INTRODUCTION

 Chikungunya caused by alphavirus

spread by Aedes Aegypti.
 It was isolated in Tanzania in 1953.
 Time : Infection – illness (2 – 10 Days)
 Breed in Stagnant water.
 Bite during Daytime.
 Disease is not contagious.
INTRODUCTION
(cont)
Symptoms are self-limiting.
 Most patients recover within week.
 It is not Fatal.
 The treatment is Symptomatic.
 No Vaccine or Antiviral treatment is
available.
Mosquito – Aedes Aegypti
 Mosquito – Pests – 1. Malaria
2. Dengue
3. Chikungunya

• Less than 15mm in

length.
• Weight about 2
gms.
 Female mosquito bites human to get
protein for laying eggs.
 Detect presence of human by

Sensing carbon dioxide , Body odour

,
Perspiration , Lactic acid & heat.
 BREEDING

- Eggs laid in stagnant water in

batches.
- Larvae & Pupae have hairy
projection
 Female mosquito – sharp serrated
proboscis ,
used for piercing the skin.
 To prevent clotting of blood –Saliva &
Anti-coagulant in body.
 Sporozoites of parasite invade midgut
epithelial
cell & develop intra - extracellularly.
 Pest Control For
 Spray
Mosquito
chemical pesticide.
- Less effective.
- Evening 6.30 pm- 9 pm.
- High conc. – Toxic.
 Remove stagnant water.
 Mosquito larvae eating fish can be
introduce.
 Mosquito nets – treated with
insecticide.
 Now a days Anti mosquito patches
 Chikungunya Virus
(Alphavirus)

 Mosquito transmitted Alphavirus.

 CLASSIFICATION

Family - Togaviridae
Genus - Alphavirus
Species – Chikungunya Virus
 Structure
 Alphavirus- enveloped ,+ve strand
RNA virus transmitted to host by
mosquito.
 Virion are icosahedral & external
diameter
~700 Å
 Virus surface consist of 80 spike.
 Spike like structure are Trimer.
 Spike help virus to attach to cell.
 Assembly Of Alphavirus
 Multistep process.
 Formation of nucleocapsid core
followed by glycoprotein attachment
& virus budding.
 Upon translation,

Capsid Protein – Cleaved

Viral genome RNA – encapsidated
 Glycoprotein – Translated &
processed through endoplasmic
reticulum & transported to plasma
 Assembly Of Alphavirus
(cont)
 Nucleocapsid core interact with E1-
E2 glycoprotein.
 E1 form icosahedral scaffold on virus
surface.
 Nucleocapsid core divided into 3
type:
- Protein layer- 30 Hexamer
12 Pentamer.
- Base of nucleocapsid core –
(+ve charge amino acid + (RNA
terminal of capsid)
 Assembly Of Alphavirus
(cont)
 Core like particles(CLPs) can be
assembled
- In vitro – Purified capsid protein with
single stranded amino acid.
- In vivo – Baculovirus system
expressing
capsid protein.
 CLPs from either system are same
size, as determine by –ve stain &
cryo image.
 Assembly Of Alphavirus
(cont)
 Molecular mechanism – there is an
employed structure studies.
 Primary tool for structure
determination is cryoEM – powerful
tool – determine 3 dimensional
structure of specimen.
 In this, Rapid freezing of sample trap
viral intermediate & real structure
 Virus Cell Interaction

 Alphavirus is one of the best model

for studying virus cell interaction.
 Virus located on surface of cell &
enter host by fusion & endocytosis.
 Antigenicity
 Antigenic determinant found on
envelop, spikes, nucleocapsids or on
major structural protein.
 Antigenic determinant possess
serogroup specific reactivity on
nucleocapsid.
 serogroup specific antigenic
determinant are involved in Antibody
mediated neutralization or
Hemagglutination inhibition or
complement fixation.
 Antigenicity (cont)
 Virus induce antibodies with reactivities to
Subtype specific determinants,
Serogroup specific determinant,
Complex specific determinants &
Genus specific determinant.
 Virus induce formation of
Neutralizing Antibodies,
Hemagglutination inhibiting Antibodies,
Complement fixing Antibodies.
 Antibody response protective against
infection.
 Physicochemical & Physical
properties
 Heat
 Stable ( in vitro ) at -40 c
 Sensitive to treatment with

Lipid solvent detergents

Ether Trypsin
Chloroform Formaldehyde
 Irradiation
 Chikungunya virus Isolation
 Isolated from serum / CSF.
 Cell inoculated with 1ml of serum /
CSF diluted with 1:10 in Leibovitz L-
15 medium.
 5 % heat activated + 10 %
Tryptose
foetal bovin serum phosphate.
 Isolated virus – indirect
immunofluroescence.
 Symptoms
 Fever – 102.2 o F
 Maculopapular rash.
 Joint pain.
 Intense headache.
 Fatigue.
 Vomiting & Nausea.
 Conjuctival Infection.
 Insomnia.
 Symptoms (cont)
 Slight Photophobia.
 Freckle like pigmentation over Centro
facial area.
 Flagellate pigmentation on face.
 Lichenoid eruption.
 Hyperpigmentation.
 Chikungunya Diagnosis

 Routine blood count – platelet count.

 Blood serology for detection of
antigen or antibiotics.
 Igm capture ELISA to help distinguish
disease from dengue fever.
 Treatment
 Supportive care & rest.
 To relive symptom of fever & joint
pain drug commonly used is
Paracetamol.
 Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Acetaminophen
may relive symptom of fever &
aching.
 Aspirin should be avoided.
 Chloroquine Phosphate has some
Antiviral
 Homeopathy say that Eupatorium
perfoliatum 200; taken twice daily for
3 days is effective for prevention and
cure of disease.
 Recent Outbreaks
2005
 In Feb. 2005, an outbreak was
recorded on French island of Reunion
in India Ocean.
 In Nandurbar city of Maharashtra
state, many people over age 60 died
due to Chikungunya - induced
complication.
 Recent Outbreaks (cont)
2006
 In 2006, there was big outbreak in
Andhra Pradesh state in India.
 Initial cases were reported from
Hyderabad & Secunderabad as well
as from Anantpur district.
 In Orissa state, almost 5000 cases of
fever with muscle aches & headache
were reported between Feb 27-Mar
5,2006.
 REFERENCE
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.biojournals.com
 http://www.invs.sante.fr
 http://www.vadscorner.com/alphavirus
 http://agmd.sante.gouv.fr/pdf/10/chicung
 http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/singleRp
 http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/singleRp
 http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/singleRp
 http://pests.in/mosquitopestcontrol.html
 http://homeopathyhelps.com/chikunguny
 http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv
 www.cdc.gov
THANK YOU.