Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pengungkapan suatu kejadian/aktivitas atau fakta baik melalui tulisan (writing) maupun percakapan (speaking) pada umumnya mengikuti pola sebagai berikut: Subject + Verb/Predicate + Object + Modifier Dalam bahasa Inggris, pengungkapan kejadian/aktivitas atau fakta tersebut selalu berpatokan pada tensis. Dengan tensis, pembaca atau pendengar akan mengetahui kapan kejadian/aktivitas atau fakta tersebut terjadi; Apakah sedang berlangsung pada saat sekarang (present continuous tense), apakah terjadi di masa lampau (past tense), apakah sedang berlangsung di masa lampau (past continuous tense), apakah akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang (future tense), dan seterusnya. Ada 16 tensis dalam bahasa Inggris, yaitu: 1. Simple present tense 2. Present continuous tense 3. Simple past tense 4. Past continuous tense 5. Present perfect tense 6. Present perfect continuous tense 7. Past perfect tense 8. Past perfect continuous tense 9. Simple future tense 10. Future continuous tense 11. Future perfect tense 12. Future perfect continuous tense 13. Past future tense 14. Past future continuous tense 15. Past future perfect tense 16. Past future perfect continuous tense Pada tabel di bawah secara berturut-turut diberikan contoh untuk tiap-tiap tensis. Perhatikan perubahan verb atau verb phrase seiring dengan berubahnya keterangan waktu. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Subject We We We We We We We We We We We We We We We We Verb/Predicate study are studying studied were studying have studied have been studying had studied had been studying will study will be studying will have studied will have been studying would study would be studying would have studied would have been studying Object English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English Modifier everyday. now. last night. when she came last night. for 3 hours. for 3 hours. for 3 hours when she came last night. for 3 hours when she came last night. tomorrow. when she comes tomorrow. for 3 hours when she comes tomorrow. for 3 hours when she comes tomorrow. when she came last night. when she came last night. for 3 hours when she came last night. for 3 hours when she came last night. 1
Note: Khusus untuk contoh 5&6, 7&8, 11&12, dan 15&16 keterangan waktunya sama. Kenapa? Mari kita bahas tiap tensis satu per satu.
Verb1 + es goes does boxes watches pinches studies cries flies tries presses passes brushes bathes washes
Meaning pergi melakukan/mengerjakan bertinju menonton mencubit belajar menangis terbang mencoba menekan, tindis lulus, meloloskan menyikat mandi mencuci
Huruf y yang didahului oleh konsonan berubah menjadi i (Lihat: studies, tries, cries). Verb have (mempunyai) berubah secara tidak beraturan menjadi has. 2
Pertanyaan berikutnya adalah kapan simple present tense digunakan? Simple present tense digunakan: 1. untuk menyatakan kejadian-kejadian yang terjadi secara reguler (regular happening). Contoh: 1. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. (Matahari terbit di timur dan tenggelam di barat). 2. The full moon comes every 30 days. (Purnama datang tiap 30 hari). 3. The planet earth takes 365 days to rotate the sun. (Planet bumi butuh 365 hari untuk mengelilingi matahari). 2. untuk menyatakan kebiasan-kebiasaan yang dilakukan oleh subject kalimat (habitual action); Kebiasaan-kebiasaan tersebut masih berlangsung sampai sekarang dan (mungkin) akan terus berlanjut ke masa yang akan datang (future). Contoh: 1. My son always goes to school on foot. (Putra saya selalu pergi ke sekolah dengan berjalan kaki). 2. Mr. Bain usually plays badminton every Sunday morning but he did not show up last Sunday. (Mr Bain biasanya main bulutangkis tiap minggu pagi tetapi dia tidak muncul (tidak main) hari Minggu yang lalu). 3. Mr. Budi always drives a car to the office. (Mr. Budi selalu mengendarai mobil ke kantor). 3. Untuk menyatakan argumen atau teori yang sudah diakui kebenarannya. Contoh: 1. The prices of goods always increase when the good availabilities drop in market. (Harga-harga barang selalu naik ketika ketersedianya di pasar menurun). 2. Solar radiation is required during photosynthesis. (Radiasi surya dibutuhkan selama proses fotosintesis). 3. Twenty-five devided by five is equal to five. (25 dibagi 5 sama dengan 5). 4. Untuk menyatakan/mengekspresikan keadaan atau kondisi seseorang atau sesuatu pada saat sekarang (pada saat diekspresikan). Verbs untuk mengekspresikan seseorang atau sesuatu ini terkait dengan proses/keadaan di dalam otak, terkait dengan perasaan, terkait dengan panca indera, dan terkait dengan kepemilikan. Verbs seperti ini secara kolektif disebut Stative Verbs. Verbs ini sering kita gunakan atau dengar dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Jadi, perhatikan dan hafalkan verbs dalam tabel berikut! Terkait dengan proses/keadaan di dalam otak know (tahu) doubt (meragukan) believe (percaya) need (memerlukan/butuh) understand (mengerti/paham) prefer (lebih suka) imagine (membayangkan) mean (berarti) think (berfikir/mengira/kira) forget (melupakan/lupa) recognize (mengenali) remember (mengingat/ingat) Terkait dengan perasaan hate (benci) like (suka) love (cinta) want (menginginkan/ingin) Terkait dengan panca indera hear (mendengar) sound (terdengar) 3
see (melihat) smell (mencium/tercium) appear (muncul) have (mempunyai) own (mempunyai)
look (melihat/tampak) seem (tampak) taste (merasakan/terasa) Terkait dengan kepemilikan possess (mempunyai) belong (milik)
Note: Stative verbs bersifat pasif dan tidak digunakan dalam continuous tenses. Tetapi, beberapa stative verbs juga dapat bersifat aktif , bermakna sedikit berbeda dengan stative verbs, dan dalam hal ini, dapat digunakan dalam continuous tenses. Perbedaan penggunaan verbs bersifat pasif dan aktif ini dibahas secara lebih detail di topik Simple present tense vs present continous tense. Contoh: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. I think I know him. (Saya kira/rasa saya tahu dia). I understand English better now. (Saya paham bahasa Inggris dengan lebih baik sekarang). I love you very much. (Saya sangat mencintai kamu). The song sounds good but I cannot catch every single word in it. (Lagu itu terdengar manis tapi saya tidak dapat menangkap satu kata pun dari lagu itu). The snack tastes so delicious. (Camilan itu terasa begitu lezat). I believe you. (Saya percaya kamu). The tragic accident sometimes appears in my mind. (Kecelakaan tragis itu kadang-kadang muncul di benak saya). She has two dogs and one cat. (Dia punya dua anjing dan satu kucing), etc.
5. Untuk menyatakan fakta yang ada sekarang. Penekanannya lebih pada adanya fakta, bukan pada proses terjadinya fakta.Verb yang sering digunakan di sini antara lain: consist of, contain, include, exist, cost, be (i.e: is, am, dan are, atau be jika mengikuti modal auxiliary). Contoh: 1. She weighs more than 100 kg. She is very fat. (Dia beratnya lebih dari 100 kg. Dia sangat gemuk). 2. I want to buy these shoes. How much do they cost? (Saya mau beli sepatu ini. Berapa harganya?). 3. Cigarettes contain a lot of nicotine and other harmful substances. (Rokok-rokok mengandung banyak nikotin dan zat-zat berbahaya lainnya). 6. Untuk membuat request (permintaan/minta tolong) dan command (perintah).
Contoh: 1. May I borrow your pen, please? (Boleh saya pinjam pulpenmu?). 2. Make teams that consist of 5 people each! (Buatlah tim yang masing-masing terdiri dari 5 orang). Note: Dalam simple present tense, sering digunakan adverb seperti: always (selalu), often (sering), usually (biasanya), sometimes (kadang-kadang), seldom (jarang), never (tidak pernah). Adverbs ini biasanya ditempatkan diantara subject dan verb. Tetapi jika kalimat menggunakan be, adverb ditempatkan setelah be (Lihat contoh 4). Walaupun disisipi adverb, bentuk verb tidak berubah. Artinya, jika subject-nya singular (orang ketiga tunggal), verbnya tetap singular (Lihat contoh 5). Selain adverbs, simple present tense juga sering disisipi modal auxilliary seperti can (dapat), may 4
(boleh, mungkin), dan must (harus). (Lihat contoh 6). Dan ingat, gunakan plural verb setelah modal auxilliary. Singular verb tidak pernah digunakan setelah modal auxiliary (Lihat contoh 7). Penggunaan modal auxilliary akan dibahas secara khusus pada posting berikutnya. Contoh : 1. I usually watch Hollywood movies to maintain my English proficiency. (Saya biasanya nonton film-film Hollywood untuk mempertahankan kemampuan bahasa Inggris saya). 2. They always arrive on time. (Mereka selalu tiba tepat waktu). 3. My children sometimes go to Kuta Beach to practice their English. (Anak-anak saya kadangkadang pergi ke pantai Kuta untuk melatih bahasa Ingggrisnya). 4. He is never late. (Dia tak pernah telat). 5. Because he seldom studies hard, he seldom gets good results. (Karena dia jarang belajar keras, dia jarang dapat nilai bagus). 6. Can I go now? No, you cant. You must stay here until we finish doing our homework. (Dapat saya pergi sekarang? Tidak. Kamu harus tetap di sini sampai kita selesai mengerjakan PR kita). 7. He must go to see a doctor now. (Dia harus pergi ke dokter sekarang).
Negative Form
Bentuk negatif dari kalimat dalam Simple Present Tense dibuat dengan menambahkan kata bantu do atau does (tergantung dari subject kalimat) dan not, seperti terlihat dalam formula berikut, Subject + (does/do) + not + Verb1 + Object + Modifier Note: a) Jika kalimat positifnya menggunakan singular verb (i.e. verb1 + s/es), gunakan kata bantu does sebelum not dan jangan lupa untuk merubah singgular verb tersebut menjadi verb1. Does not dapat disingkat doesnt dan do not dapat disingkat dont. b) Jika kalimat positifnya menggunakan be (i.e. is, am atau are), kata bantu do atau does tidak diperlukan. Yang perlu dilakukan di sini hanyalah menyisipkan not setelah be, yang masing-masing dapat disingkat menjadi isnt/ arent. Kontraksi am + not adalah aint, tetapi jangan gunakan kontraksi ini dalam tulisan/percakapan formal karena sangat tidak formal.
Contoh: 1. The sun does not rise in the west and does not set in the east. (Matahari tidak terbit di barat dan tidak tenggelam di timur). 2. The full moon does not come every 15 days. (Purnama tidak datang tiap 15 hari). 3. The planet earth does not take 400 days to rotate the sun. (Planet bumi tidak butuh 400 hari untuk mengelilingi matahari). 4. My son does not always go to school on foot. (Putraku tidak selalu pergi ke sekolah dengan berjalan kaki). 5. Mr. Bain does not always play badminton every Sunday morning. (Mr Bain tidak selalu main bulutangkis tiap minggu pagi). 6. Mr. Budi does not always drive a car to the office. (Mr. Budi tidak selalu naik mobil ke kantor). 7. I do not believe you. (Saya tidak percaya kamu). 8. I do not understand English better now. (Saya tidak memahami bahasa Inggris dengan lebih baik sekarang). 9. The song does not sound good but I can catch every single word in it. (Lagu itu tidak terdengar manis tapi saya dapat menangkap setiap kata di lagu itu). 10. The snack does not taste good. (Camilan itu tidak terasa lezat). 11. I do not love you very much. (Saya tidak sangat cinta kamu). 5
12. I do not always watch Hollywood movies to maintain my English proficiency. (Saya tidak selalu nonton film-film Hollywood untuk mempertahankan kemampuan bahasa Inggrisku). 13. My children do not always practice their English every Saturday night. (Anak-anakku tidak selalu melatih bahasa Ingggrisnya setiap sabtu malam). 14. He is never late. (Dia tak pernah telat). 15. Although he does not always study hard, he always gets good results. (Walaupun dia tidak selalu belajar keras, dia selalu memperoleh nilai bagus).
Yes/No Questions
Yes/No Questions untuk Simple Present Tense dibuat dengan menempatkan kata bantu does/do atau be is/am/are sebelum subject. Perhatikan formula berikut: Does/Do + Subject + Verb1 + Object + Modifier? Contoh: 1. Do farmers in Jati Bali grow rice crops twice a year? (Apakah petani-petani di Jati Bali bercocok tanam padi dua kali setahun?). 2. Do some students usually conduct research on vegetative plant propagations? (Apakah beberapa siswa biasanya melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif?). 3. Does transpiration start to increase at 8 a.m? (Apakah transpirasi mulai meningkat jam 8 pagi?). Pola di atas khusus untuk positive yes/no questions. Cara membuat negative yes/no questions, questions tag, information questions, dan embedded questions dibahas secara detail di topik How to Address Questions.
3. I am discussing English with my colleagues now. (Saya sedang mendiskusikan bahasa Inggris dengan teman-teman kerja saya sekarang). 4. They are playing football now. (Mereka sedang main sepakbola sekarang). 5. James, the gardener, is watering plants now. (James, si tukang kebun, sedang menyirami tanaman sekarang). 2. Present continuous tense juga digunakan untuk menyatakan dua atau lebih aktivitas yang SEDANG berlangsung secara bersamaan. Aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung tersebut biasanya dihubungkan dengan conjunction while dan and. Contoh: 1. What are your two little sisters doing now? Are they studying? Yes mom, they are both studying. Ririn is studying the present continuous tense while Rini is solving math problems. (little = adik, math problems = soal-soal matematika). 2. Are your parents at home? Yes, they are. My father is reading newspapers in the living room and my mom is cooking in the kitchen.
Negative Form
Bentuk negatif dari kalimat dalam Present Continuous Tense dibuat dengan menambahkan NOT di belakang be (is/am/are), seperti yang terlihat dalam formula berikut: Subject + (is/ am/are) + not + (Verb1+ing) + Object + Modifier Contoh: 1. We are not studying English now. (Kita tidak sedang belajar bahasa Inggris sekarang). 2. She is not listening to the music now. (Dia tidak sedang mendengarkan musik sekarang). 3. I am not discussing English with my colleagues at the moment. (Saya tidak sedang mendiskusikan bahasa Inggris dengan teman-teman kerjaku sekarang). 4. They are not playing football now. (Mereka tidak sedang main bola sekarang). 5. James, the gardener, is not watering the plants now. (James, si tukang kebun, tidak sedang menyirami tanaman sekarang). 6. I am not writing this note while my wife is not washing clothes. (Saya tidak sedang menulis catatan ini, sementara istri saya sedang mencuci pakaian).
Yes/No Questions
Yes/No Questions untuk Present Continuous Tense dibuat dengan menempatkan be (is/am/are) di depan subject, seperti tampak pada pola berikut: (Is/Am/Are) + Subject + (Verb1+ ing) + Object + Modifier Contoh: 1. Are we studying English at the moment? (Apakah kita sedang belajar bahasa Inggris sekarang?). 2. Is she listening to the music now? (Apakah dia sedang mendengarkan musik sekarang?). 3. Am I discussing English with my colleagues now? (Apakah saya sedang mendiskusikan bahasa Inggris dengan teman-teman kerja saya sekarang?). 4. Are they not playing football now? (Apakah mereka tidak sedang main bola sekarang). 5. Is James, the gardener, not watering the plants now? (Apakah James, si tukang kebun, tidak sedang menyirami tanaman sekarang?). 7
The plants are being watered by the gardener now. (Tanaman-tanaman itu SEDANG disiram oleh tukang kebun sekarang). The plants are watered by the gardener everyday. (Tanaman-tanaman itu disiram oleh tukang kebun tiap hari). The white board is being erased by Andi. (Papan tulis SEDANG dihapus oleh Andi). Sometimes, the white board is erased by Andi. (Kadang-kadang papan tulis dihapus oleh Andi). The bad boy is being interrogated by his father. (Anak nakal itu SEDANG dinterogasi oleh bapaknya). The bad boy is always interrogated by his father. (Anak nakal itu selalu dinterogasi oleh bapaknya).
Sekarang, coba anda rubah kalimat-kalimat pasif di atas menjadi kalimat aktif. Remember: makna SEDANG-nya jangan sampai hilang! Cara-cara merubah kalimat pasif menjadi kalimat aktif, dan sebaliknya, dari kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat pasif dapat dibaca di topik: Active dan Passive Voice.
Penggunaan pola present continuous tense untuk menyatakan aktivitas future time?
Pertama-tama perhatikan keempat contoh kalimat berikut: 1. We are not studying English tomorrow. (Kita tidak akan belajar bahasa Inggris besok). 2. I am not leaving for Bali next month. (Saya tidak akan pergi ke Bali bulan depan). 3. They are not playing for the tournament next week. (Mereka tidak akan bertanding minggu depan). 4. She is coming home next Monday. (Dia akan pulang Senin depan). Apakah keempat kalimat di atas benar? Apakah pola present continuous tense dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian atau aktivitas yang akan berlangsung di masa mendatang (future time)? Untuk mengetahui jawabannya, silakan baca topik: Simple Future Tense.
yesterday (kemarin) ago (yang lalu). Misalnya: a minute ago, two days ago, a week ago, three months ago, two years ago, etc. last (yang lalu). Misalnya: last week, last year, last two days, last Monday, last December, etc. this + morning/noon/afternoon/evening.
10
Note: walaupun ago dan last memiliki arti yang sama, perhatikan perbedaan letaknya. Ago diletakkan setelah noun yang diterangkannya (i.e. noun + ago), sedangkan last diletakkan sebelum noun (i.e. last + noun).
Negative Form
Bentuk negatif dari kalimat dalam Past Tense dibuat dengan cara sebagai berikut: 1. Tambahkan kata bantu did setelah subject. 2. Tambahkan not setelah kata bantu did. 3. Rubah verb2 menjadi verb1. Jadi, setelah ketiga tahapan dilakukan, kalimat negatifnya akan mengikuti pola sebagai berikut: Subject + (did) + not + Verb1 + Object + Modifier Note: Jika kalimat positifnya menggunakan to be was atau were, kata bantu did tidak diperlukan. Yang perlu dilakukan di sini hanyalah menyisipkan not setelah to be. Contoh: 1. I did not go to Kuta beach yesterday. (Saya tidak pergi ke pantai Kuta kemarin). 2. The tsunami did not sweep Medan. (Tsunami tidak menyapu Medan). 3. This plant was not 2 meters tall last month. (Tanaman ini tidak setinggi 2 meter sebulan yang lalu). 4. I was not a very good badminton player a year ago. (Saya tidak seorang pemain bulutangkis yang sangat bagus satu tahun yang lalu).
Yes/No Questions
Yes/No Questions untuk Simple Past Tense adalah sebagai berikut: Did + Subject + Verb1 + Object + Modifier? Note: Jika kalimat positifnya menggunakan verb be (i.e. was atau were), tempatkan verb be sebelum subject. Contoh: 1. Did farmers in Jati Bali grow rice crops 6 months ago? (Apakah petani-petani di Jati Bali bercocok tanam padi 6 bulan yang lalu?). 2. Did some students conduct research on vegetative plant propagations last year? (Apakah beberapa siswa melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif tahun lalu?). 3. Did transpiration start to increase 3 hours ago? (Apakah transpirasi mulai meningkat 3 jam yang lalu?). 4. Werent you a bad badminton player last year? (Tidakkah kamu pemain bulutangkis yang jelek tahun lalu?).
Subject + (Was/Were) + (Verb1+ing) + Object + Modifier Contoh: 1. Farmers in Jati Bali were growing rice crops at 9 a.m yesterday. (Petani-petani di Jati Bali sedang menanam padi jam 9 pagi kemarin). 2. Some students were conducting research on vegetative plant propagations when I went to the agronomy laboratory two days ago. (Beberapa siswa sedang melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif ketika saya pergi ke lab. agronmy dua hari lalu). 3. Transpiration was starting to increase at 8 a.m. this morning. (Transpirasi sedang mulai meningkat jam 8 pagi tadi).
3. Past Continuous Tense juga digunakan untuk menyatakan dua kejadian yang terjadi pada saat bersamaan di masa lampau. Dalam hal ini, formula berikut biasanya digunakan. While + subject1 + past continuous, subject2 + past continuous Subject1 + past continuous + while + subject2 + past continuous Contoh: 1. While I was typing this note, my family was watching TV in the family room. (Sementara saya sedang mengetik catatan ini, keluarga saya sedang nonton TV di ruang keluarga). 2. While the president was giving his speech, the audience was listening to him carefully. (Sementara presiden sedang berpidato, pemirsa/hadirin sedang mendengarkannya dengan seksama). 3. Male students were playing around while female ones were chitchatting. (Murid-murid laki-laki sedang bermain-main sementara murid-murid wanita sedang ngobrol). 4. My roommate was snoring loudly while I was studying. (Teman sekamar saya sedang mendengkur keras sementara saya sedang belajar). 5. We were smoking while we were drinking. (Kami sedang merokok sementara kami sedang minum).
13. Male students were not playing around while female ones were chitchatting. (Murid-murid lakilaki tidak sedang bermain-main sementara murid-murid wanita sedang ngobrol). 14. My roommate was not snoring loudly while I was studying. (Teman sekamar saya sedang tidak mendengkur keras sementara saya sedang belajar). 15. We were not smoking while we were not drinking. (Kami sedang tidak sedang merokok sementara kami tidak sedang minum). Note: NOT dapat dikontraksi dengan be di depannya menjadi: wasnt dan werent. Tetapi, penggunaan kontraksi dianggap sedikit kurang formal.
2. Some students have conducted research on vegetative plant propagations for two months. (Beberapa siswa telah melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif selama 2 bulan). 3. Transpiration has started to increase since three hours ago. (Transpirasi telah mulai meningkat sejak tiga jam yang lalu). Note: HAS VERB3 digunakan jika subjectnya singular, yaitu jika subjectnya adalah he, she, it dan noun yang dapat digantikan dengan subject pronoun he, she atau it. Sebaliknya, HAVE VERB3 digunakan jika subjectnya plural, yaitu jika subjectnya adalah I, you, they, we, dan noun yang dapat digantikan dengan subject pronoun I, you, they, atau we.
Note: Pada contoh di atas, kita tidak tahu kapan John bertamasya ke seluruh dunia, kapan dia membaca buku, kapan saya makan, kapan seseorang mencuri buku saya, kapan mereka pergi. Yang menjadi penekanan adalah kejadian/aktivitas tersebut telah terjadi/dilakukan. 2. Untuk menyatakan kekerapan (berapa kali) kejadian/aktivitas terjadi/dilakukan pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified/indefinite time) di masa lampau. Contoh: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. I have seen the Titanic three times. (Saya telah nonton Titanic tiga kali). She has fallen in love ten times. (Dia telah jatuh cinta 10 kali). They have failed the exam twice. (Mereka telah gagal ujian 2 kali). My car has broken down five times. (Mobil saya telah mogok 5 kali minggu ini). Our dean has punished that very rebellious student three times. (Dekan kita telah menghukum mahasiswa yang sangat membangkang itu 3 kali).
Note: Pada contoh di atas, kita tidak tahu kapan saya nonton Titanic, kapan dia jatuh cinta, kapan mereka gagal ujian, kapan mobil saya rusak, kapan dekan menghukum mahasiswa pembangkang itu. Yang menjadi penekanan adalah berapa kali kejadian/aktivitas tersebut telah terjadi/dilakukan dari dulu samapi NOW; apakah once (sekali), twice/two times (dua kali), trice/three times (tiga kali), ten times (sepuluh kali), dan seterusnya. 3. Untuk menyatakan bahwa kejadian/aktivitas terus terjadi/dilakukan mulai dari waktu tertentu di masa lampau sampai sekarang (now). Contoh:
15
1. I have lived in this house for nine years. (Saya telah tinggal di rumah ini selama 9 tahun). Artinya, sejak 9 tahun yang lalu sampai sekarang, saya telah tinggal di runah ini. 2. We have studied English since a month ago. (Kita telah belajar bahasa Inggris sejak 1 bulan yang lalu). Artinya, sejak sebulan yang lalu hingga sekarang, kita telah belajar bahasa inggris. 3. He has married her for nineteen years. (Dia telah mengawininya selama 19 tahun). 4. Mr. Johnson has worked in the same place since 1980. (Pak Johnson telah bekerja di tempat yang sama sejak tahun 1980). 5. She has waited for her boyfriend for an hour. (Dia telah menunggu pacarnya selama satu jam). Note: Semua kejadian/aktivitas pada kelima contoh di atas masih berlangsung sampai saat diungkapkan (now). Kejadian/aktivitas seperti ini juga dapat dinyatakan dengan present perfect continuous tense dengan tanpa merubah makna kalimat.
Negative Form
Bentuk negatif kalimat dalam Present Perfect Tense dibuat dengan menambahkan not setelah auxilary has/have, seperti yang terlihat dalam formula berikut, Subject + (has/have) + not + verb3 + object + modifier Note: (has not) dapat disingkat menjadi hasnt, sedangkan (have not) dapat disingkat menjadi havent. Contoh: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. John has not traveled around the world. (John belum bertamasya ke seluruh dunia). She has not read the entire book. (Dia belum membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan). I have not eaten. (Saya belum makan). Someone has not stolen my book. (Seseorang belum mencuri buku saya). They have not gone. (Mereka belum pergi). I have not seen the Titanic three times. (Saya belum nonton Titanic tiga kali). She has not fallen in love ten times. (Dia belum jatuh cinta 10 kali). They have not passed the exam two times. (Mereka belum lulus ujian 2 kali). My car has not broken down five times. (Mobil saya belum mogok 5 kali). 16
10. Our dean has not punished that very rebellious student three times. (Dekan kita belum menghukum mahasiswa yang sangat membangkang itu 3 kali). 11. I have not lived in this house for nine years. (Saya belum tinggal di rumah ini selama 9 tahun). 12. We have not studied English for a month. (Kita belum belajar bahasa Inggris selama sebulan). 13. He has not married her for nineteen years. (Dia belum mengawininya selama 19tahun). 14. Mr. Johnson has not worked in the same place for twenty-nine years. (Mr Johnson belum bekerja di tempat yang sama selama 29 tahun). 15. She has not waited for her boyfriend for an hour. (Dia belum menunggu pacarnya selama satu jam).
Yes/No Questions
Yes/No Questions untuk Present Perfect Tense adalah sebagai berikut: (Has/have) + subject + verb3+ object + modifier? Contoh: 1. Has John traveled around the world? (Apakah John telah bertamasya ke seluruh dunia?). 2. Has she read the entire book? (Apakah dia telah membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan?). 3. Have you eaten? (Apakah kamu telah makan?). 4. Has someone stolen your book? (Apakah seseorang telah mencuri buku kamu?). 5. Have they gone? (Apakah mereka telah pergi?). 6. Have you seen the Titanic three times? (Apakah kamu telah nonton film Titanic tiga kali?). 7. Has she fallen in love ten times? (Apakah dia telah jatuh cinta 10 kali?). 8. Have they failed the exam twice? (Apakah mereka telah gagal ujian 2 kali?). 9. Has your car broken down five times? (Apakah mobil kamu telah mogok 5 kali?). 10. Has our dean punished that very rebellious student three times? (Apakah dekan kita telah menghukum mahasiswa yang sangat membangkang itu 3 kali?). 11. Have you lived in this house for nine years? (Apakah kamu telah tinggal di rumah ini selama 9 tahun?). 12. Have we studied English for a month? (Apakah kita telah belajar bahasa Inggris selama 1 bulan?). 13. Has he married her for nineteen years? (Apakah dia telah mengawininya selama 19 tahun?). 14. Has Mr. Johnson worked in the same place since 1980? (Apakah pak Johnson telah bekerja di tempat yang sama sejak tahun 1980?). 15. Has she waited for her boyfriend for an hour? (Apakah dia telah menunggu pacarnya selama satu jam?).
Contoh: 1. John has already traveled around the world. Atau, John has traveled around the world already. 2. She has already read the entire book. Atau, She has read the entire book already. 3. I have already eaten. Atau, I have eaten already. 4. Someone has already stolen my book. Atau, Someone has stolen my book already. 5. They have already gone. Atau, They have gone already. 6. I have already seen the Titanic three times. Atau, I have seen the Titanic three times already. 7. She has already fallen in love ten times. Atau, She has fallen in love ten times already. 8. They have already failed the exam twice. Atau, They have failed the exam twice already. 9. My car has already broken down five times. Atau, My car has broken down five times already. 10. Our dean has already punished that very rebellious student three times. Atau, Our dean has punished that very rebellious student three times already. b. Adverb yet digunakan pada negative form (kalimat negative) dan interogative form (kalimat tanya), yang biasanya ditempatkan di akhir kalimat, seperti pada formula berikut ini: Subject + (has/have) + not + verb3 + object + modifier + yet Selain itu, yet juga bisa juga ditempatkan di tengah kalimat (yaitu setelah has/have) dengan formula sebagai berikut: Subject + (has/have) + yet + (to + Verb1) + object + modifier Note: verb3 berubah menjadi infinitive (to + verb1). Dan, walaupun tidak ada not, kalimat ini bermakna negatif (maknanya sama dengan jika yet ditempatkan di akhir kalimat). Contoh: 1. John has not traveled around the world yet. Atau, John has yet to travel around the world. 2. She has not read the entire book yet. Atau, She has yet to read the entire book. 3. I have not eaten yet. Atau, I have yet to eat. 4. Someone has not stolen my book yet. Atau, Someone has yet to steal my book 5. They havent gone yet. Atau, They have yet to go. 6. I have not seen the Titanic three times yet. Atau, I have yet to see the Titanic three times. 7. She hasnt fallen in love ten times yet. Atau, She has yet to fall in love ten times. 8. They havent passed the exam twice yet. Atau, They have yet to pass the exam twice. 9. My car hasnt broken down five times yet. Atau, My car has yet to break down five times. 10. Our dean hasnt punished that very rebellious student three times yet. Atau, Our dean has yet to punish that very rebellious student three times. Dalam kalimat tanya, yet umumnya ditempatkan diakhir kalimat. Contoh: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Has John traveled around the world yet? Has she read the entire book yet? Have you eaten yet? Has someone found your book yet? Have they gone yet? etc.
Kesimpulan 18
Dari penjelasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa present perfect tense pada prinsipnya digunakan untuk: 1. Untuk menekankan SUDAH/ BELUM. Kamu sudah makan belum? (Have you eaten yet?) 2. Untuk menekankan SUDAH BERAPA KALI. Sudah berapa kali kamu makan hari ini? (How many times have you eaten today?). 3. Untuk menekankan DURASI kejadian/aktivitas. Sudah berapa lama kamu belum makan? (For how long havent you eaten yet? Sekarang, apa bedanya dengan simple past tense? Untuk jawabannya, silakan baca: Simple past tense vs Present perfect tense.
Walaupun polanya sedikit berbeda, kalimat dalam pola present perfect continuous tense maknanya sama dengan kalimat dalam pola Present Perfect Tense kategori yang ketiga.
Contoh: Pada Present Perfect Tense kategori ketiga diberikan contoh kalimat sebagai berikut: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. I have lived in this house for nine years. We have studied English since a month ago. He has married her for nineteen years. Mr. Johnson has worked in the same place since 1980. She has waited for her boyfriend for an hour.
Kelima contoh kalimat di atas dapat dinyatakan dalam Present Perfect Continuous Tense, menjadi: 1. I have been living in this house for nine years. 19
2. 3. 4. 5.
We have been studying English since a month ago. He has been marrying her for nineteen years. Mr. Johnson has been working in the same place since 1980. She has been waiting for her boyfriend for an hour.
Negative Form
Bentuk negatif kalimat dalam Present Perfect Tense dibuat dengan menambahkan not setelah auxilary has/have, seperti yang terlihat dalam formula berikut, Subject + (has/have) + not + been + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier Note: (has not) dapat disingkat menjadi hasnt, sedangkan (have not) dapat disingkat menjadi havent. Contoh: 1. I have not been living in this house for nine years. (Saya belum tinggal di rumah ini selama 9 tahun). 2. We have not been studying English for a month. (Kita belum belajar bahasa Inggris selama sebulan). 3. He has not been marrying her for nineteen years. (Dia belum mengawininya selama 19tahun). 4. Mr. Johnson has not been working in the same place for twenty-nine years. (Mr Johnson belum bekerja di tempat yang sama selama 29 tahun). 5. She has not been waiting for her boyfriend for an hour. (Dia belum menunggu pacarnya selama satu jam).
Yes/No Questions
Yes/No Questions untuk Present Perfect Tense adalah sebagai berikut: (Has/have) + subject + not + been + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier? Contoh: 1. Have you been living in this house for nine years? (Apakah kamu telah tinggal di rumah ini selama 9 tahun?). 2. Have we been studying English for a month? (Apakah kita telah belajar bahasa Inggris selama 1 bulan?). 20
3. Has he been marrying her for nineteen years? (Apakah dia telah mengawininya selama 19 tahun?). 4. Has Mr. Johnson been working in the same place since 1980? (Apakah pak Johnson telah bekerja di tempat yang sama sejak tahun 1980?). 5. Has she been waiting for her boyfriend for an hour? (Apakah dia telah menunggu pacarnya selama satu jam?).
b. Adverb yet digunakan pada negative form (kalimat negative) dan interogative form (kalimat tanya), yang biasanya ditempatkan di akhir kalimat, seperti pada formula berikut ini: Subject + (has/have) + not + been + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier + yet Contoh: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. I have not been living in this house for nine years yet. We have not been studying English for a month yet. He has not been marrying her for nineteen years yet. Mr. Johnson has not been working in the same place for twenty-nine years yet. She has not been waiting for her boyfriend for an hour yet.
Subject + had + verb3 + object + modifier Contoh: 1. Farmers in Jati Bali had grown rice crops before I came to this village in 1985. (Petani-petani di Jati Bali telah bercocok tanam padi sebelum saya datang ke desa ini tahun 1985). 2. Some students had conducted research on vegetative plant propagations before they graduated. (Beberapa siswa telah melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif sebelum mereka tamat). 3. Transpiration had started to increase before we measured it; therefore, we dont know exactly when it started. (Transpirasi telah mulai meningkat sebelum kami mengukurnya, oleh karena itu, kami tidak tahu secara pasti kapan transpirasi itu mulai).
22
5. Our dean had punished that very rebellious student three times when that student realized that what he had done was wrong. (Dekan kita telah menghukum mahasiswa yang sangat membangkang itu 3 kali ketika dia menyadari bahwa apa yang telah dia lakukan adalah salah). 3. Untuk menyatakan bahwa kejadian/aktivitas (misalnya, kejadian A) terus berlangsung mulai dari waktu tertentu di masa lampau sampai waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Contoh: 1. I had lived in that house for nine years before I moved to where I live now. (Saya telah tinggal di rumah itu selama 9 tahun sebelum saya pindah ke rumah yang saya tinggali sekarang). 2. We had studied English just for a month before we decided to take a TOEFL test. (Kita telah belajar bahasa Inggris hanya selama 1 bulan sebelum kita memutuskan untuk ikut test TOEFL). 3. He had married her for 19 years when they finally had a baby last month. (Dia telah mengawininya selama 19 tahun ketika mereka akhirnya punya anak bulan lalu). 4. Mr. Johnson had worked for twenty-nine years before he got fired last week. (Pak Johnson telah bekerja selama 29 tahun sebelum dia dipecat minggu lalu). 5. She had waited for her boyfriend for an hour when he called that he couldnt go out last night. (Dia telah menunggu pacarnya selama satu jam ketika dia nelpon bahwa dia tidak dapat pergi tadi malam). Note: Dari ketiga penggunaan di atas, dapat kita lihat bahwa penggunaan past perfect tense mirip dengan Present perfect tense. Yang membedakan adalah waktu yang dijadikan titik berakhirnya kejadian/aktivitas. Pada present perfect tense, titik akhir kejadian/aktivitas adalah now, sedangkan pada past perfect tense titik akhirnya adalah past time. Seperti terlihat pada contoh di atas, modifier of time (keterangan waktu) untuk past perfect tense adalah adverbial clause yang diawali oleh before, after, dan when.
Negative Form
Bentuk negatif dari kalimat dalam Past Perfect Tense dibuat dengan menambahkan not setelah auxiliary had, seperti yang terlihat dalam pola berikut: Subject + had + not + verb3 + object + modifier Contoh: 1. He had not bought a rose before he went to his girlfriends house. (Dia belum membeli sekuntum mawar sebelum dia pergi ke rumah pacarnya). 2. They had not studied long enough when they decided to take a TOEFL test last week. (Mereka belum belajar cukup lama ketika mereka memutuskan untuk ikut test TOEFL minggu lalu). 3. She hadnt read the entire book yet when she wrote the exam. (Dia belum membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan ketika dia ujian). 24
Yes/No Questions
Yes/No Questions untuk Past Perfect Tense adalah sebagai berikut: Had + subject + verb3 + object + modifier Contoh: 1. Had he bought a rose before he went to his girlfriends house? (Apakah dia sudah membeli sekuntum mawar sebelum dia pergi ke rumah pacarnya?). 2. Had they studied long enough when they decided to take a TOEFL test last week? (Apakah mereka sudah belajar cukup lama ketika mereka memutuskan untuk ikut test TOEFL minggu lalu?). 3. Had she read the entire book yet when she wrote the exam? (Apakah dia sudah membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan ketika dia ujian?). Note: Penggunaan already dan yet pada tensis ini sama dengan pada present perfect tense.
Modifier of time
Modifier of time (keterangan waktu) untuk past perfect tense antara lain:
before + simple past tense. Misalnya: before he went to his girlfriends house, before General Sudirman died, before we measured it, dst. when + simple past tense. Misalnya: when she wrote the exam, when they decided to take a TOEFL test last week,when they finally had a baby last month, dst. for + phrase + before+ simple past tense. Misalnya: for three hours before he came, for two years before they got married, for six and a half years before I went home, dst. for + phrase + when + simple past tense. Misalnya: for three hours when he came, for two years when they got married, for six and a half years when I went home, dst.
25
Dalam Past Perfect Continuous Tense, kelima contoh kalimat di atas berubah menjadi: 1. I had been living in that house for nine years before I moved to where I live now. (Saya telah tinggal di rumah itu selama 9 tahun sebelum saya pindah ke rumah yang saya tinggali sekarang) 2. We had been studying English just for a month before we decided to take a TOEFL test. (Kita telah belajar bahasa Inggris hanya selama 1 bulan sebelum kita memutuskan untuk ikut test TOEFL). 3. He had been marrying her for 19 years when they finally had a baby last month. (Dia telah mengawininya selama 19 tahun ketika mereka akhirnya punya anak bulan lalu). 4. Mr. Johnson had been working for twenty-nine years before he got fired last week. (Pak Johnson telah bekerja selama 29 tahun sebelum dia dipecat minggu lalu). 5. She had been waiting for her boyfriend for an hour when he called that he couldnt go out last night. (Dia telah menunggu pacarnya selama satu jam ketika dia nelpon bahwa dia tidak dapat pergi tadi malam).
Negative Form
Bentuk negatif Past Perfect Continuous Tense mengikuti pola sebagai berikut: Subject + had + not + been + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier Contoh: 1. I had not been living in that house for nine years before I moved to where I live now. (Saya belum tinggal di rumah itu selama 9 tahun sebelum saya pindah ke rumah yang saya tinggali sekarang). 2. We had not been studying English just for a month before we decided to take a TOEFL test. (Kita belum belajar bahasa Inggris hanya selama 1 bulan sebelum kita memutuskan untuk ikut test TOEFL). 3. He had not been marrying her for nineteen years when they finally had a baby last month. (Dia belum mengawininya selama 19 tahun ketika mereka akhirnya punya anak bulan lalu). 4. Mr. Johnson had not been working for twenty-nine years before he got fired last week. (Pak Johnson belum bekerja selama 29 tahun sebelum dia dipecat minggu lalu). 5. She had not been waiting for her boyfriend for an hour when he called that he couldnt go out last night. (Dia belum menunggu pacarnya selama satu jam ketika dia nelpon bahwa dia tidak dapat pergi tadi malam).
26
Yes/No Questions
Yes/No Questions untuk Past Perfect Continuous Tense adalah sebagai berikut: Had + subject + been + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier Contoh: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Had I been living in that house for nine years before I moved to where I live now? Had we been studying English just for a month before we decided to take a TOEFL test? Had he been marrying her for 19 years when they finally had a baby last month? Had Mr. Johnson been working for twenty-nine years before he got fired last week? Had she been waiting for her boyfriend for an hour when he called that he couldnt go out last night?
Note: Penggunaan already, dan yet pada tensis ini sama dengan pada present perfect tense.
Modifier of time
Modifier of time (keterangan waktu) untuk past perfect continuous tense antara lain:
for + phrase + before+ simple past tense. Misalnya: for three hours before he came, for two years before they got married, for six and a half years before I went home, dst. for + phrase + when + simple past tense. Misalnya: for three hours when he came, for two years when they got married, for six and a half years when I went home, dst.
In American English, auxiliary shall (i.e. sepupunya will) sudah sangat jarang digunakan.Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini tidak membahas penggunaan shall. Pola yang ketiga ini sama dengan Present continuous tense. Penggunaannya khusus untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang direncanakan akan dilakukan. (Lihat penggunaan simple future tense yang kedua).
Contoh: 1. Farmers in Jati Bali will grow rice crops next month. (Petani-petani di Jati Bali akan bercocok tanam padi bulan depan). 2. Some students are going to conduct research on vegetative plant propagations next semester. (Beberapa siswa akan melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif semester depan). 3. Transpiration will start to increase tomorrow morning. (Transpirasi akan mulai meningkat besok pagi). 27
Kelima contoh kalimat di atas juga dapat dinyatakan dengan pola yang ketiga menjadi: 1. 2. 3. 4. Ronny is coming to my house at 7 oclock tonight. He has an appointment. He is meeting his business partner at noon. I am going to the shopping mall Do you want to go with me? The next world cup championship is being held in South Africa in 2010. 28
5. He is leaving for Bali tomorrow morning. 3. Untuk menyatakan kesudian/kesanggupan melakukan sesuatu. Untuk kategori ini, gunakan pola yang pertama. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why dont you ask John? He will happily help you do your homework. She will voluntarily teach us how to write in English well. Lets go to the canteen. I will treat you. (Saya akan traktir kamu). You look thirsty. I will get a glass of water for you. I will open the door for you.
4. Untuk membuat main clause pengandaian yang bersifat hipotesa (hypothetical conditional); Artinya, apa yang akan terjadi pada main clause, tergantung pada apa yang terjadi pada anak kalimat (sub-clause) dari kalimat pengandaian tersebut. Contoh: 1. If she comes tonight, I will not go out. (Jika dia datang malam ini, saya tidak akan keluar rumah). Sebaliknya, jika dia tidak datang, saya akan keluar rumah. 2. If you study hard, your English will steadily improve. (Jika kamu belajar keras, bahasa Inggris kamu akan terus meningkat). 3. If we succeed, our parents will be very proud of us. (Jika kita sukses, orang-orang tua kita akan sangat bangga dengan kita). 4. If you apply fertilizers optimally, the crop yields will increase. (Jika kamu mengaplikasikan pupuk secara optimal, hasil-hasil tanaman akan meningkat). 5. If pests are controlled properly, there will be no failure in crop production. (Jika hama-hama dikendalikan secara tepat, tidak akan ada kegagalan dalam produksi tanaman). 5. Untuk membuat request dan command lebih formal atau lebih sopan. Contoh: 1. Will you take care of my plants while I am gone, please! (Tolong rawat tanaman-tanaman saya selama saya pergi!). 2. Will you return my book tomorrow, please! I need to study it for the exam. (Tolong kembalikan buku saya besok. Saya perlu mempelajari untuk (mempersiapkan diri) ujian). 3. Will you give me some sugar, please! (Tolong beri saya sedikit gula). 4. Will you pick up the phone, please! (Tolong angkat telponnya). 5. Will you go out with me tonight, please! (Pergilah kencan dengan saya malam ini). Note: Simple present tense juga dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan future time, khusus untuk kejadian/aktivitas yang sudah terjadwal. Hanya ada beberapa verbs yang bisa digunakan di sini, antara lain: open close Contoh: 1. I have to transfer money now but its already 2 oclock. Dont worry. You still have time. The bank closes at 4 oclock. 2. Classes begin next week. 3. The train arrives at 11 p.m. tonight. 29 begin end start finish arrive leave come return
4. The first flight leaves at 6 a.m. tomorrow. 5. The ceremony starts at 11. Its about in half an hour. (Upacaranya mulai jam 11. Kurang lebih setengah jam lagi).
Negative Form
Bentuk negatif Simple Future Tense adalah dengan menambahkan not setelah will atau setelah be. Perhatikan pola berikut: Subject + will + not + verb1+ object + modifier Subject + [(is/am/are/) + not + going to] + verb1+ object + modifier Subject + (is/am/are/) + not + (verb1+ing )+ object + modifier Contoh: 1. Farmers in Jati Bali will not grow rice crops next month (Petani-petani di Jati Bali tidak akan bercocok tanam padi bulan depan). 2. Some students are not going to conduct research on vegetative plant propagations next semester (Beberapa siswa tidak akan melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif semester depan). 3. Transpiration will not start to increase tonight. (Transpirasi tidak akan mulai meningkat malam ini). 4. According to the weather forecast, it will not rain tomorrow. 5. He will not be very happy when he finds out. 6. I think Jeny, Ronnys girlfriend, will not come. 7. I will not probably see Janet at the cafeteria at lunch 8. Ronny is not going to come to my house at 7 oclock tonight 9. He is not going to meet his business partner at noon. 10. I am not going to go to the shopping mall. 11. He is not going to leave for Bali tomorrow morning. etc.
Yes/No Questions
Yes/No Questions untuk Simple Future Tense adalah dengan menempatkan will atau be di awal kalimat (sebelum subject): Will + subject + verb1+ object + modifier? (Is/Am/Are/) + subject + [going to] + verb1+ object + modifier? (Is/Am/Are/) + subject + (verb1+ing )+ object + modifier? 30
Contoh: 1. Will farmers in Jati Bali grow rice crops next month? (Apakah petani-petani di Jati Bali akan bercocok tanam padi bulan depan?). 2. Are some students going to conduct research on vegetative plant propagations next semester? (Apakah beberapa siswa akan melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif semester depan?). 3. Will transpiration start to increase tomorrow morning? (Apakah transpirasi akan mulai meningkat besok pagi?). 4. According to the weather forecast, will it rain tomorrow? 5. Will he be very happy when he finds out? 6. Will Jeny, Ronnys girlfriend, come too? 7. Will I probably see Janet at the cafeteria at lunch? 8. Is Ronny going to come to my house at 7 oclock tonight? 9. Is he going to meet his business partner at noon? 10. Are you going to go to the shopping mall? 11. Is he going to leave for Bali tomorrow morning? etc. Note: Bentuk negatif dan interogatif dari future time yang menggunakan pola present continous tense dan simple present tense mengikuti ketentuan-ketentuan yang telah dibahas pada present continous tense dan simple present tense.
Future Continuous Tense digunakan 1. Untuk menyatakan kejadian/aktivitas yang akan sedang terjadi pada waktu yang spesifik di masa depan. Spesifikasi waktu biasanya dinyatakan dengan jam (i.e. jam berapa kejadian itu berlangsung). Contoh: 1. My daughter will be watching TV at eight oclock tonight. (Putri saya akan sedang nonton TV jam 8 malam ini). 2. She will be copying the materials at 10 oclock this morning. (Dia akan sedang memfotokopi materi jam 10 pagi ini). Asumsi, sekarang belum jam 10 pagi. 3. I will be discussing English with my classmates at 2 p.m. next Friday. (Saya akan sedang mendiskusikan bahasa Inggris dengan teman-teman kelas saya jam 2 sore Jumat depan). 4. I will be being busy at 8 oclock tomorrow morning. (Saya akan sedang sibuk jam 8 pagi besok). 5. They will be being very happy at 9 oclock next Saturday night. (Mereka akan sedang sangat bahagia jam 9 malam minggu depan). Asumsi, mereka baru jadian (pacaran). 6. This time next year, she will be studying Economics at the University of Toronto. (Bulan ini tahun depan, dia akan sedang belajar/kuliah Ekonomi di Universitas Toronto). 7. They will be taking an English exam at 10 a.m. tomorrow. (Mereka akan sedang mengikuti ujian bahasa Inggris jam 10 besok pagi). 8. We will be watching a football game at 11 p.m. tonight (Kami akan sedang nonton pertandingan sepak bola jam 11 malam ini). 2. Untuk menyatakan kejadian/aktivitas yang sedang terjadi/berlangsung di masa depan, yang terinterupsi oleh kejadian yang lain. Dalam hal ini, formulanya adalah sebagai berikut: When + subject1 + simple present tense, subject2 + future continuous Subject1 + future continuous + when + subject2 + simple present tense Note: Kejadian/aktivitas yang menginterupsi dinyatakan dalam simple present tense dan berfungsi sebagai keterangan waktu; Sisipkan tanda koma, jika letaknya mendahului future continuous. Koma tidak diperlukan jika ditempatkan setelah future continuous. Contoh: 1. When I arrive home, my daughter will be watching TV. (Ketika saya tiba di rumah, putri saya akan sedang nonton TV). My daughter punya habit nonton TV. 2. When I call him tonight, he will be playing card with his friends. (Ketika saya telpon dia malam ini, dia sedang main kartu dengan teman-temannya). He punya habit main kartu sama temantemannya tiap malam. 3. I will be waiting for you outside the class when you finish your exam. (Saya akan sedang menunggu di luar kelas ketika kamu selesai ujian). 4. He will still be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see his mother when she arrives home. (Dia akan masih sedang belajar di perpustakaan malam ini, jadi dia tidak akan melihat ibunya ketika ibunya tiba di rumah). 5. When I go to her house on Saturday night, she will be being with her boyfriend. (Jika saya pergi ke rumahnya malam minggu ini, dia akan sedang bersama dengan pacarnya). 3. Juga digunakan untuk menyatakan dua kejadian yang terjadi pada saat bersamaan di masa depan. Dalam hal ini, gunakan formula berikut: While + subject1 + future continuous, subject2 + future continuous Subject1 + future continuous + while + subject2 + future continuous 32
Contoh: 1. While I will be typing another note tonight, my family will be watching TV in the family room. (Sementara saya sedang mengetik catatan yang lain, keluarga saya akan sedang nonton TV di ruang keluarga). 2. While the president will be giving his speech, the audience will be listening to him carefully. (Sementara presiden sedang berpidato, pemirsa/hadirin akan sedang mendengarkannya dengan seksama). 3. Male students will be playing around while the female ones will be chitchatting. (Murid lakilaki akan sedang bermain-main sementara murid-murid wanita akan sedang ngobrol). Kapan mereka belajar ya? 4. My roommate will be snoring loudly while I will be studying. (Teman sekamar saya sedang mendengkur keras sementara saya sedang belajar). 5. We will be smoking while others will be drinking. (Kami akan sedang merokok sementara yang lain akan sedang minum). 6. John will be washing dishes while Jane will be making dinner. (John akan sedang mencuci piring sedangkan Jane akan sedang masak untuk makan malam). 7. Sorry, we cant practice our band in my house tonight. My dad will be having his colleagues over and my brother will be studying for his final exam. (Maaf, kita tidak bisa latihan band di rumah saya malam ini. Bapak saya akan sedang menjamu kolega-koleganya di rumah dan kakak saya akan sedang belajar untuk ujian akhirnya. 4. Untuk menyatakan suatu hal atau kejadian yang diyakini/benar-benar akan segera terjadi. Contoh: 1. I think the sun will be shining soon. (Saya kira matahari akan segera sedang bersinar). 2. Oh no! The clouds are very dark and thick. It will be raining soon. (Oh tidak! Awan sangat gelap dan tebal. Akan segera sedang turun hujan).
Negative Form
Bentuk negatif dari kalimat dalam Future Continuous Tense dibuat dengan menambahkan not setelah auxilliary will, atau setelah is/am/are, seperti yang terlihat dalam formula berikut: Subject + will + not + be + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier Subject + [(is/am/are/) + not + going to] + be +(verb1+ing) + object + modifier Note: Will not dapat dikontraksi menjadi wont. Contoh: 1. My daughter will not be watching TV at eight oclock tonight. (Putri saya tidak akan sedang nonton TV jam 8 malam ini). 2. She will not be copying the materials at 10 oclock this morning. (Dia tidak akan sedang memfotokopi materi jam 10 pagi ini). 3. I will not be discussing English with my classmates at 2 p.m. next Friday. (Saya tidak akan sedang mendiskusikan bahasa Inggris dengan teman-teman kelas saya jam 2 sore Jumat depan). 4. I will not be being busy at 8 oclock tomorrow morning. (Saya tidak akan sedang sibuk jam 8 pagi besok). 5. They will not be being very happy at 9 oclock next Saturday night. (Mereka tidak akan sedang sangat bahagia jam 9 malam minggu depan). Mereka baru saja bubaran. 6. This time next year, she wont be studying Economics at the University of Toronto. (Bulan ini tahun depan, dia tidak akan sedang belajar/kuliah Ekonomi di Universitas Toronto). 33
7. They wont be taking an English exam at 10 a.m. tomorrow. (Mereka tidak akan sedang mengikuti ujian bahasa Inggris jam 10 besok pagi). 8. We wont be watching a football game at 11 p.m. tonight (Kami tidak akan sedang nonton pertandingan sepak bola jam 11 malam ini). Dan seterusnya.
Yes/No Questions
Yes/No Questions untuk Future Continuous Tense adalah sebagai berikut: Will + subject + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier? (Is/Am/Are/) + subject + [going to] + be + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier? Contoh: 1. Will your daughter be watching TV at eight oclock tonight? (Apakah putri anda akan sedang nonton TV jam 8 malam ini?). 2. Will she be copying the materials at 10 oclock this morning? (Apakah dia akan sedang memfotokopi materi jam 10 pagi ini?). 3. Will you be discussing English with my classmates at 2 p.m. next Friday? (Apakah saya akan sedang mendiskusikan bahasa Inggris dengan teman-teman kelas saya jam 2 sore Jumat depan?). 4. Will I be being busy at 8 oclock tomorrow morning? Yes, I will. (Apakah saya akan sedang sibuk jam 8 pagi besok?). 5. Will they be being very happy at 9 oclock next Saturday night? (Apakah mereka akan sedang sangat bahagia jam 9 malam minggu depan?). 6. Will she be studying Economics at the University of Toronto this time next year? (Apakah dia akan sedang belajar/kuliah Ekonomi di Universitas Toronto pada bulan ini tahun depan?). 7. Will they be taking an English exam at 10 a.m. tomorrow? (Apakah mereka akan sedang mengikuti ujian bahasa Inggris jam 10 besok pagi?). 8. Will we be watching a football game at 11 p.m. tonight? (Apakah kami akan sedang nonton pertandingan sepak bola jam 11 malam ini?). Dan seterusnya. Note: Pola yang kedua dari future continuous tense hampir tidak diberikan contoh di sini. Silakan kamu latihan dengan mengganti semua will dengan (is/am/are) going to. Contoh:
My daughter is going to be watching TV at 8 oclock tonight. (affirmative). My daughter isnt going to be watching TV at 8 oclock tonight. (negative). Is my daughter going to be watching TV at 8 oclock tonight? (interrogative).
1. Farmers in Jati Bali will have grown rice crops by the end of next month. (Petani-petani di Jati Bali akan telah bercocok tanam padi sebelum akhir bulan depan). 2. Some students will have conducted research on vegetative plant propagations for one year when the next semester starts next month. (Beberapa siswa akan telah melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif selama 1 tahun ketika semester berikutnya dimulai bulan depan). 3. Transpiration will have started to increase before we measure it at 9 a.m. tomorrow. (Transpirasi akan telah mulai meningkat sebelum kita mengukurnya jam 9 pagi besok).
3. Untuk menyatakan bahwa kejadian/aktivitas akan terus terjadi/dilakukan sampai batas waktu tertentu di masa mendatang. 35
1. I arrived at school at 7 a.m. When my dad picks me up at 1 p.m., I will have been at school for 6 hours. (Pada saat papa menjemput satu jam 1 sore, saya akan sudah berada di sekolah selama 6 jam). 2. Its May 20 now. I have lived in this house for nine years or so. On August 17, I will have lived in this house for 10 years sharp. (Saya sudah tinggal di rumah ini selama 9 tahun lebih. Tanggal 17 Agustus, saya akan sudah tinggal di rumah ini tepat selama 10 tahun) 3. Its 9 p.m. I am going to bed now and get up at 5 a.m. When I get up, I will have slept for 8 hours. 4. When Mr. Dodi retires next month, he will have worked for this company for forty-five years. (Pada saat Pak Dodi pensiun bulan depan, dia akan sudah bekerja pada perusahaan ini selama 45 tahun). 5. Its 7 p.m now. She has been waiting for her boyfriend since an hour ago. He just called her that he will arrive at 8 p.m. When he arrives, she will have waited for 2 hours.
Negative Form
Bentuk negatif kalimat Future Perfect Tense dibuat dengan menambahkan not setelah auxilary will, seperti terlihat pada pola berikut: Subject + will + not + have + verb3 + object + modifier Contoh: 1. Because the book is very thick, I will not have finished reading this book by 3 oclock this afternoon. (Karena bukunya sangat tebal, saya akan belum selesai membaca buku ini sebelum jam 3 sore ini). 2. I think Barcelona will not have scored three goals when the first haft is over. Its opponent is a good team too. (Saya kira Barcelona akan belum cetak 3 goal ketika babak pertama berakhir. Lawannya tangguh juga). 3. We still have a lot of time. By the time we get to the air port, dads plane will not have arrived yet. (Kita masih punya banyak waktu. Ketika kita tiba di airport, pesawat (yang ditumpangi) papa akan belum tiba). 4. Due to an immigration documentation problem, my dad will not have been home when my mom gives birth next month. (Karena ada masalah dokumen keimigrasian, papa saya akan belum di rumah ketika mama melahirkan). 5. When Joni arrives home around midnight, I will not have fallen asleep yet. 6. John will not have traveled around the world yet when he gets married next year. Soalnya, dia belum sempat kunjungi South Africaand south America. 7. Because its not enough time, she will not have read the entire book yet before she goes to campus this afternoon. 8. I will not have eaten yet when I go to play badminton tonight. 9. He will not have bought a gift when he goes to his girlfriends birthday party tonight. 10. Although he has already got married 6 times and still young, he will not have had more than 50 wives yet before he dies. 11. When my dad picks me up at 1 p.m., I will not have been at school for 10 hours yet. 12. I have lived in this house for nine years or so. In the next July, I will not have lived in this house for 10 years yet. (Belum cukup 10 tahun Juli depan. 13. Its 9 p.m. I am going to bed now and get up at 5 a.m. When I get up, I will not have slept for 10 hours yet. 14. When Mr. Dodi retires next month, he will not have worked for this company for fifty years yet. 15. Its 7 p.m. now. She has been waiting for her boyfriend since an hour ago. He just called her that he will arrive at 8 p.m. When he arrives, she will not have waited for 3 hours yet. 36
Yes/No Questions
Yes/No Questions untuk Future Perfect Tense adalah sebagai berikut: Will + subject + have + verb3+ object + modifier? Contoh: 1. Will you have finished reading this book by 3 oclock this afternoon? (Apakah kamu akan sudah selesai baca buku ini sebelum jam 3 sore ini?). 2. Will Barcelona have scored three goals when the first haft is over? 3. Will dads plane have arrived yet by the time we get to the air port? 4. Due to an immigration documentation problem, will your dad have been home when your mom gives birth next month? 5. When Joni arrives home around midnight, will you have fallen asleep yet? 6. Will John have traveled around the world yet when he gets married next year? 7. Because its not enough time, will she have read the entire book yet before she goes to campus this afternoon? 8. Will you have eaten yet before you go to play badminton tonight? 9. Will he have bought a gift before he goes to his girlfriends birthday party tonight? 10. Will he have had more than 50 wives before he dies? 11. When your dad picks you up at 1 p.m., will you have been at school for 10 hours? 12. Will you have lived in this house for 10 years yet next July? 13. When I get up, will I have slept for 10 hours yet? 14. When Mr. Dodi retires next month, will he have worked for this company for fifty years yet? 15. Will she have waited for 3 hours yet when he arrives?
Perhatikan contoh pada future perfect tense kategori ketiga, berikut: 1. I arrived at school at 7 a.m. When my dad picks me up at 1 p.m., I will have been at school for 6 hours. 2. I have lived in this house for nine years or so. On August 17, I will have lived in this house for 10 years sharp. 3. Its 9 p.m. I am going to bed now and get up at 5 a.m. When I get up, I will have slept for 8 hours. 4. When Mr. Dodi retires next month, he will have worked for this company forty-five years. 5. Its 7 p.m. now. She has been waiting for her boyfriend since an hour ago. He just called her that he will arrive at 8 p.m. When he arrives, she will have waited for 2 hours. Dalam future perfect continuous tense, kelima kalimat ini menjadi: 1. I arrived at school at 7 a.m. When my dad picks me up at 1 p.m., I will have been being at school for 6 hours. 2. I have lived in this house for nine years or so. On August 17, I will have been living in this house for 10 years sharp. 3. Its 9 p.m. I am going to bed now and get up at 5 a.m. When I get up, I will have been sleeping for 8 hours. 4. When Mr. Dodi retires next month, he will have been working for this company forty-five years. 5. Its 7 p.m. now. She has been waiting for her boyfriend since an hour ago. He just called her that he will arrive at 8 p.m. When he arrives, she will have been waiting for 2 hours.
Negative Form
Bentuk negatif kalimat Future Perfect Continuous Tense dibuat dengan menambahkan not setelah auxilary will, seperti terlihat pada pola berikut, Subject + will + not + have + been + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier Contoh: 1. When my dad picks me up at 1 p.m., I will not have been being at school for 10 hours yet. 2. I have lived in this house for nine years or so. In the next July, I will not have been living in this house for 10 years yet. (belum cukup 10 tahun Juli depan) 3. Its 9 p.m. I am going to bed now and get up at 5 a.m. When I get up, I will not have been sleeping for 10 hours yet. 4. When Mr. Dodi retires next month, he will not have been working for this company for fifty years yet. 5. Its 7 p.m. now. She has been waiting for her boyfriend since an hour ago. He just called her that he will arrive at 8 p.m. When he arrives, she will not have been waiting for 3 hours yet.
Yes/No Questions
Yes/No Questions untuk Future Perfect Continuous Tense adalah sebagai berikut: Will + subject + have + been + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier? Contoh: 1. When your dad picks you up at 1 p.m., will you have been being at school for 10 hours? 2. Will you have been living in this house for 10 years yet next July? 38
3. When I get up, will I have been sleeping for 10 hours yet? 4. When Mr. Dodi retires next month, will he have been working for this company for fifty years yet? 5. Will she have been waiting for 3 hours yet when he arrives? Note:
Walaupun polanya berbeda, makna kalimat sama dengan future perfect tense kategori yang ketiga. Jika modifier of time berupa clause, time clause ini dinyatakan dalam simple present tense.
5. The damage we do to our forest today will result in severe catastrophes sooner or later in the future. Perhatikan contoh 1 di atas dan anggap saja sekarang adalah tanggal 2 Mei!
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow. (Menurut ramalam cuaca, hujan akan turun besok).
Kemudian, karena waktu terus bergulir, anggap sekarang sudah tanggal 4 Mei. Berarti, yang diprediksi tadi (i.e. hujan akan turun) sudah dalam past time, yaitu kemarin. Jadi prediksi tadi harus dinyatakan dalam past future tense menjadi: 1. According to the weather forecast, it would rain yesterday. Atau, According to the weather forecast, it was going to rain yesterday. Dan begitu juga dengan kalimat-kalimat 2-5 di atasseiring dengan bergulirnya waktu berturut-turut akan menjadi: 2. We thought that he would be very disappointed when we didnt do the homework two days ago. Atau, We thought that he was going to be very disappointed when we didnt do the homework two days ago. 3. Ronny came to my house at 7 p.m. two days ago. I thought Jeny, Ronnys girlfriend, would come too but she didnt. Atau, I thought Jeny, Ronnys girlfriend, was going to come too but she didnt. 4. I would probably see Janet at the cafeteria at lunch. Atau, I was probably going to see Janet at the cafeteria at lunch. 5. The damage we do to our forest today will result in severe catastrophes sooner or later in the future. Note: Jika yang diprediksi pada saat pengungkapan kembali masih in future time, (dalam analogi di atas, masih belum tanggal 4 Mei), tetap gunakan simple future tense. (Lihat contoh 5 di atas dan contoh 4 di bawah). 2. Untuk menyatakan kembali kejadian/aktivitas yang direncanakan akan terjadi/dilakukan pada saat tertentu di masa lampau. Dengan menggunakan analogi pada kategori 1, kalimat dalam simple future tense berikut: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ronny is going to come to my house at 7 oclock tonight. He has an appointment. He is going to meet his business partner at noon. I am going to go to the shopping. Do you want to go with me? The next world cup championship is going to be held in South Africa in 2010. He is going to leave for Bali tomorrow morning.
seiring dengan berulirnya waktu akan dinyatakan dalam past future tense menjadi: 1. Ronny was going to come to my house at 7 p.m. two days ago but he couldnt come because of the pouring rain. Atau, Ronny would come to my house at 7 p.m. two days ago but he couldnt come because of the pouring rain. 2. He was going to meet his business partner at noon two days ago but he suddenly got sick just half an hour before the meeting. Atau, He would meet his business partner at noon two days ago but he suddenly got sick just half an hour before the meeting. 40
3. I was going to go to the shopping mall when I asked whether you wanted to go with me two days ago. Atau, I would go to the shopping mall when I asked whether you wanted to go with me two days ago. 4. The next world cup championship is going to be held in South Africa in 2010. Kalimat ini tidak berubah karena aktivitas dari yang direncanakan masih akan dilakukan tahun depan. 5. He was going to leave for Bali yesterday morning but the flight was cancelled. Atau, He would leave for Bali yesterday morning but the flight was cancelled. Note: a). Dalam past future tense, pola yang pertama juga bisa digunakan untuk menyatakan rencana. b). Jika yang direncanakan itu terjadi/dilakukan, maknanya sudah berubah menjadi kejadian/aktivitas yang terjadi in the past (past tense) atau sedang berlangsung in the past (past continuous tense), tergantung keterangan waktunya. 1. Ronny was being at my house at 7 p.m. two days ago. (Ronny sedang di rumah saya jam 7 malam 2 hari lalu). 2. He was meeting his business partner at noon two days ago. (Dia sedang meeting dengan rekan bisnisnya jam 12 siang dua hari lalu). 3. I went to the shopping mall two days ago. (Saya pergi ke shopping mall 2 hari lalu). 4. He left for Bali yesterday morning. (Dia berangkat ke Bali kemarin pagi). 3. Untuk membuat main clause unreal conditionals tipe 1, yaitu conditional yang faktanya dalam simple present tense atau simple future tense. 1. If I were you, I would study harder. (Jika saya adalah kamu, saya akan belajar lebih giat). 2. The crops would not fail to produce if the rain fell. (Tanaman-tanaman tidak akan gagal berproduksi jika hujan turun). 3. They would not need to lime the soil if it were not acidic. (Mereka tidak akan perlu mengapur tanah jika tanah tersebut tidak masam). 4. Untuk membuat kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech), jika kalimat langsungnya menggunakan simple future tense. Contoh: 1. My boyfriend told me that he would marry me. (Pacar saya berkata kepada saya bahwa dia akan mengawini saya). 2. An agronomist said that the soil would be more productive if we fertilized it. (Seorang ahli agronomi bilang bahwa tanah akan lebih produktif jika kita memupuknya). 3. Dean made an announcement that the final exams would be started in two weeks. (Dekan mengumumkan bahwa ujian-ujian akhir akan dimulai dua minggu mendatang). 5. Untuk membuat request atau command menjadi lebih formal atau lebih sopan. Note: would lebih formal/sopan dibandingkan will. Contoh: 1. Would you turn down the TV volume, please! Its too loud. (Tolong kecilkan volume TV. Volumenya terlalu keras). 2. I didnt go to school yesterday, so would you please lend me your note? (Saya tidak sekolah kemarin. Tolong pinjami saya catatan kamu?). 3. If youre free, would you go to see a movie with me tonight? (Jika kamu tidak sibuk, maukah kamu nonton film dengan saya malam ini?).
41
Negative Form
Bentuk negatif Past Future Tense adalah dengan menambahkan not seelah would atau setelah be (was/were) seperti terlihat pada pola berikut: Subject + would + not + verb1+ object + modifier Subject + [(was/were) + not + going to] + verb1+ object + modifier Contoh: 1. According to the weather forecast, it would not rain yesterday. 2. We thought that he wouldnt be very happy when we didnt do the homework. 3. Ronny came to my house at 7 p.m. two days ago. I thought Jeny, Ronnys girlfriend, wouldnt come but she did. 4. I wouldnt probably see Janet at the cafeteria at lunch. 5. Ronny wasnt going to come to my house at 7 p.m. two days ago. 6. He wasnt going to meet his business partner at noon two days ago. 7. I wasnt going to go to the shopping when I met you two days ago. 8. He wasnt going to leave for Bali yesterday morning
Yes/No Questions
Yes/No Questions untuk Past Future Tense adalah sebagai berikut: Would + subject + verb1+ object + modifier? (Was/Were) + subject + going to + verb1+ object + modifier? Contoh: 1. According to the weather forecast, would it rain yesterday? atau According to the weather forecast, was it going to rain yesterday?. 2. Would Jeny, Ronnys girlfriend, come too? 3. Would you probably see Janet at the cafeteria at lunch two days ago? 4. Was Ronny not going to come to your house at 7 p.m. two days ago? 5. Was he going to meet his business partner at noon two days ago? 6. Were you going to go to the shopping when you asked whether I wanted to go with you two days ago? 7. Was he going to leave for Bali yesterday morning?
2. Some students were going to be conducting research on vegetative plant propagations when I go to the agronomy laboratory last week. (Beberapa siswa akan sedang melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif ketika saya pergi ke lab. agronmy dua hari depan). 3. Transpiration would be starting to increase at 8 a.m. this morning. (Transpirasi akan sedang mulai meningkat jam 8 pagi ini).
43
Note: Kejadian/aktivitas yang menginterupsi dinyatakan dalam simple past tense dan berfungsi sebagai keterangan waktu; Sisipkan tanda koma, jika letaknya sebelum past future continuous. Namun, koma tidak diperlukan jika ditempatkan setelah past future continuous. Contoh: 1. When I arrived home last night, my daughter would be watching TV. (Ketika saya tiba di rumah tadi malam, putri saya akan sedang nonton TV). 2. When I called him last night, he would be playing card with his friends. (Ketika saya telpon dia tadi malam, dia sedang main kartu dengan teman-temannya). 3. I would be waiting for you outside the class when you finished your exam. (Saya akan sedang menunggu di luar kelas ketika kamu selesai ujian). 4. He would still be studying at the library tonight, so he would not see his mother when she arrived home. (Dia akan masih sedang belajar di perpustakaan malam ini, jadi dia tidak akan melihat ibunya ketika ibunya tiba di rumah). 5. When I went to her house on last Saturday night, she would be being with her boyfriend. (Jika saya pergi ke rumahnya malam minggu lalu, dia akan sedang bersama dengan pacarnya). 3. Untuk menyatakan dua kejadian/aktivitas yang diprediksi atau direncanakan akan sedang terjadi/dilakukan pada saat bersamaan di masa lampau. Dalam hal ini, gunakan formula berikut: While + subject1 + past future continuous, subject2 + past future continuous Subject1 + future continuous + while + subject2 + future continuous Contoh: 1. While I would be typing another note last night, my family would be watching TV in the family room. (Sementara saya sedang mengetik catatan yang lain tadi malam, keluarga saya akan sedang nonton TV di ruang keluarga). 2. While the president would be giving his speech last Monday, the audience would be listening to him carefully. (Sementara presiden sedang berpidato Senin lalu, pemirsa/hadirin akan sedang mendengarkannya dengan seksama). 3. Male students would be playing around while the female ones would be chitchatting. 4. My roommate would be snoring loudly while I would be studying. (Teman sekamar saya sedang mendengkur keras sementara saya sedang belajar). 5. We would be smoking while others would be drinking. (Kami akan sedang merokok sementara yang lain akan sedang minum). 6. John would be washing dishes while Jane would be making dinner. (John akan sedang mencuci piring sedangkan Jane akan sedang masak untuk makan malam). 7. My dad would be having his colleagues over while my brother would be studying for his final exam last Sunday. Bapak saya akan sedang menjamu kolega-koleganya di rumah sementara kakak saya akan sedang belajar untuk ujian akhirnya. 4. Untuk menyatakan kembali suatu hal atau kejadian/aktivitas yang diyakini/benar-benar akan segera terjadi di masa lampau. Contoh: 1. I thought the sun would be shining soon. (Saya kira matahari akan segera sedang bersinar). 2. Because the clouds were very dark and thick yesterday, we believed it would be raining soon. (Karena awannya sangat gelap dan tebal, kita yakin huja akan segera turun).
44
Negative Form
Bentuk negatif dari kalimat dalam past future continuous tense dibuat dengan menambahkan not setelah auxilliary would, atau setelah be was/were, seperti yang terlihat dalam pola berikut: Subject + would + not + be + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier Subject + [(was/were) + not + going to] + be +(verb1+ing) + object + modifier Note: Would not dapat dikontraksi menjadi wouldnt. Contoh: 1. My daughter would not be watching TV at eight oclock last night. (Putri saya tidak akan sedang nonton TV jam 8 tadi malam). 2. She would not be copying the materials at 10 oclock this morning. (Dia tidak akan sedang memfotokopi materi jam 10 pagi ini). Asumsi, sekarang sudah lewat jam 10 pagi. 3. I would not be discussing English with my classmates at 2 p.m. last Friday. (Saya tidak akan sedang mendiskusikan bahasa Inggris dengan teman-teman kelas saya jam 2 sore Jumat lalu). 4. I would not be being busy at 8 oclock yesterday morning. (Saya tidak akan sedang sibuk jam 8 pagi kemarin). 5. They would not be being very happy at 9 oclock last Saturday night. (Mereka tidak akan sedang sangat bahagia jam 9 malam minggu lalu). Mereka baru saja bubaran sehari sebelumnya. 6. This time last year, she wouldnt be studying Economics at the University of Toronto. (Bulan ini tahun lalu, dia tidak akan sedang belajar/kuliah Ekonomi di Universitas Toronto). 7. They wouldnt be taking an English exam at 10 a.m. yesterday. (Mereka tidak akan sedang mengikuti ujian bahasa Inggris jam 10 pagi kemarin). 8. We wouldnt be watching a football game at 11 p.m. last night (Kami tidak akan sedang nonton pertandingan sepak bola jam 11 tadi malam). Dan seterusnya.
Yes/No Questions
Yes/No Questions untuk Future Continuous Tense adalah sebagai berikut: Would + subject + be + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier? (Was/Were) + subject + [going to] + be + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier? Contoh: 1. Would your daughter be watching TV at eight oclock last night? (Apakah putri anda akan sedang nonton TV jam 8 tadi malam?). 2. Would she be copying the materials at 10 oclock this morning? (Apakah dia akan sedang memfotokopi materi jam 10 pagi ini?). Asumsi, sekarang sudah lewat jam 10 pagi. 3. Would you be discussing English with your classmates at 2 p.m. last Friday? (Apakah kamu akan sedang mendiskusikan bahasa Inggris dengan teman-teman kelasmu jam 2 sore Jumat lalu?). 4. Would I be being busy at 8 oclock yesterday morning? Yes, I would. (Apakah saya akan sedang sibuk jam 8 pagi kemarin?). 5. Would they be being very happy at 9 oclock last Saturday night? (Apakah mereka akan sedang sangat bahagia jam 9 malam minggu lalu?). 6. Would she be studying Economics at the University of Toronto this time last year? (Apakah dia akan sedang belajar/kuliah Ekonomi di Universitas Toronto pada bulan ini tahun depan?). 7. Would they be taking an English exam at 10 a.m. yesterday? (Apakah mereka akan sedang mengikuti ujian bahasa Inggris jam 10 pagi kemarin?). 45
8. Would we be watching a football game at 11 p.m. last night? (Apakah kami akan sedang nonton pertandingan sepak bola jam 11 tadi malam?). Dan seterusnya. Note: Pola yang kedua dari future continuous tense hampir tidak diberikan contoh di sini. Silakan kamu latihan dengan mengganti semua would dengan (was/were) going to. Contoh:
My daughter was going to be watching TV at 8 oclock last night. My daughter wasnt going to be watching TV at 8 oclock last night. Was my daughter going to be watching TV at 8 oclock last night?
Sekarang timbul pertanyaan, kenapa tidak dinyatakan dalam past continuous tense saja, karena kejadian/aktivitas dalam kalimat di atas sama-sama mengandung makna sedang terjadi atau sedang dilakukan in the past? Silakan leave a comment!
Contoh: 1. I predicted that by 3 p.m. yesterday, I would have finished reading this book. (Saya berharap bahwa sebelum jam 3 sore kemarin, saya akan sudah selesai membaca buku ini). 2. I thought Barcelona would have scored three goals when the first half was over. Because its opponent was tough, however, it didnt score even a single goal. (Saya kira Barcelona akan telah cetak 3 goal ketika babak pertama berakhir. Namun karena lawannya tangguh, Barcelona bahkan tidak cetak goal sama sekali). 3. Because of the terrible traffic we knew that dads plane would have already arrived by the time we got to the airport yesterday. 4. My dad planned that he would have been home when my mom gave birth last month. He didnt make it though because he had an immigration documentation problem. 5. I thought I would have already fallen asleep by the time Joni got home last night. I dont know why I was still awake when he did. Note: Jika pada future perfect tense, time clause dinyatakan dalam simple present tense, pada tensis ini dinyatakan dengan simple past tense. Misalnya: when the first half was over (pada contoh 2), by the time we got to the airport (pada contoh 3), etc. 2. Untuk menyatakan kembali kegiatan/aktivitas yang pernah diprediksi atau direncanakan akan sudah terjadi/sudah selesai dilakukan sebelum kejadian/aktivitas yang lain di masa lampau. Note: Dalam kategori ini, kedua aktivitas dilakukan oleh subject yang sama. Coba bandingkan dengan past perfect tense kategori kedua! Contoh: 1. I assumed that John would have traveled around the world before he got married last year. 2. She thought that she would have read the entire book before she went to campus yesterday afternoon. 3. I predicted that I would already have had enough time to eat before I played badminton last night. 4. They thought he would have already bought a gift before he went to his girlfriends birthday party last night. 5. I once predicted that he would have had more than 50 wives before he died. I was wrong. He turned out to be a very loving husband long time before he died last week. Note: already bisa ditempatkan setelah would atau setelah have. 3. Untuk menyatakan kembali bahwa kejadian/aktivitas akan terus terjadi/dilakukan sampai batas waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Contoh: 1. I thought I would have been at school only for 6 hours yesterday. In fact, I had to wait for another hour because my dads car broke down on the way to the school. 2. I was completely sure that on August 17, I would have lived in this house for 10 years sharp. 3. I expected that I would have slept for 8 hours last night but I was awoken by my neighbors long big fight at 1 a.m. It was very loud and I couldnt fall asleep till morning. 4. It was predicted that when Mr. Dodi retired last month, he would have worked for this company for forty-five years. 5. She never expected that she would have waited for her boyfriend for 2 hours last night. 4. Untuk membuat main clause unreal conditionals tipe 2, yaitu jika faktanya dalam past future tense atau simple past tense. 47
Contoh: 1. If you had told me about the todays exam, I would have studied hard last night. (Jika kamu kasi tahu saya bahwa akan ada ujian hari ini, saya akan telah belajar keras tadi malam). 2. If you had not passed the English I, you would not have been allowed to take the English II. (Jika kamu belum lulus bahasa Inggris I, kamu tidak akan diijinkan untuk mengambil matakulian bahasa Inggris II ini). 3. He wouldnt have got an accident, if he had not driven fast. (Dia tidak akan telah mengalami kecelakaan, jika dia tidak ngebut). 4. If my parents hadnt got divorced, I wouldve been much happier. (Jika orang tua saya tidak bercerai, saya akan jauh lebih bahagia). 5. If I hadnt got a scholarship, I wouldnt have been able to afford the school expenses. (Jika saya tidak dapat beasiswa, saya tidak akan mampu membayar biaya-biaya sekolah).
Negative Form
Bentuk negatif Past Future Perfect Tense mengikuti pola berikut: Subject + would + not + have + verb3 + object + modifier Contoh: 1. Because of its thickness, I knew that I would not have finished reading it by 3 p.m. yesterday. 2. I never thought that Barcelona wouldnt have scored even a single goal when the first half was over. 3. We expected that dads plane wouldnt have arrived yet by the time we got to the air port yesterday. But we were late because the traffic was so terrible. 4. Because of an immigration documentation problem, my dad knew that he wouldnt have been home when my mom gave birth last month. 5. I hoped that when Joni arrived home last night, I would not have fallen asleep yet. 6. I assumed that John wouldnt have traveled around the world before he got married last year. 7. She thought that she wouldnt have read the entire book before she went to campus yesterday afternoon. 8. I predicted that I wouldnt have had enough time to eat before I played badminton last night. 9. They thought he wouldnt have bought a gift before he went to his girlfriends birthday party last night. 10. I once predicted that he wouldnt have had more than 50 wives before he died. 11. I thought I wouldnt have been at school for 7 hours yesterday. 12. I was completely sure that on August 17, I wouldnt have lived in this house for 10 years yet. 13. I expected that I wouldnt have slept for 4 hours last night. 14. It was predicted that when Mr. Dodi retired last month, he wouldnt have worked for this company for fifty years. 15. She expected that she wouldnt have waited for her boyfriend for 2 hours last night.
Yes/No Questions
Yes/No Questions untuk Past Future Perfect Tense adalah sebagai berikut: Would + subject + have + verb3 + object + modifier? Contoh:
48
1. If I had told you about the todays exam, would you have studied hard last night? (Jika saya telah beri tahu kamu bahwa ada ujian hari ini, apakah kamu akan telah belajar keras tadi malam?) 2. Would you have been allowed to take the English II if you had not passed the English I? 3. Would he have got an accident if he had not driven fast? 4. If your parents hadnt got divorced, would you have been much happier? 5. If you hadnt got a scholarship, would you have been able to afford the school expenses? 6. Would you have finished reading this book by 3 p.m. yesterday if it were thinner? 7. Would Barcelona have scored three goals when the first half was over if its opponent had been Indonesian team? 8. If the traffic hadnt been terrible, would dads plane have arrived after you got to the airport? 9. Would he have been home when your mom gave birth last month if he hadnt had an immigration documentation problem? 10. Would you have fallen asleep by the time Joni got home last night if you had taken a sleeping pill? Dan seterusnya. Note: Kalimat tanya dari tensis ini pada umumnya berupa conditional sentence seperti terlihat pada contoh-contoh di atas. Sekarang, coba bandingkan dengan cara berikut: 1. Did you assume that John would have traveled around the world before he got married last year? 2. Did you predict that she would have read the entire book before she went to campus yesterday afternoon? 3. Did I predict that I wouldnt have had enough time to eat before I played badminton last night? 4. Did they think that he would have bought a gift before he went to his girlfriends birthday party last night? 5. Did you predict that he would have had more than 50 wives before he died?
Perhatikan contoh pada past future perfect tense kategori ketiga berikut: 1. I thought I would have been at school only for 6 hours yesterday. In fact, I had to wait for another hour because my dads car broke down on the way to the school. 2. I was completely sure that on August 17, I would have lived in this house for 10 years sharp. 3. I expected that I would have slept for 8 hours last night but I was awoken by my neighbors long big fight at 1 a.m. It was very loud and I couldnt fall asleep till morning. 4. It was predicted that when Mr. Dodi retired last month, he would have worked for this company for forty-five years. 5. She never expected that she would have waited for her boyfriend for 2 hours last night. Dalam past future perfect continuous tense, kelima kalimat ini menjadi: 1. I thought I would have been being at school only for 6 hours yesterday. In fact, I had to wait for another hour because my dads car broke down on the way to the school. 2. I was completely sure that on August 17, I would have been living in this house for 10 years sharp. 3. I expected that I would have been sleeping for 8 hours last night but I was awoken by my neighbors long big fight at 1 a.m. It was very loud and I couldnt fall asleep till morning. 4. It was predicted that when Mr. Dodi retired last month, he would have been working for this company for forty-five years. 5. She never expected that she would have been waiting for her boyfriend for 2 hours last night.
Negative Form
Bentuk negatif Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense adalah dengan menambahkan kata bantu NOT setelah auxilliary WOULD seperti terlihat pada formula berikut: Subject + would + not + have + been + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier Contoh: 1. I thought I wouldnt have been being at school for 7 hours yesterday. 2. I was completely sure that on August 17, I wouldnt have been living in this house for 10 years yet. 3. I expected that I wouldnt have been sleeping for 4 hours last night. 4. It was predicted that when Mr. Dodi retired last month, he wouldnt have been working for this company for fifty years. 5. She expected that she wouldnt have been waiting for her boyfriend for 2 hours last night. Note: Seperti dituliskan dalam kelima contoh di atas, would + not dapat dikontraksi menjadi wouldnt.
Yes/No Questions
Yes/No Questions untuk Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense dibentuk dengan menempatkan (inversi) auxililiary WOULD di depan subject kalimat: Would + subject + not + have + been + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier? Contoh: 1. Would you have been being at school for 7 hours yesterday if your dads car hadnt broken down on the way to the school? 50
2. Would you have been living in this house for 10 years on August 17 if the house rent had been raised by the landlord?. 3. If your neighbor hadnt had a long big fight last night, would you have been sleeping for 4 hours last night? 4. If Mr. Dodi were still strong, would he have been working for this company for more than fifty years? 5. Did she expect that she would have been waiting for her boyfriend for 2 hours last night?
51