Phuong Dong University Foreign Language Department- English Faculty

LEXICAL ASSIGNMENT
A study on English compounding and its application in Vietnamese English translation

Teacher: Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen, M.A Students: Nguyen Thi Thanh Hue Nguyen Thanh Huyen Class : 508701B1

Hanoi, 10/2011

Acknowledgment

We would like to take this opportunity to give our sincere thanks to our supervisor, Mrs. Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen for her guidance, detailed remarks and encouragement through the course of writing this essay. We would like to express our thanks to all our teachers at the Foreign Department, Phuong Dong University for their teaching, advice and help during our four years studying here. Our thanks also go to our friends, who gave us documents and encouraged us much while the work was in process. Last but not least, we would like to express how thankful we are to our beloved families who always stand by us and help us overcome all the difficulties in studying and completing this essay.

OUTLINE
I. Introduction
1. Reason for study 2. Aims of the study 3. Scope of the study 4. Research questions 5. Method of study

II. Development Chapter 1: Compounding

1.1. Definition of compounding
1.2. Criteria of compound words 1.2.1. Phonological criterion 1.2.2. Inseparability criterion 1.2.3. Semantic criterion 1.2.4. Graphic criterion 1.3. Classification of compound words 1.3.1. Classification according to the meaning 1.3.2. Classification according to componential relationship 1.3.3. Classification according to the part of speech 1.3.3.1Compound nouns 1.3.3.1.1 1.3.3.1.2 1.3.3.1.3 Types of compound nouns Analyzability (transparency) Sound patterns

1.3.3.2 Compound adjectives 1.3.3.2.1 1.3.3.2.2 1.3.3.3.1 Solid compound adjectives Hyphenated compound adjectives Hyphenation

1.3.3.3Compound verbs

1.3.3.3.2 1.3.3.3.3

Phrasal verbs Misuses of the term

1.3.4. Classification according to compositional types 1.3.5. Miscellanea of compounds

Chapter 2: The study: The application of compound words in Vietnamese-English translation

2.1 .Using compound words helps avoid unnaturalness in Vietnamese-English translation 2.2.1: what is unnaturalness? 2.2.2: Type of mistakes 2.2.2.1. Mistakes in English Vietnamese translation 2.2.2.2. Mistakes in Vietnamese English translation 2.2.3: Solutions 2.2 Using compound words helps Vietnamese-English translation more concise and succinct 2.3. Some suggested hints in using compound words in Vietnamese- English translation 2.3.1. Describe briefly some ways of using compounds in translation 2.3.2. Some common compounds and their meanings

III. Conclusion IV. References

I. Introduction
1. Reason for study The practice of translation dates back some two thousand years and ever since has existed until present days. It is generally believed that translation plays a key role in the universalization of human knowledge. It helps improve international understanding, socio-cultural awareness, professional communicative activities, implementation of technologies, and so much more. The compound words are very popular in English language. Sometime, it is very hard for the translators to translate it into Vietnamese and vice-versal. That cause a lot of unnaturalness translation in many documents. 2. Aims of the study We hope that our study is useful for English learners in Vietnam especially the ones who want to use translation as a way to earning money. Furthermore, it can help the English learners have a more natural way to communicate with English speakers by using the compound words instead of complicated structure which may cause some misunderstand. 3. Scope of the study The assignment concentrates on analyzing in details the English - Vietnamese translation of compound words, which is very useful in Vietnam Vietnamese - English translation. It touches upon translations of this kind by students of English as well as translators for Vietnamese magazines, newspapers and publishers. This is a flaw we need to eliminate or at least reduce to the minimum level with a view to purifying our mother tongue and providing readers with the best possible sources of knowledge and enjoyment. This is of importance to the development of Vietnamese culture and society in the future. The assignment may mention the theoretical base in

each of its parts, but it concentrates largely on dealing with translation in practice. 4. Research questions How to translate the compound words from English to Vietnamese in naturalness way? Why we should use compound words to replace the complicated structure (especially relative clause) in Vietnamese English translation? 5. Method of study To complete this paper we have conducted the following methods: -Collecting information from many materials in English and Vietnamese -Classifying and analyzing basic data relating to the study -Discussing with supervisor and other teachers.

II. Development Chapter 1: Compounding

1.1.Definition of compounding Compounding (or word composition) is the building of a new word by joining two or more words. A compound word (or just compound for short) is therefore a word that consists of at least two root morphemes: E.g. school-boy, goal-keeper, aircraft-carrier, easy-going, kind-hearted, (to) handwash, whole-heartedly, etc. 4.1. Criteria of compound words

English compounds are generally composed of free forms, therefore it is sometimes very difficult to distinguish them from free word groups. Linguists often have different opinions.

The following is a brief summary of the most useful and convincing criteria that have been suggested: 4.1.1. Phonological criterion In English there is a great tendency to give compounds a heavy stress on the first element: Classroom, hothead, boyfriend, greenhouse, dancing-girl, (to) whitewash, (to) bottle-feed, snub-nosed. Most compound nouns are stressed on this pattern and the stress falls on the determinant. Free word groups have been stresses: greenhouse, `dancing `girl, etc. Only stress can help us understand the following dialogue. Look at the beautiful dancing girl Shes well know dancing girl

The important of stress is also indicated in this joke: If you dont drive away the bluebottle. Ill throw the blue bottle onto your face. However there are also many compound words which have double stress (even stress): `good `egg, `bread and `butter, `gray-`green, `happy-go-`lucky. This criterion is, therefore, insufficience. 4.1.2. Inseparability criterion This can be also called criterion of structural intergrity. It means that compounds are indivisible. Between the elements of a compound word it is impossible to insert any other word. These elements lose their grammatical independence and ending are added to the whole word: armchairs, black-markets, hand-washed, hand-washing, etc. And yet, we can sometimes separate a compounds elements in cases like: Both cigar and cigarette smokers have to spend a lot. The inseparability criterion is not sufficient either. 4.1.3. Semantic criterion According to this criterion, a compound word only expresses a single idea despite the fact that it consists of two or more words. The meaning of the whole compound word is not the sum of the meaning of its components: Greenhouse green house, red tape (bureaucratic) red tape (tape of red color).

This criterion is quite useful for indentifying idiomatic compounds: lip-service, dirty work, chatterbox, etc. However we can also see the insufficiency of this criterion because in a number of cases it is difficult to decide whether there is only one single idea: window cleaner, Anglo Saxon. 4.1.4. Graphic criterion This criterion means that we can rely on the spelling of a word group to discriminate between free word groups and compounds. If that word group is spelt with a hyphen or with no separation at all, it is a compound: daughter in law, day-school, mankind, bookcase. This criterion often cause argument as well. In English spelling, there is lack of consistency. Different people, different dictionaries have different spellings. We may come across two ways of spellings bread and butter: She earns her bread and butter by teaching evening classes or She earns her bread-and-butter by teaching evening classes. Sometimes a word may be spelled in three ways: matchbox match-box match box; airline air-line air line. We are, moreover, often confused and annoyed with the spellings of some compound adjective like well-balanced, well-bred and so on. These are usually hyphenated when attributive but not hyphenated when predicative: They were well-balanced soldiers You have to be well balanced to cope with the stress of your job. It goes without saying that we cannot base ourselves on only one criterion. It is usually necessary to refer to at least two or sometimes all these criteria to decide whether such and such word groups are compounds. 4.2. Classification of compound words

There is a great variety of compounds hence a great variety of classifications. Some practical ways to classify them are presented as follows: 4.2.1. Classification according to the meaning

This classification can be called semantic classification. According to their meaning, compounds can be non-idiomatic (motivated) or idiomatic (motivated) Non idiomatic compounds: are those whose meanings are easily deduced from the meanings of the components: goal-keeper, salesgirl, kind-hearted, good-looking, Anglo-Saxon, man-made wastepaper-basket. In some cases, they are partially non-idiomatic since the motivation is partial: newspaper, mother-in-law, (to) handwash, break-down, drop-out, listener-in. Idiomatic compounds: Are those whose meanings cannot be deduced because there is no relationship between the meanings of the components. Lack of motivation in these words is related to figurative usage of their components: lip-service, monkey-business, blackleg, teach-in. 4.2.2. Classification according to componential relationship According to the connection between the components we have: Coordinative compounds: are those components are both structurally and semantically independent: actor-manager, Anglo-Saxon, willy-nilly, fifty-fifty. These coordinative components are not numerous but we can coin many for the sake of economy: parent-teacher ( parent teacher association) Subordinative compounds: are those that are characterized by the domination of on component over the other. The second component is often the structural centre, the determinatum. The first component is the determinant: book-keeper, spaceship, (to) bottlefeed. However, there is often vague borderline between coordinative and subordinate compounds. 4.2.3. Classification according to the part of speech 1.3.3.1Compound nouns Most English compound nouns are noun phrases (= nominal phrases) that include a noun modified by adjectives or attributive nouns. 1.3.3.1.1 Types of compound nouns

Since English is a mostly analytic language, unlike most other Germanic languages, it creates compounds by concatenating words without case markers. As in other Germanic languages, the compounds may be arbitrarily long. However, this is obscured by the fact that the written representation of long compounds always contains blanks. Short compounds may be written in three different ways, which do not correspond to different pronunciations, however: The "solid" or "closed" forms in which two usually moderately short words appear together as one. Solid compounds most likely consist of short (monosyllabic) units that often have been established in the language for a long time. Examples are housewife, lawsuit, wallpaper,basketball, etc. The hyphenated form in which two or more words are connected by a hyphen. Compounds that contain affixes, such as house-build(er) and single-mind(ed)(ness), as well as adjective-adjective compounds and verb-verb compounds, such as bluegreen and freeze-dried, are often hyphenated. Compounds that contain articles, prepositions or conjunctions, such as rent-a-cop, mother-of-pearl and salt-andpepper, are also often hyphenated. The open or spaced form consisting of newer combinations of usually longer words, such as distance learning, player piano, lawn tennis, etc.

Usage in the US and in the UK differs and often depends on the individual choice of the writer rather than on a hard-and-fast rule; therefore, open, hyphenated, and closed forms may be encountered for the same compound noun, such as the triplets container ship/container-ship/containership and particle board/particle-board/particleboard. In addition to this native English compounding, there is the classical type, which consists of words derived from Latin, as horticulture, and those of Greek origin, such as photography, the components of which are in bound form (connected by connecting vowels, which are most often -i- and -o- in Latin and Greek respectively) and cannot stand alone. 1.3.3.1.3 Analyzability (transparency)

In general, the meaning of a compound noun is a specialization of the meaning of its head. The modifier limits the meaning of the head. This is most obvious in descriptive compounds (known as karmadharaya compounds in the Sanskrit tradition), in which the modifier is used in an attributive or appositional manner. A blackboard is a particular kind of board, which is (generally) black, for instance.

In determinative compounds, however, the relationship is not attributive. For example, a footstool is not a particular type of stool that is like a foot. Rather, it is a stool for one's foot or feet. (It can be used for sitting on, but that is not its primary purpose.) In a similar manner, an office manager is the manager of an office, an armchair is a chair with arms, and a raincoat is a coat against the rain. These relationships, which are expressed by prepositions in English, would be expressed by grammatical case in other languages. (Compounds of this type are known as tatpurusha in the Sanskrit tradition.) Both of the above types of compounds are called endocentric compounds because the semantic head is contained within the compound itselfa blackboard is a type of board, for example, and a footstool is a type of stool. However, in another common type of compound, the exocentric or (known as a bahuvrihi compound in the Sanskrit tradition), the semantic head is not explicitly expressed. A redhead, for example, is not a kind of head, but is a person with red hair. Similarly, a blockhead is also not a head, but a person with a head that is as hard and unreceptive as a block (i.e. stupid). And, outside of veterinary surgery, a lionheart is not a type of heart, but a person with a heart like a lion (in its bravery, courage, fearlessness, etc.). Note in general the way to tell the two apart: Can you paraphrase the meaning of the compound "[X . Y]" to A person/thing that is a Y, or ... that does Y, if Y is a verb (with X having some unspecified connection)? This is an endocentric compound. Can you paraphrase the meaning if the compound "[X . Y]" to A person/thing that is with Y, with X having some unspecified connection? This is an exocentric compound.

Exocentric compounds occur more often in adjectives than nouns. A V-8 car is a car with a V-8 engine rather than a car that is a V-8, and a twenty-five-dollar car is a car with a worth of $25, not a car that is $25. The compounds shown here are bare, but more commonly, a suffixal morpheme is added, esp. -ed. Hence, a two-legged person is a person with two legs, and this is exocentric. On the other hand, endocentric adjectives are also frequently formed, using the suffixal morphemes -ing or -er/or. A people-carrier is a clear endocentric determinative compound: it is a thing that is a carrier of people. The related adjective, car-carrying, is also endocentric: it refers to an object, which is a carrying-thing (or equivalent, which does carry). These types account for most compound nouns, but there are other, rarer types as well. Coordinative, copulative or dvandva compounds combine elements with a similar meaning, and the compound meaning may be a generalization instead of a specialization.

Bosnia-Herzegovina, for example, is the combined area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but a fighter-bomber is an aircraft that is both a fighter and a bomber. Iterative or amredita compounds repeat a single element, to express repetition or as an emphasis. Day by day and go-go are examples of this type of compound, which has more than one head. Analyzability may be further limited by cranberry morphemes and semantic changes. For instance, the word butterfly, commonly thought to be a metathesis for flutter by, which the bugs do, is actually based on an old bubbe meise that butterflies are petite witches that steal butter from window sills. Cranberry is a part translation from Low German, which is why we cannot recognize the element cran (from the Low German kraan or kroon, "crane"). The ladybird or ladybug was named after the Christian expression "our Lady, the Virgin Mary". In the case of verb+noun compounds, the noun may be either the subject or the object of the verb. In playboy, for example, the noun is the subject of the verb (the boy plays), whereas it is the object in callgirl (someone calls the girl).

1.3.3.1.4

Sound patterns

Stress patterns may distinguish a compound word from a noun phrase consisting of the same component words. For example, a black board, adjective plus noun, is any board that is black, and has equal stress on both elements. The compound blackboard, on the other hand, though it may have started out historically as black board, now is stressed on only the first element, black. Thus a compound such as the White House normally has a falling intonation which a phrase such as a white house does not. 1.3.3.2 Compound adjectives A compound adjective is a modifier of a noun. It consists of two or more morphemes of which the left-hand component limits or changes the modification of the right-hand one, as in "the dark-green dress": dark limits the green that modifies dress. 1.3.3.2.1 Solid compound adjectives

There are some well-established permanent compound adjectives that have become solid over a longer period, especially in American usage: earsplitting, eyecatching, and downtown.
However, in British usage, these, apart from downtown, are more likely written with a hyphen: ear-splitting, eye-catching. Other solid compound adjectives are for example:

Numbers that are spelled out and have the suffix -fold added: "fifteenfold", "sixfold". Points of the compass: northwest, northwester, northwesterly, northwestwards, but not North-West Frontier. In British usage, the hyphenated and open versions are not uncommon: north-wester, north-westerly, north westerly, north-westwards.

1.3.3.2.2

Hyphenated compound adjectives

Major style guides advise consulting a dictionary to determine whether a compound adjective should be hyphenated; the dictionary's hyphenation should be followed even when the compound adjective precedes a noun. Hyphens are unnecessary in other unambiguous, regularly used compound adjectives Generally, a compound adjective is hyphenated if the hyphen helps the reader differentiate a compound adjective from two adjacent adjectives that each independently modifies the noun. Compare the following examples:

"small appliance industry": a small industry producing appliances "small-appliance industry": an industry producing small appliances

The hyphen is unneeded when capitalization or italicization makes grouping clear: "old English scholar": an old person who is English and a scholar, or an old scholar who studies English "Old English scholar": a scholar of Old English. "De facto proceedings" (not "de-facto")

If, however, there is no risk of ambiguities, it may be written without a hyphen: Sunday morning walk. Hyphenated compound adjectives may have been formed originally by an adjective preceding a noun:

Round table "round-table discussion" "Blue sky" blue sky law

Others may have originated with a verb preceding an adjective or adverb:

"Feel good" "feel-good factor" "Buy now, pay later" "buy-now pay-later purchase"

Yet others are created with an original verb preceding a preposition.

"Stick on" "stick-on label" "Walk on" "walk-on part"

The following compound adjectives are always hyphenated when they are not written as one word: An adjective preceding a noun to which -d or -ed has been added as a pastparticiple construction, used before a noun: o "loud-mouthed hooligan" o "rose-tinted glasses" A noun, adjective, or adverb preceding a present participle: o "an awe-inspiring personality" o "a long-lasting affair" Numbers spelled out or as numerics: o "seven-year itch" o "tenth-storey window"

A numeric with the affix -fold has a hyphen (15-fold), but when spelled out takes a solid construction (fifteenfold). Numbers, spelled out or numeric, with added -odd: sixteen-odd, 70-odd. Compound adjectives with high- or low-: "high-level discussion", "low-price markup". Colors in compounds: o "a dark-blue sweater" o "a reddish-orange dress". Fractions as modifiers are hyphenated: "five-eighths inches", but if numerator or denominator are already hyphenated, the fraction itself does not take a hyphen: "a thirty-three thousandth part". (Fractions used as nouns have no hyphens: "I ate only one third of the pie.") Comparatives and superlatives in compound adjectives also take hyphens: o "the highest-placed competitor" o "a shorter-term loan" However, a construction with most is not hyphenated: o "the most respected member". Compounds including two geographical modifiers: o "Afro-Cuban" o "African - American" (sometimes) o "Anglo-Indian" But not o "Central American".

The following compound adjectives are not normally hyphenated: Compound adjectives that are not hyphenated in the relevant dictionary or that are unambiguous without a hyphen. Where there is no risk of ambiguity: o "a Sunday morning walk" Left-hand components of a compound adjective that end in -ly that modify righthand components that are past participles (ending in -ed): o "a hotly disputed subject" o "a greatly improved scheme" Compound adjectives that include comparatives and superlatives with more, most, less or least: o "a more recent development" o "the most respected member" Ordinarily hyphenated compounds with intensive adverbs in front of adjectives: o "very much admired classicist" o "really well accepted proposal"

1.3.3.3Compound verbs A compound verb is usually composed of a preposition and a verb, although other combinations also exist. 1.3.3.3.1 Hyphenation

Compound verbs with single-syllable modifiers are solid, or unhyphenated. Those with longer modifiers may originally be hyphenated, but as they became established, they became solid, e.g.,

overhang (English origin) counterattack (Latin origin)

There was a tendency in the 18th century to use hyphens excessively, that is, to hyphenate all previously established solid compound verbs. American English, however, has diminished the use of hyphens, while British English is more conservative. 1.3.3.3.2 Phrasal verbs

English syntax distinguishes between phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs. Consider the following: I held up my hand. I held up a bank.

I held my hand up. *I held a bank up. The first three sentences are possible in English; the last one is unlikely. When to hold up means to raise, it is a prepositional verb; the preposition up can be detached from the verb and has its own individual meaning "from lower to a higher position". As a prepositional verb, it has a literal meaning. However, when to hold up means to rob, it is a phrasal verb. A phrasal verb is used in an idiomatic, figurative or even metaphorical context. The preposition is inextricably linked to the verb; the meaning of each word cannot be determined independently but is in fact part of the idiom. The Oxford English Grammar (ISBN 0-19-861250-8) distinguishes seven types of prepositional or phrasal verbs in English: intransitive phrasal verbs (e.g. give in) transitive phrasal verbs (e.g. find out [discover]) monotransitive prepositional verbs (e.g. look after [care for]) doubly transitive prepositional verbs (e.g. blame [something] on [someone]) copular prepositional verbs. (e.g. serve as) monotransitive phrasal-prepositional verbs (e.g. look up to [respect]) doubly transitive phrasal-prepositional verbs (e.g. put [something] down to [someone] [attribute to])

English has a number of other kinds of compound verb idioms. There are compound verbs with two verbs (e.g. make do). These too can take idiomatic prepositions (e.g. get rid of). There are also idiomatic combinations of verb and adjective (e.g. come true, run amok) and verb and adverb (make sure), verb and fixed noun (e.g. go ape); and these, too, may have fixed idiomatic prepositions (e.g. take place on). 1.3.3.3.3 Misuses of the term

Compound verb" is often used in place of: "complex verb", a type of complex phrase. But this usage is not accepted in linguistics, because "compound" and "complex" are not synonymous. "verb phrase" or "verbal phrase". This is a partially, but not entirely, incorrect use. A phrasal verb can be a one-word verb, of which compound verb is a type. However, many phrasal verbs are multi-word. "phrasal verb". A sub-type of verb phrase, which have a particle as a word before or after the verb.

4.2.4. Classification according to compositional types -Compounds formed by juxtaposition (i.e. without connecting elements) E.g. queen bee, heart broken, daytime -Compounds formed by morphological means (i.e. with vowel or consonant as a linking element) E.g. speedometer, statesman, bridesmaid -Compounds formed by syntactical means (i.e. group of words condensed into one word) E.g. merry go round, up to date -Compounds formed by both by morphological and syntactical means (i.e. phrases turned into compounds by means of suffixes and hyphen): E.g. bottle opener, heart shaped, long - legged 4.2.5. Miscellanea of compounds The types of compounds are extremely varied. A part from the ones previously investigated; there are some others that should be taken into consideration. -Derivational compounds: structural integrity is ensured by a suffix: E.g. two sided, broad mended, honeymooner, pen - holder -Reduplicative compounds: imitating sounds or repeating one of their components E.g. goody - goody, fifty fifty, hush hush, zig zag, chit chat. -Faded compounds: compositional characteristic: faded and hardly recognizable: E.g. breakfast, cupboard, highway, Sunday, boatswain -Dead compounds: compositional characteristics: etymological analyzed and discovered E.g. kidnap, husband, England In the word kidnap, there are two components: kid + nap, kid means child and nap used to mean steel, arrest. Similarly we have: husband = house + bond (master); England = land of Angles. This phenomenon is due to complete simplification. -Compounds formed by prepositional adverbs: final elements preposition like adverb:

E.g: give up, give in, bring up, look for, look after, put up with, do away with, teach in, breakdown.

Chapter 2: The study: The application of compound words in Vietnamese-English translation

2.2 .Using compound words helps avoid unnaturalness in Vietnamese-English translation 2.2.1: what is unnaturalness? Unnaturalness in translation can be understood as the failure to recreate a text according to the writer's intention, the reader's expectation, and the appropriate norms of the target language, making the translation imperfect and not literarily elegant (Newmark, 1988). This may be considered a definition of translation unnaturalness, on which the following detailed analysis is based to judge the translations taken out from different sources. 2.2.2: Type of mistakes In English and Vietnamese, there are huge numbers of compound word. However, with the new learner, they dont know about them. Because of that, it leads to many kind of mistakes. Here we give you 2 major mistakes.

2.2.2.1. Mistakes in English Vietnamese translation 2.2.2.1.1. Misunderstanding the context Compound words are combined 2 single words. Many people dont know about it, so they misunderstand the context.

Eg. - Shes bighead C y c ci u to C y l ngi t ph

- Here is a bluebird y l con chim xanh y l chim sn ca. 2.2.2.1.2. Unnaturalness Sometimes, the learner knows the meaning of the context but they cannot find the parallel words in Vietnamese.

E.g.

2.2.2.2. Mistakes in Vietnamese English translation 2.2.2.2.1. Making long sentences

E.g. Ti nhn xung bin v thng thc nc bin va mu xanh l va mu xanh dng Im looking at the sea which is both green and blue. Im looking at the blue-green sea. - Vic phn bit gia nng nghip ph thuc vo lng ma v nng nghip ph thuc vo ti tiu l rt quan trng Its important to make the distinction between faming that depends on natural rainfall and irrigated agriculture Its important to make the distinction between rainfed agriculture and irrigated agriculture

2.2.2.2.2. Unnaturalness

2.2.3: Solutions Here we give you 3 useful solutions to have correct and natural translation

Approach 1 First, get an English translation by looking it up in the Vietnamese-English dictionary or by searching the Vietnamese web where the Vietnamese compound word is followed by an English expression, which might be its English translation. Then use the obtained English translation to search English web to obtain related English texts. Lastly, process the texts to identify the correct English translation. Approach 2 Compositionally produce English translation candidates by concatenating the English translation of each constituent and then select the one that most frequently appears on the English web. Approach 3 Translate the English translation of the Vietnamese compound word by exploring Vietnamese-English phrase translations corpora. Since many English translations in the Vietnamese-English dictionary are phrases or short sentences, we can build a Vietnamese-English phrase translations corpus. Then we can use the corpus-based machine translation method to translate the English translations. 2.2 Using compound words helps Vietnamese-English translation more concise and succinct

2.4. Some suggested hints in using compound words in Vietnamese- English translation 2.3.1. Describe briefly some ways of using compounds in translation
Step 1: Analysis the context to fully understand its meaning in English. Step 2: Do a raw translation. Step 3: Edit then make a standard translation by using compound words to have naturalness translation.

2.3.2. Some common compounds and their meanings

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

English Landlady buttermilk Butterfinger Fingerprint Bear market Green - eyed Wet nurse Monkey - business Breast - feed Bottle - feed Mother in - law Goal keeper Table tennis Afterbirth Armchair Briefcase Brotherhood Timepiece watercolor Waterside Fishmonger Bugspray Waybill Sunglasses Duckweed foreknowledge

Vietnamese B ch nh tr Sa chua Ngi hu u Du vn tay Ch tri Ghen V em Tr kh Nui con bng sa m Nui b M chng (v) Th mn Bong bn Nhau thai Gh bnh Cp giy t Tnh anh em ng h Mu nc B (bin, h) Ngi bn c Thuc dit mui Vn n Knh rm Bo tm Bit trc

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

bowlegs Blowgun Foredoom Rainwater Rainfall Waterfall newsperson limelight Deadend Sun-ray Turntable Nightfall Birdhouse Boxcar benchmark Bighead Bandstand Barefaced Countdown Chestnut Crybaby Commonplace Applesauce Blueblood

Chn vng king Ci sn x Phn quyt trc Nc ma Lng ma Thc nc Thng tn vin n sn khu B tc Tia cc tm Bn quay Hong hn Lng chim Toa ch hng Tiu chun Ngi t ph Bc (dn nhc) Mt mc m ngc Ht d Ngi hay ku ca, phn nn Chuyn c rch Mt to Qu phi, qu tc