Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Markolf Niemz
- Lecture notes -
- Exam preparation -
Introduction / literature
Chap. 1: Biomaterials
Chap. 2: Biosensors
Chap. 3: Ultrasound
Chap. 4: Radiology
Chap. 5: Magnetic resonance
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Biomaterials
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Natural biomaterial
cell
Subcutis tissue N
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Biological tissue
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Organ systems
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Transplants, implants, prostheses
transplant • still natural tissue or organ, transferred from same patient or from donor
• to recover function of diseased or removed tissue or organ
• e.g. blood, bypass, heart, liver, skin
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Artificial biomaterials
polymer
nylon ductile not strong suture
polyester light prone to creep vascular prosthesis
silicone easy to fabricate degradable breast prosthesis
metal
Ti, Ti alloy, Co-Cr alloy partly ductile prone to corrosion artificial joint
stainless steel strong release of ions bone plate, screw
Au, Ag, Pt tough dental root implant
ceramic
carbon biocompatible brittle, fragile inlay
aluminum oxide inert weak in tension denture
hydroxyapatite stiff orthopedic prosthesis
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Artificial biomaterials – part II
composite
carbon polymer strong difficult to fabricate heart valve
metal-PMMA customized high cost bone cement
bioactive glass
Bioglass R directly bonds to brittle, fragile middle ear device
human bone jaw repair
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Biomechanics
tissue
σ/2 σ/2
tissue
L+∆L
ε = ∆L/L
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Biomechanics – part II
Brittle
Stress σ (Pa)
Hooke‘s law:
σ= E ε Ductile
toughness:
∫ σ dε
Toughness
slope:
modulus of elasticity E (Pa)
Strain ε
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Biosensors
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Thermosensors
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Thermosensors - part II
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ECG: Limb leads
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ECG: Precordial leads
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ECG waves
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ECG: Normal
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ECG: Myocardial infarction
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EEG: Standard waves
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EMG: Electromyography
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EOG: Electrooculography
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Ultrasound
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Ultrasonic transducer
piezoelectric effect:
electric field mechanical force
mechanical force electric field
piezoelectric materials:
e.g. quartz, polyvinyldifluoride (PVDF)
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Ultrasound: Reflection and refraction
c velocity velocity: c = λf
λ wavelength
f frequency impedance: Z = ρc
Z impedance
ρ density law of reflection: θi = θr
sin θi c1 λ1
law of refraction: = =
sin θt c2 λ2
Z2 cos θi − Z1 cos θt
reflection: R =
Z2 cos θi + Z1 cos θt
2 Z2 cos θi
transmission: T =
Z2 cos θi + Z1 cos θt
Z2 − Z1 2 Z2
normal incidence: R = T =
Z2 + Z1 Z2 + Z1
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Ultrasound imaging: A-mode and B-mode
signal: voltage
display: amplitudes
signal: voltage
display: brightness
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Doppler ultrasound
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Radiology
• nuclear medicine:
α, β, γ, neutron, heavy ion
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Electromagnetic
spectrum
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X-rays
type transition
Kα L → K
Kβ M → K
Kγ N → K
... ...
Lα M → L
Lβ N → L
Lγ O → L
... ...
Mα N → M
Mβ O → M
Mγ P → M
... ...
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CT scanner
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Medical x-ray applications
organ indication
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Nuclear medicine
A
Z N: nucleus
A: number of protons
and neutrons
Z: number of protons
α −2 −4 226Ra→ 222Rn + α
β− +1 ±0 32P → 32S + β−
β+ −1 ±0 11C → 11B + β+
γ ±0 ±0 99Tc → 99Tc + γ
e− capture −1 ±0 p + e− → n
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Radiation safety
traditional units SI units
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Radiation safety - part II
quality factor Q
20
10
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Magnetism
e.g. iron, nickel, cobalt e.g. oxygen, magnesium, gadolinum e.g. water, most tissues
µ >> 0 (magnetic susceptibility) µ >0 µ <0
able to maintain magnetization unable to maintain magnetization no intrinsic magnetization
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Spin and magnetic moment
nucleons (protons and neutrons) have a quantum property known as spin
spin L is analogue of momentum p
torque θ = δL/δt is analogue of force F = δp/δt
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MR active elements in tissues
integer spins:
even mass number and
odd atomic number
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T1 images vs. T2 images
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Gradient echo sequence
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Spin echo sequence
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MR instruments
B ≅ 1 − 2 Tesla
1 Tesla = 10 000 Gauss
earth: 0.5 Gauss MR scanner with superconductive magnets
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University Mannheim Technical University
of Heidelberg Medical Center of Mannheim
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