Experiment:2

AIM: To study frequency response of R-L circuit as low-pass filter (LPF) and high-pass filter (HPF). APPARATUS: Resister box, Capacitance box, Function generator, C.R.O., Probes. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY: 1] Low Pass Filter (LPF): Initially as the frequency is low the voltage drop across the inductor is low. This is because XL =2 fL . So impedance of inductor becomes less. Now as voltage is measured across the resistor ,so at low frequency we get high output voltage. Now as frequency increases XL also increases. So when output voltage is measured across the resistor we get almost 0 volt. Hence low frequencies are allowed for above filter . 2] High Pass Filter (HPF):

Initially as the frequency is low the voltage drop across the inductor is low. This is because XL =2 fL . So impedance of inductor becomes less. Now as voltage is measured across the inductor , so at low frequency we get low output voltage. Now as frequency increases XL also increases. So when output voltage is measured across the inductor we get high output voltage. Hence high frequencies are allowed for above filter .

PROCEDURE: Take necessary components and connect the circuit of High-pass filter (HPF) as shown in figure. Give Sine wave from the function generator to the input. Vary the frequency from 10Hz to 1MHz and measure the output voltage at C.R.O. Then plot the graph of frequency (f) verses gain (db). Do same procedure for Law-pass filter (LPS) as shown in figure.

USING MATLAB: 1] Low-Pass Filter (LPF): clc; clear all; close all; R=1000; L=0.001; g=tf([1000],[0.001 1000]); bode(g);

OUTPUT:

Bode Diagram 0

Magnitude (dB) Phase (deg)

-10

-20

-30

-40 0

-45

-90 10
4

10

10

10

10

Frequency (rad/sec)

2] High-Pass Filter (HPF): clc; clear all; close all; R=1000; L=0.001; g=tf([0.001 0],[0.001 1000]); bode(g); OUTPUT:

Bode Diagram 0 -10

Magnitude (dB) Phase (deg)

-20 -30 -40 -50 -60 90

45

0 10
4

10

10

10

10

Frequency (rad/sec)

CONCLUSION:

Experiment:3
AIM: To study frequency response of R-C circuit as low-pass filter (LPF) and high-pass filter (HPF). APPARATUS: Resister box, Capacitance box, Function generator, C.R.O., Probes. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY: 1] Low Pass Filter (LPF): Initially as the frequency is low the voltage drop across the capacitor is more. This is because Xc = 1/(2 fC). So impedance of capacitor becomes too large. Now as voltage is measured across the capacitor ,so at low frequency we get output voltage. At high frequency Xc->0 .So when output voltage is measured across the capacitor we get almost 0 volt. Hence it is called a LOW PASS FILTER as it allows low frequencies to pass. 2] High Pass Filter (HPF): Initially as the frequency is low the voltage drop across the capacitor is more. This is because Xc = 1/(2 fC). So impedance of capacitor becomes too large. Now as voltage is measured across the resistor(R) ,so at low frequency we get low output voltage. At high frequency Xc->0. So entire voltage drop takes place across resistor(R).Hence at high frequency values we get voltage drop. So it is called a HIGH PASS FILTER as it allows high frequencies to pass. PROCEDURE: Take necessary components and connect the circuit of High-pass filter (HPF) as shown in figure. Give Sine wave from the function generator to the input. Vary the frequency from 10Hz to 1MHz and measure the output voltage at C.R.O. Then plot the graph of frequency (f) verses gain (db). Do same procedure for Law-pass filter (LPS) as shown in figure.

USING MATLAB: 1] Low-Pass Filter (LPF): clc; clear all; close all; R=1000; L=0.000001; g=tf([0.000001],[1000 0.000001]); bode(g); OUTPUT:

Bode Diagram 0

Magnitude (dB) Phase (deg)

-10

-20

-30

-40 0

-45

-90 10
-11

10

-10

10

-9

10

-8

10

-7

Frequency (rad/sec)

2] High-Pass Filter (HPF): clc; clear all;

close all; R=1000; L=0.000001; g=tf([1000 0],[1000 0.000001]); bode(g); OUTPUT:

Bode Diagram 0

Magnitude (dB) Phase (deg)

-20

-40

-60

-80 90

45

0 10
-11

10

-10

10

-9

10

-8

10

-7

Frequency (rad/sec)

CONCLUSION: