Sophie Punte Executive Director Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities

Seoul

Bangkok

By 2015, the number of megacities is projected to grow to 36...

Mumbai

Jakarta

Shanghai

...23 of these megacities will be located in Asia.

- World Resources Institute
Delhi

Beijing

Tokyo

44 million
people added to Asian cities every year

120,000
people a day

$100 billion
needed per year for urban environmental infrastructure in Asia

Consequences of Rapid Urbanization?

home
Lack of integration between land-use planning and transport planning resulting in: environmental pressures (air, water, land) intense energy and fuel use traffic congestion

work

play

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What do cities What do cities need? need?

Vision for a sustainable city Low emissions urban development
Increase access on climate funds and communicate to potential investors

Understand the impact of urban development on energy use and emissions and quickly identify priorities for intervention

Improve cooperation among relevant government agencies

Rapid Assessment of City Emissions Tool

About the Low Emission Cities Project

Development and application of the rapid assessment for city emissions (RACE) tool in selected Asian cities covering:
Energy use in industrial,

commercial, residential buildings and transport

Land use and transport integration

Rapid Assessment of City Emissions (RACE) Tool

Calculates emissions from transport & buildings using top-down and bottom-up approaches

Provides flexibility on data requirements from the basic to most complicated set of data
Incorporates land-use diversity in the emissions calculations (CO2, PM, NOx) Integrates spatial form with calculation of energy and transport emissions Uses default values from internationally accepted literature Visualizes results on the form of GIS maps for scenario-building

Ho Chi Minh 2010

Transport (Actual)

Land Use per Building Type

Land Use per Building Type

Commercial

Land Use per Building Type

Commercial

Industrial

Land Use per Building Type

Commercial

Industrial

Residential

500 x 500m GRID

Land Use Factors Affecting Transportation

Diversity of land use

Density of population

Design of city

Distance to transit

Destination

access (to
employment centers)

Calculating Emissions from Transport

A
Activity

S
Structure

I
Intensity

F
Fuel

TRIPS km

TRANSPORT mode

FUEL + ELECTRICITY use

EMISSION FACTORS

CO2 PM NOX
Source: Schipper et al. 1999. Flexing the Link. Reducing Carbon Emissions from Transportation in Developing Countries

Calculating Emissions from Transport

A
Population density

Area or units/ building type ITE Trip generation rates Trip generated per building type Ratio of residential trips to other trips Trip internalization Adjusted number of trips

City public transport mode share Ratio of roads with public transport in the zone Public transport Rating/zone City walking modeshare Walkability rating/zone City cycling modeshare Cyclability rating/zone Cycling modeshare/zone Walking modeshare/ zone Public transport modeshare/zone

S
Non-private transport modeshare/zone Private transport modeshare/zone

Trip rate normalizing factor

Average trip length: local data Distance to CBD Trip distance based on density: UITP Database Average trip length

Passenger km

Car, 2W, other: modeshare

Passenger transport emissions

Fuel efficiency By mode and fuel type Zonal average speed

Adjusted fuel efficiency by mode and fuel type

Emission factor per mode and fuel per pollutant

Calculating Emissions from Buildings \

A
Activity

S
Structure

I
Intensity

F
Fuel

FLOOR AREA m2

BUILDING type

ELECTRICITY + FUEL use

EMISSION FACTORS

CO2 PM NOX
Source: Schipper et al. 1999. Flexing the Link. Reducing Carbon Emissions from Transportation in Developing Countries

Calculating Emissions from Buildings

Electricity generated by plant type Heat rate per plant type Emission factor per plant type per pollutant Official electricity consumption stats Gross floor area per building type Total grid electricity energy consumption by building type Electricity grid emission factors per type of pollutant Emissions from grid electricity consumption per pollutant type by building type Adjusted grid electricity consumption by building type

Area occupied by each building type Floor area ratio by each building type

Emissions per Building Type

Emissions from non-grid electricity energy consumption per pollutant type by building type

Average energy consumption per building type per energy type

Total non-grid electricity energy consumption by building type, by fuel type Emission factor by fuel type by pollutant type

Summary Results of Data Calculations

Vehicle and Passenger kms

Fuel Consumption
Energy Consumption CO2 (tons)

PM (tons)
NOx (tons) Energy and Emission Indicators (per PKM) Energy and Emission Indicators (per VKM)

Injuries and Fatalities

Fuel Consumption

Scenarios

Baseline Scenario (2011) For buildings & transport: Electricity Fuel CO2 PM NOx

Business-as-Usual Scenario (2030)

Alternative Development Scenario (2030)

Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City: Rapid urban growth

2000

2011

Baseline 2011: Population Distribution

Baseline 2011: 10-storey Residential Building Areas

Baseline 2011: High-Rise Residential Building Areas

Baseline 2011: Medium-Rise Residential Building Areas

Baseline 2011: Low-Rise Residential Building Areas

Baseline 2011: Residential Building Area

Baseline 2011: Large Industrial Complexes Building Areas

Baseline 2011: Industrial Estates Building Areas

Baseline 2011: Small + Medium Size Factories Building Areas

Baseline 2011: Industrial Building Areas

Baseline 2011: Total Building Area (m2)

Baseline 2011: HCMC Distribution of Total Building Area

Inner City Outer Core Suburban Outer Suburban

30% 46%

27%

28%

Baseline 2011: HCMC Total Building Area

Residential Buildings Mixed Use Buildings Commercial Buildings Industrial Buildings Institutional Buildings

6.8%

27.6% 60.5% 4.1% 1.0%

Scenarios
BAU 2030

Baseline 2011

Energy: +% CO2 emissions: +%

Alternative Development 2030

Energy transport: 1.3 million TOE Electricity: 15 million MWh CO2 emissions transport: 4.3 million tons CO2 emissions electricity: 6.1 million tons
Energy: +% CO2 emissions: +%

What investments are needed?

For low emission urban development, investments must be directed towards helping cities address the root cause of transport and land use problems rather than their symptoms Encourage mixed land-use development to reduce motorized trips and trip lengths Increase investments in public transport systems Improve non-motorized transport infrastructure (e.g., biking paths, pedestrian sidewalks) Invest and/or prioritize cleaner energy sources

Encourage energy-efficient buildings

Next Steps
Integrating land use and transport planning is a must for low emission urban development!
1. 2. 3.

4.

Determine land use characteristics (current & land use) Calculate transport emissions based on land use Plan for integrated land use and transport measures (e.g., promote mixed land use, increase public transport, improved NMT infrastructure) Communicate this visually (using GIS maps) to stakeholders

Steps 1 and 2 need not take years to do. Applying a rapid assessment tools such as RACE entails
3 to 4 months of

work investment of about US $80,000

For More Information

CAI-Asia Center
center@cai-asia.org Unit 3505 Robinsons-Equitable Tower ADB Avenue, Pasig City Metro Manila 1605 Philippines

Chreod Ltd.
Edward Leman President, Chreod Ltd. Toronto tel: 1-416-966-1144 Shanghai tel: (86-21) 5301-3701 leman@chreod.com www.Chreod.com

www.cleanairinitiative.org

cpo@cai-asia.org 901A Reignwood Building, No. 8 YongAnDongLi Jianguomenwai Avenue Beijing China

CAI-Asia China Office

india@cai-asia.org 257 Regus Elegance Elegance Tower, Mathura Road, Jasola Vihar, New Delhi India

CAI-Asia India Office

CAI-Asia Country Networks

China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka

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