Short notes

Adam Smith:
Adam smith was a social philosopher and a pioneer of political economy; he was born on 5 June 1723 and was a Scottish. Adam smith wrote different books the most famous book is The wealth of nations, the other is The theory of moral sentiments. Adam smith is famous for his work and known as the father of modern capitalism and economics. Smith got his education from the university of Oxford and university of Glasgow.

Important contributions to scientific management: 1. Frederick W. Taylor

Taylor contributed a lot in scientific management by writing the book The Principles of Scientific Management. The main elements of the Scientific Management are Taylor wrote The principles of scientific management, he contributed a lot in scientific management. He gave elements of scientific management "Time studies Functional or specialized supervision Standardization of tools and implements Standardization of work methods Separate Planning function Management by exception principle The use of "slide-rules and similar time-saving devices" Instruction cards for workmen Task allocation and large bonus for successful performance The use of the 'differential rate' Mnemonic systems for classifying products and implements A routing system A modern costing system etc. " Taylor called these elements "merely the elements or details of the mechanisms of management.

2. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

Lillian and Frank contributed extraordinary work in scientific management, they noticed in the bricklaying where they worked at construction sites, that no two bricklayers used the same method or the same type of motions so to improve the efficiency and work speed. The result was extraordinary and efficiency shifted from 1000 to 2700. They developed, the laws of human motion from which evolved the principles of motion economy. It was they who coined the term 'motion study' to cover their field of research and as a way of distinguishing it from those involved in 'time study'; it is a technique that they believed should always precede method study. This still holds true today. The use of the camera in motion study stems from this time and the Gilbreths used micro-motion study in order to record and examine detailed short-cycled movements as well as inventing cyclographs and chronocycle graphs to observe rhythm and movement.

Important contributions to General Administrative Theory: 1. Henri Fayol

Henri Fayol is called the Father of Modern Management, he was first who gave the administrative management theory. In 1916 in the book titled Industrial and General administration he gave the following 14 principles of management:1. Division of Work, 2. Discipline, 3. Authority and responsibility, 4. Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest, 5. Remuneration, 6. Centralisation, 7. Order, 8. Equity, 9. Initiative, 10. Esprit De Corps, 11. Stability of Tenure, 12. Unity of Direction, 13. Scalar Chain, and 14. Unity of Command.

2. Max Weber
Max Weber gave a theory of administration based on rational legal authority systems:

1. Division of labor. 2. Authority hierarchy is an essential part of PR3. Formal selection 4. Formal rules & regulations 5. Impersonality 6. Career orientation

Robert Owen
He was the founder of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement of Welish origin, considered as the social reformer. His philosophy was on three pillars: Robert Owen was a Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. Owen's philosophy was based on three intellectual pillars: No one was responsible for his will and his own actions.

All religions are based on the same ridiculous imagination that make man a weak, imbecile animal; a furious bigot and fanatic; or a miserable hypocrite.

Support for the putting-out system instead of the factory system. Hugo Munsterberg
He was a German-American psychologist. He was one of the pioneers in applied psychology, extending his research and theories to Industrial/Organizational, legal, medical, clinical, educational and business settings. Munsterberg encountered immense turmoil with the outbreak of the First World War. He wrote different books like Psychology and Life, The principles of Art Education, The Eternal Life etc.

Mary Parker Follett

He was a management consultant, American social worker, pioneer in the fields of organizational behavior and organizational theory. She wrote many numbers of books and essays, speeches on democracy and articles, political philosophy, organizational behavior, psychology and conflict resolution. Along with Lillian Gilbreth, Mary Parker Follett was one of two great women management gurus in the early days of classical management theory.

Chester Barnard
He was an American business executive, public administrator, and the author of pioneering work in management theory and organizational studies. His landmark 1938 book, Functions of the Executive, sets out a theory of organization and of the functions of executives in organizations. The book has been widely assigned in university courses in management theory and organizational sociology.