Eurofighter Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation

and

Auto Low Speed Recovery (ALSR) Concept

Heinz Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation EF Splgen, EADS Test Pilot
20/07/2004 and ALSR Concept 1

Eurofighter Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation

Heinz Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation EF Splgen, EADS Test Pilot

20/07/2004 and ALSR Concept 2

What happened?
Transonic Deceleration offline simulation 550 KEAS worst case ~1 sec
10.0

nz Auth.

nz

Nz ~4g

n Nz
z

5.0

0.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

Time (s)
M 0.98
20/07/2004

M 0.95
3

EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

Impacts
Handling Qualities Overstressing of aircraft structure non-compliant stability margin degraded performance and manoeuvring potential customer concerns

20/07/2004

EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

Problem Analysis
0.08

M 0.95, 6 AOA
Cm Cm

0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 -0.02

M=0.9 M=0.95 M=0.975 M=1.05 M=1.1

M 0.975, 12 AOA

-0.04 -0.06 -0.08 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

AOA [deg] AoA [deg]

20/07/2004

EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

Problem Analysis (2)

0.03

0.02

4.00 6.00

Cm Cm

0.01

0.00

-0.01

-0.02

-0.03 0.9 0.95 1.0 1.05 1.1

Mach [-] Mach

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Mitigation Options (1)

Basic Philsophies: Change Aerodynamics predictive technique based on airdata measurements and prediction model technique based on detection at time of occurrence
20/07/2004 EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept 7

Mitigation Options (1)

Split Flaperons

20/07/2004

EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

Mitigation Options (2)

Transonic Pitching Moment Compensation
Required Air Data Accuracy Mach +/- 0.005

Achieved Accuracy
20/07/2004

Mach +/- 0.025

9

EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

Mitigation Options (3)

two potential solutions:

G-bucket with TPMC (Transonic Pitching Moment Compensation) Asymmetric Stiffness

20/07/2004

EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

10

Mitigation Options (4)

12g

Nz

nz

9g

<9g 7g

0.87

0.9

1.0

1.05

Mach red: blue: black: w/o g-bucket or asy. stiffness => overstressing (worst case) asymmetric stiffness with g-bucket

Mach

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Asymmetric Stiffness (1)

Basic Principles
Estimation of AOA response Comparison with measured AOA if measured AOA > estimated AOA plus positive imminent pitch up Asymmetric Stiffness ACTIVE
20/07/2004 EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept 12

Asymmetric Stiffness (2)

c nz q (nz) FADA GA1A

G
GA3A

d dt
FQEA

G
GQ5A

SI1A

FIIA

d dt

PID-controller Asymmetric stiffness AoA-feedback

Gq

compensating pitch down motion

d dt
FXDA GA5A

G
GA5A

20/07/2004

EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

13

Proof of Concept Flight Test

Experimental Software on top of FCS Software Dedicated flight test campaign 6 flights (61 test points) in 4 days 5 pilots (industry and Officials) Comparison G-Bucket / Asymmetric Stiffness

20/07/2004

EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

14

Results
predictions for G-bucket and asymmetric stiffness confirmed asymmetric stiffness preferred virtually full Nz-authority still some minor transonic pitch up aircraft behaviour benign and safe no exceedance of structural limits
Nz
nz 9g <9g 7g

0.87

0.9

1.0

1.05

Mach
EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

Mach

20/07/2004

15

Lessons learnt
Experimental SW and proof of concept flight test Adequate ADS accuracy for a predictive solution Asymmetric Stiffness Efficient Design Tool

Difficult to achieve High potential Independent of ADS accuracy and Machnumber

20/07/2004

EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

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20/07/2004

EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

17

Auto Low Speed Recovery (ALSR) Concept

Heinz Splgen, EADS Test Pilot EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation

20/07/2004 and ALSR Concept 18

Flight Mechanics Issues

unstable in pitch axis AOA measurement unreliable < 50 kts EAS AOA protection is lost below 50 kts departure cannot be excluded 100%

AUTO Low Speed Recovery

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General ALSR Philosophy

ALSR must ensure safe recovery from all conditions 50 KEAS Robustness (gusts, Air Data measurement tolerances etc.) must not be triggered too early during air combat must not occur by surprise Pre - warning
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Low Speed Warning / ALSR Algorithm (1)

90 90

Low Speed Autorecovery

60 60

30 30

Low Speed Warning

v V
50 kts EAS 50kts EAS EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

20/07/2004

21

Low Speed Warning / ALSR Algorithm (2)

90 90

Low Speed Autorecovery

60 60

30 30

Low Speed Warning

higher deceleration rate (e.g. decrease of thrust) positive climb angle rate higher altitude higher aircraft mass
v V

50 kts EAS 50kts EAS EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

20/07/2004

22

Low Speed Warning / ALSR Algorithm (3)

CDA

speed
EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

20/07/2004

23

Low Speed Warning / ALSR Algorithm (4)

CDA

Low speed manoeuvring

speed
EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

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Low Speed Warning / ALSR Algorithm (5)

about 3 sec hand-over back to pilot (90 110 kts EAS) pre-warning keep speed > 50 kts EAS

FCS Take Over

20/07/2004

MILITARY Thrust Option for AFTERBURNER Airbrake IN recovery manoeuvre

25

EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

Auto Recovery Manoeuvres (1)

for climb angles < 60

Push over

Depending on bank angle

Roll inverted and pull

Knife edge manoeuvre

EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

20/07/2004

26

Auto Recovery Manoeuvres (2)

for climb angles > 60

CDA 60 ~ 80 close to wings level close to inverted close to vertical

if < 120 kts at 70 CDA < 100 kts at 60 CDA Knife Edge

20/07/2004

EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

27

Cockpit Aspects (1)

VOICE Warning:

SPEED LOW RECOVER

ALSR takes over in about 3 seconds if the pilot does not react to the warning
EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

20/07/2004

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Cockpit Aspects (2)

plus VOICE Warning:

FCS OVERRIDE
FCS OVERRIDE

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EF Transonic Pitch Up Mitigation and ALSR Concept

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Flight Test Issues

Build up philosophy

expected minimum speed and target flight path angle speed BIAS (various) pilot facility for rapidly taking manual control (HOTAS switch) equipped test aircraft (spin gantry, Emergency Power System)
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Questions ?