Infiltration - generally caused by poor placement of a needle or angiocath of the vessel lumen.

Sign and Symtoms: -Inflammation at insertion site -Blanching and coolness at site -Damp or wet dressing -Slowed or stopped infusion -No back Flow Nursing Intervention: -warm compress -pain scale rating -consult the physician

Embolism (Pulmonary) - Its associated with venous access devices is usually the result of the thrombus that has become detached from the wall of the vein. (Air) - Occur with the insertion of an IV Catheter during manipulation of two catheter or catheter site when the device is remove, or when IV associated with the catheter are disconnected. (Catheter) -The tip of the needle used during the placement of the catheter can shear off the tip of the catheter. Causes:

- Empty Solution container - Next container pushes air downline - Tubing disconnected from venous access device or IV Bag. Sign & Symptomps: - Sudden vascular collapse - Resp. Distress - Unequal breath sounds - Weak Pulse Nursing Intervention: - Discontinue Infusion - Place the pt. in trendelenburg position on his left to allow air to enter the right atrium & dispense through the pulmonary artery. - Administer O2 as needed - Notify the physician.

Hematoma - Occurs when there is leakage blood from the vessel into the surounding soft tissue. Causes: - Coagulation defects - Inappropriate use of torniquet - Unsuccessful Insertion attempts - Little pressure upon removal of the cannula Nsg. Intervention: - Frequent assessment of the insertion site. - Upon insertion, slowly advance the needle to prevent puncturing both vein walls. - discontinue therapy if edema occurs - apply pressure for at least 5 minutes

Systemic Infection - Is the successful transmission or encounter of host with potentially pathogenic organism. Caused By: - Staphylococcus Aureus - Klebsiella - Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Sign & Symptomps - Fever & Chills - Malaise Causes: - Failure to maintain aseptic technique - Severe Phlebitis - Poor Taping - Prolonged Indwelling - Immunocompromised Patient Nursing Intervention: - Notify the physician - Adm. medication as prescribed -Monitor VS - Secure all connectors

Speed Shock - Rapid introduction of a foreign substance, usually a medication, into the circulation. Sign & Symptomps - Flushed face - Headache

- Tight feeling in chest - Irregular pulse - LOC (extreme cases) Nursing Intervention: - Stop infusion - Careful monitoring IV flow rate maintain prescribed rate. - Use of IV pumps when indicated. - Begin infusion of 5% dextrose at KVO -Notify the physician

Circulatory Overload - An excess of fluid disrupting homeostasis caused by infusion at a rate greater the patients system is able to accomodate. Causes: - Roller clamp loosened to allow run on infusion - Flow rate too rapid - Miscalculation of fluid requirement Sign & Symptoms: - Shortness of breath - Elevate BP - Bounding pulse - Jugular Vein distention - Increase resp. rate - Edema Nursing Intervention: - Raise the head of the bed - Slow the infusion - Administer O2 as needed - Monitor VS - Administer medication as ordered

- Notify the Physician