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1.2.5. RAM (Random Access Memory) RAM l th h k tip ca ROM, c RAM v ROM u l b nh truy xut ngu nhin, tc l d liu c truy xut khng cn theo th t. Tuy nhin ROM chy chm hn RAM rt nhiu. Thng thng ROM cn trn 50ns x l d liu trong khi RAM cn di 10ns. 1.2.6. SRAM (Static RAM) v DRAM (Dynamic RAM) SRAM (RAM tnh) l loi RAM lu tr d liu khng cn cp nht thng xuyn trong khi DRAM l loi RAM cn cp nht d liu thng xuyn. Thng thng d liu trong DRAM s c lm ti (refresh) nhiu ln trong mt giy gi li nhng thng tin ang lu tr, nu khng th d liu trong DRAM cng s b mt do hin tng r r in tch ca cc t in. Cc khc bit ca SRAM so vi DRAM: Tc ca SRAM ln hn DRAM do khng phi tn thi gian refresh.. Ch to SRAM tn km hn DRAM nn thng thng s dng DRAM h gi thnh sn phm.
1.2.7. FPM - DRAM (Fast Page Mode DRAM) L mt dng ci tin ca DRAM, v nguyn l th FPM - DRAM s chy nhanh hn DRAM do ci tin cch d a ch trc khi truy xut d liu. FPM - DRAM hu nh khng cn sn xut trn th trng hin nay na. 1.2.8. EDO - DRAM (Extended Data Out DRAM) L mt dng ci tin ca FPM - DRAM, n truy xut nhanh hn FPM - DRAM nh mt s ci tin cch d a ch trc khi truy cp d liu. Tuy nhin, EDO - DRAM l cn h ca chipset h thng. Loi b nh ny chy vi my 486 tr ln (tc di 75MHz). EDO DRAM cng qu c so vi k thut hin nay, tc ca EDO-DRAM nhanh hn FPM-DRAM t 10 - 15%. 1.2.9. BDEO-DRAM (Burst Extended Data Out DRAM) L th h sau ca EDO DRAM, dng k thut ng ng (pipeline) rt ngn thi gian d a ch. 1.2.10. SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) y l mt loi RAM c nguyn l ch to khc hn vi cc loi RAM trc. ng b (synchronous) l mt khi nim rt quan trng trong lnh vc s. RAM hot ng do mt b iu khin xung nhp (clock memory), d liu s c truy xut hay cp nht mi khi clock chuyn t logic 0 sang 1, ng b c ngha l ngay lc clock nhy t logic 0 sang 1 ch khng hn l chuyn sang logic 1 hon ton (tc ng bng cnh xung). Do k thut ny, SDRAM v cc th h sau c tc cao hn hn cc loi DRAM trc, t tc 66, 100, 133 MHz. 1.2.11. DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) y l loi b nh ci tin t SDRAM. N nhn i tc truy cp ca SDRAM bng cch dng c hai qu trnh ng b khi clock chuyn t logic 0 sang 1 v t logic 1
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sang 0 (dng c cnh m v cnh dng). Loi RAM ny c CPU Intel v AMD h tr, tc vo khong 266 MHz. (DDR-SDRAM ra i trong nm 2000) 1.2.12. DRDRAM (Direct Rambus DRAM) H thng Rambus (tn hng ch to) c nguyn l v cu trc ch to hon ton khc loi SDRAM truyn thng. B nh s c vn hnh bi mt h thng ph gi l knh truyn Rambus trc tip (direct Rambus channel) c rng bus 16 bit v mt xung clock 400MHz (c th ln ti 800MHz). Theo l thuyt th cu trc mi ny s c th trao i d liu vi tc 400MHz x 16 bit = 400MHz x 2 bytes = 800 MBps. H thng Rambus DRAM cn mt chip serial presence detect (SPD) trao i vi motherboard. Ta thy k thut mi ny dng giao tip 16 bit, khc hn vi cch ch to truyn thng l dng 64 bit cho b nh nn k thut Rambus cho ra i loi chn RIMM (Rambus Inline Memory Module), khc so vi b nh truyn thng. Loi RAM ny ch c h tr bi CPU Intel Pentum IV, tc vo khong 400 800 MHz 1.2.13. SLDRAM (Synchronous - Link DRAM) L th h sau ca DRDRAM, thay v dng knh Rambus trc tip 16 bit v tc 400MHz, SLDRAM dng bus 64 bit chy vi tc 200MHz. Theo l thuyt th h thng mi c th t c tc 200MHz x 64 bit = 200MHz x 8 bytes = 1600 MBps, tc l gp i DRDRAM. iu thun tin l l SLDRAM c pht trin bi mt nhm 20 cng ty hng u v vi tnh cho nn n rt da dng v ph hp nhiu h thng khc nhau. 1.2.14. VRAM (Video RAM) Khc vi b nh trong h thng, do nhu cu v ho ngy cng cao, cc hng ch to card ha ch to VRAM ring cho video card ca h m khng cn dng b nh ca h thng chnh. VRAM chy nhanh hn v ng dng k thut Dual Port nhng ng thi cng t hn rt nhiu. 1.2.15. SGRAM (Synchronous Graphic RAM) L sn phm ci tin ca VRAM, n s c v vit tng block thay v tng mng nh. 1.2.16. Flash Memory L sn phm kt hp gia RAM v a cng, b nh flash c th chy nhanh nh SDRAM m v vn lu tr c d liu khi khng c ngun cung cp. 1.2.17. Mt s thut ng lin quan PC66, PC100, PC133, PC1600, PC2100, PC2400:
PC66, 100, 133MHz l tc ca h thng chipset ca motherboard. PC1600, PC2100, PC2400: ra i khi k thut Rambus pht trin. c im ca loi motherboard ny l dng loi DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM). DDR SDRAM s chy gp i (trn l thuyt) loi RAM bnh thng v n dng c cnh dng v m ca xung clock. Do PC100 s thnh PC200 v nhn ln 8 bytes rng
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bus ca DDR SDRAM: PC200 * 8 = PC1600. Tng t PC133 s l PC133 * 2 * 8bytes = PC2100 v PC150 s l PC150 * 2 * 8 = PC2400. - BUS: gm nhiu dy dn in nh gp li, l h thng truyn d liu gia cc b phn trong my tnh. FSB (Front Side Bus): bus t CPU ti b nh chnh. BSB (Back Side Bus): bus t b iu khin b nh ti Cache level 2.
- Cache memory: L loi b nh c dung lng rt nh (thng nh hn 1MB) v chy rt nhanh (gn bng tc ca CPU). Thng thng th Cache nm gn CPU v c nhim v cung cp nhng d liu thng hay ang s dng cho CPU. S hnh thnh ca Cache l mt cch nng cao hiu qu truy xut ca my tnh m thi. Nhng d liu thng s dng (hoc ang) c cha trong Cache, mi khi x l hay thay i d liu, CPU s d trong Cache trc xem c tn ti hay khng, nu c n s ly ra dng li cn khng th s tm tip vo RAM hoc cc b phn khc. Ly mt v d n gin l nu m Microsoft Word ln ln u tin s thy hi lu nhng m ln ln th hai th nhanh hn rt nhiu v trong ln m th nht cc lnh m Microsoft Word c lu gi trong Cache, CPU ch vic tm n v dng li. Cache rt t tin v ch to rt kh khn bi n gn nh l CPU (v cu thnh v tc ). Thng thng Cache nm gn CPU, trong nhiu trng hp Cache nm bn trong CPU. Ngi ta gi Cache Level 1 (L1), Cache level 2 (L2)...l do v tr ca n gn hay xa CPU. Cache L1 gn CPU nht, sau l Cache L2... - Xen k (interleave): l mt k thut lm tng tc truy xut bng cch gim bt thi gian nhn ri ca CPU. V d, CPU cn c thng tin thng t hai ni A v B khc nhau, v CPU chy qu nhanh nn A cha kp ly d liu ra, CPU phi ch. Khi CPU c th ly d liu t B ri sau tr li A. Do , CPU c th rt bt thi gian m ly c d liu c A v B. - Bursting: l mt k thut khc gim thi gian truyn ti d liu trong my tnh. Thay v CPU ly tng byte mt, bursting s gip CPU ly thng tin mi ln l mt block. - ECC (Error Correction Code): l mt k thut kim tra v sa li trong trng hp 1 bit no ca b nh b sai gi tr trong khi lu chuyn d liu. Nhng loi RAM c ECC thng dng cho server. Tuy nhin khng c ECC cng khng phi l mi lo ln v theo thng k 1 bit trong b nh c th b sai gi tr khi chy trong gn 750 gi (tc l khong 1 thng). - CAS (Column Address Strobe) latency: l din t thi gian tr trong vic truy xut d liu ca b nh v c tnh bng chu k xung clock. V d, CAS3 l tr 3 chu k xung clock. Cc nh sn xut c gng h thp ch s tr xung nhng n s t l nghch vi gi thnh sn phm. S chn ca RAM: thng thng l 30, 72, 144, 160, 168, 184. - Cch tnh dung lng: Thng thng RAM c hai ch s, v d, 16Mx8. Thng s u biu th s hng ca RAM trn n v bit, thng s th nh biu th s ct ca RAM. 16Mx8 = 16 MegaBit x 8 ct = 128 Mega Bit = 16MB.
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- SIMM (Single In-Line Memory Module): l loi ra i sm v c hai loi 30 hay 72 chn. Loi RAM thng ti d liu mi ln 8 bit, sau pht trin ln 32 bit. Loi 72-pin SIMM c chiu rng 4" trong khi loi 30-pin SIMM c chiu rng 3".
Hnh 3.1 Dng chn ca SIMM - DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Modules): cng gn ging nh loi SIMM nhng c s chn l 72 hoc 168. Mt c im khc phn bit DIMM vi SIMM l cc chn ca SIMM dnh li vi nhau to thnh mt mng tip xc vi memory slot trong khi DIMM c cc chn hon ton cch ri c lp vi nhau. Mt c im ph na l DIMM c ci t thng ng trong khi SIMM th n vo nghing khong 450. Thng thng loi 30 chn ti d liu 16 bit, loi 72 chn ti d liu 32 bit, loi 144 (dng cho notebook) hay 168 chn ti d liu 64 bit.
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SO DIMM (Small Outline DIMM): l loi b nh dng cho notebook, c hai loi chn l 72 hoc 144. Loi 72 chn dng bus 32 bit, loi 144 chn dng bus 64 bit. RIMM (Rambus In-line Memory Modules) v SO RIMM (RIMM dng cho notebook): l k thut ca hng Rambus, c 184 chn (RIMM) v 160 chn (SO RIMM) v truyn d liu mi ln 16 bit (th h c ch c 8 bit) nn chy nhanh hn cc loi c. Tuy nhin do chy vi tc cao, RIMM t nhit rt cao nn cch ch to cng phi khc so vi cc loi RAM truyn thng. Nh hnh v bn di bn s thy RAM c hai thanh gii nhit kp hai bn gi l heat speader.
2. B nh trong
2.1. T chc b nh
B nh thng c t chc t nhiu vi mch nh ghp li c rng bus a ch v d liu cn thit. Cc chip nh c y chc nng ca mt b nh bao gm: Ma trn nh: gm cc nh, mi nh tng ng vi mt bit nh. Mch gii m a ch cho b nh. Mch logic cho php c. Mch logic cho php ghi. Cc mch m vo, ra.
Cch t chc n gin nht l t chc theo word. Mt ma trn nh c di ca ct bng s lng word W v di hng bng s lng bit B ca mt word. Phng php ny c thi gian truy xut ngn nhng i hi b gii m ln khi tng s word ln.
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Phng php gii m hai bc cho php gim kch thc ca phn gii m a ch bng cch s dng khi nim word logic v word vt l. Word vt l bao gm tt c cc bit trong mt hng ca ma trn v word logic l s bit tng ng c gi ra ng thi. Lc ny, b nh cn hai mch gii m: gii m hng chn word vt l v mch gii m ct c cc mch dn knh (multiplexer) chn mt word logic t mt word vt l. V d nh: 1 RAM dung lng 2048 x 8 c t chc gii m 2 bc nh hnh v: A0 A6 m ng vo Gii m hng Ma trn nh 128 x 128 bit
A7 A10
8 mch gii m ct
m ng ra
Hnh 3.4 Gii m hai bc cho b nh Ma trn nh l 128 x 128 bit, c 128 = 27 word vt l. Mt word vt l c chn bi 7 ng a ch t A0 A6. gii m hng chn 1 hng t 128 hng. Mt word vt l c chia lm 16 nhm 8 bit. Nhm th nht cha bit cao nht ca 16 word logic. Nhm th 2 cha cc bit tip theo v nhm cui cng cha cc bit thp nht. Nh vy mch gii m ct gm 8 b dn knh 1 16 cung cp 1 word logic 8 bit. Cc bit a ch t A7A10 u khin mch gii m ct. Trong trng hp c bit khi s phn t trong 1 word vt l bng s bit trong 1word vt l th l b nh t chc theo bit ngha l mi word logic c di 1 bit. Cc mch m ng ra m bo khng nhng mc logic mong mun v cung cp dng m cn c ng ra cc thu h hay ba trng thi cho php kt ni chung vi mt vi b nh khc. Mch m ng ra c iu khin bng cc tn hiu chn mch CS , cho php b nh CE , cho php ng ra OE .
2.2. DRAM
2.2.1. Cu to ca DRAM a ch xc nh nh chia thnh 2 phn: a ch hng v ct. Hai a ch ny c a ln lt vo b m. Qu trnh dn knh a ch iu khin bng cc tn hiu RAS (Row Access Strobe) v CAS (Column Access Strobe). B iu khin nh ca CPU phi
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thc hin 3 cng vic sau: chia a ch t CPU thnh cc a ch hng v ct; tch cc cc chn RAS , CAS v WE mt cch chnh xc; truyn v nhn cc d liu c, ghi. S t chc ca mt DRAM:
RAS CAS WE
iu khin
Tin np (precharge)
D liu vo
m d liu
Khuch i nhy
m d liu D liu ra
Gii m ct
Word line
Bit line Hnh 3.6 Cu to mt t bo nh DRAM FET hot ng nh mt cng tc, khi ng word tch cc th cho php m FET. Do hin tng r r trn FET, nn sau mt thi gian, in p trn t s gim dn.
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Gii m hng
Bit line m ng vo
Bit line
m ng ra
Gii m ct Hnh 3.7 S nguyn l ca DRAM Mch tin np cho php xm nhp v kch hot word line khi np tt c cc bit line bng Vcc/2. Qu trnh tin np s dng khi cc cp dy ny c gi tr bng nhau v in p. Thi gian i hi cho qu trnh ny gi l thi gian tin np RAS. Khi qu trnh ny kt thc th mi c th thc hin truy xut nh. Mch tin np lm tng tnh n nh ca in p ra. Do in dung ca t in rt nh so vi in dung ghp gia cc bit line nn in p trn cc bit line thay i nh, khong 100 mV. Nu in tch ca t in ban u bng
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0 th in th trn bit line s gim xung v ko in p ny xung mc 0. Ngc li, nu in tch khc 0 th in th trn bit line s tng ln v nng in p ny ln Vcc. Tn hiu gii m ct c cp sau tn hiu gii m hng cho php chn chnh xc ct. Gin thi gian c d liu ca DRAM c th biu din nh sau: tchu k tRAS tPR tCAS RAS
CAS
a ch
D liu Hnh 3.7 Gin thi gian c DRAM tRAS: thi gian thm nhp RAS l thi gian t lc t a ch hng cho ti khi d liu ra khi b m. tCAS: thi gian thm nhp CAS l thi gian t lc t a ch ct cho ti khi d liu ra khi b m (tCAS < tRAS). tPR: thi gian hi phc (thi gian tin np RAS) thi gian cn thit t lc ng ra n nh cho n khi c th cung cp mt a ch mi. 2.2.3. Lm ti DRAM in tch trn t in b gim theo thi gian do chng phng qua FET v lp in mi oxide lm cho d liu c th b mt. Do , t in phi c np li mt cch tun hon (refresh), thng thng khong t 1 16 ms ty theo loi RAM. C 3 phng php refresh: Ch tc ng RAS: to chu k c gi (dummy read) lm ti nh. Trong chu k gi ny, tn hiu RAS tch cc v a ch hng c a vo DRAM nhng CAS b cm nn khng th truyn d liu ra ngoi c. lm ti ton b b nh th tt c cc a ch phi c cp ln lt. Nhc im ca phng php ny l cn phi dng mch logic hay mt chng trnh lm ti. Trong my tnh, iu ny thc hin bng knh 0 ca DMAC 8237, tc ng nh k bng b m 1 ca PIT 8253.
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Tc ng CAS trc RAS: DRAM c mt mch logic lm ti ca ring n vi mt b m a ch. Tn hiu CAS s tch cc trong mt khong thi gian trc khi RAS tch cc. a ch lm ti c pht ra bn trong bng b m a ch m khng cn mch logic bn ngoi. Sau mi chu k lm ti, b m a ch s t ng tng ln 1 ch a ch k tip. n: Chu k lm ti c cha sau chu k c b nh. Tn hiu CAS gi nguyn mc thp trong khi ch c RAS ln mc cao. y, b m a ch cng t pht ra a ch lm ti.Vic c d liu trong chu k c cng c th thc hin ngay c khi ang thc hin chu k lm ti. Phng php ny s tit kim c thi gian do thi gian lm ti thng ngn hn so vi thi gian c.
2.2.4. Cc ch hot ng nhanh ca DRAM DRAM c kh nng thc hin mt hay nhiu ch ct gim thi gian tCAS. Ch trang: qu trnh truy xut nh ch thay i a ch ct. Nh vy, mt trang s tng ng vi mt hng trong ma trn nh. khi ng qu trnh c, mch iu khin nh tc ng tn hiu RAS nh thng thng nhng li b qua a ch hng. Trong ch ny, nu nh tip theo trong cng mt trang th tn hiu RAS vn gi lin tc mc tch cc. Do , thi gian truy xut c th gim xung 50%. Ch ct tnh: tng t nh ch trang nhng tn hiu CAS gi nguyn khng i. DRAM s t pht hin s thay i a ch sau mt khong thi gian CAS khng i. Ch nibble: thay i tn hiu CAS 4 ln chuyn 1 nibble d liu. Ch ni tip: tng t nh ch nibble nhng khng phi ch chuyn 4 ln trng thi ca tn hiu CAS . V nguyn tc, ton b hng c th a ra tun t. Ch xen k: ch ny l phng php hn ch tr do thi gian tin np RAS. B nh chia thnh vi bank xen k nhau theo mt t s xc nh. D liu c a ch chn t bank 0 v a ch l t bank 1. Khi , thi gian tin np ca bank 0 l thi gian truy xut ca bank 1 v ngc li.
2.3. SRAM
i vi SRAM, ni dung nh vn gi nguyn khi cha mt ngun cung cp m khng cn phi tn thi gian lm ti nh. Do in p chnh lch ln nn thi gian x l khuch i s nh hn trong DRAM (thi gian truy xut ca DRAM l khong 1ns trong khi ca DRAM khong 40ns). T , SRAM khng thc hin phn knh a ch hng v ct (iu ny s lm gim thi gian truy xut). Sau khi d liu n nh, b gii m ct chn ct ph hp v a d liu n b m ng ra.
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VDD
T bo nh
Gii m hng
Bit line
VDD
Bit line
m ng ra
2.4. ROM
RAM khng thch hp cho cc chng trnh khi ng do d liu trn RAM s mt khi khng cung cp in. Do , phi dng n ROM, l chip nh trong d liu s c lu tr mi khng cn duy tr ngun cung cp. 2.4.1. ROM ROM c ch to trn mt phin Silic theo mt s bc x l nh quang khc v khuch tn to cc tip xc bn dn dn in mt chiu (diode, FET, ). Ngi thit
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k xc nh chng trnh mun ghi vo ROM v thng tin ny dng iu khin trong qu trnh to ROM. S n gin v ROM c th biu din nh sau:
VCC
Hng
Ct Hnh 3.9 ROM n gin dng diode Giao gia mt hng v mt ct l mt v tr nh. Nu v tr ny tn ti mt diode th s lu tr d liu 0, ngc li th lu tr d liu 1. Khi c mt nh no trn mt hng th b gii m s t hng xung mc 0, cc hng cn li mc logic 1. Nu giao gia hng v ct khng c diode (ngha l lu tr d liu 1) th gi tr tng ng trn ct l 1 (do ct ni vi Vcc thng qua in tr R). Nu c diode (lu tr d liu 0) th diode s phn cc thun nn in p ri trn diode khong 0.7V in p trn ct cng l 0.7V tng ng vi mc logic 0. Cng ngh ch to ROM c s dng l lng cc v MOS. Thi gian truy xut ca b nh lng cc khong t 50 90 ns cn ca MOS ln hn khong 10 ln nhng b nh MOS c kch thc nh hn v tiu th nng lng t hn. 2.4.2. PROM Cng tng t nh ROM nhng tt c cc im giao gia hng v ct u c mt diode mc ni tip vi mt cu ch. Khi cha lp trnh, cc cu ch vn cn nguyn th ni dung trn ROM l 0. Khi lp trnh, nu cn bit no bng 1 th ta t mt xung in ng vi bit , cu ch s b t v xem nh ti v tr ny khng c diode (ng vi mc logic 1).
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2.4.3. EPROM i vi EPROM, d liu c th ghi vo bng in v c th xa c. EPROM s dng mt transistor c cu trc FAMOST (Floating gate avalanche injection MOS transistor). i vi transistor loi ny, cu to cng ging nh dng FET thng thng nhng trong cc gate tn ti thm mt cc, gi l cc ni (floating gate). Nu cc ni khng c in tch th transistor ny hot ng nh mt FET thng thng, ngha l nu cc Gate c in p dng th FET dn, cc drain ni vi cc source cc drain c mc logic 1. Nu cc ni c cha in tch th n s to ra trng in t sc ngn chn khng cho FET dn cc drain c mc logic 0. Qu trnh np in t vo ca ni c thc hin bng cc xung in c rng khong 50 ms v bin 20V t vo cc gate v cc drain. in t c lu tr ti vng ca ni khi xung in tt (thi gian lu tr t nht l 10 nm). xa d liu trn EPROM, ta phi chiu nh sng t ngoi vo chip nh. Cc in t s hp thu nng lng c th vt ra khi cc ni lm cho cc ni khng cha in t ton b EPROM cha gi tr 1. Do , trn cc chip EPROM s c mt ca s bng thch anh cho php nh sng t ngoi i qua. 2.4.4. EEPROM Do vic s dng ca s thch anh khng tin li nn nhng nm gn y xut hin them chip ROM c th xa bng in. Cu to ca EEPROM cng ging nh EPROM nhng lc ny c thm mt lp mng mng oxide gia vng cc ni v cc drain cho php cc in t di chuyn t vng cc ni sang cc drain khi t mt in p m. Nh vy, qu trnh lp trnh cho EEPROM tng t nh EPROM trong khi xa d liu th ch cn t mt in p -20V vo cc gate v cc drain vi thi gian thch hp (v nu thi gian qu di th cc in t s di chuyn thm sang cc drain lm cho cc ni s c in tch dng FET s khng hot ng nh bnh thng).
B nh
3. B nh ngoi
B nh chnh bng vt liu bn dn khng th lu tr mt khi lng rt ln d liu nn cn phi c thm cc thit b nh bn ngoi nh bng giy c l, bng cassette, trng t, a t, a quang, Cc thit b lu tr ny cn c gi l b nh khi (mass storage). Thit b nh khi thng dng nht l a t. a t l mt tm a trn, mng lm bng cht do, thy tinh cng hay kim loi cng, trn c ph mt lp bt t tnh oxide st t. a t s dng k thut ghi t lu tr d liu. Khi ghi d liu trn a, d liu c th tn ti khi khng cn ngun cung cp v cng c kh nng xa i, thay th bng d liu mi.
Hnh 3.10 a mm 3.5 inch Dung lng a mm = s track s sector/track s mt 512 byte
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Loi a 5.25 SS/SD 5.25 SS/DD 5.25 DS/DD 5.25 DS/DD 5.25 DS/HD 3.5 DS/DD 3.5 DS/HD 3.5 DS/ED
Dung lng S track S sector/track Tng s sector Track/inch 160KB 180KB 320KB 360KB 1.2MB 720KB 1.44MB 2.88MB 40 40 40 40 80 80 80 80 DS: Double Side 8 9 8 9 15 9 18 36 320 360 640 720 2400 1440 2880 5760 48 48 48 48 48 135 270 540
HD: High Density ED: Extra High Density Chng trnh nh dng a mm (format) cho php to ra cc track v sector trn a. Ngoi 512 byte d liu, cc track v sector cn cha cc byte lu tr thng tin dng cho mc ch nh v v ng b. 3.1.2. a mm a mm cho php CPU c / ghi d liu ln a mm. Khi , a c quay bng mt ng c iu khin vi tc 300 vng/pht i vi a 300 KB hay 360 vng/pht i vi cc loi a khc. a mm c hai mt th phi cn hai u t c / ghi d liu. u t c gn u cn truy xut (arm access). Chuyn ng quay ca mt ng c bc s bin thnh chuyn ng tnh tin theo phng bn knh ca cn truy xut qua c cu bnh rng. u t c mt cun dy cm ng. Khi c, s bin thin t thng ca phn t lu tr to thnh in th cm ng hai u ra cun dy to nn tn hiu d liu. Khi ghi, cun dy s pht ra t trng qua khe t t ha bt oxide st trn mt a thnh cc trng thi tng ng vi mc d liu 0 v 1. Mch iu khin a mm: Mch iu khin a mm thng c cm trn mt khe cm m rng. B iu khin c mt vi x l ring vi chng trnh trong ROM ca n, thng thng l NEC PD765 hay Intel 8207A. Vic ghi d liu c thc hin qua cc bc sau: D liu truyn t bus vo b giao tip bus. B iu khin xc nh byte CRC (Cycle Redundancy Check), i d liu song song thnh ni tip v nh dng thch hp B tch d liu i chui d liu thnh chui m FM hay MFM (Modified FM) v pht ra cc xung nh du. Mch giao tip SA-450 truyn chui d liu m ha ti a. u t ghi s liu m ha ln a.
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a ch cc thanh ghi ca mch iu khin a mm: S cp Th cp R/W a ch c s Thanh ghi trng thi A Thanh ghi trng thi B Thanh ghi ng ra s DOR Thanh ghi trng thi chnh Thanh ghi chn tc truyn d liu Thanh ghi d liu Thanh ghi ng vo s Thanh ghi iu khin cu hnh Knh DMA Yu cu ngt IRQ Ngt INTR 3F0h 3F1h 3F1h 3F2h 3F4h 3F4h 3F5h 3F7h 3F7h 2 6 0Eh 370h 371h 371h 372h 374h 374h 375h 377h 377h 2 6 0Eh R R R/W R W R/W R W
Thanh ghi ng ra s (DOR - Digital Output Register): iu khin ng c, chn a v khi to b iu khin D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2
RESET
D1
D0
DR1 DR0
Thanh ghi trng thi chnh (main status register): l thanh ghi ch c, cha thng tin v b iu khin a mm D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 MRQ DIO NDMA BUSY ACTD ACTC ACTB ACTA MRQ: sn sng (=1) hay khng sn sng (=0) ghi d liu.
GV: Phm Hng Kim Khnh Trang 64
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DIO: chiu truyn t b iu khin ti CPU (=1) hay ngc li (=0). NMDA: c ch DMA (=0) hay khng (=1). BUSY: kch hot v lnh (=1) hay khng (=0). ACTA, ACTB, ACTC, ACTD: chn a tng ng (=1).
Hnh 3.11 Cu to a cng a cng cng c phn thnh cc n v vt l nh a mm. Ngoi ra, n cn mt khi nim na l cylinder. Cylinder l v tr ca u t khi di chuyn trn cc mt to thnh mt hnh tr, l mt chng cc track xp nm ln nhau i vi mt v tr u t. Dung lng a cng = s head s cylinder s sector/track s mt 512 byte Tc quay ca a cng l 3600 vng/pht nn thi gian truy xut ca a cng nhanh hn a mm nhiu. Thi gian truy xut d liu (data access time) l mt thng s quan trng ca a cng, bao gm thi gian tm kim (seek time), thi gian chuyn u t (head switch time) v thi gian quay tr (rotational latency). Thi gian tm kim l thi gian chuyn u t t mt track ny sang track khc. Thi gian chuyn u t l thi gian chuyn gia hai trong s cc u t khi c hay ghi d liu. Thi gian quay tr l thi gian tnh t khi u t c t trn mt track cho n khi ti c sector mong mun.
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3.2.2. nh dng cp thp (low level format) a cng phi c nh dng cp thp trc khi s dng. l to ra cc track v sector trn a bng cch ghi ln a cc thng tin lin quan n chng. Vi cc sector, thng tin ny c ghi vo vng tiu nhn dng sector, c t u mi sector. Vng tiu ny cha cc thng tin nh s th t u t, s sector, s cylinder, khai bo nhn dng ID v m CRC pht hin li d liu. Trong a cng c thm mt khi nim l h s xen k (interleave factor) ca cc sector nhm lm khp tc quay ca a t vi tc m u t c th x l d liu khi chng qua ht mt sector. V d nh vi a c 17 sector/track, u t s c c 512 x 16 x 60 = 522,240 byte/s. Do , vng m s y ln rt nhanh. ng thi, CPU cn phi x l d liu nn s mt thm mt khong thi gian na. Nh vy, nu d liu c ghi ln cc sector lin tip th CPU khng th x l kp sector k tip s t cch n sector. Khi , a cng s c h s xen k n cc sector d liu khng lin tip nhau v mt vt l. Chng trnh nh dng cp thp s nh s th t cc sector lin tip theo mt trt t nh trc ph thuc vo h s xen k. Nu a cng khng c nh dng vi h s xen k ti u th hiu sut s dng s thp. Sector xu (bad sector): trong qu trnh nh dng cp thp, cc sector xu khng th lu tr d liu s c nh du khng dng na. Qu trnh ny gi l nh bn cc sector xu. 3.2.3. B iu khin v giao tip a cng Khc vi b iu khin a mm ch dng cc byte CRC, b iu khin a cng cn dng thm cc byte ECC (Error Correcting Code) cho php sa li v dng mch giao tip ST412/506. 3.2.3.1. Chun giao tip IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) Vi cch giao tip thng thng, a ch cha cc linh kin in t ti thiu i hi cho vic iu khin ng c v cc cng logic cn qu trnh iu khin lnh (c sector, c tn hiu m ha, ) c thc hin trn mch iu khin a cng. Nh vy, cc d liu c m ha phi i t a qua cable truyn, ti b iu khin gii m c th lm sai lc d liu. Giao tip IDE gii quyt vn ny bng cch tch hp c a v b iu khin vo cng mt khi. Vic kt ni gia bus v mch giao tip IDE c thc hin bng mch host-adapter, mch ny cung cp mt s b m v gii m dng cho kt ni a. Giao tip IDE cho php phc v nhiu nht l hai a (master gn a ch 0 v slave gn a ch 1). Mt s a IDE trang b thm b nh cache cho t nht 2 track nhm gim thi gian truy xut trung bnh ca a. CPU truy xut b iu khin IDE qua mt s thanh ghi d liu v iu khin. Chng c phn thnh hai nhm vi a ch c s 1F0h v 3F0h. Thanh ghi Thanh ghi d liu a ch rng thanh ghi R/W 1F0h 16 R/W
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Thanh ghi li B trc S cc sector S sector Cylinder LSB Cylinder MSB a / u t Thanh ghi trng thi Thanh ghi lnh Thanh ghi trng thi bin i Thanh ghi ng ra s a ch a
1F1h 1F1h 1F2h 1F3h 1F4h 1F5h 1F6h 1F7h 1F7h 3F6h 3F6h 3F7h
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Chng trnh giao tip CPU vi IDE gm 3 bc: Giai on lnh: CPU chun b cc thanh ghi v chuyn m lnh khi ng vic thc thi lnh. Giai on d liu: a nh v u t v truyn d liu vi b nh chnh. Giai on kt qu: b iu khin cung cp thng tin trng thi cho lnh chy trong cc thanh ghi tng ng v pht mt ngt ti IRQ14 (INT 76h). 3.2.3.2.
Chun giao tip SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) SCSI l mt chun giao tip gia a v PC rt mm do v mnh. Chun ny xy dng mt bus giao tip gm 8 n v SCSI trong mt host-adapter ni 7 n v cn li vi bus h thng. Khc vi IDE, host-adapter ny phc tp hn v n phi thc hin cc chc nng ca bus SCSI v khng b rng buc bi cc hn ch ca bus h thng. Bus SCSI ch phc v cho qu trnh trao i d liu gia cc n v c ni vi n. Trong mt thi im ch c hai n v c th hot ng. Vic trao i d liu c th thc hin gia host-adapter v a hay gia hai n v SCSI m khng c s tham gia ca CPU.
Sector logic
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Head 0, track 0, sector 1 Head 0, track 0, sector 18 Head 1, track 0, sector 1 Head 1, track 0, sector 18 Head 0, track 1, sector 1 Head 0, track 1, sector 18 Head 1, track 79, sector 1 Head 1, track 79, sector 18
0 17 18 35 36 53 2862 2879
3.3.2. Phn vng (Partition) Mt a cng c th chia thnh nhiu a logic v c xem nh nhng a vt l ring bit. V mt logic, mt phn vng c xem nh mt a cng v c th ci t mt h iu hnh ty ln . C 3 loi phn vng trn a cng: DOS chnh (Primary DOS), DOS m rng (Extended DOS) v phi DOS (non-DOS). lu tr thng tin v cc phn vng, DOS lu tr trong mt vng c nh: head 0, track 0, sector 1 (sector vt l u tin ca a cng), sector ny c gi l sector phn vng (partition sector). Thng tin v tng phn vng c lu tr bi cc im vo phn vng (partition entries) trong bng phn vng (partition table). Cu trc ca sector phn vng: MBR (chng trnh kim tra bng phn vng v gi boot sector): 446 byte Bng phn vng: 64 byte Nhn dng (thng l AA55h): 2 byte Mt v d ca sector phn vng nh sau: MBR chim 664 byte u tin ca sector v kt thc bng k hiu nhn dng a (in m: FD 4E F2 14). Phn cn li l bng phn vng v nhn dng (in nghing)
Physical Sector:Cyl 0,Side 0,Sector 1 00000000:00 33 C0 8E D0 BC 00 7C -8B F4 50 07 50 1F FB FC .3.....|..P.P.. 00000010:BF 00 06 B9 00 01 F2 A5 -EA 1D 06 00 00 BE BE 07 ................ 00000020:B3 04 80 3C 80 74 0E 80 -3C 00 75 1C 83 C6 10 FE ...<.t..<.u.....
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.u......L....... .t..<.t.....<.t. V.......^....... ..|...W.._s.3... Ou...........}.= U.u.....|..Inval id partition tab le.Error loading operating syste m.Missing operat ing system...E.. ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ .........N...... .. .....?...QB.... A....,.B...>.... .-....0......... ...........N..U.
Cu trc ca bng phn vng: Bng phn vng c 64 byte chia thnh 4 im vo, mi im vo c v tr bt u ti byte th 446 (phn vng 1), 462 (phn vng 2), 478 (phn vng 3) v 494 (phn vng 4). Byte offset Kch thc 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 12 1 byte 1 byte 6 bit 10 bit 1 byte 1 byte 6 bit 10 bit 4 byte 4 byte Head bt u Sector bt u (bit 0-5, bit 6-7 dng cho cylinder) Cylinder bt u Loi phn vng Head kt thc Sector kt thc Cylinder kt thc Sector tng i Tng s sector
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Loi phn vng: Gi tr 01h 04h 05h 06h 07h 0Bh 0Ch 0Eh 0Fh ngha FAT-12 hay a logic vi s sector < 32680 FAT-16hay a logic vi s sector 2680 v 65535 Phn vng m rng BIGDOS FAT (> 32MB) NTFS chnh FAT32 chnh, dng INT 13 m rng FAT32 m rng, dng INT 13 m rng FAT16 m rng, dng INT 13 m rng FAT16 chnh, dng INT 13 m rng
4 loi phn vng sau cho php dng h thng file FAT m Windows NT khng th nhn dng c. Sector tng i: l di ca sector bt u ca phn vng vi sector bt u ca a.
000001C0:01 000001D0:41 000001E0:C1 000001F0:C1 00 97 2D 93 06 07 05 01 0F 0F 0F 0F 7F FF FF FF 96 2C 92 A6 3F 90 30 D0 00 42 81 12 -00 -06 -0C -0E 00 00 00 00 51 A0 A0 C0 42 3E 91 4E 06 06 01 00 00 00 00 00 80 00 00 00 55 01 00 00 00 AA .. .....?...QB.... A....,.B...>.... .-....0......... ...........N..U.
Xt phn vng u tin: 80 01 01 00 06 0F 7F 96 3F 00 00 00 51 42 06 00 Byte 0 = 80h: phn vng khi ng c Byte 1 = 01h: head 1 Byte 2 = 01h = 0000 0001b: sector 1 (ch dng 6 bit 000001b) Byte 3 = 00h = 0000 0000b: cylinder 0 (kt hp vi 2 bit cao ca byte 2) bt u ti Head 1, Sector 1, Cylinder 0 Byte 4 = 06: phn vng BIGDOS Byte 5 = 0Fh:head 15 Byte 6 = 7Fh = 0111 1111b: sector 63 (dng 6 bit thp 111111b) Byte 7 = 96h = 1001 0110b: cylinder 406 (= 01 1001 0110b) kt thc ti Head 15, Sector 63, Cylinder 406 Byte 8-11= 0000003Fh: di so vi sector u tin l 63 sector.
GV: Phm Hng Kim Khnh Trang 70
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Byte 9-12 = 00064251: tng cng c 410.193 sector trong phn vng 3.3.3. H thng file FAT (File Allocation Table) H thng file FAT l h thng file n gin thit k cho a dung lng nh v cu trc folder n gin. i vi h thng file ny, h iu hnh lu tr file ln a cng theo n v cluster. Mi cluster gm mt hay nhiu sector. theo di nhng cluster ny, h iu hnh s dng mt cu trc l bng nh v file (FAT). bo v a, mt bn sao ca FAT s c lu tr thm trnh trng hp FAT hng, ng thi FAT v folder gc s c lu tr ti mt v tr c nh c th ly c cc file cn thit khi khi ng h thng. S khc nhau gia cc h thng FAT: H thng file S byte/cluster FAT12 FAT16 FAT32 1.5 2 4 S cluster ti a < 4087 65,526 v 4087 268,435,456 v 65,526
FAT1
FAT2
Folder gc
Hnh 3.12 Cu trc ca FAT 3.3.3.1. Sector khi ng phn vng PBS Sector khi ng di 512 byte t ti sector logic 0 ca a logic. N cha mt chng trnh cho php np nhn (kernel) ca h iu hnh khi ng h thng. Cu trc ca PBS: Byte Offset Kch thc [byte] 00h 03h 0Bh 24h 3Eh 1FEh 3 8 25 26 448 2 Lnh nhy Tn nh sn xut Khi thng s BIOS (BPB) Khi thng s BIOS m rng M khi ng (bootstrap code) nh du kt thc sector ngha
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Cu trc ca BPB (BIOS Parameter Block) v BPB m rng (Extended BPB): Byte Offset Kch thc [byte] 0Bh 0Dh 0Eh 10h 11h 13h 15h 16h 18h 1Ah 1Ch 20h 24h 25h 26h 27h 2Bh 36h 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 4 4 1 1 1 4 11 8 S sector/cluster S sector dnh cho boot sector S lng FAT (thng l 2) S im vo gc (root entry) S sector/a (nu < 16 bit). Ngc li th = 0 Mi trng lu tr, F8h ch a cng S sector/FAT S sector/track S head S sector n (ging nh sector tng i) S sector/a (nu > 16 bit). Ngc li th = 0 S th t ca a vt l (thng l 80h) Head hin hnh, khng dng cho FAT Nhn dng (=28h hay 29h WinNT c th nhn ra) S serial ca a Nhn a Nhn dng h thng file ngha S byte/sector (thng l 512)
3.3.3.2. Bng nh v file FAT FAT l mt bng gm mt s im vo ng vi s cluster trn a. S cluster bng vi tng s sector trn a chia cho s sector trn mt cluster. Kch thc ca mi im vo ty thuc vo h iu hnh, c th l 12, 16 hay 32 bit (ng vi FAT12, FAT16 v FAT32). Hai im vo u tin dng nhn dng loi a (a cng, a mm, bao nhiu mt, bao nhiu sector/track, ). Ni dung ca mt im vo: 0000h: cluster trng FFF7h: cluster xu FFF8h FFFFh: cluster cui cng ca file Cluster ang s dng bi file
Mi cluster cha mt con tr ch ti cluster k tip trong file hay gi tr FFFFh xc nh cluster kt thc file. File1.txt cha trong 3 cluster lin tc, file2.txt cng cha trong 3 cluster nhng b phn mnh cn file3.txt ch cha trong 1 cluster.
GV: Phm Hng Kim Khnh Trang 72
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Byte 1,2 (F8 FF): nhn dng a Byte 3,4 (FF FF): cluster kt thc ca mt file no . Btye 5,6 (03 00): cha gi tr 0003h Byte 7,8 (04 00): cha gi tr 0004h Byte 9,10 (05 00): cha gi tr 0005h Byte 11,12 (FF FF): cluster kt thc file Cc byte tip theo: dng cho cc file khc. 3.3.3.3. Folder gc Folder gc cha cc im vo cho cc file v folder nm trn gc ca a. Folder gc khc vi cc folder khc l n c v tr v kch thc c nh (512 im vo i vi a cng). Mt im vo folder gc c ni dung nh sau: Byte offset Kch thc [byte] 00h 08h 0Bh 0Ch 16h 18h 1Ah 1Ch 8 3 1 10 2 2 2 4 Tn file Phn m rng Thuc tnh file D tr Gi thay i thng tin cui cng Ngy thay i thng tin cui cng Cluster u tin ca file Kch thc file ngha cluster k tip l cluster 3. cluster k tip l cluster 4. cluster k tip l cluster 5. file cha trong 4cluster.
Folder c mt tp cc im vo folder 32 byte (folder entry) cho mi file v folder con cha trong n. im vo folder bao gm: Tn: 8.3 k t
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Byte thuc tnh: 1 byte bao gm thuc tnh lu tr (archive), n (hidden), h thng (system) v ch c (read-only). User c th bt hay tt cc thuc tnh ny. Thi gian to: 3 byte Ngy to: 2 byte Ngy truy xut cui cng: 2 byte Thi gian thay i thng tin cui cng: 2 byte Ngy thay i thng tin cui cng: 2 byte S th t ca cluster bt u file: 2 byte Kch thc: 2 byte Tn file:
Bt u t WinNT 3.5, file c to trn a FAT dng cc bit thuc tnh h tr tn file di m khng nh hng n cc h iu hnh trc (DOS). Khi to mt file, nu tn file di th Windows s to mt tn dng 8.3 cho file v s thm cc im vo th cp ca file, mi im vo cha 13 k t. DOS s b qua cc im vo ny, xem nh chng khng tn ti v x l nh dng file 8.3 chun.
3.3.4. FAT32 FAT32 l mt dng m rng ca h thng file FAT h tr lu tr ln hn 2 GB. a FAT32 c th cha nhiu hn 65256 cluster v mi cluster nh hn so vi FAT16 nn hiu sut s dng s cao hn. File ln nht c th lu tr trn a FAT32 l 4GB-2.
GV: Phm Hng Kim Khnh Trang 74
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Thay i trong boot sector v bootstrap: Thay i trong boot sector: Thay i Cc sector dnh ring Thay i ca boot sector M t FAT32 cha nhiu sector dnh ring hn FAT16 v FAT12, thng l 32 Do FAT32 BPB ln hn BPB chun, MBR trn a FAT32 ln hn 1 sector ng thi 1 sector trong khu vc dnh ring cha s lng cluster cha s dng v s lng cluster mi s dng gn nht. Cc gi tr ny l thnh phn ca cu trc BIGFATBOOTFSINFO cho php h thng khi to cc gi tr m khng cn c ton b FAT. Folder gc trn a FAT32 khng cha ti mt v tr c nh nh FAT16 hay FAT12. Folder gc l mt chui cluster thng thng. Thnh phn A_BF_BPB_RootDirStrtClus trong cu trc BPB cha s th t ca cluster u tin ca folder gc v BPB_RootEntries s b b qua. Thnh phn A_BF_BPB_SectorsPerFAT ca BPB lun bng 0 trn a FAT32 m thay vo l 2 thnh phn A_BF_BPB_BigSectorsPerFat v A_BF_BPB_BigSectorsPerFatHi.
Folder gc
S sector/FAT
BPB (BIOS Parameter Block): BPB trong FAT32 l phin bn m rng ca BPB FAT16/FAT12. N cng cung cp thng tin nh trc nhng ng thi thm vo mt s trng: Tn A_BF_BPB_BytesPerSector A_BF_BPB_SectorsPerCluster A_BF_BPB_ReservedSectors A_BF_BPB_NumberOfFATs A_BF_BPB_RootEntries A_BF_BPB_TotalSectors A_BF_BPB_MediaDescriptor A_BF_BPB_SectorsPerFAT A_BF_BPB_SectorsPerTrack A_BF_BPB_Heads A_BF_BPB_HiddenSectors A_BF_BPB_HiddenSectorsHigh
GV: Phm Hng Kim Khnh
Kch thc M t [byte] 2 S byte/sector 1 S sector/cluster 2 S th t ca sector dnh ring, bt u bng sector 0 1 S lng FAT 2 B qua 2 Tng s sector 1 Tng t nh FAT16 2 =0 2 S sector/track 2 S head trn a 2 S sector n trn a 2 S sector n trn a (2 byte cao)
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A_BF_BPB_BigTotalSectors A_BF_BPB_BigTotalSectorsHigh A_BF_BPB_BigSectorsPerFat A_BF_BPB_BigSectorsPerFatHi A_BF_BPBExtFlags A_BF_BPB_FS_Version A_BF_BPB_RootDirStrtClus A_BF_BPB_RootDirStrtClusHi A_BF_BPB_FSInfoSec A_BF_BPB_BkUpBootSec A_BF_BPB_Reserved
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 12
Tng s sector trn FAT32 Tng s sector trn FAT32 (2 byte cao) S sector/FAT S sector/FAT (2 byte cao) Bit 7 xc nh thng tin trn FAT hin hnh c cp nht c tt c cc FAT khc hay khng. Phin bn ca h thng file S th t ca cluster u tin ca folder gc S th t ca cluster u tin ca folder gc (2 byte cao) S th t ca sector cha thng tin h thng file. S th t ca bn sao boot sector. Dnh ring
Cu trc BIGFATBOOTFSINFO: Cu trc ny cha cc thng tin v h thng file trn a FAT32. Kch thc M t [byte] bfFSInf_Sig 4 Nhn dng ca sector thng tin h thng file. Gi tr ny l FSINFOSIG (0x61417272L). bfFSInf_free_clus_cnt 4 S cluster khng s dng (=-1 nu khng xc nh) bfFSInf_next_free_clus 4 S th t cluster nh v gn nht bfFSInf_resvd 12 Dnh ring Phn chiu FAT (mirroring): Trn FAT16/FAT12, FAT u tin lun l bn s cp v bt k thay i no u c t ng cp nht trn cc bn sao. i vi FAT32, phn chiu FAT c th b qua v mt bn sao khc vi bn u tin c th l bn s cp. Phn chiu c cho php bng cch xa bit 0080h trong thnh phn extddpb_flags ca cu trc DPB. Phn chiu Cho php (xa bit 0080h) Khng M t Bt k khi no mt sector FAT thay i th n s cp nht cho cc FAT khc. Ch mt FAT tch cc, thng dng khi FAT c bad sector.
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Tn dpb_drive dpb_unit dpb_sector_size dpb_cluster_mask dpb_cluster_shift dpb_first_fat dpb_fat_count dpb_root_entries dpb_first_sector dpb_max_cluster
M t S th t a (0 = A, 1 = B, ) S th t ca n v a (unit number), cho php trnh iu khin thit b phn bit a. S byte/sector S sector/cluster 1 S sector/cluster biu din theo s m ca 2 S th t ca sector u tin cha FAT S FAT/a S im vo/folder gc S th t sector u tin ca cluster u tin S cluster/a -1 (khng dng trong FAT32)
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dpb_fat_size
S sector ang s dng /FAT (= 0 i vi FAT32, thay th bng extdpb_fat_size) dpb_dir_sector S th t ca sector u tin cha folder gc (khng dng trong FAT32) dpb_reserved2 Dnh ring dpb_media Mi trng tr tin reserved Dnh ring dpb_first_access Xc nh a c dng c hay khng dpb_reserved3 Dnh ring dpb_next_free S th t cluster nh v gn nht dpb_free_cnt S lng cluster trng (=FFFFh nu khng xc nh) extdpb_free_cnt_hi 2 byte cao xc nh s cluster trng extdpb_flags M t a extdpb_FSInfoSec S th t ca sector cha thng tin h thng file extdpb_BkUpBootSec S th t ca bn sao boot sector extdpb_first_sector Sector u tin ca cluster u tin extdpb_max_cluster S sector/a + 1 extdpb_fat_size S sector s dng bi FAT extdpb_root_clus S th t ca cluster u tin trong folder gc extdpb_next_free S th t cluster nh v gn nht Loi phn vng: Loi phn vng hp l cho trong bng sau (gi tr tng ng cha trong thnh phn Part_FileSystem ca cu trc S_PARTITION. Gi tr M t PART_UNKNOWN (00h) Unknown PART_DOS2_FAT (01h) FAT12 PART_DOS3_FAT (04h) FAT16 (< 32 MB) PART_EXTENDED (05h) Phn vng DOS m rng PART_DOS4_FAT (06h) FAT16 (> 32 MB) PART_DOS32 (0Bh) FAT32 (c th ti2047GB) PART_DOS32X (0Ch) FAT32 dng Int 13h m rng PART_DOSX13 (0Eh) Ging PART_DOS4_FAT (06h) dng Int 13h m rng PART_DOSX13X (0Fh) Ging PART_EXTENDED (05h) dng Int 13h m rng
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Cu trc S_PARTITION:
s_partition STRUC Part_BootInd Part_FirstHead Part_FirstSector Part_FirstTrack Part_FileSystem Part_LastHead Part_LastSector Part_LastTrack Part_StartSector Part_NumSectors s_partition ENDS DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DD DD ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
M t Phn vng c khi ng c (=80h) hay khng (=00h) Head u tin ca phn vng Sector u tin ca phn vng (bit 0-5; 6-7 dng cho Part_FirstTrack) Track u tin ca phn vng H thng file ca phn vng The last head of the partition. This is a 0-based number that represents the offset from the beginning of the disk. The partition includes the head specified by this member. Part_LastSector Sector u tin ca phn vng (bit 0-5; 6-7 dng cho Part_LastTrack) Part_LastTrack Track u tin ca phn vng Part_StartSector S th t ca sector u tin trn a Part_NumSectors S sector/phn vng 3.3.5. H thng file NTFS (New Technology File System) NTFS l h thng file c hiu sut cao v c th t sa li s dng cho Windows XP, 2000, NT. H thng ny h tr vn bo mt cp file, nn file v kim nh. N cng h tr a dung lng ln v gii php lu tr cao nh RAID. NTFS cung cp kh nng kt hp gia s thc thi, tin cy v tnh tng thch khng c trong h thng FAT ng thi lm gim thi gian thc thi cc hot ng trn file nh c, ghi, tm kim v c cc hot ng nng cao nh khi phc h thng file cc a cng dung lng rt ln. NTFS bao gm cc c trng bo mt cn thit cho cc my dch v file (file server) v cc my tnh c nhn u trn (high-end) trong mi trng lm vic theo nhm. NFTS cng h tr iu khin x l d liu v cp quyn qun l d liu nhm bo m tnh chnh xc ca d liu. NTFS c th cho php cp quyn x l cho file hay folder theo tng user ring l.
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System File
File area
Hnh 3.15 Cu trc ca NTFS PBS (Partition Boot Sector) bt u ti sector 0, di 16 sector. File u tin trn a NTFS l MFT (Master File Table). MFT cha cc thng tin v tt c cc file v folder trn a. Cc c trng mi trong NTFS5 (Windows 2000): M ha: h thng file m ha (EFS Encrypting File System) cung cp k thut m ha li file lu tr tn a NTFS. Ch tiu a (disk quota): qun l v gii hn dung lng a c th s dng. im phn tch li (Reparse point): dng cho nhiu c trng lu tr ca Windows 2000. im ci t a (Volume mount point): da trn cc im phn tch li cho php ngi qun tr x l kt hp th mc gc (root) ca mt a nh l cu trc folder ca mt a khc. File phn mnh (Sparse file): cho php to file rt ln (dng tt c dung lng a). Hiu chnh lin kt sp xp (Distributed link tracking): cung cp dch v hiu chnh lin kt bo m tnh ton vn ca shortcut. 3.3.5.1. PBS Partition Boot Sector
Boot sector ca a dng nh dng NTFS m t nh sau: Byte Offset 00h 03h 0Bh 24h 54h 01FEh Kch thc [byte] 3 8 25 48 426 2 M t Lnh nhy Tn nh sn xut BPB Extended BPB Bootstrap code Kt thc sector
Trong a NTFS, d liu trong trng BPB v trng BPB m rng cho php chng trnh np (Ntldr NT loader program) tm kim MFT trong sut qu trnh khi ng. Trn a NTFS, khng ging nh trong FAT, MFT khng c ch r trn mt
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sector xc nh trc. Do , MFT c th di chuyn sang v tr khc nu nh tn ti sector li ti v tr mc nh. Tuy nhin, khi d liu b sai, Windows NT/2000 s xem nh l a cha nh dng. Trng BPB v BPB m rng trn a NTFS m t nh sau: Byte OffsetKch thc [byte] M t 0Bh 2 S byte/sector 0Dh 1 S sector/cluster 0Eh 2 Sector d tr 10h 3 Lun bng 0 13h 2 Khng dng 15h 1 Media Descriptor 16h 2 Lun bng 0 18h 2 S sector/track 1Ah 2 S lng head 1Ch 4 Cc sector n 20h 4 Khng dng 24h 4 Khng dng 28h 8 Tng s sector 30h 8 S cluster vt l cho file $MFT 38h 8 S cluster vt l cho file $MFTMirr 40h 4 S Cluster/File Record Segment 44h 4 S Cluster/Index Block 48h 8 S serial ca a 50h 4 Checksum Mt v d ca a NTFS chy Windows 2000 nh sau: Byte 00h 0Ah: cha lnh nhy v OEM ID (Original Equipment Manufacturer Identification) (in m) Byte 0Bh 53h: BPB v BPB m rng. Phn cn li: m t khi ng v nh du kt thc sector (in m).
Physical Sector:Cyl 0, Side 1, Sector 1 00000000:EB 00000010:00 00000020:00 00000030:04 00000040:F6 00000050:00 00000060:8E 00000070:10 00000080:08 00000090:0F 52 00 00 00 00 00 D8 E8 CD B6 90 00 00 00 00 00 E8 53 13 D1 4E 00 00 00 00 00 16 00 73 80 54 00 80 00 01 FA 00 68 05 E2 46 F8 00 00 00 33 B8 00 B9 3F 53 00 80 00 00 C0 00 0D FF F7 20 00 00 00 00 8E 0D 68 FF E2 -20 -3F -4A -54 -14 -D0 -8E -6A -8A -86 20 00 F5 FF A5 BC C0 02 F1 CD 20 FF 7F 07 1B 00 33 CB 66 C0 00 00 00 00 74 7C DB 8A 0F ED 02 3F 00 00 C9 FB C6 16 B6 06 08 00 00 00 1B B8 06 24 C6 41 00 00 00 00 74 C0 0E 00 40 66 00 00 00 00 1C 07 00 B4 66 0F .R.NTFS ........ ........?...?... ........J....... ........T....... ...........t..t. .....3.....|.... ..........3..... ..S.h..hj....$.. ...s......f...@f .....?.......Af.
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..f..f....A..U. .$...r...U.u.... t......f`..f...f ....f;....:..fj .fP.Sfh.....>... ........>.....a. .B..$......fX [.. fXfX.-f3.f...... f......f..f....6 ......$......... ..............f ..........o...fa ................ .....<.t........ .....A disk read error occurred. ..NTLDR is missi ng...NTLDR is co mpressed...Press Ctrl+Alt+Del to restart........ ..............U.
3.3.5.2.
Hnh 3.16 - Cu trc ca MFT Mi file trn a NTFS i din bng mt bn ghi (record) trong mt file c bit gi l MFT. NTFS dnh ring 16 sector u tin cho cc thng tin c bit. Bn ghi u tin m t chnh MFT, sau l bn ghi MFT nh (MFT mirror record). Nu bn ghi u
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tin b sai th NTFS s c bn ghi th hai tm file MFT nh trong bn ghi u tin ca MFT nh ging ht nh trong MFT. V tr ca on d liu ca c hai file MFT v MFT nh c ghi li trong boot sector. Mt bn sao ca boot sector c lu tr ti v tr gia (vt l) ca a. Bn ghi th ba l log file dng cho mc ch khi phc file. Bn ghi th 17 v cc bn ghi pha sau dng cho mi file v th mc trong a. MFT cp mt khng gian no cho mi bn ghi. File v th mc nh (1500 byte hay nh hn) c th cha hon ton bn trong MFT. Thit k ny lm cho tc x l file nhanh hn. i vi h thng file FAT (dng FAT lit k tn v a ch ca mi file), mi im vo (entry) FAT cha mt ch s trong bng. Nh vy, tm mt file trong h thng FAT, u tin phi c bng nh v file m bo file tn ti. Sau , FAT ly file bng cch tm kim chui cc v tr c gn cho file. i vi NTFS, file s c ly ra ngay lp tc. Standard information File or directory name Security desciptor Data or index
Hnh 3.17 - Bn ghi MFT cho file nh v th mc Bn ghi th mc c cp ch trong MFT ging nh bn ghi file (th mc khng cha d liu m cha cc thng tin ch s). Bn ghi th mc nh c th cha hon ton bn trong cu trc MFT trong cc th mc ln hn s c cha di dng cy nh phn (B-tree) v dng con tr xc nh cc cluster cha cc mc khng cha trong cu trc MFT. 3.3.5.3. Phn loi file NTFS Thuc tnh file NTFS: NTFS quan nim mi file (hay folder) nh tp hp cc thuc tnh file. Cc phn t ca tp hp ny l tn file, cc thng tin bo mt file v c d liu trong file. Mi thuc tnh c xc nh bng m v tn thuc tnh. Khi cc thuc tnh cha trong bn ghi file MFT, chng c gi l cc thuc tnh ni tr (resident attribute). V d nh tn file v c tnh thi gian lun cha trong bn ghi file MFT. Nu cc thng tin ca file qu ln so vi bn ghi MFT, mt s thuc tnh ca chng phi l ngoi tr (nonresident). Cc thuc tnh ngoi tr c nh v trn mt hay nhiu cluster bt k no trn a. NTFS to thuc tnh Attribute List (danh sch thuc tnh) m t v tr ca tt c cc bn ghi thuc tnh.
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Cc thuc tnh nh ngha bng h thng file NTFS: Loi thuc tnh M t Thng tin chun c trng thi gian v s lng lin kt (Standard Information) Danh sch thuc tnh Danh sch v tr cc bn ghi thuc tnh khng cha trong MFT (Attribute List) Tn file (File Name) Tn file di c th n 255 k t Unicode, tn file ngn c dng 8.3, khng phn bit cha hoa v thng M t bo mt Xc nh tc gi v cc user c php x l file (Security Descriptor) D liu (Data) Cha d liu file. NTFS cho php nhiu thuc tnh d liu trn mi file. V c bn, mi file c mt thuc tnh d liu khng tn v c th c thm cc thuc tnh c t tn, mi thuc tnh c c php ring Nhn dng i tng Duy nht cho mi file, dng cho dch v hiu chnh lin kt v (Object ID) khng phi file no cng c thuc tnh ny Logged Tool Stream Tng t lung d liu nhng dng cho hot ng lu tr log file im phn tch li Cc im ci t a, dng cho IFS (Installable File System) (Reparse Point) Ch s gc (Index root) X l folder v cc ch s khc Ch s nh v (Index X l folder v cc ch s khc allocation) Bitmap X l folder v cc ch s khc Thng tin a (Volume Cha phin bn a information) Tn a (Volume name) Nhn a File h thng NTFS: File h thng l file lu tr d liu (metadata) ca h thng file v b sung thm cho h thng file. Cc file h thng c t trn a bng ng dng Format. File h thng MFT Tn file Bn ghi MFT $Mft 0 M t Cha mt bn ghi file c s cho mi file v folder trn a NTFS. Nu thng tin ln hn mt bn ghi n th s dng thm cc bn ghi khc. nh ca 4 bn ghi u tin ca MFT. Cha danh sch cc bc dng cho kh nng khi phc NTFS. Kch thc log file ph thuc vo kch thc a
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$MftMirr $LogFile
1 2
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(c th ti 4 MB). a $Volume 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Cha thng tin a nh nhn a v phin bn. Tn thuc tnh, s th t v m t. Folder gc M t cluster no s dng Bao gm BPB v m khi ng (bootstrap loader). Bad cluster ca a Cha cc m t bo mt ca file Chuyn ch thng thnh ch hoa thch hp vi k t Unicode. Dng cho cc mc ch m rng nh ch tiu a, im phn tch li v nhn dng i tng nh ngha $AttrDef thuc tnh Ch s tn $ file gc Cluster bitmap $Bitmap
Boot sector $Boot File cluster $BadClus xu Bo mt file $Secure Bng hoa ch $Upcase
1215 Dnh ring a lung d liu NTFS: NTFS h tr a lung d liu trong tn lung ng nht vi thuc tnh d liu mi ca file. Mi lung d liu, tp hp ca thuc tnh file, i din bng mt handle. c trng ny cho php qun l d liu nh cc n v ring l. Khi sao chp mt file trn a NTFS sang a FAT, cc lung d liu v cc thuc tnh khc khng h tr bi FAT s b mt. File nn NTFS: WinNT/2000 h tr nn file, folder ring l v ton b a NTFS. File nn trn a NTFS c th c / ghi bng cc ng dng trn nn Windows m khng cn gii nn bng cc chng trnh khc. Khi c file, file s c t ng gii nn v sau nn li mt ln na khi ng hay lu file. Thut ton nn trn NTFS h tr kch thc cluster ln ti 4 KB. Nu kch thc cluster ln hn 4 KB th khng s dng chc nng nn. Mi lung d liu NTFS cha cc thng tin xc nh c phn no ca lung c nn hay khng. H thng file m ha (EFS - Encrypting File System): Files and Folders (ch trong NTFS5): EFS cung cp k thut m ha file lu tr file trn a NTFS. EFS cung cp kh nng lu tr an ton, chng li s xm nhp t bn ngoi. User lm vic vi file v folder m ha ging nh vi cc file thng thng. H thng s t ng gii m khi x l file
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hay folder v sau s m ha li. Nu user khng c cp quyn th s khng th x l c file. EFS c cc li ch sau cho cc ng dng m ha ca hng th 3: + Trong sut i vi user v ng dng: user khng cn nh mt m gii m file. + bo mt t kha cao. + Cc qu trnh m ha / gii m thc hin ch nhn (kernel), trnh ri ro mt t kha. + Cung cp c ch khi phc d liu rt c gi tr trong mi trng thng mi, cho php khi phc d liu ngay c khi nhn vin m ha ri cng ty. User c th hin th cc c trng EFS bng cch dng lnh cipher.exe hay dng Windows Explorer (right-click trn file, chn th General, click nt Advanced).
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Sau , Windows yu cu user xc nh ch m ha mt file hay ton folder. Khi x l file, Windows s to ra mt bn sao n khng m ha v lm vic trn bn sao ny. Sau khi x l xong, Windows s cp nht file v xa bn sao. Bn sao ny chnh l mt l hng bo mt do n c lu tr dng khng m ha. Qu trnh m ha ton folder s gii quyt c vn ny. EFS: EFS kt hp k thut kha cng cng v m ha kha i xng bo v file. D liu trn file c m ha dng thut ton i xng. Kha m gi l kha m ha file (FEK File Encryption Key). FEK c m ha dng thut ton cng cng RSA (1024 bit) v lu tr trn file. Sau khi file m ha, ch c cc user c DDF v DRF ph hp mi c th x l file.
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K t Unicode File MFT Mirror v Sector u cuicng Chun v ty C C Khng C Khng Khng Khng C C Thp trn a nh Cao trn a ln Ln tin v
K t h thng Bn sao ca FAT Sector u tin Chun Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng
nh bn ghi h thng File MFT Mirror V tr boot sector Thuc tnh file Lung lin tc Nn M ha Cp quyn Ch tiu a File ri rc im phn tch li Hiu sut ton a T bo mt C Sector u cuicng Chun v ty C C C C C C C tin
Sector u tin Chun Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng
Hiu sut
Thp trn a Thp trn a ln ln Cao trn a nh Cao nh Trung bnh trn a
Nh trn a ln
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3.4.1.2. BIOS Vic truy xut a dng ngt 13h: Hm 00h 01h 02h 03h 04h 05h Chc nng Khi ng a c trng thi v tc v cui cng c sector Ghi sector Kim tra sector nh dng track
3.4.2. a cng Ging nh a mm, cc sector logic c th truy xut bng ngt 25h, 26h ca DOS. Cc sector vt l truy xut bng ngt 13h ca BIOS. Cc hm dng cho a cng nh sau: Hm 05h 06h 07h 08h 09h 0Ah 0Bh 0Ch 0Dh 0Eh 0Fh 10h 11h 19h Chc nng nh dng track v cylinder nh dng v nh du track xu nh dng v nh du a Xc nh cc thng s a Ci t thng s a c sector m rng Ghi sector m rng Tm kim Khi to a cng c b m sector Ghi b m sector Kim tra a xem sn sng cha Chun li a Nng u t c / ghi
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M li iu khin: M 00h Khng li 02h Khng c tn hiu tm kim 03h Li ghi 04h a khng sn sng 06h Khng tm ty track 0 10h Li ECC trong trng ID 11h Li ECC trong trng d liu 12h Khng c che a ch ID 13h Khng c che a ch d liu 14h Khng c trng ID 15h Li tm kim 16h Li b iu khin bn trong 17h Li DMA 18h Li d liu c th sa c Li
3.5. a quang
Ngy ny, a quang c s dng ph bin, chng c mt ghi thng tin cao hn a t thng thng. Cc a quang da trn cng mt cng ngh c s dng trong Compact Disc ghi m nn c gi tn l CD ROM. Nguyn l ch to: Cc a CD ROM c to ra bng cch dng mt tia laser mnh t chy cc hc ng knh 1 m trn mt a ch, t a ch ny s to ra cc khun to cc bn copy trn a cht do. Sau , ph mt lp nhm mng ln trn mt a v li ph mt lp cht do trong sut ln lp nhm bo v. Lp nhm c tc dng phn x tia laser. Cc hc nh c gi l pit, din tch khng b dt nng gi l land. Chng c phn x khc nhau nn c th phn bit c pit v land. T chc d liu: Thng tin trn CD ROM c ghi theo mt ng xon c duy nht v ghi thnh tng nhm 24 byte, mi byte c m rng thnh 14 bit bng cch dng m sa sai Reed Solomon. Ba bit c thm vo gia cc nhm v mt byte ng b c b sung to thnh 1 frame. 98 frame to thnh mt block cha 2 KB d liu. CD ROM c th cha 270,000 block tng ng vi dung lng 553 MB.
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Cc a CD ROM c c bng mt u d o nng lng phn x t b mt a khi chiu ln mt tia laser cng sut nh. D liu c c vi tc 75 inches/s, cho tc c d liu l 153.6 KBps. WORM (Write Once Read Many): Cc CD ROM m t nh trn khng th ghi c, do th h a quang th hai ra i, l WORM. Thit b ny cho php ngi s dng t mnh ghi thng tin nhng sau khi to ra cc pit th khng th thay i c na. C ch ghi ca WORM c 2 loi ty vo cu trc b mt: + Lp ph a vng b t nng s bay hi v lm l ra b mt ca vng a di khng cn lp ph. Hai vng ny c h s phn x khc nhau nn lu tr bit khc nhau. + cui qu trnh ghi bng xung laser, lp ph a b chy ra s c lm lnh nhanh v kt rn li dng v nh hnh. Lp ny s c h s phn x khc vi lp ph c. a quang t (Magneto Optical): Cc a quang th h th 3 l nhng mi trng quang hc c th xa c. a c mt lp ph ng nht lm bng vt liu hp kim latan st t. Khi tia laser phn cc t b mt a, hng phn cc ca tia phn x c quay ph thuc vo mc nhim t ca b mt. Khi cn ghi mt bit ln a, mt xung laser ngn v mnh s t b mt a vng cn thit lm mc nhim t ca vng ny bng 0. Cng lc , mt nam chm pht ra t trng c hng ph thuc vo bit cn ghi l 0 hay 1.Hng ca t trng s xc nh hng ca cc domain t trong vng b t nng khi c lm lnh xung. Khi c mt bit, tia laser s qut b mt a v h phn cc s nhy vi hng phn cc ca tia phn x. Nu chiu tia laser trn vng ghi d liu, hng ca mt phng phn cc tia phn x ph thuc vo hng ca cc domain t. T , nh sng s c th ti b lc phn cc (ng vi mc 1) hay khng (ng vi mc 0). xa d liu, ta phi lm nng cc im xc nh vi hng ph hp ca t trng.
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