &_yfaxG;vm;atmifzefwD;edkifonf?
3? wdkif;jynfrwnfrjidrf;jzpfatmif aoG;xdk;v_H@aqmfedkifonf?
4? jynfolrsm; tjrifwdrf;apmif;+yD; edkifiHawmf uarmufurjzpfatmif pGrf;aqmifedkifonf?
5? vlrsdK;tcsif;csif;/ ekdifiHtcsif;csif; z&kdz&JjzpfjyD; yduGJatmifvkyfedkifonf?
6? olwpfyg; jynfwGif;a&;udk 0ifa&mufpGufzuf+yD; aeSmifu;wnf;um rdrdvdkovdk u;qGJI&
atmifvkyfedkifonf?
Comstructive Motive (tyoabm)
1? vlom;wdk@u pm&dwWjrifrm;a&;/ pdwf"mwf=uHhcdkifa&;/ pnf;urf;vdkufema&;wdk@twGuf wGef;
tm;ay;aqmif&Gufedkifonf?
2? vlom;pGrf;&nf jrifhrm;atmif ynmqnfyl;a&;/ pmaumif;pmrGefrsm;zwfa&;/ enf;ynmoif
wef;rsm;/ vkyfief;cGifoifwef;rsm; wufa&mufa&; ponfwdk@udk tm;ay;edkifonf?
3? ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;/ obm0&if;jrpfrsm; raysmufysufatmif xde;f odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;
udkv_H@aqmfay;edkifonf?
4? edkifiHawmfzGH@zd;wdk;wufa&;twGuf pufr_enf;ynmrsm; wdk;wufxGef;um;atmifaqmif&Guf
&efynmay;edkifonf?
5? vlrsdK;tcsif;csif; edkifiHtcsif;csif; jidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufedkifatmif wGef;tm;ay;edkifonf?
6? rdom;pktvdkuf jynfhpHkzlvHkpGmjzifh at;csrf;om,mpGmaeedkifa&; The World Better to
live udkvnf; zefwD;ay;edkifonf?

1961 ckESpf/ jrefrmedkifiHpme,fZif;aumifpDu a&;om;csrSwfaom

pme,fZif;usifh0wf
1? pme,fZif;wdk@onf trsm;jynfolwdk@&SdEdkif&eftvdk@iSm xkwfjyefaom owifwdkif;rSm tcsuftvufwd
usrSefuefap&if tpGrf;ukefpdppf&rnf? yHkESdyfazmfjyjcif;ryrD owif;tm;vHk;udk wwfpGrf;orSsppfaq;&rnf?
rnfonfhowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk wrifoufoufxdefcsefjcif;ry&?
2? yk*~dKvfrSeforSsY rdrd.*k%foduQmrcsufapatmif umuG,fydkifcGifh&Sdonf[al om tcsufudk &kdaoav;
pm;&rnf? jynfolvlxktusdK;twGuf a&Sh&_&onfhtcgrSwyg; olwyg;. yk*~vdutcGifhta&;udk xdyg;
aESmifh,Sufa&;om;azmfjyjcif;rS a&Smif=uOf&rnf?
3? rwdrusrrSefuefaomowif;udk a&;om;azmfjyjcif;yrdvSsif qdkif&mpme,fZif;onf xdkowif;udkapm
EdkiforSsaqmvSsifpGm jyefvnfajz&Sif;&rnf? owif;rSefajz&Sif;csufudv
k nf; owif;rSm;azmfjycJhonhfenf;
wlxif&Sm;ay:vGifatmifazmfjyay;&rnf?
4? owif;a&;om;&mY a&;om;ol.tmabmf vHk;0rygap&? a&;ol.trnfESifha&;om;aomaqmif;yg;
wdk@YomvSsif owif;a&;om;olonf .tmabmfudk owif;aqmif;yg;wGif xnfhoGif;a&;om;edkifcGifh
&Sdonf?
5? owif;ay;ol odk@r[kwf owif;&&Sd&mXmeeSifhpyfvsOf;I E_wfvHk&efwdwdusus xdef;odrf;qifjcif&rnf?
,Hk=unfI xkwfazmftoday;vdkufonfh ta=umif;jcif;&mrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I owif;pm0wW&m;twdkif;
odyfonf;vsKd@0Suf&rnf?
6? &mZ0wfr_cif;rsm; a&;om;azmfjy&mwGif pD&ifydkifcGifh&aSd omw&m;&kH;awmfu jypfr_wif&Sm;pD&ifjcif;ry
aoorsS umvywfvHk;w&mcHtm; tjypfuif;pifolwOD;jzpfonf[koabmydkuf&rnf?
7? pme,fZif;q&mrsm;onf rnfuJhodk@aom wHp;kd vufaqmifrsm;udkrS cH,ljcif;ry&? udk,fusdK;iJhuGufjcif;
tm;jzifhvnf; rdrd.w&m;rSswr_eSifh bufrvdkufr_udk rxdcdkufap&?
8? pme,fZif;rsm;onf wrif=uH&G,fwGufqvSsuf bmoma&;/ vlrsdK;a&; rkef;wD;r_rsm;udk v_H;aqmfjcif;r
y&? Zmwdudkaomf/ udk;uG,&f mbmomudkaomf/ vlrsdK;udkaomf ta=umif;yI rw&m;a0zef
a&;om;jcif;ry&?
9? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmedkifiH. e,fedrdwfESifh tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk xdyg;jcif;[lonfwdk@ tusHK;0ifaom
edkifiHawmfvHkcHr_udk xdcdkufaprnfh owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk vHk;0a&;om;azmfjyjcif;ry&?
10? owif;/ "mwfyHk/aqmif;yg;toGifjzifh xnfhoGif;aom ukefoG,fa=umfjimrsm;udkyHkESdyfazmfjy&mwGif
(a=umfjim) jzpfa=umif; odomxif&Sm;atmif azmfjy&rnf?
11? atmufygtcsuftvufrsm;ESifh +idpGef;aomowif;jzpfap/ aqmif;yg;jzpfap "mwfyHkjzpfap rnfonfh
ta=umif;t&mudkrqdk yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;ry&?
(u) tusifhoduQmysufjym;aprnfh a&;om;r_rsm;/ npfnrf;r_rsm;?
(c) odrfzsif;&kef@&if;aom pum;vHk;toHK;tE_ef;rsm;?
(*) remvdkaom rp>&d,pdwjf zifh pGyfpGJjcif;rsm;?
(C) rrSefuefaom toa&ysufapaom a=ujimcsufrsm;?
ar;cGef;rsm;ar;jref&mY owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;
- ppjcif; cufcJaomar;cGef;rsm;udk rar;oifhyg? tzdESdyfcHrsm;onf a=umuf&GH@aeavh&Sdonf?
- oif.xifjrif,lqcsufrsm; ar;cGef;rsm;wGifryg0ifygapESifh? oifhar;cGef;udkajzrnfhtpm; oifhxifjrifcsuf
udk jznfhpGwfay;onfhtajzrsdK;om&ygvdrfhrnf?
- a&vmajrmif;ay;ar;cGef;rsm; rar;&?
- ar;cGefwckudk ajzqdk&efjiif;qdkygu xyfrHar;jref;jcif;ryygESifh? Tjcm;wenf;jzifhvnf;xyfrHrar;ygESifh?
ajzqdkol.udk,fydkifqENudkav;pm;&rnf?
- odrfarG@El;nHhyg?

- &kd;&Sif;aompum;vHk;rsm;a&G;cs,fay;yg? EdkifiHjcm;bmompum;vHk;ygu xdkolodem;vnfonf[k aocsm

rSomoHk;yg?
- ajzolonf oifhar;cGef. qdkvdk&ifudkrodojzifh aoGzDoGm;ygu ododomom}uD; =um;0ifIpum;rjzwf
ygESifh? pum;&yfonftxdapmifh+yD; cifAsm;qdkvdkonfudk oabmaygufygonf? odk@aomfusawmfodvdk
onfrSm---pojzifh xyfrH ar;cGef;xkwfyg?
- ajzoluar;cGef;rSvGJoGm;+yD; tjcm;ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrsm;udkajymaeygu twdkif;vdkufvHrSwfyg?
+yD;rSuaeOD;ar;cGef;udk jyefar;oifhonf?
- trnf? eHygwfESifh ae@pGJrsm;udk t+rJxyfrHppfaq;yg?
- owif;ay;olrjrifap&ef rSwfpluku
d G,f0SufIra&;&yg? Todk@yjcif;jzifh oifhudk,Hk=unfr_eJvmaponf?
- a'ocHwdk@. "avhoHk;pum;vHk;wdk@udk t"dy`g,fodatmifvkyfxm;yg? (Oyrm-uGrf;w,mnufavmuf
a0;onfqdkonfh pum;vHk;rsdK;)
ar;jref;jcif;tqHk;owfjcif;
- oif.owif;onf &Sif;r&Sif;/ jynfpHk/ rjynfhpHkxyfrHppfaq;yg?
- owif;xyfvdkonf[kxifygu aemufw}udrfawG@vdkao;a=umif; cGifhay;Edkifrnfvm;[k ar;xm;oifh
onf?
- owif;ay;ol. trnfrSefudkoHk;pGJ&ef cGifhycsufawmif;yg? cGifhryygu tjcm;trnfjzifhtoHk;y&ef o
abmwlnDcsuf&,lyg? (ukvor*~odk@ wifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpmwGif trnf&if;udktoHk;y&ygonf? vHk
cHr_wm0ef,lxm;ygonf?)
- tvkyf+yD;+yD;csif; tvsifpvdkxGufcGmroGm;&? &if;ESD;r_pum;rsm;jzifh at;at;aq;aq;ajymqdkcJhyg?
owif;twwfoifwuUodkvfrsm;u owif;aumif;qdkonfrSm
(1) owif;wefz;kd (News Value) &Sdjcif;
(2)owif;tcsuftvufjynfhpHk rSefuefjcif; (Factual)
(3)taxmuftxm;aumif;rGefcdkifrmjcif; (Good Referance)
(4)owif;ta&;tom; aumif;rGefjcif; (Good Writting & Laguage Used)
(5)wifjyyHkaumif;rGefjcif; (Good Presentation)
(6)owif;wnf;jzwfr_aumif;rGefjcif;(Good
Editing)[laomtcsuf(6)csufay:wGiftajccH
+yD;owif;wyk'f. t&nftaoG;udkrSwfausmufwif pDppfowfrSwf av h&Sdygonf?
owif;wefzdk;qdkonfrSm jzpfysufcJhonfrSm tcsdefumvtm;jzifh r=umao;onfhowif;
(Fresjh News) udkqdkvdkonf? owif;tcsuftvufrSefuefjcif;onfvnf;ta&;}uD;vSonf? rdrdwdk@
xkwfjyefaomowif;udk rSefuefa=umif; wm0ef,l&J&ayrnf? owif;jrpfzsm;cH&mowif;vrf;a=umif;
(News Source) udkazmfjy&efvdktyfjcif;rSm rSefuefa=umif; taxmuftxm;jyo&efjzpfonf?
taxmuftxm;aumif;onfhowif;jzpf&ef twnfycsuf,l+yD;owif; jzpf&ygrnf? owif;ta&;t
om; aumif;rGef&efvnf*&ky&ayrnf? oHK;pGJaombmompum; avsmfuefajyjypfr_&SdI zwf&_ol/ em;qif
olrsm;/ &_wfaxG;roGm;aom a&;om;r_jzpf&rnf? uGufuGufuGif;uGif;odjrifEdkifaom ta&;tom;jzpf&yg
rnf?
wifjyyHkaumif;rGefjcif;qdkonfrSmvnf; yHkaoenf;&Sdonfr[kwfay? owif;a&;ol.Om%fuGef@jrL;
vSsif uGef@jrL;oavmuf c&D;wmoGm;ygonf? owif;tpydkif;wGif &Snfvsm;pGm ta=umif;t&mtcsuft
vufrsm; tjynfhtpHkxnfhoGif;vdkygu owif;aemufydkif;wGif odcsifp&musefawmhrnfr[kwfacs? tpydkif;
udk pdwftm&Hkzrf;pm;Edkif&kHom cyfwdkwdkazmfjyoifhonf? rlva&;om;xm;aomowif;udk jyefvnfwnf;

jzwfjcif;onfvnf; vdktyfayonf? owif;wyk'fwGif ta=umif;t&mrsm;xyfwvJvJ ygaejcif;/ vdktyf

onfxufydkaejcif;/ pum;vHk;rsm;azmif;yGaejcif;/ 0gus&Snf}uD;rsm;a=umifhjzpfap/ wifjyyHktm;enf;aom
a=umifhjzpfap &Snfvsm;&_wfaxG;aeonfwdk@udk wnf;jzwf&ayrnf? vdkaeonfrsm;udkvnf; jznfhpGwf&
onf? xdk@a=umifh wnf;jzwfjcif;onf cufcJ+yD; ynmygaomtvkyfjzpfavonf?
owif;a&;om;enf;
owif;axmuftzdk@ owif;axmufvSrf;&kH;ESifh r+yD;ao;/owif;a&;om;Edkif&efvnf ta&;}uD;
onf? owif;udk pmzwfolwdk@odEdkif&eftwGuf rdrdajymvdkorSstcsufrsm;jynfhjynfh pHkpHkyg&Sda&;ESifh
pmzwfolwdk@ pdwf0ifpm;&ef qGJaqmifr_@&Sdapa&;wdk@onf ta&;}uD;vSonf?
owif;a&;enf; ESifh0wWKa&;enf;wGif pmvHk;tokHk;tE_ef;rS pI uGmjcm;onf? owif;a&;&mwGif
tvG,fqHk;pum;vHk;udk oHk;I twdkqHk;0gusrsm;udk oHk;&onf? 0wWKwGifrlzwfcsifpzG,fjzpfatmif pum;
vkHk;vSvSjzifhzGJ@EGJ@=uygonf? 0guswdkwdka&;rnfqdkItpyftqufr&Sd jywfawmif;jywfawmif;a&;&rnf[kqdk
vdkonfr[kwfay? armifbonf/ armifjrESifhawG@.? &efjzpfonf? armifbu "m;eSifhxdk;onf? armifjrao
onf? armifbxGufajy;.? pojzifha&;ygu &,fp&myifjzpfygvdrfhrnf?
owif;ta&;tom;onf wdkawmif;jywfom;&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; zwfIacsmarm+yD; tquft
pyfrdaeay&rnf? rvdktyfaompum;vHk;rsm;udkroHk;bJ uspfvpfodyfonf;r_
owif;wnfjzwfjcif;
- cdkifvHkaom owif;[kwf-r[kwf csifhcsdef&rnf? ,ckacmwfonf EdkifiHtusdK; jynfol@tusdK;udk
t"duxm;Iwnf;jzwf&rnfh tcsdefumvjzpfonf? owif;rnfrSsrSefygap/ jynfol@tzdk@ tusdK;r&SdvSsif
rxnfh&efqHk;jzwf&rnf?
- owif;udkwnfjzwf&mY owfyHKowfn$ef;ESifh o'Ngenf; us-rus pdppf&efrSmtajccHyif jzpfyg
onf?
-owif;pmonf vltcsif;csif;wdk@ em;vnfatmif qufoG,fay;&aom aygif;ul;wHwm;zG,fjzpf
onf?
- jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vHk;nDn$wfa&;udk t"duxm;&rnf? jref
rmpm/ jrefrmpum;wdk@onf jynfaxmifpktwGif; pHxm;&rnfh toHk;tE_ef;jzpfonf?
- owfyHktrSm;udk onf;cHEdkifzG,f qdkEdkifaomfvnf; o'NgrSm;ygu tjynfjynfqdkif&m qufqHa&;
udk xdcdkufEdkifa=umif; owdcsyf&rnf?
- owif;a&;om;ol owif;axmufwdk@onf 0gus&Snf&Snfudka&;om;wwf=uonf? 0dbwf
[kac:aom aemufqufwGJudk rEdkifojzifh +yD; udkxyfoHK;E_ef;wwf=uonf? I/ um/ &m/
,if; ponfwdk@rSmvnf; vdktyfa=umif;xyfavh&Sdonf?
- ,ckacwfwGif udk roHk;bJ ae&mwdkif;Y tm; udk oHK;pGJa&;om;ae=uonfrS roifhyg?
- u ae&mudk rS u rqdkifbJ ae&m,lae=uonfudk oHK;oyfawG@&Sd&onf?
- 0dbwfudk rEdkifojzifh uwWm;udkjrSyfI a&;avh&Sdjcifa=umifh t"dy`g,fray:bJ jzpfwwfonf?
0gus&Snf&Snfa&;jcif;a=umifh uwWm;ESifhuH a&maxm;vm+yD; b,folbmvkyfonfudk rrSef;wwfatmif
jzpf=u&onf?
- wif;axmufwdk@onf qdkvdk&if;udkay:vGifatmif odyfonf;uspfvspfpGma&;vSsifpmwnf;tzdk@
wnf;jzwf&oufomI pmzwfy&dowf em;vnfvG,frnf?
- wnf;jzwfolonf rnfonfhae&m yk'fjzwf&rnf udk owdrl&rnf jzpfonf?
- owif;axmufonf ajcqif;/ tzGifh/ ed*Hk;ponfwdk@ owif;t*Fgajrmufatmif ra&;onfhtcg
wnf;jzwfolpmwnf;tzdk@ tvkyfydkvmonf?
owif;"mwfyHkwnf;jzwfjcif;

- owif;"mwfyHkudk rwnf;jzwfygu pmom;ydkrsm; ygwwfonf? ,if;rSm&kyfqdk;vSonf?

- owif;pmY A[dck sufrae&m &So
d nf? owif;pmudk av;acgufcsdK;I=unfhygu tvsm;vdkufESifh
a'gifvdkuf rsOf;ESpfckqHk&mudk A[dk[kac:&ygrnf? (*sD =oar}uDenf;t& r[kwfyg)
-owif;"mwfyHkudk t"duusaomyHk&dyfonf owif;pmtwGif;bufo@kd vnfhaeonfhtaet
xm;jzpf&efvdkonf? odk@r[kwfygu ,if;twGif;u yk*~dKvfu owif;pmtjyifbufodk@vSnfh=unfhaebdo
uJhodk@ jzpfaeygu "mwfyHk vGwf aeonf[k qdk&ygrnf?
owif;pmrl0g'ESifhwnfjzwfolwm0ef
- wnf;jzwfolonf owif;pm.rl0g'udk rsufarSmufyIom wnf;jzwf=up+rJjzpfygonf?
- owif;vnf;rSefap/ jynfoludkvnf;tudsK;yap[laom rl0g'onf tjypfuif;pifI rSefuef
aomr 0g'jzpfonf?
- wnf;jzwfolwdk@onf rnfoludxdcdkufxdcdkuf rSefvSsif+yD;pwrf;[laom tpGef;w&m;udk/ yk*~vd
uta=umif;onf jynfol@ta=umif;ESifhrqdkif[laom tpGef;w&mudkvnfaumif;vGwfatmif a,bk,s
rl0g'udk xdef;odrf;;=u&ef wm0ef&Sdonf?
- owif;pm.rl0gudk ydkifEdkifpGmodrSom owif;wnf;jzwfolonf owif;pm. Tmabmfudk xd
xdrdrd wifjyEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
wnf;jzwfjcif;vkyfief;onftvGefus,fjyef@I
qyGm;aqmif&Guf=u&rnfhvkyfief;vnf;
jzpfonf?
owif;a&;om;enf;
owif;pmq&m}uD;wdk@.tqdktrdef@ owif;qdkonfrSmvlxkpdwf0ifpm;aom vwfwavmay:
aygufvmonfht,ltqwpf&yf/ tjzpftysufwpfckodk@r[kwfjyoemwpf&yf&yfudk rSwfwrf;wifjcif;yif
jzpfonf?
owif;a&;&mwGifjzpfay:aomowif;wGif b,folygvJ(Who)/ bmjzpfovJ (What) b,f
tcsdef(When)/ b,frSm(where)/ bma=umifh(why)/ b,fvdk (How) jzpfovJtp&Sdaom b ajcmufvHk;udk
ay:vGiaf tmifa&;&onf?
owif;yxrqHk;tydk'fwGif bajcmufvHk; udkwwfEdkifoavmuf jynfhpHkatmifajzI azmfjy&
onf? owif;pmudk 0wWKzwfovdk tcsdef,lzwf=uonfr[kwf/ oGm;&ifvm&if; &orSstcdsefwGif zwf&I
owif;acgif;pOfESifh owif;yxrydk'favmufzwf&Hkjzifh owif;. twdkcsKyfudkodEdkif&ef/ ta&;}uD;aom o
wif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk owif;yxrpmydk'fwGif azmfjy&jcif;jzpfonf? xdkowif; yxrpmydk'fudk (Lead
Paragraph) ajcqif;pmydk'f [lIvnf;ac:=uonf?
owif;a&;enf;erlem
azazmf0g&Dv-12 &ufae@nae/ jynfvrf;twdkif; &efukefbufodk@armif;ESifvmaom jynfaxmifpk
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. armfawmf,OfESifh ausmfwufonfharmfawmf,mOfwdk@ toHv$i&fh Hka&S@wGifwdkufrd=u&m/
,mOfESpfpDpvHk;wdrfarSmuf+yD;/ jynfaxmifpkudk,fpm;vS,f wpfOD;aoqHK;oGm;onf? txufyg/ armfawmf
,mOfwdkufr_owif; ajcqif;pmydk'fwGif b ajcmufvHk;. tajzrsm;ygonf?
1? b,folygovJ (who)
-jynfaxmifpk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
2? bmjzpfovJ (what)
-,mOfwdkufonf/ wdrf;arSmufonf/ wpfa,muf
aoonf?
3? b,fwkef;uvJ (when)
-azazmf0g&D- 12-&ufae@naeu
4? b,frSmjzpfwmvJ (where)
-jynfvrf;/ toHv$ifh&Hka&S@rSm
5? bma=umifhb,fvdkjzpfwmvJ
-ausmfwufvdk@wdkufrd?
(why-how)

EdkifiHa&;owif;axmuft&nftcsif;
owif;pmwdkufrsm;wGif r_cif;owif;/ w&m;&kH;owif;/ tm;upm;owif;/ &kyf&Sifowif;/ t
axGaxGowif;rsm; vdkufvHaxmufvSrf;a&;om;&onfh owif;axmuftrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf? taxGaxG
owif;[lonfrSm w&m&Hk;owif;/ r_cif;owif;/ tm;upm;owif;uJhodk@ oD;jcm;trnfay;xm;onfh
owif;rSeforSsudk axmufvSrf;a&;om;&onf? ,if;owif;axmufrsm;wGif wm0eft}uD;qHk;owif;
axmufrSm EdkifiHa&;owif;axmufjzpfonf? owif;axmuftawG@tuH&ifusufolrsm;/ txl;ojzifh 0g
&ifhowifaxmuf}uD;rsm;ESifh owif;axmufcsKyfwdk@u EdkifiHa&;owif;vdkuf=uonf? t,f'DwmcsKyfrStp
t,f'Dwmrsm;onfvnf; EdkifiHa&;owif;xl;rsm;&SdvSsif udk,fwdkifvdkufvHaxmufvSrf;a&;om;avh&Sd=u
onf?
ppfrSefaom ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHawmfopfwnfaqmufvsuf&Sdaeonfh jrefrmedkifiHwGif edkifiHa&;
owif;axmufrsm; ydkrdkEdk;=um;wuf=uGv_yf&Sm;vm=uawmhrnf jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;owif;wGif jynfwGif;
a&mjynfyEdkifiHa&; owif;orm;rsm;yg tusKH0ifonf? EdkifiHa&;owif;axmufrsm;taejzifh jrefrmhEdkifiH
a&;twdwfordkif;ESifh ,ae@ypPuQtaetxm;udk cHikHod&Sdxm;&rnf? EdkifiH&;0g'/ pepfrsm;udk ESH@pyfatmif
avhvmxm;&rnf? EkdifiHwum edkifiHa&;tajctaeESifh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tajctaewdk@udk qufpyfoabm
aygufEdkif&rnf? aomif;useful tzGJ@tpnf;trsdK;rdsK;ta=umif;udkyg avhvm;xm;&rnf?
xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&;owif;axmuf.t&nftcsif;rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;rSwfom;xm;oifh
onf?
(1) jrefrmhedkifiHa&;ordkifudk avhvmxm;&rnf?
(2) ,ae@rsufarSmufumv jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;tajctaeudk ausnufoabmaygufxm;&rnf?
(3) EdkifiHwum EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;udkvnf; rsufjcnfrjywfavhvmedkif&rnf?
(4) EdkifiHa&;0g'/ pepf/ oabmw&m;/ t,ltqrsm;udk jynfwGif;jynfyESH@pyfatmif avhvmxm;&rnf?
(5) EdkifiHa&;ygwD tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESihf ,if;wd@k .acgif;aqmifrsm;ta=umif;odxm;&rnf? ,if;ygwDtzGJ@t
pnf;. aemufcHordkif;/ &nf&G,fcsuf/ OD;wnfcsuf/ 0g'vrf;pOf vufcHusifhoHk;aom oabmw&m;/ cH,l
xm;aompepf/ ygwD.tiftm; ponfrsm;odxm;&rnf? ygwDacgifaqmifrsm;. aemufcHordkif;/ rsuf
arSmuftaetxm;ESifht&nftaoG; ponfrsm;udkemvnfae&rnf?
(6) xif&Sm;aom EdkifiH}uD;rsm;rS ygwD}uD;rsm;.trnf/ taetxm;/ 0g'vrf;pOfponfrsm;odxm;&rnf?
Oyrm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. t"duygwD}uD;ESpfckjzpfaom 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDESifh &DywfbvDuif/ +Ad
wdefEdkifiHrS uGefqmaA;wpfygwDESifh avbmygwDwdk@.trnf/ taetxm;/ OD;wnfcsuf/ pepf0g'vrf;pOf
wdk@udk odxm;tyfygonf?
(7) ukvor*~tzGJ@}uD; ay:ayguv
f myHkordkif;ESifhtzGJ@}uD;. &nf&G,fcsuf/ yVdnmOfpmwrf;/ vkyfief;pOf/ zGJ@
pnf;yHkeSifh ,ae@taetxm;rsm;udk od&rnf?
EdkifiHa&;owif;&EdkifaomtajccHrsm;
(1) v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;rsm;?
(2) ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ nDvmcHrsm;?
(3) EdkifiHawmfrS xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm; Oya'rsm;/ bwf*sufOya'rsm; trdef@a=umfjimpmrsm;/trdefhrsm;?
(4) EdkifiHacgif;aqmif/ tpdk;&tzGJ@ t}uD;tuJrsm;. rdef@cGef;rsm;?
(5) ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; (odk@r[kwf) ygwDacgif;aqmif/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;. Xkwfjyefcsufrsm;?
(6) owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ;rsm;
(7) tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS xkwfa0onfhpmapmif pmwrf;rsm;/ rSwfwrf;rsm;?
(8) a[majymyGJ/ aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;?
(9) awG@qHkar;jref;csufrsm;?
(10) ae@xl;ae@jrwfrsm;usif;yonfh tcrf;tem;rsm;?

(11) ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; ESpyf wfvnftcrf;tem;rsm;?

(12) Edik if aH &;orm;rsm; pka0;rdwwfonfh oma&;/ ema&;udpP&yfrsm;?
(13) jynfypme,fZif;rsm;ESifh toHv$ifhXme/ &kyfjrifoH=um;tpDtpOfwdk@wGif azmfjycsufrsm;?
(14) qufoG,fxm;onfh owif;ay;rsm;?
(15) uHuuf wdkufqdkifI od&dS&jcif;rsm;?
(16) jynfolvlxk. oabmxm;/ tjrif/ rSwfcsuf/ a0zefoHrsm;?
(17)qef@usifbuftwdkufcHrsm; odk@r[kwf ygwDwckrSrauseyfr/_ oabmxm;t,ltquGJjym;r_a=umif hyJh
xGufvmolrsm;. ajymqdk / a&;om;xkwjf yefrlcsufrsm;?
(18) a&G;aumufyGJ tuv_yf&Sm;r_ / jyifqifr_/ rJqG,fr_ a&G;aumufyGJusif;yonfh tcsdef/ taetxm;/
a&G;aumufyGJ tedkift&_Hl;a=ujimcsuf/ a&G;aumufyGJuef@uGufcsuf/ a&G;aumufyGJuef@uGufr_/ =um;emqHk;
jzwfcsufrsm; ?
(19) jynfyrSacgif;aqmifrsm; / udk,fpvS,frsm; / edkifiHa&;orm;rsm/ trwfrsm; tzGJ@pnf;qdkif&myk*~dKvfrsm;/
oHwrHrsm;a&muf&Sdvmr_/ a=ujimcsuf/ owif;xkwfjyefcsuf &Sif;vif;csuf/ rdef@cGef;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;?
(20) jrefrmedkifiHtwGif;&Sd edkifiHjcm;oH&Hk;rsm;rS pmapmifpmwrfxkwfjyefcsuf / a=ujimcsuf/ owif;pm&Sif;
vif;yGJ {nfhcHyGJ txdrf;trSwftcrff;tem;rsm;?
(21) aomif;usef;olrsm;.tajctae / tvif;0ifjcif; / tzsufvkyf&yfvkyfjcif; edkifiHjcm;ESifh qufqHr_
owif;ay:xGufvmjcif; / tcsif;csif;yduGJwdkufcdkufjcif;ponfrsm;?
(22) rdrdudk,fwdkif awG;q}uHqcsufrsm;udk twnfyedkif&ef axmufvSrf;,ljcif; ?
(23) a&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Sif. xkwfjyefcsufa=ujimcsufrsm;/ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;awG@qHkar;jrefcsufrsm; ?
(24) jzpfay:aeonfh aumfv[mvrsm;udk oufqdkif&mwm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref twnfycsuf
(odk@) jiif;qdkcsuf &Sif;vif;csuf&,l&ef?
(25) edkifiHa&;ygwDr[kwfaom vlxkvlwef;pm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrS edkifiHa&;owif;tpteay:xGuf
vmwwfjcif;wdk@rS edkifiHa&;owif;&&Sdedkifonf?
a&Smif&eftcsufrsm;
edkifiHa&;owif;taxmuftxm;rsm;aejzifh atmufygta=umif;t&mwdk@udk owdya&Smif =uOf
wwfonf?
(1) ygwDwckckudk tvGeftrif;vdkvm;+yD; usefygwDrsm;tay: rvdkvm;tmCmwpdwfjyif;xefum q'N/
a'go / b,m / arm[ / tm*wdvdkufpm;jcif;?
(2) rSefuefwdusaomowif;rsdK;r[kwfyJ aumv[vtqifh owif;rsdK;udk twnfyr_r&dSyJa&;om;jcif;?
(3) edkifiHa&;orm; (odk@) ygwDwckckrS wefpdk;vufaqmif&,ljcif;?
(4) t&uf / rdef;r / aiGa=u; / tcGifha&;rsm;jzifhzsm;a,mif;odrf;oGif; r_udk cH,ljcif;?
(5) rrSefuefrSef;od&ufeJh owif;trSm;udk azmfjyjcif;?
(6)owif;wyk'fudkudk,fwdkif0g,rpdkufaxmufvSrf;,ljcif; r&SdbJ=um;vlajympum;,Hk=unfa&;om;jcif;
(7) tajccHOya'eSifh tjcm;wnfqJOya'rsm; / edkifiHawmftusdK; / jynfolvlxktusdK; / xdcdkufrnfudkod
vsuf owif;xl; owif;OD;tjzpf razmfjyoifhyJ azmfjy&efa&;om;jcif;?
(8) edkifiHjcm;yk*~dKvf / tzGJ@tpnf;/ oH&Hk;wdk@.odrf;oGif;cH+yD; ,if;wdk@tvdkus owif;&,la&;om;jcif;?
(9) owif;pmusifh0wf / vlusifh0wfouQmudk azmufzsufa&;om;jcif;?
(10) edkifiHawmfv#dK@0Sufcsufrsm;udk xkwfazmfa&;om;jcif;?

edkifiHa&;owif;a&;om;jcif;

(1)owif;wyk'f.jynfhpHkr_t*Fg&yfrsm;jzpfonfhbmh(6)vHk;/(who)b,fol(when)b,ftcsdef(where)b,f
rSm (what)bmudk (How)b,fvdk (why)bmha=umifh wdk@udkjynfhpHkatmifa&;yg?
(2) 0guswdkygap / ta&;&Sif;ygap?
(3) o'Ng / owfyHk / toHk;tE_ef;rSefygap?
(4)owif;ajcqif;pmydk'f(Lead
Paragraph)udk*&kpdkufa&;yg/xdkpmydk'fzwfrdv#if
owif;udkqufvuf
zwf&_pwf&Sdatmif qGJaqmifedkifygap?
(5) owif;jzpfyGm;&mae&m yk*~dKvfponfwdk@udk pmzwfolem;vnf&ef vkdtyfu jznfhpGuf&Sif;vif;a&;om;
yg? Oyrm?
? edifk if jH cm;owif;rsm;pGmY bmpDvdkemtdkvHypf tm;upm;owif;azmfjy&mY bmpDvdkem
b,frSmvJ? b,fedkifiHuvJ ? bmvJqdkonfha=u;eef;owif;rsm;Yryg? bmomjyefwJholuvnf;jznfhpGuf
ra&;ay;ojzifh pydefedkifiHrSr@awmfrSef; omrefowif;pmzwfolrodedkfif? aiGa=u;rStp a':vm / aygif / p
wmvifwdk@udk azmfjyv#ifjrefrmaiGwefbdk;udk zvS,fazmfjyyg? bDvD,H x&DvD,H paom udef;*%ef;ta&
twGufac:ta0:rsm;udk &Sif;vif;csufjznfhpGufa&;om;yg? bDvD,Hqdkv#ifoef;aygif;waxmif x&DvFD,Hqdk
v#ifoef;aygif;wodef; pojzifh&Sif;jyyg?
(6) owif;.aemufcHtcsuftvufudk&SmazGudk;um;azmfjy+yD; pmzwfolulnDFyg?
(7)&kd;&kd;owif;/aemufqufowif;/ (Folow-up) a&S;ajy;owif;(Advance Story)&ufqufo
wif;(RunningStory)&_axmifhpHkrSazmfjyaomowif;(Composite
Story)aemufcHordkif;
&yfjzifh azmfjyaomowif;(Background Story)aqmif;yg;[efowif;(Feature Story)tzGJ@tEGJ@
&o ygatmifa&;aomowif;(Repartage)owif;jzpf&yfudkav;eufpGmavhvmaxmufvSrf;a&;om;aom
twGif;vd_ufowif; (Depth Reportingh) rl0g'tajcya&;om;aomowif;(Policy Story) p
onfhowif;yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;rS oifh&m}udKuf&mudk toHk;yIa&;yg?
(8) 0guswdk&Sif;a&;om;enf;udkoHk;yg? pmydk'fwydk'fudk r&SnfvGef;ygapESifh? pmydk'f&Snf}uD;rsm;udk0gus&Snf}uD;
rsm;ESifh pmzwfol.pdwfukd rnpfnL;ygapESifh? cufqpft"dy`g,fxkwfay;&avmufatmif cufcJaoma0g
[m&rsm; bef;pum;rsm;tm;a&Smifyg?
Oya'ESifhowif;vGwfvyfr_ ( Law & Freedom of Information)
Oya'eJ@ vGwfvyfr_=um;rSm b,fvdkqufpyfr_awG&Sdw,fqdkwmudk txufrSmwifjycJhygw,f? 'D
wifjycJhwJhtcsuftay: tajccHjyD;/ Oya'eJ@vlxkqufoG,fa&;udk csOf;uyf wifjyoGm;vdkygw,f?
a,bk,stm;jzifhaumufcsufqGJ&&if owif;vGwfvyfcGifh[m 'Drdkua&pD&Jh ta&;ygwJhtepfom&
jzpfovdk/ 'Drdku&ufwpf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rSmbJ &Sifoef}uD;xGm;edkifygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDedkifiHawGrSm
owif;vGwfvyfcGifheJ@ygwfoufwJhjyVmef;csufawGudk zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'rSm xnfhoGif;jyVmef;xm;=uwm
udkawG@&ygw,f? 'DvdkjyVmef;wJhtcgrSm oufqdkif&mvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Jh vufcHr_pHawG tay:rlwnf+yD; 'Drdku
a&pDedkifiHjcif;wlayrJh jyVmef;csufrSm uGJ;jym;jcm;em;r_awG &SdwmudkawG@&ygw,f? Oyrm- tar&duefedkifiHeJ@
tdEdN,edkifiHwdk@&Jh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESpfckudk ,SOf=unfh&iftar&duefEdkifiH&Jh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' yxrjyifqifcsuf (10)ck[The First Ten
Amendments (The Bil of Rigt
h )] &Jh yxrOD;qHk; jyifqifcsufrSm owif;vGwfvyfcGifhudk
jyVmef;ay;xm;ygw,f? tJ'DjyVmef;csufrSm vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmyHkESdyfcGifhwdk@udk avsmhenf;
apwJh Oya'udk uGef*&ufrS rjyVmef;&vdk@ qdkxm;ygw,f? vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm yHkESdyfxkwf
a0cGifhawGudk tjynfht0ay;xm;wJh oabmjzpfygw,f?
tdEdN,edkifiH&Jh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' yxrjyifqifcsuf tydk'f (19)tydk'fcGJ; (1-a)rSm edkifiHom;
tm;vHk;[m vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfcGifh&Sd&r,f? vdk@jyVmef;xm;ygw,f? tdEdN,Oy
a'rSm (freedom of press) udkoDoefhjyVmef;ay;rxm;ygbl;? 'gayrJh tdEdN,vGwfawmfcsKyfu
tydk'f(19)tydk'fcGJ(1-a)rSmjyXmef;xm;wJh vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfajymqdkcGifh[m owif;pmrsm;&JhtcGifhta&;

twGufvHkavmufoufqdkifw,fvdk@ ( Express Newspaper)tr_ (Express newspaper

(private) Ltd. Union of India, A.I.R.1958 S.C.578) rSmxkwfazmfcJhygw,f?
'ga=umifh rdk@ tdEdN,zGJ@pnf;yHkOya'yk'fr 19 (1-a) onf vGwfvyfpGmyHkEdSyfxkwfa0cGifhudk
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edkifiHawmfuae Oya'jyVmef;+yD; yk'fr 19 (1-a)ygtcGifhta&;rsm;udk usdK;a=umif;qDavsmfwJhuef@owfcsuf
(Reasonable restriction) vkyfedkifwJhtcsuf (8) csufudk jyVmef;xm;ygw,f? qdk&&if
tdEdN,vGwfvyfpGm/ vGwfvyf pGmyHkESdyfcGifhwdk@[m tuef@towfrJhr[kwfyg bl;? zGJh@pnf;yHkOya'tydk'f
19(2)ygtcsuf (8) csufESif@jidpGef;&if uef@owfcH&ygrnf?
txufu jyXmefcsufawGudk=unfh&if 'Drkdua&pDedkifiHawGrSm owif;vGwfvyfcGifhudktodtrSwf
ytaumif;txnfazmfayrJh oufqdkifwJhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u vufcHxm;wJhpHawGtay:rlwnf+yD; Oya't&
xdef;csKyfr_awG vkyfwmvJ&Sdw,fvdk@qdk&ygr,f? 'Dvdkxdef;csKyfr_awGvkyfwJhtcgrSm owif;vGwfvyfr_eJ@Oya'
wdk@[mxdyfwdkwfawG@vmygw,f? xdyfwdkwfawG@wJhtcg taetxm;udkavhvm=unfh&if yxrOD;pGmawG@&
wmuawmh usifh0wfoduQmydkif;eJ@qdkifwJh tajctae(Moral Ground)eJ@ vlxktwGif;at;csrf; wnf+idrf;r_
tajctae(Public Order)tydkifrSmjzpfygw,f? tdEN,
d zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'tydk'f 19(2) (IV)rSm
vlxktwGif;at;csrf;wnf+idrfa&;tusdK;pD;yGm;twGufESifh
tydk'f
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usifh0wfoduQm
ESifhoifhwifhavsmufywfaom tytrl(Decency)tusdK;pD;ygG;twGuf EdkifiHawmfonfOya'jyXmef;I
usdK;a=umif; qDavsmfaom uef@owfr_yvkyfEdkifonfvdk@jyXmef;xm;ygonf?
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wGuf Oya'pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;xkwfjcif; jzpfygw,f?
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oifhwifhavsmufywfwJhtytrl (Decency)eJ@usifh0wfoduQm (Meralty) qdkif&m apmifhxdef;r_
qdkwJhtcsuf[m pmtkyfawG/ zvifawG/ owif;pmawG pwJhvlxkqufoG,fa&;,EW&m;awGudk
xdef;csKyfzdk@twGuf taumif;qHk;ta=umif;jycsufjzpfygw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh 'DtcsufawGudk
t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk&mrSm us,fjyef@wJhtwGufyJjzpfygw,f? 'DtcsufeJ@ywfoufvdk@ jrefrmjynfrSm&SdwJh jyXmef;
csufxJu wifjyvdk@&wJhjyXmef;csufuawmh jypfr_qdkif&mOya' (292)npfnrf;wJhpmtkyfrsm;eJ@qdkifwJh
jyXmef;csufjzpfygw,f? tvm;wljyXmef;csuf[m tdEdN,rSmvnf;&Sdygw,f? 'Dyk'frt&ta&;,lcH&vdk@ jypfr_
xif&Sm; pD&ifcH&&if/ (6)vtxd axmif'%fjzpfap/ usyfwaomif;xdaiG'%fjzpfap '%fESpf&yfvHk;jzpfap
uscH&Edkifygw,f?
'DOya't&pD&ifqHk;jzwfwJhtcgrSm
pmtkyfyvkyfol&Jh&nf&G,fcsufudk
xnfhoGif;rpOf;pm;bl;? b,fol&JhvufxJ rSmawG@ovJ/ tusifysufapjcif;&Sdr&SdqdkwJhtcsufrsm;udkom
t"duxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ygw,f? qdkvdkwmu pmtkyfrSm tdfrfaxmify+yD;olrsm;twGufom qdk&if
vdifynmay;pmtkyf xkwfa0jzef@csD&mrSm t&G,fr a&mufao;olu 0,fvdk@&EdkifwJhtajctae&Sd+yD;
ol&Jhpdwfudk azgufjyefapedkifw,fvdk@ w&m;&kH;u,lq&if tjypf'%fuscH&edkifygw,f?
'Dae&mrSmwzufu=unfh&if t&G,fra&mufao;ol tusifhpm&dwWrysufapbdk@twGuf txuf
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eJ@ygwfoufwJhowif;&,lcGifh xdcku
d fwmudkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ygw,f? vuf&SdjrefrmjynfrSm&SdaewJh
Oya'[m 'Dtajctaeudk ajyvnfatmif zefwD;edkifpGrf;r&Sdygbl;?
'kwd,tcsuftaeeJ@ yk'fr (292)rSm npfnrf;r_[m bmvJqdkwmudk &Sif;vif;xm;jcif;r&Sdygbl;?
w&m;&kH;awGu t"dy`g,fzGifh&rSmjzpfygw,f? udk,f&Hkt0wfavsSmus+yD; uydku&dkjzpfaewJhvufwzufjywf
tcspfewforD;ADeyf yef;yk&kyfudktvSw&m; wcktjzpf&_jrifol&Sdovdk rzG,fr&myef;yk&kyftjzpfowfrSwf
olvnf;&Sdygvdrfhr,f? qdkvdkwmu npfnrf;r_qdkwJh t"dy`g,f[m rsm;pGmus,f0efoGm;atmifvnf; zGifhqdk
vdk@&wJhtaetxm;w&m;&kH;rSm&Sdygw,f? 'Dvdkt"dy`g,ftus,fzGifhqdkedkifr_[m pme,fZif;orm;twGuf
npfnrf;r_qdkwJhtaetxm;ra&mufatmif rnfhonfhowif;udk rnfhonfhtwdkif;twmtxday;zdk@ Oya'
cGifhyw,f/ cGifhrybl;qdkwmudk csdefpedkifpGrf;uif;oGm;apygw,f? 'Dnpfnrf;r_qdkwm bmvJqdkwJhtcsufeJ@
ygwfoufvdk@ t*FvefEdkifiHu tr_wckudkwifjyvdkygw,f? tr_u (D.H Lawrencew)&Jh (Lady
Chatters Lover)0wWK xkwfa0wJholudk w&m;pGJqdkwJhtr_jzpfygw,f? tr_pGJqdkwmu (1956)ckESpf
jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtr_rSmxkwfa0olu (1956 ckESpfnpfnrf;pmayrsm; yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;Oya' (Obscene
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tEdkif&cJhygw,f? tJ'DOya'rSm npfnrf;pmtkyf xkwfa0r_eJ@ygwfoufvdk@ ckcHEdkifwJhtcsufudkjyXmef;xm;
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qdkif&mwefbdk;/ 'grSr[kwf pmayqdkif&mwefbdk;&Sdw,fqdkwmudk uGsrf;usifol&Jh oufaocHcsuf(Expert
Evidence) jzifhaxmufcH wifjyxkacsedkifwJh tcsufjzpfygw,f?
'Dtydkif;eJ@pyfvsOf;vdk@csKyf+yD;ajym&v#if npfnrf;vdk@jypfyg,f&r,fqdkwmudk wzufrSmvufcH&rSm
jzpfovdk / npfnrf;w,fvdk@a,bk,sajymayrJh todynmrsm;jzpfxGef;bdk@twGuf vdktyfwJhowif;tcsuf
tvufrsm; &,lcGif@udkvnf; wzufrSmxnf@oGif;pOf;pm;oif@ygw,f? txufrSmaqG;aEG;wifjycJhwmawG
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tajctaeudk tajz&Smedkifbdk@twGuf wpHkw&mtwdkif;wmtxd taxmuftuklyr,fvdk@xifygw,f?
(2) trsm;jynfoltwGif;at;csrf;wnf+idrfa&;wqdkif&m (Public Order)
trsm;jynfoltwGif; at;csrf;wnf+idrfa&;qdkwJh tcsuf[m vnf;tvGefus,fjyef@ygw,f? 'ga=umifht
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w,f? 'DrwluJGjym;jcm;em;r_@tm;vHk;udktodtrSwfyjcif;eJh vufcHoabmwljcif;udkumuG,fay;edkifbdkh
twGuf vlxktwGif;apmuif@pnf;oD;cHr_[m tifrwefta&;}uD;wJhtcsufjzpfvmygw,f? apmifhpnf;oD;
cHr_@r&Sdv#if 'Drdkua&pD[mtvkyfrvkyfedkifawmhygbl;?
txufrSmwifjycJhwJh apmifhpnf;odD;cHr_@qdkwJhtcsufeJh vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmajym
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jzpfvmygw,f? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSmapmifhpnf;oD;cHr_jzpfwnfbdk@twGuf owif;vGwfvyfr_tay: xdef;csKyfr_
b,ftwdkif;wmxdvnf;qdkwJhtcsuf[mtjiif;yGmzG,ftcsufjzpfygw,f?
'DtcsufeJ@yufoufvdk@tjrifwckuawmh Oya'[mtjrifoabmxm;awGxkwfazmfjcif;tay:
uef@owfcsufrvkyfoifhbl;qdkwJh tjrifjzpfygw,f? 'Dtjrif[mpmZif;qdkif&musifh0wftay: t"dutajcy
xm;wJhtjrifjzpfygvdrfhr,f/ qdkwmu pme,fZif;orm;taeeJ@ol@usifh0wf(ethic)udkapmifhxdef;+yD; t
rsm;jynfoltwGif; at;csrf;wnf+ifdrfr_udk xdcdkufysufjym;aprJh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk a&Sm&Sm;oGm;r,fqdk
wJhoabmrsKd;jzpfygw,f? pme,fZif;orm;awGtaeeJh a,bkk,stm;jzifh olwdk@&J@usifh0wfudkapmifhxdef;
aumif;apmifhxdef;ygvdrfhr,f? 'gayrJh trsm;jynfolw&yfvHk;eJ@qdkifwJhudpPudk vltzGJ@tpkwck&J@vuftwGif;
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qdkwmpOf;pm;zG,faumif;ygw,f?
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taeawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m owif;pm/ pme,fZif;awGeJ@qufEG,fyufoufaewmudkawG@&ygw,f? qdk &
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a'uxdef;csLyfr_awG vkyfoifhw,fqdkwJhtjrifjzpfygw,f? 'Dtjrif[mOya'&Jhxdef;csKyfr_eJhvlxkqufoG,f
a&;jyoemrSm =um;=uwJhtjrifvdkhxif&ayrJh wcsdK@tkyfpkawGufdk a0zefwmu uif;vGwfcGifhay;oifhw,fqdk
wJhtjrif aemufqufwGJtaeeJ@ygrvmygbl;? qdkvdkwmu 'Drdkua&pD&Jhoabmu vlrsm;pkutkyfcsLyfcGifh&
ygw,f? 'DtcgrSmvlenf;pkutumuG,fay;bdk@ vdkvmygw,f? 'kwd,tjrif&qdk&if 'Dvlenf;pkawG&Jh um
uG,fcH&r_ uif;rJhoGm;Edlifygw,f?
'kwd,ydkif;taeeJ@wifjyvdkwmuawmh owif;vGwfvyfcGifhudktrsm;jynfoltwGif; wnf+idrfat;
csrf;a&; ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ ydwfyifwJhudpPjzpfygw,f? 'Denf;[mtm%m&SifawGt}udKufenf;vrf;jzpfyg
w,f? 'Drdkua&pDedkifiHawGrSmvnf; tpdk;&tcsdL@u toHk;cswmawGvnf;&Sdygw,f? trsm;jynfoltwGif;
wnfjidrfat;csrf;a&;ta=umif;jy+yD;/ tkyfcsKyfolawGu owif;vGwfvyfcGifhtay:zdESdyfwJhyHkpHudk (1950)
ckESpfta&;ay:pDrHr_ tufOya'u owif;vGwfvyfcGifhtcGifhta&;rsm;udk uef@owfxm;wJhtcsufawGeJ@
,SOfxdk;+yD;wifjyvdkygw,f?
(1950) ckESpf ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya'yk'fr 5(C)rSm trsm;jynfolwdk@tm; (odk@) jynfolwpk
tm; txdfwfwvef@jzpfap&ef=uH&G,fI wckckvkyfvSsif (odk@) ,if;odk@jzpfap&efta=umif;&Sdaom tr_udk
yvSsif axmif'%f(7)ESpftxd csEdkifw,fvdk@ jyXmef;xm;ygw,f? 'DjyXmef;csufudk a,bk,stm;jzifh=unfh
vSsif trsm;jynfolxdwfvef@atmifvkyfwm[m jynfoltwGif; at;csrf;wnf+idrfr_uif;rJhatmifvkyfwm
bJvdk@,lqedkifygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm jypfr_qdkif&mOya'yk'fr(505) eJ@,SOfxdk;jyvdkygw,f? jypfr_qdkif&mOya'
yk'fr 505(c)rSm b,folrqdk azmfjycsuf/ aumv[v/ owif;ay;csufwckckudk xkwfa0wm/vufqifh
urf;wm[m jynfolvlxkudk txdwfwvef@jzpfapr,f? tJ'Dvdk txdwfwvef@jzpfapwJh tcsuf[mvnf;
edkifiHawmfudk qefusif+yD;/'grSr[kwf &yf&Gmat;csrf;wnf+idrfr_udkqef@usif+yDf; jypfr_usLvGefatmifwpfpHKwpf
a,mufudk aoG;aqmifjcif;jzpfr,fqdkf&if axmif'%f(2)ESpftxd csrSwfedkifw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? wifjycJhwJh
jyXmef;csufESpfck[m a,bk,stm;jzifhqifwloa,mifjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya'rSm
xdwfvef@atmifvkyf&if jypf'%fcsrSwfEdkifygw,f? jypfr_qdkif&mOya'yk'fr(505) rSmawmh xdwfvef@&kH;eJ@r
vHkavmufbl; tJ'Dxdwfvef@r_a=umifh &yf&Gmat;csrf;wnf+idrfa&;udk xdcdkufatmifwpHkwa,mufu vkyf
aqmifvmatmif aoG;aqmifjcif;rS jypf'%fcsrSwfEdkifygw,f? Oya'(2)ckvHk;[m &yf&Gmat;csrf;wnf+idrf
a&;udka&Sh&_+yD; jyXmef;xm;wmjzpfayrJh/ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya'[myk'fr (5-C)[m owif;vGwfvyfcGifh
udk ydk+yD;zdESdyfwJhtaetxm;rSm&Sdygw,f? tckvnf; jrefrmjynfppftpdk;&[m 'DOya'udk a&vJoHk;aewmudk

awG@Edkifygw,f ? 'Dae&mrSmtckaxmufjyvdkwJhtcsufuawmh ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya'[m ygvDrH'Drdku

a&pD acmwfrSm jyXmef;cJhwJh Oya'jzpfw,fqdkwJhtcsufjzpfygw,f?
txufrSmwifjycJhwJh aqG;aEG;csufawGudk jyefcsKyf=unhf&if/ &yf&Gmwnf+idrfat;csrf;bdk@twGufo
wif;pmvGwfvyfcGifhudk wpkHw&muef@owfzdk@vkdayrJh wzufrSmvnf; tJh'Duef@owfcsufawGudk &yf&Gmwnf
+idrfr_tusdK;twGufqdk+yD; tkyfcsKyfolawGu olwdk@vdkvm;wmawGjzpfzdk@twGuf toHk;csoGm;Ekdifygw,f?
tm%m&Sifr[kwfygbl;? 'Drdku&ufwpftpdk;&uvnf; toHk;cswwfw,fqdkwmudk (1950 ) ta&;ay:pDrH
r_Oya'udk=unfhv#if odomedkifygw,f? qdk&v#iftrsm;jynfol wnf+idrfat;csrfa&;twGuf owif;vGwf
vyfr_udkxdef;csKyfjcif;rSm bufESpfbuf&Sdaeygw,f? bufESpfbuftwGif;rSm owif;vGwfvyfr_udkvnf; r
vdktyfyJ rxdcdkufatmif trsm;jynfoltwGif; wnf+idrfat;csrf;r_udkvnf; xdef;odrf;oGm;edkifatmifqdk&if
trsm;jynfol wnf+idrfat;csrf;bdk@twGuf xdef;csKyfjcif;qdkwm&Jht"dy`g,fudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;zGifhqdkzdk@ vdk
vmygw,f ? 'grSomv#iftkyfcsKyfolawGu trsm;jynfoltusdK;pD;yGm;qdkwJh pum;udkckwHk;vkyf toHk;ryedkif
atmif wzufrSmumuG,frSmjzpfovdk / wzufrSmtrSefwu,fvdktyfwJh tajctaersm;rSmjynfolt
wGif;wnf+idrfat;csrf;r_rysufjym;atmif xdef;odrf;edkifrSmjzpfygw,f? tdEdN, w&m;vGwfawmfcsKyf uawmh
trsm;jynfoltwGif; wnf+idrfat;csrf;a&;qdkwJh tcsufeJhpyfvs^f;vdk@ o.k. Ghosh v E.X. joseph
A.I.R.1963 S.C.812,841-15 tr_rSmtrsm;jynfolwnf+idrfat;csrf;a&; tusdK;pD; yGm;twGuf
xdef;csKyfr_
(Restriction)
vkyfw,fvdk@
ajymedkifzdk@twGufqdk&if
tJh'Dtvcsdefu
trsm;jynfolwnf+idrf at;csrf;a&;eJh xdef;csKyfjcif;=um;rSm &SdwJhpyfqdkifr_[m teD;uyfwnf&Sdjcif;
(Proximate) jzpf&r,f? wdkuf&kdufjzpf&r,f? oG,f0dkuf+yD;pyfqufjcif; 'grSr[kwfpdwful;eJ@a&mf&rf;+yD;
(Far-Fetched) pyfquf jcif; 'grSr[kwfxdef;csLyfr_eJh trsm;jynfolwnf+idrfat;csrf;a&;=um;rSm
pdwful;eJ@pyfqufjcif;[m trsm; jynfoltusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf qdkaomazmfjycsuftwGif;rSm rusa&muf
vdk@xkwfazmfxm;ygw,f?
(3) tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m
tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;eJhyufoufwJh tydkif;rSm rD'D,mvGwfvyfr_ tuefhtowf vkyfedkif wJhtcsuf
(2) csufudkwifjyvdkygw,f? tJh'DeSpfckuawmh tpdk;& (edkifiHawmf) udka0zefwJhudpPeJhv#dK@0SufwJhudpP
wdk@jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD&JhtjccHrloabmt&tpdk;&&J@vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_awGudk jynfoluaxmufjy
a0zefcGif@&Sdygw,f? jynfolxJujynfoljzpfwJh pme,fZif;orm;taeeJ@vnf; tpdk;&&JhpD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;t
aqmufttHk wnfaqmufxm;yHkawG/ rl0g'awGudkaxmufjya0zefcGifh&Sdygw,f? 'g[m pme,fZif;orm;t
aeeJ@ tcGifhxl;&,lwmr[kwfbl;? 'Dae&mrSmay:vmwJhjyoemu tpdk&tay:a0zefwm (attack)eJ@
tpdk;&udkjzKwfcszdk@ aoG;xdk;v_Hapmfwm (incite) udkb,fvdkydkifjcm;ovJqdkwmygbJjzpfygw,f? Oya'&Jh
tvkyfutJ'Dtaetxm;ESpfckudk ydkif;jcm;uef@owfzdk@jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh'Dvdkydkifjcm;uef@owfzdk@udpP[m
tpOftjrJvG,fulacsmhar$@aewmawmhr[kwfygbl;? wcsdK@udpPawG[m b,ftydkif;tjcm;xJrSm tusKH;0if
ovJqdkwma00g;wmawGvnf;&Sdygw,f? tJ'Dvdktaetxm;rsdK;rSm tpdk;&awGu olvdk&mbufudkqGJ,l+yD;
o wif;orm;udkzdESdyfygw,f? teD;uqHk;axmufjy&&if/ jrefrmEdkifiHjypfr_qdkif&mOya' yk'fr 142(u)
tpdk;&udkt=unfndkysufapr_+zpfygw,f? jypfr_qdkif&mOya'[mudkvdkeDacwfup+yD;/ topfjyefvnfjyXmef;
xm;wmjzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif jypfr_qdkif&mOya'yk'fr (121)uae (124)txd[m 1950 ckESpfrSm udkvdkeD
acwfujyXmef;csufawGudkzsufodrf;+yD; tpopfjyefvnfjyXmef;xm;wmjzpfygw,f? tJ'DjyXmef;csuf&Jhyk'fr
124 (u)t& tpdk;&udkrkef;wD;atmif/ raxrJhjrifyatmif/ EdkifiHa&;ra=ueyfr_jzpfatmifa&;w,f?
ajymw,f? odjrifEdkifwJhwifjyr_wckck (umwGef;/ jyZwf--ponfjzifh)vkyfw,fqdk&if;/ tpdk;&udk=unfndk
ysufapr_eJ@ w&m;pGJqdkcH&Ekdifygw,f? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwfrSm pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&mtawmfrsm;
rsm;[mtJ'D yk'freJ@xdefodrf;cJh&ygw,f? 'guygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwfrSmjzpfygw,f? tm%m&SifacwfrSm
awmh tJ'gxufydkqdk;0g;wJh Oya'rsm;udkusifhoHk;cJhygw,f? emrnfausmfOya'uawmh (1975)ckESpf edkifiH

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a'&Jh yk'fr (7) rSmEdkifiHom;wOD;OD;onf EdkifiHawmf. tcsKyftcsmtm%mESifh EdkifiHawmfvHkcHa&;udkjzpfap/
trsm;jynfol. at;csrf;om,ma&;udkjzpfap xdyg;tEW&,fjzpfaprnfh yvkyfr_wckckudk yvkyfcJhonf?
yvkyfaeonf? y vkyfawmhrnf[k ,Hk=unfavmufaomta=umif;&SdvSsif 0ef}uD;tzGJ@onf ,if;yk*~dKvf.
rlvtcGifhta&;w&yf&yfudk vdktyfovdkuef@owfrdef@csrSwfEdkifonfvdk@ jyXmef;xm;ygw,f? tJ'DOya'
uyvkyfcJhonf/ yvkyfaeonf/ yvkyfawmhrnfqdk+yD; umvoHK;yg;udkcHxm;wJhtjyif w&m;&kH;qHk;jzwf
csuft&r[kwfvJ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@&Jh,Hk=unfavmufaomta=umif;qdkwJh pum;&yf[mbmtESpfom&rSr&Sd
awmhygbl;? wenf;ajym&&if txufuaqG;aEG;cJhwJha0zefwmvm;/ aoG;xdk;v_Haqmfwmvm;qdkwmudk
ydkif;jcm;r,fhtaetxm;rsdK; (1975) ckESpf EdkifiHawmftm;aESmuf,u
S fzsufqD;vdkolrsm;. ab;tEW&,frS
umuG,fwm;qD;a&;Oya'rSm vHk;0r&Sdyg?
'kwd,tcsuftaeeJh wifjyvdkwmuawmh EdkifiHawmfvSsdK@0SufcsufeJ@ pyfvsOf;wJhudpPjzpfygw,f?
EdkifiHawmfvSsdK@0SufcsufeJ@ ygwfoufwJhOya'awG[m edkifiHwdkif;vdkvdkrSm&Sd=uygw,f? vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;
tjynfht0&Sdw,fqdkwJh tar&duefEdkifiHrSmawmif e,l;a,mufwdkif;(rf)owif;pmu yifw*GefvSsdK@0Suf
csufrsm; tcef;qufowif;aqmif;yg;udk xnfhwJhtcgrSm tar&duef w&m;&Hk;u wm;qD;rdef@
(Injunt-ion) xkwf+yD; aqmif;yg;qufvufxnfhoGif;jcif;udk wm;jrpfcJhwm&Sdygw,f?
'DEdkifiHawmfvSsdK@0SufcsufeJ@pyfvsOf;vdk@ &yfonfwJh&_axmifhtay:rlwnf+yD; tjrifawGuGJjym;jcm;
em;=uygw,f? rD'D,mbufuawmh tpdk;&&Jhrl0g' / qHk;jzwfcsuf/ vkyfief;pOftm;vHk;udk owif;pmuvGwf
vGwfvyfvyf &cGifh&Sdw,fvdk@jrif=uygw,f?