CHNG 4

THIT K C S D LIU QUAN H

Lm th no c mt c s d liu tt?

H Cm H- HSP HN

Qu trnh thit k CSDL

Th gii thc

Tp hp cc yu cu v phn tch Cc yu cu CSDL Thit k khi nim

Khng ph thuc DBMS DBMS c th

Lc logic (trong mt m hnh d liu bc cao) nh x m hnh d liu

Lc khi nim (trong m hnh d liu ca mt DBMS c th ) Thit k vt l

H Cm Lc trong H- HSP HN (i vi cng mt DBMS c th )

Cn loi b d tha d liu

Khi d tha d liu dn n nhng kh khn khi cp nht d liu

H Cm H- HSP HN

Ph thuc hm. Dng d tha d liu thng gp

C XY trn R(U): r(R)

t1, t2 r, t1[X] = t2[X] t1[Y]=t2[Y].

H Cm H- HSP HN

H qui tc suy din Amstrong

A1. Phn x (Reflexivity). Nu Y X th XY A2. Tng trng (Augmentation). Nu XY th mi ZU, XZYZ A3. Bc cu (Transitivity). Nu XY v YZ th XZ
H Cm H- HSP HN

H tin Armstrong l ng v

H Cm H- HSP HN

Cc qui tc suy din b sung

Quy tc hp (the union rule) Nu {XY, XZ} ng th XYZ ng Quy tc gi bc cu (the pseudotransitivity rule) {XY, WYZ} ng th WXZ ng Quy tc tch (the decomposition rule) Nu (XY) ng v ZY th XZ ng.

H Cm H- HSP HN

Tp ph thuc hm ti tiu

F v G l tng ng nu F+=G+, k hiu F~G. C th kim tra c F v G, tp no ph tp no v chng c tng ng hay khng (tnh X+) nh l 7.9: Cho tp ph thuc hm F lun tm c ph ti tiu ca F
H Cm H- HSP HN

Tp ph thuc hm ti tiu

Tp PTH F l ti tiu nu:

1. 2. 3. V phi ca mi ph thuc trong F gm ng mt thuc tnh. Khng th b i mt ph thuc no trong F m vn thu c mt tp ph thuc tng ng vi n. Khng th b i bt k mt thuc tnh no v tri ca mt ph thuc no trong F m vn thu c mt tp ph thuc tng ng vi n.
H Cm H- HSP HN

Tp ph thuc hm ti tiu

Cho F = {AB, BA, AC, CA, BC}. C th tm c hai tp ph thuc ti tiu tng ng vi F F1 = {AB, BC, CA} F2 = {AB, BA, AC, CA}

H Cm H- HSP HN

Php tch cc lc quan h

Vic tch mt lc quan h trc ht l thay th tp U cc thuc tnh bng nhng tp con U1, U2,, Uk ca n sao cho U = U1 U2 Uk. Ch rng y, ta khng i hi U1, U2,, Uk phi ri nhau.

H Cm H- HSP HN

Php tch cc lc quan h

Khi , vic thay th lc R = U, F bng cc lc con R1 = U1, F1, R2 = U2, F2,, Rk = Uk, Fk c gi l mt php tch lc quan h cho U, F. k hiu l = (R1, R2,, Rk). i khi, k hiu = (U1, U2,, Uk).
H Cm H- HSP HN

Php tch cc lc quan h

Ta s dng mt s k hiu sau: Du hoa th (*) k hiu php kt ni t nhin trn giao ca hai tp thuc tnh. = (R1, R2,, Rk) hay = (U1, U2,, Uk) l php tch lc quan h trn U thnh cc lc con tng ng vi cc tp con thuc tnh U1, U2,, Uk. ri = l hnh chiu ca quan h r ln tp con thuc tnh Ui m(r) = r1 * r2 * * rk l kt qu ca php kt ni t nhin ca cc hnh chiu ca r ln cc tp con thuc tnh trong php tch .
H Cm H- HSP HN

Php tch cc lc quan h

Php tch U thnh {U1, U2,, Uk} c gi l kt ni khng tht thot (hay ngn gn l LJ) nu vi mi quan h r ca lc ny, ta u c r = r1 * r2 * * rk = m(r)

Php tch bo ton cc ph thuc ca F

H Cm H- HSP HN

Tch kt ni khng mt thng tin

Kim tra c tnh kt ni khng tht thot ca mt php tch (thut ton 3.2) A B C D E V d U = ABCDE, U1 = AD, U2 = AB, U3 = BE,U a b b a b U a a b b b U4 = CDE, U5 = AE Tp cc ph thuc hm l: AC, BC, U b a b b a U b b a a a CD, DEC, CEA. U a b b b a
1 2 3 4 5 1 1 12 2 2 13 23 33 3 4 15 25 5 5 5 24 34 4 31 41 1 42 52 53 54

H Cm H- HSP HN

Tch kt ni khng mt thng tin

Tp cc ph thuc hm l: AC, BC, CD, DEC, CEA.

A B C D E U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 A B C D E

U1 U2 U3 U4 U5

a1 a1 b31 b41 a1

b12 a2 a2 b42 b52

b13 b23 b33 a3 b53

a4 b24 b34 a4 b54

b15 b25 a5 a5 a5

a1 a1 b31 b41 a1

b12 a2 a2 b42 b52

b13 b13 b13 a3 b13

a4 b24 b34 a4 b54

b15 b25 a5 a5 a5

H Cm H- HSP HN

Tch kt ni khng mt thng tin

Tp cc ph thuc hm l: AC, BC, CD, DEC, CEA.

A B C D E A B C D E

U1 U2 U3 U4 U5

a1 a1 b31 b41 a1

b12 a2 a2 b42 b52

b13 b13 b13 a3 b13

a4 b24 b34 a4 b54

b15 b25 a5 a5 a5

U1 U2 U3 U4 U5

a1 a1 a1 a1 a1

b12 a2 a2 b42 b52

b13 b23 a3 a3 a3

a4 a4 a4 a4 a4

b15 b25 a5 a5 a5

H Cm H- HSP HN

Php tch cc lc
Mc d l nhng tnh cht quan trng ca php tch lc quan h nhng mt php tch c th tho mn tnh cht ny nhng li khng tho mn tnh cht kia. Chng hn, php tch lc quan h ABCD, {AB, CD} thnh hai lc AB, {AB} v CD, {CD} l php tch bo ton ph thuc nhng khng phi l php tch vi kt ni khng tht thot.
H Cm H- HSP HN

php tch cc lc

Ta xt lc CSZ vi ba thuc tnh C (City), S (Street) v Z (Zip code) v tp ph thuc hm F = {CSZ, ZC}. T ph thuc hm ZC hay CSCZCSCZ suy ra rng php tch CSZ thnh hai lc CS v CZ c tnh cht kt ni khng mt thng tin nhng khng c tnh cht bo ton ph thuc.

H Cm H- HSP HN

1NF

H Cm H- HSP HN

2NF
Cho lc quan h R = U, F vi kho K. R c gi l thuc dng chun th hai (2NF) nu n thuc dng chun th nht v mi thuc tnh AK u ph thuc y vo K.

H Cm H- HSP HN

3NF
Lc quan h R = U, F c gi l thuc dng chun th ba (3 NF) nu khng c thuc tnh khng kha ph thuc bc cu vo kha Ngha l: nu khng tn ti mt kho X, mt tp thuc tnh YU v mt thuc tnh AXY lm cho cc iu kin sau c tho mn: (XY), (YA), v khng c (YX).
H Cm H- HSP HN

BCNF
Lc quan h R = U, F c gi l thuc dng chun Boyce-Codd (BCNF) nu t (XA) ng trong R v AX ko theo X l siu kho. nh l 7.12 Nu lc quan h R = U, F thuc dng chun Boyce-Codd (BCNF) th n thuc dng chun th ba.
H Cm H- HSP HN

Chun ho lc quan h
B 7.7: Gi s R = U, F l mt lc quan h v
= (R1, R2, Ri,... Rk) l mt php tch ca R, trong i, Ri = Ui, Fi. Gi s l kt ni khng tht thot. Khi , nu thay th lc Ri trong bi S1, S2,, Sm, vi = (S1, S2,, Sm) l php tch kt ni khng tht thot ca Ri th php tch = (R1, R2,, Ri-1, S1, S2,, Sm, Ri+1,, Rk) thu c cng l kt ni khng tht thot. Gi s l kt ni khng tht thot. Nu b sung vo mt s lc quan h trn U (Rk+1,,Rn) th php tch = (R1, R2,, Rk, Rk+1,,Rn) thu c cng l kt ni khng tht thot.
H Cm H- HSP HN

Chun ho lc quan h
V d Tch a lc v chun BCNF (trang 33)

H Cm H- HSP HN

V d
U = CTHRSG F = {CT, HRC, THR, CSG, HSR} Kha HS

U1 = CSG F1 = {CSG} Kho CS

V1 = CTHRS FV1 = {CT, THR, HRC, HSR} Kha HS

U2 = CT F2 = {CT} Kho C

V2 = CHRS FV2 = {CHR, HRC, HSR} Kho HS

U3 = CHR F3 = {CHR, HRC} Kha CH hoc HR

H Cm H- HSP HN

U4 = CHS F4 = {HSC} Kha HS

Php tch bo ton ph thuc thnh 3NF

Nu c nhng thuc tnh khng xut hin trong bt k mt ph thuc hm no ca F, c v tri ln v phi th ta xc nh mt lc quan h gm nhng thuc tnh ny ri xo chng khi U. Nu mt trong cc ph thuc hm ca F cha ton th cc thuc tnh ca U th php tch cn tm ch gm R. Trng hp cn li, php tch kt qu gm cc lc ng vi cc tp thuc tnh c dng XA, trong mi ph thuc hm XA l thuc F. Tuy vy, nu xy ra tnh hung XA1, XA2,, XAk cng thuc F th thay cho cc lc vi tp thuc tnh dng XAi, ta s dng lc ng vi tp thuc tnh XA1A2Ak v r rng s thay th ny cho kt qu gn hn.
H Cm H- HSP HN

Tch va l LJ va bo ton ph thuc

nh l 7.14 Cho R(U) l mt lc quan h, trong tp thuc tnh U = {A1, A2,...,An} v F l tp cc ph thuc hm xc nh trn R. Khng gim tng qut, gi s F l mt ph ti tiu c dng: F = {Yj Aij j=1, 2,..., m}. Gi X l mt kho ca lc R(U, F). Khi php tch:

= (Y1Ai1, Y2Ai2,..., YmAim , X)

l mt php tch ca R, tha mn ba tnh cht sau:

l mt php tch bo ton thng tin; l mt php tch bo ton tp F;

Cc lc con trong u 3NF.
H Cm H- HSP HN

Ph thuc a tr
Cho R(U); X v Y l hai tp con ca U, Z = U \ XY.

XY
Khi mi quan h r R(U) vi hai b bt k t1, t2 r: t1[X] = t2[X] t3 r sao cho t3[X] = t1[X], (v t1, t2 bnh ng nn t4 sao cho t4[X] = t1[X], t3[Y] = t1[Y] v t3[Z] = t2[Z]. t4[Y] = t2[Y] v t4[Z] = t1[Z] ).

Chng ta c th k hiu X Y | Z.

H Cm H- HSP HN

Ph thuc a tr

Nu X Y tho trn r th X Y cng tho trn r. Do vy mi ph thuc hm u l ph thuc a tr.

H Cm H- HSP HN

4NF
Lc quan h R c gi l thuc dng chun th bn (4NF) nu c ph thuc a tr khng tm thng X Y ng trn R th X l siu kha. Ni mt cch khc, R l 4NF nu c ph thuc a tr X Y trn R , trong Y , Y X v XY khng cha tt c cc thuc tnh ca R th X l mt siu kho* ca R

H Cm H- HSP HN

Ph thuc a tr v 4NF
V d 7.20 Xt li lc quan h TBK(CTHRSG) cho v d 7.17 cng vi tp D cc ph thuc hm v ph thuc a tr nh sau: CT Mi lp hc phn do mt ging vin chu trch nhim. HRC Ti mi phng hc, trong mi gi hc ch c mt lp hc phn. HTR Ti mi gi hc, mi ging vin ch c th dy c mt phng hc. CSG i vi mi lp hc phn, mi sinh vin ch c mt im nh gi. HSR Ti mi gi hc, mi sinh vin ch c mt mt phng hc. CHR Tp cc cp phng-gi hc c xc nh theo mi hc phn m khng l thuc g vo bt c thuc tnh no khc.
H Cm H- HSP HN

V d tch LJ a v 4NF
Xt thy C HR vi phm 4NF, do vy tch TBK thnh (CHR) v (CTSG). Lc con (CHR) c kha l HR dng chun bn. Lc (CTSG) c kha l CS cha dng chun bn v c C T ( suy ra t C T) vi phm chun bn. Tch (CTSG) thnh hai lc con u dng chun bn l (CT) v (CSG). Php tch = {CHR, CT, CSG} l php tch - kt ni khng tn tht v mi lc trong n u dng chun bn.
H Cm H- HSP HN