Chapter 2 Fluid statics

Pressure
Pressure is defined as the amount of force exerted on a unit area of a substance. Pressure i a N P is Normal F l Force ( t (acts perpendicular to surfaces) It is also called a Surface Force In algebraic form this definition may be stated as: force N P= = 2 = Pa area m

Pressure
Pressure acts uniformly in all directions on a small volume of fluid.

Pressure i a scalar fi ld p = p(x; y; z; t) P is l field ( The value of p varies in space.

Pressure at any point in a stationary fluid is independent of direction. In a fluid confined by solid boundaries, boundaries pressure acts perpendicular to the boundary y

Pascal's law Pascal s

For a static fluid, as shown by the following analysis, pressure is independent direction. Consider the equilibrium of a small q fluid element in the form of a g p triangular prism ABCDEF

Pascal's law Pascal s

pressure in the x direction Px p pressure in the y direction Py , and y pressure normal to any plane inclined at any angle to the horizontal Ps

Pascal's law Pascal s

Px is acting at right angle to ABEF Py at right angle to CDEF y g g Ps at right angle to ABCD.

Pascal's law Pascal s

There can be no shearing forces for a fluid at rest There will be no accelerating forces,

Pascal's law Pascal s

The sum of the forces in any direction must be zero. The forces acting are
pressures on the surrounding gravity force.

Pascal's law
Force due to Px = Px X Area ABFE = Px yz Horizontal component of force due to Ps = - (Ps x Area ABCD) sin sin = - Pssz (y/s) (y/s) = -Psyz

Pascal's law Pascal s

Py has no component in the x direction At equilibrium
Pxy z-Psyz = 0

i.e. Px = Ps ie

(1)

Pascal's law Pascal s

Similarly in the y direction force due to Py direction, = Pyxz Force due to Ps = - (Ps X Area ABCD)cos() ABCD)cos( (x/ = - Pssz (x/s) = - Psxz

Pascal's law Pascal s

Force due to weight of element = - mg = - Vg ) = - (xyz/2) g

Pascal's law Pascal s

At equilibrium
Pyxz - Psxz - (xyz/2) g = 0 )

x, y, and z are very small quantities xyz negligible

Pascal's law Pascal s

Pyxz - Psxz - (xyz/2) g = 0 )

Pascal's law Pascal s

Pyxz - Psxz = 0

Pascal's law Pascal s

Py - Ps =0

Pascal's law Pascal s

Therefore the equation reduces to
Py = Ps y (2) ( )

Pascal's law Pascal s

Combine equations (1) and (2)

Pascal's law Pascal s

Combine equations (1) and (2)

Px = Py = Ps

Pascal's law Pascal s

Combine equations (1) and (2)

Px = Py = Ps
i.e. i pressure at a point is same in all directions. t i ti i ll di ti This is Pascal's law. This applies to fluid at rest.