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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

EVOLUTION OF IBM MAINFRAME STRUCTURE

WHY MAINFRAMES?

MAINFRAME OPERATING SYSTEMS

LARGE SYSTEMS COMPONENTS

CATEGORIES OF PROGRAMMING

THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Mainframes

• Oldest form of computer

• Expensive and powerful

• Small, Medium, and Large-Program handling

• Uniprocessor; high-speed storage

• Can be shared by a wide variety of users

• System/360, 370, 390 from IBM

EVOLUTION OF IBM MAINFRAME STRUCTURE

IBM Mainframe designs have compatible evolution based on System/360,and extended
through System/370, System/370-XA, and now System/390. Prior to system/360, which was
developed in 1964, there were different families of different systems for scientific computing
and commercial data processing

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WHY MAINFRAMES?

• Can handle large volumes of data

• Have high processing power
• Provide centralized administration and storage
• Offer superior data management capabilities
• Can handle different types of workload
• Have high data bandwidth
• Monitor data integrity and security

MVS Evolution

• 1961 OS 360 PCP (Primary Control Program)

• 1966 OS/MFT (Multiprogramming with a Fixed number of Tasks)

OS/MVT

• 1972 OS/VS1, OS/VS2 R1 (SVS) (SYSTEM/370 OR OS/VS)

• 1974 OS/VS2 R2 (MVS) ((Multiple Virtual Storage)
• 1983 MVS/XA (MVS Extended Architecture)
• 1988 MVS/ESA (MVS Enterprise System Architecture)
• 1995 MVS/ESA 5.2.2
• 1996 OS/390 1.1
• 1998 OS/390 2.6

MAINFRAME OPERATING SYSTEMS

MVS/XA, MVS/ESA, OS/390

• Suitable for production environment

• Transaction processing

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• Time sharing
• Program development
• Virtual storage concept
• Multiprogramming, Spooling, time sharing and batch processing
• Addressing capacity
• Supports bimodal processing

OS/390

Prior to OS/390, the System/390 world consisted of tons of different products that had to be
ordered, installed and maintained separately. The products were updated in different release
cycles.

OS/390 An Integrated Solution

The OS/390 system builds on the strengths of MVS/ESA and provides a complete network-
ready server environment.

LARGE SYSTEMS COMPONENTS

Hardware

• Central Electronic Complex

• Central processors
• System controller
• Central storage
• Expanded storage
• Channel subsystem

INPUT/OUTPUT

• Control units
• Devices: DASD, tape, printer

Communication Subsystem

• Communication controllers
• Cluster controllers
• Terminals
• Multiplxess, modems

SOFTWARE

• Operating system (like MVS/ESA)

• System applications
• Job entry subsystem
• Communication software
• Batch applications
• DB/DC Applications
• Storage management subsystem

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CATEGORIES OF PROGRAMMING

• Batch programming
• Interactive programming

Batch Programming

• Accepts data for processing in groups called batches and produces o/p grouped into
sets.
• Do not communicate with any user as they execute
• Once started, supervised by the computer's OS

Interactive programming

• Designed to communicate with users as they run

• Issues messages and prompts
• Allow the end user to communicate new info or change existing info
• Adapted with CICS

THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Operating System is a maser system program that controls a computer system. When there
are a number of jobs to be run in a batch processing, instructions are written to OS among
other things,

• Performs system scheduling tasks

• Handles system interruptions
• Monitors system status

The Functions of OS are

System Management

• Starts and shut down the system

• Manages network interfaces
• Prioritizes the work in TSO mode
• Job processing
• Security management

Resources Management

• Decides which devices to be accessed by the CPU

• Prioritizes the work for the devices
• Manages the CPU for the optimum usage
• Establishes the connectivity.
• Loads compilers, applications
• Manages the library routines

Memory management

• Allocation of memory

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• De allocation of memory
• Fragmentation and garbage collection
• Paging and segmentation.

File Management

• CREATE
• DELETE
• COPY
• MERGE
• VIEW
• ADD
• EDIT
• PRINT
• OPEN
• CLOSE

System Overview

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CONCEPT OF MAINFRAME

CPC

UNIPROCESSOR

MULTIPROCESSING

MULTIPROGRAMMING

CENTRAL STORAGE

VIRTUAL STORAGE

PAGING

THRESHOLD QUEUES

PAGE STEALING

PAGE OUT

PAGE FAULT

PAGE IN

SWAPPING

SWAP OUT

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ADDRESS SPACE

CPC

The Central Processor Complex (CPC) consists of the central processor and channel
subsystems and the storage as the hardware and the system application programs, user
programs and other tools as the software. The primary program executing on the system is
the Operating System (OS).

UNIPROCESSOR

The CPC processing only one instruction at a time is called uniprocessor system. The OS
manages the instructions to be performed and the resources required by the program. Thus
having only a single copy of the OS operating system running under single processor is called
a uniprocessor. Though it is simple, no backups can be taken in case of system failure.

MULTIPROCESSING

Under one operating system multiple processors can be connected so that simultaneous
processes take place, the processors share the central storage and I/O configuration.

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MULTIPROGRAMMING

With multi programming, multiple programs have to reside in the central storage. When one
program is waiting for I/O operation to complete, the system can interrupt that program, store
the information about the program so that the next ready to Execute program gets executed.
Once the I/O operation is over, the interrupted Program gets executed from the point it got
interrupted.

CENTRAL STORAGE

The processor storage where the instruction and data it references must reside, for the
instruction to be processed is called the central storage. It is divided in to separate areas
called the frames of 4K bytes and each area is identified by a unique address space. Faster
access and better performance but the available central storage is very limited.
VIRTUAL STORAGE

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Virtual storage is the range of addresses available for the users, where the programs that have
capacity, more than the central storage can reside. It is divided in to equal areas of 4K called
PAGES.

The SVS (Single Virtual Storage) is the first virtual storage that was available to the users. For
24 bit addressing 16 Mega byte addresses is available.

The MVS (Multiple Virtual Storage) was introduced, where each user was given a 16 Mega byte
address space.

PAGING

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At the time of execution the pages from the virtual storage is transferred to the central
storage frame and the inactive pages from central storage frame is put back to the Auxiliary
storage slot or Expanded storage frame. This process of moving the pages into and out of
central storage is called Paging.

THRESHOLD QUEUES

The central storage maintains a queue of frames in order to ensure that a frame is available at
the time of allocation. Hence a threshold of frames are reserved for the purpose. When the
actually available frames falls below this number, page stealing takes place and when it goes
above the threshold the stealing is stopped.

PAGE STEALING
It is the process of monitoring the central storage periodically and placing the least recently
used page in the available frame queue. The SRM (System Resource Manager) checks the
reference bit and maintains a record of how long a page has not been referenced and sets the
reference bit to OFF after a certain amount of time. Theses least recently used frames are
more prone to be stolen. When a frame with change bit is ON, then it should be saved.
PAGE OUT

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The least referenced pages are thus sent to the expanded storage or auxiliary storage in order
to maintain the threshold value of available frame queue. This process of transferring the page
from the central storage is called the Page Out.
PAGE FAULT

When a page is stolen its entry in the page table is marked invalid. A page fault occurs when
DAT tries to convert a virtual address to real address to reference the stolen page.

PAGE IN

When a page fault occurs, an available central storage frame is allocated for the requested
page and DAT has the capability to bring the page to the central storage from the expanded
storage or the auxiliary storage.
SWAPPING

Swapping is the movement of address spaces from and to the central storage depending on the
current load on the system.

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SWAP OUT

Swap out is the movement of the address space from the central storage to the expanded
storage or auxiliary storage. If a user is waiting for input or output for a long duration then the
SRM (System Resource Manager) takes out the address space from central storage frame.
ADDRESS SPACE

• A 2-gigabyte range of virtual address is called an address space. An address space is

provides the capability for a program to address up to 2 GB of virtual storage. An
address space represents a user in the system.
• Frames of central storage will be occupied by pages from many different address
spaces.
• The address space provides the addressing structure that will be used by programs
mapped into that address space. The address space addresses are virtual addresses.
• As the program executes, the virtual addresses will be converted to real addresses.
• The system area called the common area maps the executable MVS code and the
control blocks and work areas needed by all address spaces in the system. The
common area is mapped around the 16 MB line.
• MYPROG will be mapped into an address space and will probably use only a small part
of the 2-gigabyte addressing range.
• My address space has addressability to MVS system functions, such as the nucleus and
the link pack areas that are mapped in the common area of every address space.

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