Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Al-Badai,
al-Qurtubi in his interpretation, and the shaykh of al-Islam in his books,
where he said: As for the ghting to repulse [an enemy], it is aimed at
defending sanctity and religion, and it is a duty as agreed [by the ulama].
Nothing is more sacred than belief except repulsing an enemy who is
attacking religion and life.
11
Certainly other imams have disputed his interpretation, although
most Muslims who avowed that the September :: attacks were illegal
according to Islam focused on the killing of the innocentswhich, as
we have seen, bin Laden also has disputed. But the point here isnt that
bin Laden is right and others are wrong; its that his interpretation is
168 ISLAM UNVEI LED
rmly rooted in Islamic law. Other bin Ladens can and will use the same
laws to make more trouble. The problem, in other words, is that the the-
ory of jihad allows for the unchecked growth of militant groups in Islam
growth which outmanned and outgunned Islamic moderates are powerless
to stop, because to do so would be to turn against Islam itself.
Whats more, the other major Sunni school, the Shafii, and the
smaller Zahiri school favor offensive jihad. The Shafiis and Zahiris,
according to al-Buti, proclaimed that the fundamental cause of Jihad is
to terminate Paganism.
12
This would mean that jihad must continue as
long as there are unbelievers, at least according to the Shais. Making
war on unbelievers is one of the responsibilities of the Muslim umma.
The Shai manual Reliance of the Traveller stipulates that jihad is a com-
munal obligation to war against non-Muslims.
The caliph makes war upon Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians (N: pro-
vided he has rst invited them to enter Islam in faith and practice, and if
they will not, then invited them to enter the social order of Islam by pay-
ing the non-Muslim poll tax (jizya)which is the significance of their
paying it, not the money itselfwhile remaining in their ancestral reli-
gions (O: and the war continues) until they become Muslim or else pay
the non-Muslim poll tax. . . . The caliph ghts all other peoples until they
become Muslim.
13
[N and O denote references to commentaries by
Sheikh Nuh
c
Ali Salman and Sheikh
c
Umar Barakat, respectively. These
parenthetical comments are included within the main text of Reliance of
the Traveller, as they appear here.]
Since the fall of the Ottoman Empire there has been no caliph, but
this doesnt mean that no Muslim will dare to declare jihad. Bin Laden
has taken it upon himself to declare jihad on his own. (Other Muslim
clerics have, however, denied his right to do this.)
The Shais, in any case, are no fringe group, nor are they newly
minted. The Shai juridical rite has been around for more than a mil-
lennium: it was founded upon the teachings of the Imam al-Shai, who
ourished in the ninth century, and is particularly strong today in Egypt,
Syria, India and Indonesia. It was once widespread in Arabia, only to be
displaced by the even more militant Wahhabis.
Moreover, the niceties of theory and theological debate aside, there
is little doubt that on matters of jihad the Shais nd substantial agree-
ment from, for example, the Wahhabis (who profess the Hanbali school
DOES THE WEST REALLY HAVE NOTHI NG TO FEAR FROM ISLAM? 169
of jurisprudence) and many others. Even if they disagree on the textbook
occasions for jihad, enough Muslims believe that they have ample cause
nowadays to combat belligerency that Americans should prepare them-
selves for a long, hard war.
Those who claim that jihad is primarily a struggle against sin, or
that it only resorts to arms in a defensive mode, are correct, thenbut
only partially. Likewise, those who think that militant Islam is a Wah-
habi creation fail to recognize that even some of the Islamic groups that
the Wahhabis condemn as heretics allow for Wahhabi-like militancy
among their adherents.
Three Territories
Traditional Islamic thought divides the world into three spheres: dar-al-
Islam, dar-al-Sulh and dar-al-harbthat is, the House of Islam, the House
of Truce and the House of War.
The House of Islam, of course, is the territory where Islamic law
holds sway. Dependent upon it is the House of Truce, the area where
non-Muslims live in covenant with Muslim rulers; this area, then, is the
abode of the dhimmis. (Dr. Mustafa Ceric, a high-ranking Bosnian Mus-
lim cleric, defines dar-al-Sulh as more of an intermediary area, where
the situation is such that Islam or the shariah cannot be implemented
fully, but the government should endeavour to put it into practice as
much as possible.)
14
About the House of War there is no disagreement. Non-Muslims,
explains Bat Yeor, are harbis, inhabitants of the dar-al-harb, the lands of
war, so called because they are destined to come under Islamic jurisdiction,
either by war (harb) or by the conversion of their inhabitants. The jihad
that aims to increase the size of the dar-al-Islam at the expense of the dar-
al-harb is not a conventional war that begins at a certain point and ends at
another. Jihad is a permanent war that excludes the idea of peace but
authorizes temporary truces related to the political situation (muhadana).
15
This is a point that few, if any, Western commentators have remarked
upon. A jihad such as that declared against the United States by bin
Laden is not the sort of war that ends with the victory of one side and
the defeat of the other, heralded by the signing of a peace treaty and the
other trappings of the conclusion of modern warfare. Instead, its just an
episode in the ongoing Muslim struggle against the unbelieving world.
170 ISLAM UNVEI LED
Karen Armstrong acknowledges that Muslim jurists . . . taught
that, because there was only one God, the whole world should be united
in one polity and it was the duty of all Muslims to engage in a contin-
ued struggle to make the world accept the divine principles and create a
just society. The House of War should be made to surrender to Gods
rule. Until this had been achieved, Islam must engage in a perpetual war-
like effort. But, she says, this martial theology was laid aside in prac-
tice and became a dead letter once it was clear that the Islamic empire
had reached the limits of its expansion about a hundred years after
Muhammads death.
16
The problem is that however much of a dead letter it became in
practice during times of weakness in the House of Islam, no one laid it
aside in principle. No one seems to have told the warriors of jihad who
besieged Europe through the seventeenth century that the Islamic empire
had already reached the limits of its expansion centuries before. No one
seems to have told the modern-day warriors and apostles of Islam from
Bosnia to the Philippines that jihad is a dead letter, and that Islam isnt
doing any more expanding. Historian Paul Fregosi observes that from
the time of Muhammad, the purpose of Jihad became, and basically still
is, to expand and extend Islam until the whole world is under Muslim
rule.
17
Jihad will no more end with Osama bin Laden than it began with
him. As the Encyclopedia of Islam put it in :,:,, Islam must be com-
pletely made over before the doctrine of jihad can be eliminated.
18
If
anything about the future is certain, it is that whatever the ultimate out-
come of the war on terrorism may be, there will be more jihads as long
as there are people who take the Quran as the word of Allah and the
Sunnah as second only to the Quran as a reliable guide to behavior.
Demographic Jihad
On the other hand, if demographic trends continue, jihad may not be
necessary. The Islamicization of the West will happen, but in a slower,
less dramatic way.
The population in the Muslim world is skyrocketing, while in the
lands that once were Christendom it is aging and diminishing. Accord-
ing to the CIA, in the twenty-rst century the population of the region
that served as the locus for most :cth Century historyEurope and
DOES THE WEST REALLY HAVE NOTHI NG TO FEAR FROM ISLAM? 171
Russiawill shrink dramatically in relative terms; almost all population
growth will occur in developing nations that until now have occupied
places on the fringes of the global economy. Moreover, of the :., bil-
lion people that the world population will gain by :c:cless than
twenty years from nowmost will be added to states in Asia and Africa.
Those growing fastest will be Muslim nations, including some of those
that are currently the most militant. Many developing nations will expe-
rience substantial youth bulges: the largest proportional youth popula-
tions will be located in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and
Iraq.
19
In Europe, meanwhile, the population bulge is among the aged.
In :ccc, Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant Christians comprised
,c percent of the global population and Muslims :, percent. But one
estimate predicts that if present trends continue, by :c:, Muslims will
substantially outnumber Christians, comprising ,c percent of the worlds
people, with Christians constituting :, percent.
20
Demographic predictions are always risky. But these predictions
arent pulled out of thin air: populations are already exploding in the
Muslim world, just as they are already declining in the West. A recent
news item from Saudi Arabia is emblematic of current trends: the :,,-
year-old Hussein Rashid al-Sowaikat al-Baqami died on May , :cc:,
leaving behind the last of his nine wives, :, sons and ::, grandchil-
dren.
21
A story from the Gaza Strip is similar: The Gaza Strips oldest
resident, Haj Abdullah Kadurah, died last week at the age of ::. For the
last ;c years he had served as a muezzin [caller to prayer] of the Tufeh
neighborhood mosque, located next to his home. Kadurah is survived
by more than :c children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, and
great-great-grandchildren.
22
Granted, not every Muslim lives twelve decades and leaves behind
hundreds of descendants, but these two men are emblematic of larger
demographic trends. By contrast, imagine a Westerner, born at the same
time as Haj Abdullah Kadurah, who had a now-typical two-child fam-
ily, as did all of his descendants. In ve generations he would have a total
of ,c descendants, compared with Kadurahs :c.
Where will all these people go?
To Europe, where the population decline has made jobs plentiful
and immigrants more welcome than ever. They have already gone there
in great numbers. In France, Islam is the second-largest religion in the
country: there are now about four million Muslims in France, or about
172 ISLAM UNVEI LED
; percent of the nations total population. The Muslim population in
Germany is approaching percent. There are also about a million Mus-
lims in Italy and half a million in the formerly Muslim land of Spain.
All these populations are increasing rapidly, as exemplied by the
growth of Islam in the Netherlands. According to the U.S. State Depart-
ments International Religious Freedom Report,
Only , Muslims lived in the country in :;,. After :,oc the number of
Muslims began to rise due to the arrival of migrant workers, primarily
from Morocco and Turkey. Family unication increased their numbers
to :,,ccc Moroccans and :;,,ccc Turks by :,,. Additional Muslims
came from the former Dutch colony of Suriname. In the past decade,
Muslim numbers further increased due to the large numbers of asylum
seekers from countries such as Iran, Iraq, Somalia, and Bosnia. By :,,
about ;cc,ccc persons, or . percent of the population, were Muslim
the majority Sunni.
23
As these numbers continue to expand among Europes aging, sec-
ularized populations, Europe will be, in the words of the CIA, less will-
ing to face up to global hotspots
24
and presumably even less willing
when to do so will entail making war against the homelands of large seg-
ments of its population.
Of course, while Muslim enclaves in European cities have already
aroused concern, a great many of these immigrants will experience the attrac-
tion not only of secularism, but of liberal democracy. The great majority of
them, once removed from the heightened emotions and fanaticism of the
contemporary House of Islam, will become productive citizens, hardly dis-
tinguishable from their neighbors. Human nature is the same the world over.
Even so, fanaticism and rage dominate so much of contemporary Islamic
discourse that it would be nave to assume that all of the Muslims stream-
ing into Europe are likely to assimilate peacefully into Western culture.
The ideology of multiculturalism, in fact, dictates that they not
assimilate, but rather cling proudly to their Islamic beliefs and traditions.
The multiculturalist imperative also coincides neatly with the traditional
Muslim view of non-Islamic cultures. Philip Hitti explains that Muslims
call the era before the appearance of Muhammad the Jahiliyah period,
a term usually rendered as time of ignorance or barbarism.
25
V. S. Naipaul encountered this attitude in his travels through the
House of Islam. For many Muslims, he observes, The time before Islam
DOES THE WEST REALLY HAVE NOTHI NG TO FEAR FROM ISLAM? 173
is a time of blackness: that is part of Muslim theology. History has to
serve theology. Naipaul explains how at least some Pakistani Muslims,
far from valuing the nations renowned archaeological site at Mohenjo-
Daro, see it as a teaching opportunity for Islam:
A featured letter in Dawn offered its own ideas for the site. Verses from
the Koran, the writer said, should be engraved and set up in Mohenjo-
Daro in appropriate places: Say (unto them, O Mohammed): Travel
in the land and see the nature of the sequel for the guilty. . . . Say (O
Mohammed, to the disbelievers): Travel in the land and see the nature of
the consequence for those who were before you. Most of them were idol-
aters.
26
Likewise in Iran: In o,; a.o., just ve years after the death of the Prophet,
the Arabs began to overrun Persia, and all Persias great past, the past
before Islam, was declared a time of blackness.
27
We have also seen the
fruit of this assumption in our own time in Cyprus, where Muslims
attempted to use the fourth-century monastery of San Makar as a hotel;
in Libya, where Muammar Qadda turned Tripolis Catholic cathedral
into a mosque; and in Afghanistan, where the Taliban dynamited the
Buddhas of Bamiyan.
Are All Religions Created Equal?
It is not true that all religions are basically identical, or that all are essen-
tially peaceful. It would be too pessimistic to say that there are no peace-
ful strains of Islam, but it would be imprudent to ignore the fact that
deeply imbedded in the central documents of the religion is an all-
encompassing vision of a theocratic state that is fundamentally different
from and opposed to the post-Enlightenment Christian values of the
West.
Even in Pakistan, where Christians have suffered so terribly, they
are unafraid to tell the whole truth about Islam. The website of the Pak-
istan Christian Post featured an article entitled Lesson for Christian
Women on Marriage to Any Muslim Man. It cautions Christian girls
considering marriage to Muslims that there is an old saying Love is
blind but marriage is an eye opener. This could never be truer than with
regard to the young western woman marrying into Islam. So take warn-
ing!
28
The author then explores Islamic law regarding marriage and the
174 ISLAM UNVEI LED
status of women: women are inferior, unclean, subject to corporal pun-
ishment and polygamy, and so on.
29
But it seems to be easier to say things like that in Muslim Pakistan,
where Christians live under the constant threat of arrest and assault, than
in the West. In Western Europe and North America, the fact that Islam
at its core contains elements that are not peaceful or benign has become
the truth that dares not speak its name.
Instead, the news media indulges in puerile and outrageously inac-
curate comparisons like this one by ABC reporter Jami Floyd: Since
September ::, the word terrorist has come to mean someone who is rad-
ical, Islamic and foreign. But many believe we have as much to fear from
a home-grown group of anti-abortion crusaders.
30
On June ;, :cc:, the
New York Times ran an op-ed piece alleging that Americans are distracted
by our own stereotypes, searching for Muslim terrorists in the Philip-
pine jungle . . . and forgetting that there are blond, blue-eyed mad bombers
as well. The next day the paper reported that Christian missionary Mar-
tin Burnham had been killed in the Philippine jungle as Philippine sol-
diers attempted to free him from the Islamic terrorist group Abu Sayyaf.
31
The Society of Professional Journalists, meanwhile warned Amer-
icas newspeople not to refer to the September :: terrorists without also
referring to white supremacists, radical antiabortionists, and other groups
with a history of such activity.
32
Similarly, we hear that the Democra-
tic Party plots to steal the war issue from the Republicans by scapegoat-
ing the religious right, presenting conservative Christians as the moral
equivalent of the Taliban.
33
Such statements and intentions betray an appalling ignorance both
of Islam and of our own culture and heritage. Beyond that is outright
cultural self-hatred, as manifested by Karen Armstrong in her tendency
to blame Christianity for all the misdeeds of Islam, and by Bill Clinton
when he blamed the Crusades and American slavery for the September
:: terrorist attacks.
34
The most disgraceful example of this self-hatred
comes from English journalist Robert Fisk, who was beaten by a mob of
refugees in Afghanistan soon after the beginning of the war on terror-
ism. If I were the Afghan refugees, wrote Fisk, I would have done just
the same to Robert Fisk. Or any other Westerner I could nd.
35
The culture of tolerance threatens to render the West incapable of
drawing reasonable distinctions. The general reluctance to criticize any
DOES THE WEST REALLY HAVE NOTHI NG TO FEAR FROM ISLAM? 175
non-Christian religion and the almost universal public ignorance about
Islam make for a lethal mix.
These days its considered in bad taste to point out that the Quran
and the Bible do not teach identical moral precepts, or that the Muham-
mad of Islam and the Jesus of Christianity are not interchangeable. Actor
Gabriel Byrne expressed a commonplace for many, if not most, modern
Westerners when he said that he wanted his children to learn moral pre-
cepts, knowing right from wrong. If they get that from the Koran or the
Bible or the Kaballah I dont care.
36
Were Byrnes children really taught the Quran, they would likely
become quite different people from what they would be as Bible read-
ers. Gabriel Byrne and millions of others in the West either dont know
it or wont admit it, but Christianity, the spiritual foundation of secular
Western society, and Islam shape different kinds of personalities.
Human nature is multifaceted. Every individual is subject to an
uncountable number of inuences during his lifetime. It is usually impos-
sible to isolate with any certainty the real causes that moved anyone to
make a particular choice. The terrible imperfection of people who have
followed the Jesus of the New Testament is a clear indication that good
ideals do not translate smoothly and easily into good actions. Nonethe-
less, awed ideals are certainly less likely to do so. Thats why it matters
what one believes, and why the differences in belief systems are so
important.
Consider the difference we saw in chapter four between how Mus-
lims and Christians have reacted to the case of Sufiyatu Huseini, the
Nigerian woman sentenced to death for adultery under the Sharia,
although she says she was raped. Bello Sanyinnawal, the presiding judge
in the case, was intent on carrying out the letter of the law in his con-
cern for the purity of the Muslim community. But at least one Christ-
ian had a different response: if expiation had to be made, Anthony
Olubunmi Okogie, the Catholic archbishop of Lagos, was ready to make
it, offering his own life in exchange for that of Suyatu Huseini.
Indeed, the Palestinian Muslim Eyad Sarraj noted the same contrast:
Christianitys message of nonviolence is very important, and it is not there
in Islam, and I believe it is not there in Judaism. I would honestly say that
if I could choose a religion, I would choose Christianity and its ideal of
176 ISLAM UNVEI LED
universal acceptance, love, and forgiveness. It is all so beautiful. It is just
so unfortunate that the history of Christianity has nothing to do with
these ideas.
37
Perhaps Sarraj would enjoy meeting Archbishop Okogie.
We have seen that elements of Islam fiercely resist secularism, as
well as relativism and indifferentism. Some Muslims are suspicious of
non-Muslim cultures and will not assimilate into them, just as they begin
to overwhelm them numerically. If anything is certain in the future, it
is that these elements will cause more conicts, and that the West should
be prepared for them.
Sheikh
c
Abd al-Hamid al-Ansari, dean of the Faculty of Sharia at
Qatar University, recently called upon the West to reappraise Islam:
The West must reexamine the foundations of its view towards us and the
ideas it has formulated about us since the period of Orientalism [i.e. Ori-
entalist research] which were based on the [perceptions] of the Middle
Agesaccording to which Islam is a religion of violence spread by the
sword, and the Muslims are wreaking vengeance on modern civilization
and do not respect human rights, do not guarantee minority rights, do
not believe in the values of democracy and tolerance, and do not behave
properly towards women. Similarly, the West needs to refrain from gen-
eralizing about Islam and Muslims because of the behavior of a small
minority among them.
38
It is one thing, however, to ask for a change in the Western per-
ception of Islam, and quite another to provide evidence to make such a
change possible. I would love to take Sheikh al-Ansari at his word and
see Islam as entirely benign and enlightened, but it isnt really me that
he has to convince; it is his fellow Muslims. Yet the children of Osama
and his ilk are not likely to be easily swayed.
Whether or not Islam ever becomes dominant in Western Europe
or elsewhere in the former lands of Christendom, the wars will not end.
Militant Islam will not go away with the death of bin Laden, or Arafat,
or Saddam Hussein, or anyone else. It will clash increasingly with the
weary secular powers that it blames for all the ills of the umma. No one
can predict the features of the world that will emerge from these con-
icts, except that it will be new, and that it will be difcultunless there
is some wondrous intervention from the Merciful One.
177
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ruis iio;icr wouio uavi xivii niix completed or even begun were
it not for Jeff Rubin, whose indefatigable courage, breadth of intellect,
and keenness of insight are rare and refreshing.
Thanks also to Paul Weyrich, Lisa Dean, Clay Rossi, and all at the
Free Congress Foundation, as well as to H. W. Crocker III, the Rev.
Thomas Steinmetz, and the Rev. Eugene Mitchell, BSO, for their kind-
ness and support. I am also grateful for the help of all those who reviewed
the manuscript at its various stages of development: Daniel Ali, Dr. Anis
Shorrosh, the Rt. Rev. Gerasimos Murphy, BSO, the Rev. Richard John
Neuhaus, and others too numerous to name. The conceptual direction
of Peter Collier and the editorial assistance of Carol Staswick at Encounter
Books have been enormously helpful in trimming excesses, correcting
emphases, and bringing clarity to the entire presentation. I am grateful
to all these people for what is true and accurate in this book; only I am
responsible for its errors.
I postponed a good many games and trips to nish this book, and
thank my children for their mature understanding, as well as for their
ever-delightful support and love. Above all, I owe a tremendous debt of
gratitude to my lovely wife. Her acuity, wit, patience, resourcefulness
and love leave me in awe, and ll my life with pure joy.
179
NOTES
Introduction: What Does Islam Really Stand For?
:. Quoted in David Rohde and C. J. Chivers, Al Qaedas Grocery Lists and
Manuals of Killing, New York Times, :; March :cc:, p. A:.
:. EU Deplores Dangerous Islam Jibe, BBC News, :; September :cc:.
,. Ibid.
. Mr. Robertsons Incitement, Washington Post, :, February :cc:, p. A:c.
,. Alexander Stille, Scholars Are Quietly Offering New Theories of the
Koran, New York Times, : March :cc:, p. A:.
o. Ibid.
Chapter : Is Islam a Religion of Peace?
:. George W. Bush, Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the Ameri-
can People, White House Press Release, :c September :cc:.
:. Bill Clinton, Remarks by the President to the Opening Session of the ,,rd
United Nations General Assembly, White House Press Release, :: Septem-
ber :,,.
,. Islam has also inspired a few adherents of the all religions are one dogma,
most notably the Su pantheist Ibn al-
c
Arabi (::o,::c).
. Karen Armstrong, Islam: A Short History (Modern Library, :ccc), p. .
,. Ibid., pp. :;,c.
o. www.cnn.com, : December :cc:.
;. Because of its association in the West with the notorious bounty that the
Ayatollah Khomeini put on Salman Rushdies head, the word fatwa is often
used as a synonym for a Maa contracta death sentence. But in fact
it means simply a ruling by an imam on a disputed question. In Shia Islam,
the dominant sect in Iran, religious teachers (mullahs) generally command
even greater authority and respect than they do in Sunnism: theyre not
just interpreters of the law, but guides and exemplars in living it.
180 ISLAM UNVEI LED
. Shaykh Saalih al-Lehaydaan Says Deadly Attacks in USA Are a Terrible
Crime, www.fatwa-online.com, : September :cc:. As for law in Saudi
Arabia: trafc laws and other minor statutes are not, of course, dictated by
Islamic law, but all major law is based on Islamic religious tenets.
,. Shaykh Saalih as-Suhaymee Speaks about Current Affairs . . . www.fatwa-
online.com, : October :cc:.
:c. A Muslim Activist Questioning Sheikh Omar Regarding the Recent Attack
on USA, www.almuhajiroun.com, :, December :cc:.
::. Allah is the proper name of God in the Quran; it can be precisely ren-
dered in English as something akin to the God or the one God. Some
translatorsnotably N. J. Dawood in his Penguin edition of the Quran
render it simply as God. Many Muslims, however, use the Arabic word
when speaking and writing English, and I have followed their lead.
::. Osama bin Laden videotape, U.S. government transcript, trans. George
Michael, Associated Press, : December :cc:.
:,. The Sala Cult: The Modern Day Khawarij, www.wahhabi.info/.
:. Stephen Schwartz, Seeking Moderation, National Review Online, :,
October :cc:. Schwartz is author of Kosovo: Background to a War.
:,. William J. Bennett, Why We Fight: Moral Clarity and the War on Terror-
ism (Doubleday, :cc:), p. ,.
:o. Capitalization as in the original.
:;. Sheikh Omar Bakri Muhammad, Saudism END Wahhabism, : March
:,,;, www.kavkaz.com/enews.html.
:. Declaration of Press Conference Held by Members of Al-Muhajiroun in
Lahore Press Club, Pakistan, :: September :cc:, www.al-muhajiroun.com.
:,. Thomas Wagner, British Islamist Issues Warning, Associated Press, ;
January :cc:.
:c. Quoted in Jeff Jacoby, Outspoken, Muslimand Moderate, Boston
Globe, :o May :cc:.
::. Ibid.
::. Jake Tapper, Islams Flawed Spokesmen, www.salon.com, :o September
:cc:.
:,. Some Muslim Leaders Seen with Bush Expressed Support for Terrorist
Groups, www.foxnews.com, : October :cc:.
:. Hanna Rosin and John Mintz, Muslim Leaders Struggle with Mixed Mes-
sages, Washington Post, : October :cc:, p. A:o. Yusuf had been outspo-
ken before. His friend Jamil al-Amin, an imam and convert to Islam who
became notorious in the sixties as black militant H. Rap Brown, was recently
convicted of murdering a sheriff s deputy who was trying to serve him with
an arrest warrant. A few years ago Yusuf said of him: Hes a man who by
necessity must speak the truth. That is a dangerous man. . . . Within this
NOTES 181
government are elements who will do anything to silence the truth. Theyll
assassinate either the person or the character. See ocs Radical Gets Life
in Prison for Murdering Deputy, www.cnn.com, : March :cc:.
:,. Quoted in Bennett, Why We Fight, p. ,c.
:o. Tapper, Islams Flawed Spokesmen.
:;. V. S. Naipaul, Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey (Vintage Books,
:,:), p. :c,.
:. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, A Young Muslims Guide to the Modern World (Kazi
Publications, :,,), p. :,.
:,. Badr ad Din az-Zurkashi: al-Burhan
c
ulum al-quran, quoted in Tilman
Nagel, The History of Islamic Theology from Muhammad to the Present, trans.
Thomas Thornton (Markus Wiener Publishers, :ccc), p. :.
,c. Caesar E. Farah, Islam, oth ed. (Barrons, :ccc), p. ;;.
,:. Mohammed Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran
(New American Library, :,,:).
,:. Islam put a stop to the pre-Islamic practice in Arabia of killing infant girls,
who were regarded as a nancial liability.
,,. John L. Esposito, Islam: The Straight Path, ,rd ed. (Oxford University Press,
:,,), p. :c.
,. All Quranic quotations in this book, except where noted, are taken from
the translation by N. J. Dawood, The Koran (Penguin Books, :,,c). One
popular English translation of the Quran renders this verse strive hard
against The Unbelievers: The Meaning of the Holy Quran, trans. and with
commentary by
c
Abdullah Yusuf
c
Ali, :cth ed. (Amana Publications, :,,,).
,,. Amatul Rahman Omar and Abdul Mannan Omar, Introduction to the
Study of the Holy Quran, in The Holy Quran: Arabic TextEnglish
Translation (Noor Foundation International, :,,c), p. ,;A.
,o. Ahmed ibn Naqib al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of
Islamic Sacred Law, trans. Nuh Ha Mim Keller (Amana Publications, :,,,),
o,.c.
,;. Quoted in Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the Major-
ity Islamic Countries :,, Report: Afghanistan, www.alleanzacattolica.
org/acs/index.htm.
,. Quoted in Naipaul, Among the Believers, p. :,,.
,,. Farid ud-Din Attar, The Conference of the Birds, trans. Afkham Darbandi
and Dick Davis (Penguin Books, :,), p. o.
c. Yusuf Islam Calls for Journalists Release, www.cnn.com, , February :cc:.
:. Boxing Legend Ali Asks for Reporters Release, www.cnn.com, ,: Janu-
ary :cc:.
:. Could Yusuf Islam and Muhammad Ali have imported their ideas of a mer-
ciful God from their former religion?
182 ISLAM UNVEI LED
,. U.S. Evangelist Warns of Violence in Islam, Reuters, : February :cc:.
. Kenneth L. Woodward, In the Beginning, There Were the Holy Books,
Newsweek, :: February :cc:, p. ,,.
,. Ahmad Von Denffer,
c
Ulum al-Quran: An Introduction to the Sciences of
the Quran (The Islamic Foundation, :,,), p. :;.
o. That is, except those that are qualied in the text itself. For example, the
Quran acknowledges that alcohol and gambling have some benet for
men, although their harm is far greater than their benet (Sura ::::,).
But elsewhere it says that wine and games of chance . . . are abominations
devised by Satan (Sura ,:,c). If Satan devised them, they can have no ben-
efits. Most Muslims consider the gentle warning of Sura ::::, to be, in
effect, superseded by the absolute prohibition of Sura ,:,c.
;. Farah, Islam, p. ;,.
. Irshad Manji, A Muslim Plea for Introspection, Jewish World Review, :
April :cc:.
,. The caliph was considered the successor of Muhammad as the political
and spiritual leader of the entire Muslim community. Caliphs reigned in
Islam most recently as sultans of the Ottoman Empire. That empire fell
in the early twenties, and the caliphate was soon abolished by the new sec-
ular state of Turkey. Osama bin Laden has referred to this as a great out-
rage that must be redressed: the caliphate must be restored. Then,
presumably, Islam will unite under the caliph and recover its former glory.
,c. Harun Yahya, Islam Is Not the Source of Terrorism, but Its Solution,
www.islamdenouncesterrorism.com.
,:. Quoted in Bennett, Why We Fight, p. :::.
,:. The Islamic Ruling on the Permissibility of Martyrdom Operations,
www.al-muhajiroun.com, : November :cc:.
,,. Quoted in Yotam Feldner, ;: Black-Eyed Virgins? Claremont Review of
Books, Fall :cc:, p. :;. The son of pigs and monkeys epithet may be
derived from the Quran. Speaking of the Jews, Allah says, You have heard
of those of you that broke the Sabbath. We said to them: You shall be
changed into detested apes. (Sura ::o,; cf. Sura ;::oo).
,. Harun Yahya, Islam Is Not the Source of Terrorism.
,,. John Walker Lindh (doodoo@hooked.net), Re: Are Shia Muslims?
soc.religion.islam, o June :,,;.
,o. Mohamed Azad and Bibi Amina, Islam Will Conquer All Other Religions
and American Power Will Diminish (Bell Six Publishing, :cc:), p. ,,.
,;. Reliance of the Traveller, o.; (:c).
,. Ibid., p. vii.
,,. Ibid., p. xx.
NOTES 183
oc. Woodward, In the Beginning, There Were the Holy Books, p. ,,.
o:. In this he anticipated the English King Henry IIs notorious question about
the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket: Will no one rid me of
this meddlesome priest? But Henry was merely a king, not a prophet of
God.
o:. Maxime Rodinson, Muhammad, trans. Anne Carter (Pantheon Books,
:,c), pp. :,;, :;:;:.
o,. The payment of the tax on indels, the jizya, was accompanied by a rit-
ual blow on the back of the head, administered by a Muslim magistrate.
o. This practice dates chiefly from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
o,. Bat Yeor, The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam: From Jihad to
Dhimmitude (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, :,,o), p. :.
oo. Reliance of the Traveller, o:.:(e).
o;. World Evangelical Alliance, Religious Liberty Prayer ListNo. :,cTue.
:: Aug. :cc:, www.worldevangelical.org.
o. Cartoon by Tony Auth, National Catholic Reporter, March :cc:, p. :.
o,. Samuel D. Bradley, September :: and God, Common Sense Online: The
Intercollegiate Journal of Humanism and Freethought, www.cs-journal.org.
;c. Kenneth L. Woodward, In the Beginning, There Were the Holy Books.
;:. Bennett, Why We Fight.
;:. Quoted in Amir Taheri, Holy Terror: Inside the World of Islamic Terrorism
(Adler & Adler, :,;), pp. ::,. The Ayatollahs statement, Whatever
good there is exists thanks to the sword and in the shadow of the sword!
is an intriguing echo of Jesus words in Matthew :o::: He who lives by
the sword will die by the sword.
;,. The Al Qaeda Manual, U.S. Department of Justice translation,
www.usdoj.gov/ag/trainingmanual.htm.
;. Taheri, Holy Terror, p. ::.
;,. Daniel Pipes, Who Is the Enemy? Commentary, January :cc:. Reprinted
at www.danielpipes.org.
;o. Quoted in David Pryce-Jones, The Closed Circle: An Interpretation of the
Arabs (Ivan R. Dee, :cc:), pp. ,:,:.
;;. Farrukh Dhondy, An Islamic Fifth Column: Muslim Americans and
Englishmen Join the Jihad, Opinion Journal, :o December :cc:, www.
opinionjournal.com.
;. Amir Taheri, Islam Cant Escape Blame for Sept. ::, Wall Street Journal,
: October :cc:.
Chapter : Does Islam Promote and Safeguard Sound Moral Values?
:. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Ideals and Realities of Islam(ABC International Group,
:ccc), p. :.
184 ISLAM UNVEI LED
:. Quoted in Annemarie Schimmel, And Muhammad Is His Messenger: The
Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety (University of North Carolina
Press, :,,), p. ,.
,. Akbar S. Ahmed, Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World
(I. B. Tauris Publishers, :cc:), p. :.
. Nasr, Ideals and Realities of Islam, p. ,.
,. Ibid., p. ,,.
o. Maxime Rodinson, Muhammad, trans. Anne Carter (Pantheon Books,
:,c), p. :c,.
;. Caesar E. Farah, Islam, oth ed. (Barrons, :ccc), p. o;.
. Rodinson, Muhammad, p. :c;.
,. Muhammed ibn Ismaiel al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari: The Translation of
the Meanings, trans. Muhammad M. Khan (Darussalam, :,,;), vol. ,, bk.
,:, no. :oo:.
:c. This al-Kindi is not to be confused with the early Muslim philosopher and
theologian of the same name, though it is likely he was from the same large
clan. He may have been at the court of Caliph al-Mamun, who favored the
rationalistic and latitudinarian views of the Mutazilites; see chapter seven.
::. Nasr, Ideals and Realities of Islam, p. o:.
::. Rodinson, Muhammad, pp. :;,,.
:,. Other early Muslim traditions give the revelation of the passage a differ-
ent cause, but one which also revolves around the mutual jealousy of
Muhammads wives. See Sahih al-Bukhari, vol. ;, bk. o, nos. ,:o; and
,:o.
:. Mohammed Nasir-ul-Deen al-Albani, The Status of Sunnah in Islam,
trans. A. R. M. Zerruque, www.orst.edu/groups/msa/books/sunnah:.html.
Evidence of this articles accuracy in reecting accepted Muslim views is
its presence at many Muslim websites, including www.sultan.org, a Mus-
lim apologetics and information site that calls readers to Correct your
information about Islam, The Misunderstood Religion.
:,. Wael B. Hallaq, A History of Islamic Legal Theories (Cambridge University
Press, :,,;), p. oc. Hallaq refers to Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shai (;o;:,),
founder of the school that bears his name and an enormously important
gure in Islamic jurisprudence as a whole.
:o. Abu Abdir Rahmaan, The Sunnah: The Second Form of Revelation, Al-
Haramain Online Newsletter, July :ccc, http://alharamain.org/english/
newsletter/issue,/sunnah.htm.
:;. Ahmad Von Denffer,
c
Ulum al-Quran: An Introduction to the Sciences of
the Quran (The Islamic Foundation, :,,), pp. ::,.
:. Ignaz Goldhizer, Muslim Studies, vol. : (George Allen & Unwin Ltd., :,;:),
p. ,,, quoted in William Van Doodewaard, Hadith Authenticity: A
NOTES 185
Survey of Perspectives, unpublished article, University of Western Ontario
(London, Ontario, :,,o).
:,. The Arabic plural of hadith is ahadith, and this is found in much English-
language Muslim literature. However, to avoid confusing English-speak-
ing readers I have used the English plural form.
:c. John L. Esposito, Islam: The Straight Path, ,rd ed. (Oxford University Press,
:,,), p. :.
::. Abdul Hamid Siddiqi, Introduction to Imam Muslim, Sahih Muslim,
trans. Abdul Hamid Siddiqi, rev. ed. (Kitab Bhavan, :ccc), p. v.
::. Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan, introduction to Sahih Bukhari, pp. ::,.
:,. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ,, bk. o,, no. ,,.
:. Rodinson, Muhammad, pp. :,c,:.
:,. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ;, bk. o;, no. ,:,.
:o. Amir Taheri, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution (Adler
& Adler, :,o), pp. ,c,:.
:;. Ibid., p. ,,.
:. Questions eligibility of daughter in marriage of woman he touched with
lust, Fatwa No. ::,,:, Fatwa Center, www.islamweb.net/english/fatwa.
:,. Child Marriage Violates Rights, BBC News, ; March :cc:. United
Nations Childrens Fund, UNICEF: Child Marriages Must Stop, ; March
:cc:, www.unicef.org/newsline/c:pr::.htm.
,c. Andrew Bushell, Child Marriage in Afghanistan and Pakistan, America,
:: March :cc:, p. ::.
,:. Lisa Beyer, The Women of Islam, Time, :, November :cc:. Reprinted
at www.time.com/time/world/article/c,,,,,:,o;,cc.html.
,:. Bushell, Child Marriage in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
,,. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ;, bk. o;, nos. ,::;,::.
,. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ;, bk. o;, no. ,::,.
,,. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ;, bk. o;, footnote :, p. o.
,o. Sayyid Mujtaba Busavi Lari, Temporary Marriages, Light of Islam,
http://home.swipnet.se/islam/english.htm. See also Temporary Marriage
in Islam, Al Zahra Muslim Association, http://members.ozemail.
com.au/~azma/.
,;. Ibid.
,. In Shia Islam, the word Imam refers to the twelve (in the dominant Shiite
sect) great leaders of the community following the Prophet Muhammad.
,,. See chapter ten.
c. Quoted in Baqer Moin, Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah (St. Martins Press,
:,,,), p. ,c.
:. Taheri, Spirit of Allah, pp. o;.
:. Lari, Temporary Marriages.
186 ISLAM UNVEI LED
,. Sahih Bukhari, vol. :, bk. , no. ,;:.
. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ,, bk. o, no. ::,.
,. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ,, bk. ,;, no. ;c,.
o. Ibid.
;. Sahih Bukhari, vol. , bk. ,;, no. ,::.
. Sahih Bukhari, vol. , bk. o:, no. ,o,:.
,. Sahih Bukhari, vol. o, bk. o,, no. ;;c.
,c. Sahih Muslim, vol. :, bk. :, no. co.
,:. Sahih Muslim, vol. ,, bk. :;, no. ,o.
,:. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ,, bk. o, no. c,;.
,,. Sahih Bukhari, vol. , bk. ,o, no. ,c,c.
,. Sahih Bukhari, vol. , bk. ,, no. ,:,. This incident is recounted in many
other hadiths as well.
,,. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ,, bk. o, no. ,,oc.
,o. Martin Lings, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources (Inner
Traditions International, :,,), p. :,:.
Chapter : Does Islam Respect Human Rights?
:. Amir Taheri, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution (Adler
& Adler, :,o), pp. :c, ,.
:. Ibid., p. .
,. Allah in the Quran often speaks with the royal plural, although He is an
absolute Unity in the rmly anti-Trinitarian Muslim scriptures.
. Mullah Omar Warns AI against Criticizing Shariah, News Network Inter-
national, :, May :,,.
,. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Cen-
tral Asia (Yale University Press, :ccc), p. ::.
o. Quoted in Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the Major-
ity Islamic Countries :,, Report: Afghanistan, www.alleanzacattolica.
org/acs/index.htm.
;. V. S. Naipaul, Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey (Vintage Books,
:,:), p. :;c.
. Reliance of the Traveller, o..
,. Amnesty International, Egypt Report :cc:, www.amnesty.org.
:c. Mullah Manon Niazi, Fatwa on the Hazaras, :c August :,,, www.
hazara.net.
::. Human Rights Watch, Massacres of the Hazaras in Afghanistan, vol. :,,
no. :C, February :cc:, www.hrw.org.
::. Amnesty International, Defying World TrendsSaudi Arabias Extensive
Use of Capital Punishment, :: January :cc:, www.amnesty.org.
NOTES 187
:,. Quoted in James M. Dorsey, Ismaili Shiite Group Seeks an End to Saudi
Religious Discrimination, Wall Street Journal, , January :cc:.
:. Stephen Schwartz, Despotism in Saudi Arabia, Weekly Standard, : Feb-
ruary :cc:, p. :c.
:,. Dorsey, Ismaili Shiite Group Seeks an End to Saudi Religious Discrimi-
nation.
:o. Shehzad Saleem, The Condemnation of Slavery in Islam, in Renaissance:
A Monthly Islamic Journal, www.renaissance.com.
:;. Quoted in Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East (Oxford
University Press, :,,). Reprinted at www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/
lewis:.html.
:. Bat Yeor, The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam: From Jihad to
Dhimmitude (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, :,,o), p. :c.
:,. Coalition Against Slavery in Mauritania and Sudan, Sudan Q&A, com-
piled by the American Friends Service Committee, http://members.aol.
com/casmasalc/mauritan.htm, :,,.
:c. American Anti-Slavery Group, The Baltimore Sun Story, www.anti-
slavery.org/misc/usart:.htm.
::. American Anti-Slavery Group, Sudan: Women and Children As the Spoils
of Holy War, www.iabolish.com/today/background/sudan.htm.
::. Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic
Countries :,, Report: Sudan, www.alleanzacattolica.org/acs/index.htm.
:,. Brian Saint-Paul, The Crescent and the Gun, Crisis, January :cc:,
pp. :,:.
:. Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East.
:,. Coalition Against Slavery in Mauritania and Sudan, Mauritania Q & A,
compiled by the American Friends Service Committee, http://members.aol.
com/casmasalc/mauritan.htm, :,,.
:o. David Hecht, Slavery African Style, unpublished letter to the Wash-
ington Post, : February :,,, The Wisdom Fund, www.twf.org/News/
Y:,,/SlaveryAfrica.html.
:;. Messaoud Ould Boulkheir, A Response by Messaoud Ould Boulkheir:
Slavery in Mauritania, Coalition Against Slavery in Mauritania and Sudan,
http://members.aol.com/casmasalc/boulkhei.htm#Rebuttal.
:. Reliance of the Traveller, o:.:.
:,. Ibid., e::..
,c. But only if the requisite four male witnesses to the act could be found; see
chapter four.
,:. Naipaul, Among the Believers, p. :o.
,:. Schwartz, Despotism in Saudi Arabia.
188 ISLAM UNVEI LED
,,. William J. Bennett, Why We Fight: Moral Clarity and the War on Terror-
ism (Doubleday, :cc:), p. ;,. For information on these groups in the
United States, see Steven Emerson, American Jihad: The Terrorists Living
Among Us (Simon & Schuster, :cc:).
,. Naipaul, Among the Believers, p. :.
,,. Ibid., p. o;.
,o. Sura ::: from The Holy Quran: Arabic TextEnglish Translation, as
explained by Allamah Nooruddin, trans. Amatul Rahman Omar and Abdul
Mannan Omar (Noor Foundation International, :ccc).
,;. Amnesty International, Saudi Arabia Report :cc:, www.amnesty.org.
,. Naipaul, Among the Believers, p. ,:.
,,. Reliance of the Traveller, o::.,(:).
c. Ibid., o:.:. This opinion is held by the Shai, Hanbali and Maliki schools
of Islamic jurisprudence. The Hana school disagrees.
:. Quoted in Amir Taheri, Holy Terror: Inside the World of Islamic Terrorism
(Adler & Adler, :,;), p. ::.
:. Felix Onuah, Nigeria Fears Reprisals after Minister Shot Dead, Reuters,
: December :cc:.
,. Analysis: Nigerias Sharia Split, BBC News, :, October :cc:.
Chapter : Does Islam Respect Women?
:. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ;, bk. o;, no. ,c,o.
:. Sahih Bukhari, vol. , bk. ,o, no. :,.
,. Amatul Rathman Omar and Abdul Mannan Omar, Introduction to the
Study of the Holy Quran, in The Holy Quran: Arabic TextEnglish
Translation, p. ,-A.
. Karen Armstrong, Islam: A Short History (Modern Library, :ccc), p. :o.
,. Ibid.
o. Saudi Police Stopped Fire Rescue, BBC News, :, March :cc:.
http://news.bbc.co.uk.
;. The Meaning of the Holy Quran, trans. and with commentary by
c
Abdul-
lah Yusuf
c
Ali, :cth ed. (Amana Publications, :,,,).
. From Sura :, in The Holy Quran: Arabic TextEnglish Translation.
,. Mohammed Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran
(New American Library, :,,:).
:c. Abu-Dawud Sulaiman bin Al-Aashath Al-Azdi as-Sijistani, Sunan abu-
Dawud, trans. Ahmad Hasan, bk. ::, no. ::,. See also no. ::,,. www.usc.
edu/dept/MSA/reference/searchhadith.html.
::. Sunan abu-Dawud, bk. ::, no. :::.
::. Ibid., bk. ::, no. :::.
NOTES 189
:,. There are several passages of the Quran that have been abrogated and
replaced by other passages. This is the origin of the Satanic verses made
infamous by Salman Rushdie: in Muslim tradition there is a story saying
that Muhammad, trying to appeal to the polytheists around him, pro-
claimed a revelation naming some of their gods as daughters of Allah.
Not long afterward, however, he had a change of heart and corrected the
verse, attributing the original to Satans inuence. The Quran itself refers
to its changeable nature: If We abrogate a verse or cause it to be forgot-
ten, We will replace it by a better one or one similar (Sura :::co). The
abrogation of verses in the Quran is a fascinating study with important
implications for Muhammads status as a prophet, but in any case the wife-
beating verse is not among those abrogated.
:. Reliance of the Traveller, m:c.::.
:,. Row over Turkeys Wife-Beating Book, BBC News, :c August :ccc.
:o. Flora Botsford, Spanish Womens Fury at Islamic Advice, BBC News,
: July :ccc.
:;. Jamal Badawi, Ph.D., Gender Equity in Islam: Basic Principles (American Trust
Publications, :,,,), endnote :. Reprinted at www.jannah.org/genderequity/.
:. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ;, bk. o;, ch. ,.
:,. The Catechism of the Catholic Church, :nd ed. (Libreria Editrice Vaticana,
:,,;), no. :oc. Although the source quoted is Catholic, it expresses a sen-
timent to which Protestants and Orthodox would readily subscribe, and
which even secular Westerners should appreciate for its articulation of love
and mutuality.
:c. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ;, bk. o;, no. ,:,,.
::. Reliance of the Traveller, m::.,.
::. Amir Taheri, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution (Adler
& Adler, :,o), p. ,c.
:,. Sahih Bukhari, vol. :, bk. o, no. ,c. Those who point out similar state-
ments by medieval Church Fathers should remember that no one follows
any of those Fathers the way Muslims follow Muhammad.
:. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ;, bk. o;, no. ,:,o.
:,. Reliance of the Traveller, p:.:().
:o. Jamal Badawi, Ph.D., Polygamy in Islamic Law, :,,, www.users.globalnet.
co.uk/~iidc/qalam/html/poly.html.
:;. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Ideals and Realities of Islam(ABC International Group,
:ccc), p. :c,.
:. Dhaka Sex Workers Celebration, BBC News, ,c March :ccc.
:,. Philip Mansel, Constantinople: City of the Worlds Desire, (St.
Martins Grifn, :,,), p. :c,.
190 ISLAM UNVEI LED
,c. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ,, bk. o:, no. ,oo:.
,:. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ,, bk. ,:, no. :oo:.
,:. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ,, bk. o,, no. ,:o.
,,. Mansel, Constantinople.
,. Kevin Peraino and Evan Thomas, Odyssey into Jihad, Newsweek, : Jan-
uary :cc:, p. ,.
,,. Michael Slackman, The TV Polygamist Legions of Arab Women Love to
Hate, Los Angeles Times, :o December :cc:.
,o. Akbar S. Ahmed, Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World
(I. B. Tauris Publishers, :cc:), p. ;.
,;. Nasr, Ideals and Realities of Islam, p. :c,.
,. Some Muslim sources render this as I divorce you, I divorce you, I divorce
you.
,,. Naasira bint Ellison, Distorted Image of Muslim Women, republished
from Hudaa magazine at www.islamzine.com/women/distort.htm.
c. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ;, bk. o;, no. ,:co.
:. David Pryce-Jones, The Closed Circle: An Interpretation of the Arabs (:,,;
Ivan R. Dee, :cc:), p. ::;.
:. Pope Urges Judges, Lawyers to Shun Divorce Cases, Reuters, : Janu-
ary :cc:.
,. Pruce-Jones, The Closed Circle, p. ::;.
. Encyclopedia of Islamic Law: A Compendium of the Major Schools, adapted
by Laleh Bakhtiar (ABC International Group, :,,o), p. :,.
,. Taheri, Spirit of Allah, p. ,:.
o. Life after Early Marriage, UNICEF Web feature, www.unicef.org/
noteworthy/earlymarriage/,.htm, :: January :cc:.
;. Pryce-Jones, The Closed Circle, p. ::.
. Jamal Badawi, Ph.D., Is Female Circumcision Required? in Gender Equity
in Islam: Basic Principles.
,. Ahmad ibn Hanbal ,:;,, quoted in Hamdun Dagher, The Position of Women
in Islam (Light of Life, :,,;). Reprinted at www.light-of-life.com/eng/
reveal/r,c,efc.htm.
,c. Sunan abu-Dawud, bk. :, no. ,:,:.
,:. Reliance of the Traveller, e.,.
,:. Tantawis quasi-papal status is bestowed upon him by Frank Gardner,
Grand Sheikh Condemns Suicide Bombings, BBC News, December
:cc:, www.bbc.co.uk. Tantawis view of female circumcision is quoted in
Geneive Abdo, No God but God: Egypt and the Triumph of Islam (Oxford
University Press, :ccc), p. ,,.
,,. Quoted in Pryce-Jones, The Closed Circle, p. :,:.
NOTES 191
,. Reliance of the Traveller, o:.,.
,,. Lisa Beyer, The Women of Islam, Time, :, November :cc:. Reprinted
at www.time.com/time/world/article/c,,,,,:,o;,cc.html.
,o. Naipaul, Among the Believers, p. :o,.
,;. The whole story is told in Sahih Bukhari, vol. ,, bk. ,:, no. :oo:. As Muham-
mad loved Aisha above all his other wives, the accusation no doubt grieved
him, and he was reluctant to side with her accusers. This is not the only
time that Muhammad was favored with a revelation from Allah that granted
him the desires of his heart.
,. Sisters in Islam, Rape, Zina and Incest, o April :ccc, www.muslimtents.
com/sistersinislam/resources/sdeni.htm.
,,. Sisters in Islam, Rape and Incest As Penal Code Offences, ,c Novem-
ber :ccc, www.muslimtents.com/sistersinislam/resources/spenal.htm.
oc. Mark Goldblatt, Why the West Is Better, New York Post, ,c January :cc:.
o:. Nigerian Woman Still in Danger of Stoning, Feminist Daily News Wire,
:c January :cc:, www.feminist.org.
o:. Goldblatt, Why the West Is Better.
o,. Obed Minchakpu, Kill Me Instead of Muslim Mother, Nigerian Arch-
bishop Says, National Catholic Register, :c:o March :cc:, p. o.
o. Sisters in Islam, Rape, Zina and Incest.
o,. Chicago Tribune, , May :,,, quoted in Yotam Feldner, Honor Mur-
dersWhy the Perps Get off Easy, The Middle East Media Research
Institute, :o April :cc:, www.memri.org.
oo. Andrew Bushell, Child Marriage in Afghanistan and Pakistan, America,
:: March :cc:.
o;. Two Saudis Beheaded for Rape, Arab News, , May :cc:, www.
arabnews.com.
Chapter : Is Islam Compatible with Liberal Democracy?
:. Islam Is Peace Says President, White House Press Release, :; Septem-
ber :cc:.
:. Dilip Hiro, Holy Wars: The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism (Routledge,
:,,), p. ,.
,. Thomas Jefferson, Letter to the Danbury Baptist Association, : January
:c:. http://w,.trib.com/FACT/:st.jeffers.:.html.
. Hiro, Holy Wars, p. ,o.
,. Mohamed Elhachmi Hamdi, Islam and Liberal Democracy: The Limits
of the Western Model, Journal of Democracy ;.: (:,,o), pp. :,.
o. V. S. Naipaul, Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey (Vintage Books,
:,:), p. :;.
192 ISLAM UNVEI LED
;. Ibid., pp. ,, :c:.
. Hamdi, Islam and Liberal Democracy.
,. Dinesh DSouza, Whats So Great about America (Regnery Publishing, :cc:),
p. ,;.
:c. Quoted in David Pryce-Jones, The Closed Circle: An Interpretation of the
Arabs (:,,; Ivan R. Dee, :cc:), p. ,o:.
::. Tore Kjeilen, Sharia, Encyclopedia of the Orient, http://lexicorient.com/cgi-
bin/eo-direct-frame.pl?http://i-cias.com/e.o/sharia.htm.
::. Quoted in Amir Taheri, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Rev-
olution (Adler & Adler, :,o), p. :o,.
:,. Quoted in Naipaul, Among the Believers, p. ::,.
:. Quoted in Bassam Tibi, The Challenge of Fundamentalism: Political Islam
and the New World Disorder (University of California Press, :,,), p. :o,.
:,. Abdul Qader Abdul Aziz, Perfection of the Shariah, al-Jumuah Maga-
zine, reprinted at www.islamtoday.com.
:o. Hamdi, Islam and Liberal Democracy.
:;. Bernard Lewis, Islam and Liberal Democracy: A Historical Overview,
Journal of Democracy ;.: (:,,o), pp. ,:o,.
:. Hiro, Holy Wars, p. ,,.
:,. Lewis, Islam and Liberal Democracy.
:c. Pryce-Jones, The Closed Circle, p. xi.
Chapter : Can Islam Be Secularized?
:. Caesar E. Farah, Islam, oth ed. (Barrons, :ccc), p. :,o.
:. Bill Clinton, Remarks by the President to the Opening Session of the ,,rd
United Nations General Assembly, White House Press Release, :: Septem-
ber :,,.
,. Charles Glass, Tribes with Flags: A Dangerous Passage through the Chaos of
the Middle East (Atlantic Monthly Press, :,,c), p. o.
. Music of a Distant Drum: Classical Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Hebrew
Poems, trans. Bernard Lewis (Princeton University Press, :cc:), p. :c,.
,. Dinesh DSouza, Whats So Great about America (Regnery Publishing, :cc:),
p. ,.
o. V. S. Naipaul, Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey (Vintage Books,
:,:), p. :,.
;. David Pryce-Jones, An Arab Moment of Truth: Which Way the Islamist Fan-
tasy? National Review, :, October :cc:. Reprinted at www.nationalreview.com.
. Kabul Residents Relish New Freedoms, : November :cc:, www.cnn.com.
,. Lewis, What Went Wrong? (Oxford University Press, :cc:), pp. ::,:o.
:c. Mohamed Elhachmi Hamdi, Islam and Liberal Democracy: The Limits
of the Western Model, Journal of Democracy ;.: (:,,o), pp. :,.
NOTES 193
::. Naipaul, Among the Believers, p. ::;.
::. Quoted in Amir Taheri, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Rev-
olution (Adler & Adler, :,o), p. :c.
:,. Institute for the Secularization of Islamic Society, Our Mission, www.
secularislam.org.
:. Daniel Pipes, Roll over, Rushdie, Weekly Standard, :: January :,,o.
Reprinted at www.secularislam.org/reviews/pipes:.htm.
:,. Osama bin Laden videotape, U.S. government transcript, trans. George
Michael, Associated Press, : December :cc:.
:o. Andrew Mango, Atatrk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey
(Overlook Press, :ccc), p. ,.
:;. Farah, Islam, p. ,,,.
:. Paul Dumont, The Power of Islam in Turkey, in Islam and the State of
the World Today, ed. O. Carre, p. ;;; quoted in Farah, Islam, p. ,,,.
:,. Mango, Atatrk, p. ;:.
:c. Philip Mansel, Constantinople: City of the Worlds Desire, (St.
Martins Grifn, :,,), p. :;.
::. Ibid., p. :c.
::. Ibid.
:,. Reliance of the Traveller contains a note from the modern Muslim scholar
Muhammad Hamid, declaring that the fact that it is widespread among
people does not justify the taking of photographs, which is tantamount
to image-making and hence idolatry. It is no different than interest (riba),
adultery, drinking, gambling, or other blameworthy acts whose night has
overspread the people and darkness enveloped them (Reliance of the Trav-
eller, w,c.,).
:. Mansel, Constantinople, p. ,,c.
:,. Farah, Islam, p. ,,o.
:o. Ibid., p. ,,;.
:;. Albright Says U.S. Not Happy about Turkeys Islamic Drift, CNN, ::
February :,,;.
:. Black Voice Kaplan Dead, Turkish Press Review, :; May :,,,.
:,. Daniel Pipes, Islams Intramural Struggle, National Interest, Spring :,,,
reprinted at www.danielpipes.org.
,c. Taheri, Spirit of Allah, p. :;.
,:. Sadeq el Mahdi, Iran: the Message of Revolution, in Arabia: The Islamic
World Review, February :,:, p. :,. Quoted in Farah, Islam, p. ,;,.
,:. Taheri, Spirit of Allah, p. ,.
,,. Ibid., p. o.
,. Farah, Islam, p. ,,.
,,. Ibid., pp. ,,,c.
194 ISLAM UNVEI LED
,o. Ibid., pp. ,o,oo.
,;. Sayyid Qutb, Social Justice in Islam, trans. John B. Hardie and Hamid
Algar, rev. ed. (Islamic Publications International, :ccc), p. :,.
,. Lewis, What Went Wrong? p. :,.
,,. Naipaul, Among the Believers, p. .
c. Ibid., p. :c.
:. DSouza, Whats So Great about America, p. :,.
Chapter : Can Science and Culture Flourish under Islam?
:. Philip K. Hitti, The Arabs: A Short History (Regnery Publishing, :,,o),
p. ::c.
:. Ibid., p. :.
,. Ibid., p. ::c.
. Ibid., p. ,.
,. Ibid., p. :,.
o. Ibid., p. :c.
;. Ibid., p. ,,.
. Robert Byron, The Road to Oxiana (Oxford University Press, :,:), p. :;o.
,. Ibid., p. :c.
:c. Ibid., p. :,o.
::. Hitti, The Arabs, pp. :::.
::. Ibid., pp. ::.
:,. Ibid., pp. :o;.
:. Music of a Distant Drum: Classical Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Hebrew
Poems, trans. Bernard Lewis (Princeton University Press, :cc:), p. :c.
:,. Nesimis verses, while exquisite, strayed from Islamic orthodoxy to such
an extent that he was ultimately executed. While announcing his fatwa on
Nesimi, the Mufti of Aleppo cried, He is unclean! His death is unclean!
If any one drop of his blood touches any limb, that limb must be cut off!
But when the execution began, some of Nesimis blood stained the Muftis
nger; he escaped mutilation by explaining that the blood fell while I was
citing an example, so no legal consequence follows. Nesimi, ayed alive
and on the point of death, said: If you want to cut one nger of the zealot
he turns and ees from the truth / See this poor devotee who when they
ay him head to foot does not cry out. Ibid., pp. :c,.
:o. Bernard Lewis, The Arabs in History (Oxford University Press, :,,,), p. :;.
A. Zahoor, Abu
c
Uthman
c
Amr ibn Bahr al-Basri al-Jahiz, http://
users.erols.com/gmqm/jahiz.html.
:;. Hitti, The Arabs, p. ::.
:. Lewis, The Arabs in History.
:,. Hitti, The Arabs, p. :o.
NOTES 195
:c. Ibid., p. :,.
::. Reliance of the Traveller, rc.:.
::. Dilip Hiro, Holy Wars: The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism (Routledge,
:,,), p. ,.
:,. Andrew Marshall, The Threat of Jaffar, New York Times Magazine, :c
March :cc:.
:. Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic
Countries :,, Report: Malaysia, www.alleanzacattolica.org/acs/index.htm.
:,. Quoted in Amir Taheri, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Rev-
olution (Adler & Adler, :,o), p. :,,.
:o. Ibid.
:;. Quoted in Baqer Moin, Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah (St. Martins Press,
:,,,), p. :;:.
:. Lewis, The Arabs in History, p. :,:.
:,. Bat Yeor, The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam: From Jihad to
Dhimmitude (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, :,,o), p. :,,.
,c. Caesar E. Farah, Islam, oth ed. (Barrons, :ccc), p. :,.
,:. Hitti, The Arabs, p. ::.
,:. Elias B. Skaff, The Place of the Patriarchs of Antioch in Church History
(Sophia Press, :,,,), p. :o,.
,,. Bat Yeor, The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam. Nestorians were
a heretical Christian sect that held that Christ was of two Persons and two
natures, in contrast to the orthodox view that He is one Divine Person
with two natures, divine and human. Nestorians broke from the Catholic
church after being condemned at the Council of Ephesus in ,:. The Jaco-
bites were another heretical Christian sect, which held that Christ was of
one Person and one nature. Jacobites and other Monophysites, as they were
called, were condemned at the Council of Chalcedon in ,:.
,. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Ideals and Realities of Islam(ABC International Group,
:ccc), p. :,.
,,. Hitti, The Arabs, p. :,.
,o. Ibid., p. :o.
,;. Ibid., p. o.
,. Ibid.
,,. Ibid., p. ,.
c. Wilhelm Windelband, A History of Philosophy, Volume :, Greek, Roman,
and Medieval, trans. James H. Tufts (Harper & Row, :,,), p. ,:;.
:. Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, trans. Michael
E. Marmura (Brigham Young University Press, :ccc), p. :.
:. Ibid., p. .
,. Ibid., p. ::c. Bracketed words are as in the original.
196 ISLAM UNVEI LED
. Tilman Nagel, The History of Islamic Theology from Muhammad to the Pre-
sent, trans. Thomas Thornton (Markus Wiener Publishers, :ccc), p. :::.
,. Al-Ghazali, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, p. ::o. Emphasis added.
o. Reliance of the Traveller, o.:.
;. Mohamed Azad and Bibi Amina, Islam Will Conquer All Other Religions
and American Power Will Diminish (Bell Six Publishing, :cc:), p. ,.
. Nagel, The History of Islamic Theology, p. :,:.
,. Ibid., p. :,,.
,c. Quoted in Dinesh DSouza, Whats So Great about America (Regnery Pub-
lishing, :cc:), p. o:. Cf. Lewis, The Arabs in History, p. ,,.
,:. Lewis, What Went Wrong? p. ,.
,:. That is, around the thirteenth century at the latest.
,,. Hitti, The Arabs, pp. :,,, :.
,. Yossef Bodansky, Bin Laden: The Man Who Declared War on America (Prima
Publishing, :cc:), pp. xxi.
,,. Quoted in Milton Viorst, In the Shadow of the Prophet (Westview Press,
:cc:).
,o. Ibid., p. :,.
,;. Bodansky, Bin Laden, p. xi.
,. Taheri, Spirit of Allah, p. ;,.
,,. V. S. Naipaul, Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey (Vintage Books,
:,:), p. .
oc. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles, Book :, Creation, trans. James
F. Anderson (University of Notre Dame Press, :,;,), ch. :,, section :.
o:. Quoted in James V. Schall, S.J., War-Time Clarications: Who Is Our Enemy?
(:cc:), from Stanley Jaki, Chance or Reality, p. ::.
o:. Stanley Jaki, The Savior of Science (Regnery Gateway, :,), p. ,.
o,. Ibid., p. .
o. David Pryce-Jones, The Closed Circle: An Interpretation of the Arabs (:,,;
Ivan R. Dee, :cc:), p. ,c.
o,. Quoted in Schall, War-Time Clarications.
oo. See chapter six.
o;. Naipaul, Among the Believers, p. :o.
Chapter : The Crusades: Christian and Muslim
:. Osama bin Laden, Statement released to Arabic news network al-Jazeera
calling on Pakistanis to resist an American attack on Afghanistan, : Sep-
tember :cc:. Reprinted at www.guardian.co.uk.
:. Quoted in Thomas F. Madden, Crusade Propaganda: The Abuse of Chris-
tianitys Holy Wars, National Review Online, : November :cc:,
www.nationalreview.com.
NOTES 197
,. Quoted in Anne Kornblut and Charles Radin, Crusader Bush Blunders
into His Own Holy War, Sydney Morning Herald, :, September :cc:.
Reprinted at www.smh.com.au.
. Bill Clinton, Remarks as delivered by President William Jefferson Clin-
ton, Georgetown University, November ;, :cc:, Georgetown University
Ofce of Protocol and Events, www.georgetown.edu.
,. Mark Twain, Tom Sawyer Abroad (University of California Press, :,:),
p. ;.
o. Bat Yeor, The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam: From Jihad to
Dhimmitude (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, :,,o), p. .
;. Ibid., pp. :;:;:.
. Ibid., p. :;,.
,. Ibid., p. :;o.
:c. Ibid., pp. :;o;;.
::. V. S. Naipaul, Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey (Vintage Books,
:,:), p. :,,.
::. Bat Yeor, The Decline of Eastern Christianity, pp. :::.
:,. Ibid., p. :,.
:. Quoted in ibid., p. ::,.
:,. Steven Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople, (Cambridge University
Press, :,o,), p. :,.
:o. Bat Yeor, The Decline of Eastern Christianity, p. :,o.
:;. Paul Fregosi, Jihad in the West: Muslim Conquests from the th to the st
Centuries (Prometheus Books, :,,), p. :c.
:. Sahih Muslim, vol. ,, bk. :;, no. ,o. The Banu Nadir, Banu Quraizi,
Banu Qainuqa and Banu Haritha were Jewish tribes that inhabited Ara-
bia at the time of Muhammad.
:,. Sahih Bukhari, vol. , bk. ,o, no. :,:. For forced conversions, see Caesar
E. Farah, Islam, oth ed. (Barrons, :ccc), p. ,.
:c. Kornblut and Radin, Crusader Bush Blunders into His Own Holy War.
::. Bernard Lewis, The Arabs in History (Oxford University Press, :,,,),
pp. :o,o.
::. Fregosi, Jihad in the West, p. :,.
Chapter : Is Islam Tolerant of Non-Muslims?
:. Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong? (Oxford University Press, :cc:), p. ::.
:. Quoted in Philip Mansel, Constantinople: City of the Worlds Desire,
(St. Martins Grifn, :,,), p. :.
,. Godfrey Goodwin, The Janissaries (Saqi Books, :,,;), p. ,.
. Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq, Prophet Muhammads Charter of Privi-
leges to Christians: Letter to the Monks of St. Catherine Monastery, :,,;.
198 ISLAM UNVEI LED
This is found at http://users.erols.com/zenithco/dharter:.html and many
other places.
,. A. Zahoor, Prophet Muhammads Treaty with Christians of Najran, :,,.
This is found at http://salam.muslimsonline.com/~azahoor/treatyo,:.htm
and many other places.
o. Reliance of the Traveller, o::..
;. Michael the Syrian, quoted in Bat Yeor, The Decline of Eastern Christian-
ity under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude (Fairleigh Dickinson Univer-
sity Press, :,,o), p. ;.
. Ibid.
,. Ibid.
:c. Paul Fregosi, Jihad in the West: Muslim Conquests from the th to the st
Centuries (Prometheus Books, :,,), p. :,.
::. Quoted in Ibn Warraq, Why I Am Not a Muslim(Prometheus Books, :,,,),
p. ::.
::. Bat Yeor, The Decline of Eastern Christianity.
:,. Ibid., pp. ;;,.
:. Ibid., pp. ::::,.
:,. Steven Runciman, The Great Church in Captivity (Cambridge University
Press, :,o), p. :;,.
:o. Reliance of the Traveller, o::.,(:).
:;. Bat Yeor, The Decline of Eastern Christianity, p. ,o.
:. Philip K. Hitti, The Arabs: A Short History (Regnery, :,,o), p. :,;.
:,. Bat Yeor, The Decline of Eastern Christianity.
:c. Reliance of the Traveller, o::.,(,).
::. Quoted in Bat Yeor, The Decline of Eastern Christianity, p. ,.
::. Elias B. Skaff, The Place of the Patriarchs of Antioch in Church History
(Sophia Press, :,,,), p. :c.
:,. Reliance of the Traveller, o::.,;.
:. Bat Yeor, The Decline of Eastern Christianity, p. ,.
:,. Ibn an-Naqqash, quoted in ibid., p. ,:,.
:o. Ibid., p. ::,.
:;. Mansel, Constantinople, p. ,,.
:. Runciman, The Great Church in Captivity, p. :c,.
:,. Skaff, The Place of the Patriarchs of Antioch, p. :,,.
,c. Bat Yeor, The Decline of Eastern Christianity, p. ,:.
,:. Runciman, The Great Church in Captivity, p. :;,.
,:. Lord Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish
Empire (Morrow Quill, :,;,, p. ,,,.
,,. Ibid., pp. ,,,oc.
NOTES 199
,. Ibid., p. ,oc.
,,. Bat Yeor, The Decline of Eastern Christianity, pp. ::,, ::,.
,o. Thomas Sowell, Conquests and Cultures: An International History (Basic
Books, :,,), p. :,:.
,;. Goodwin, The Janissaries, pp. ,o,;.
,. Quoted in Mansel, Constantinople, p. ,:.
,,. Ibid.
c. Ibid., pp. ,:,:.
:. Ibid., p. ,;.
:. Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews (Harper & Row, :,;), p. :;,.
,. Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic
Countries :,, Report: Algeria, www.alleanzacattolica.org/acs/index.htm.
. Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic
Countries :,, Report: Tunisia.
,. V. S. Naipaul, Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey (Vintage Books,
:,:), p. :.
o. Amir Taheri, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution (Adler
& Adler, :,o), p. .
;. Naipaul, Among the Believers, p. ::,.
. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ,, bk. ;, no. o;.
,. Reliance of the Traveller, o.:, o..
,c. Sudanese Prisoner Released from Hospital, Compass Direct: Global News
from the Frontlines, : June :cc:, www.compassdirect.org.
,:. Jubilee Campaign, Persecution of Christians in Egypt, :ccc, www.
jubileecampaign.co.uk.
,:. Anh Nga Longva, The Apostasy Law in the Age of Universal Human
Rights and Citizenship: Some Legal and Political Implications, Fourth
Nordic Conference on Middle Eastern Studies: The Middle East in a Glob-
alizing World, Oslo, :,:o August :,,, www.hf.uib.no/smi/pao/
longva.html.
,,. Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic
Countries :,, Report: Morocco.
,. Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic
Countries :,, Report: Jordan.
,,. Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic
Countries :,, Report: Saudi Arabia.
,o. Quoted in Martin Edwin Andersen, For One Diplomat, the High Road
Is a Lonely One, WorldNetDaily, :: February :cc:, www.wnd.com.
,;. Saudi ArabiaAmnesty International Report :cc:, www.web.
amnesty.org/web/ar:cc:.nsf/webmepcountries/SAUDI+ARABIA?Open.
200 ISLAM UNVEI LED
,. Reliance of the Traveller, o::.o.
,,. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ,, bk. :, no. :,,.
oc. Saudi Arabia: Foreign Christians Still Locked Up, Compass Direct, :
January :cc:, www.compassdirect.org.
o:. Jubilee Campaign, Christian Girl Kidnappped and Forced to Marry Mus-
lim, :, March :,,,, www.jubileecampaign.co.uk.
o:. Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic
Countries :,, Report: Pakistan.
o,. Sara Pearsaul, When Hell Broke Loose, www.persecutedchurch.org/
know/story/story.htm.
o. Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic
Countries :,, Report: Algeria.
o,. Malawi: Christian Teachers Threatened, Compass Direct, : January :cc:.
oo. Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic
Countries :,, Report: Bangladesh.
o;. Pakistan: Christmas Season Tense for Christians, Compass Direct, : Jan-
uary :cc:.
o. Brian Saint-Paul, The Crescent and the Gun, Crisis, January :cc:, p. :,.
o,. Jubilee Campaign, Muslim Extremists Pressure Egyptian Christians to
Convert to Islam, February :,, :,,,, www.jubileecampaign.co.uk.
;c. Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic
Countries :,, Report: Iraq.
;:. Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic
Countries :,, Report: Libya.
;:. Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic
Countries :,, Report: Cyprus.
;,. Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic
Countries :,, Report: Turkey.
;. Nigeria: Death Toll Mounts in Religious Conict, Compass Direct, :
January :cc:.
;,. Aid to the Church in Need, Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic
Countries :,, Report: Indonesia.
;o. Ibid.
;;. Sahih Bukhari, vol. ;, bk. o, no. ,:,.
Chapter : Does the West Really Have Nothing to Fear from Islam?
:. Quoted in Douglas E. Streusand, What Does Jihad Mean? Middle East
Quarterly, September :,,;.
:. Ahmed Rashid, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia (Yale Uni-
versity Press, :cc:), pp. ::.
NOTES 201
,. Muhammad Said R. al-Buti, Jihad in Islam: How to Understand and Prac-
tice It, trans. Munzer Adel Absi (Dar Al-Fikr Publishing House, :,,,), p. :;.
. Rashid, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam, p. :.
,. Al-Buti, Jihad in Islam, p. :c.
o. Quoted in Streusand, What Does Jihad Mean?
;. The Meaning of the Holy Quran, trans. and with commentary by
c
Abdul-
lah Yusuf
c
Ali, :cth ed. (Amana Publications, :,,,), p. ;o, n. :c.
. Ibid., p. ,:.
,. Sahih Bukhari, vol. :, bk. :, no. :,.
:c. Sahih Muslim, vol. :, bk. :c, no. ,:.
::. World Islamic Front Statement, Jihad against Jews and Crusaders, :,
February :,,, reprinted at www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/,c::,-
fatwa.htm.
::. Al-Buti, Jihad in Islam, p. ,.
:,. Reliance of the Traveller, o,.c, o,.:, o,., and o,.,. The Hana school dis-
agrees on the nal point: instead of calling for jihad against all except Jews,
Christians and Zoroastrians until they become Muslims, it would also allow
them to live under Islamic rule if they pay the jizya.
:. Nadeem Azam, Conversation with Dr. Mustafa Ceric, Nadeem Azams
Litmania, www.angelre.com/hi/nazam/Aceric.html.
:,. Bat Yeor, The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam: From Jihad to
Dhimmitude (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, :,,o), p. c.
:o. Karen Armstrong, Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet (Harper San
Francisco, :,,:), p. :oc.
:;. Paul Fregosi, Jihad in the West: Muslim Conquests from the th to the st
Centuries (Prometheus Books, :,,).
:. Quoted in ibid., p. ,,;.
:,. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Long-Term Global Demographic
Trends: Reshaping the Geopolitical Landscape, :cc:, ELDIS: The
Gateway to Development Information, www.ids.ac.uk/eldis/age/cia.htm.
:c. Muslim Population Statistics, http://muslim-canada.org/muslimstats.html.
::. Fahd al-Hodhaili, Saudi Man Dies at :,,, Arab News, , May :cc:,
www.arabnews.com.
::. Quoted in David Pryce-Jones, The Closed Circle: An Interpretation of the
Arabs (:,,; Ivan R. Dee, :cc:), p. ::;.
:,. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of
State, International Religious Freedom Report: The Netherlands, :o
October :cc:, www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/:cc:/o;,.htm.
:. Central Intelligence Agency, Long-Term Global Demographic Trends.
:,. Philip K. Hitti, The Arabs: A Short History (Regnery Publishing, :,,o), p. :,.
202 ISLAM UNVEI LED
:o. V. S. Naipaul, Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey (Vintage Books,
:,:), pp. :::.
:;. Ibid., p. o,.
:. Z. Iqbal, Lesson for Christian Women on Marriage to Any Muslim Man,
Pakistan Christian Post, www.pakistanchristianpost.com/religion.php.
:,. See chapter four.
,c. Jami Floyd on /, ABC, : November :cc:.
,:. Nicholas D. Kristof, All-American Osamas, New York Times, ; June :cc:;
John W. Fountain, A Phone Call Brings Sad News but Fails to Dent Faith,
New York Times, June :cc:, www.nytimes.com.
,:. Quoted in William J. Bennett, Why We Fight: Moral Clarity and the War
on Terrorism (Doubleday, :cc:), p. ,,.
,,. Gene Edward Veith, Christians As Taliban, World, :, January :cc:, p. :.
,. See chapter one.
,,. Quoted in Bennett, Why We Fight, p. o:.
,o. Barry Egan, The Road to Healing Was Long and Painful for Gabriel
Byrne, Irish Independent, :, January :cc:.
,;. Quoted in Charles M. Sennott, The Body and the Blood: The Holy Lands
Christians at the Turn of a New MillenniumA Reporters Journey (Public
Affairs Ltd., :cc:), p. ::.
,. Sheikh
c
Abd al-Hamid al-Ansari, Landmarks in Rational and Construc-
tive Dialogue with the Other, quoted in Leading Islamic Clerics Come
out for Reform in Arab-Islamic Society, Middle East Media Research Insti-
tute Special Dispatch #,o, June :cc:, www.memri.org.
203
Index
al-Abani, Mohammed Nasir-ul-
Deen,
Abbasids, :,:o
Abduh, Muhammad, ,, :c:, :c:,
:c, :oo
Abdul-Ghaffar, Abdul-Rahman
Muhammad, :,;
Abu
c
Afak, ,c,:
Abubakar, Yakubu, ,c
Abu Jahl, ,,
Abu Lahab, ,
Abu Sayyaf, :;
Achille Lauro, :
Adile Sultan, :
adultery: in Bible, ,:; penalty for,
o,;c, ;c;:, ;:, ,c, ,o; proof
of, ,; rape prosecuted as, ,:,
,,:, :;,
al-Afghani, Jamal, :c:
Afghanistan, ,, :c,, :;,, :;; Bud-
dhas of Bamiyan, :,,, :;,; public
executions, oc
Ahmed, Akbar S., c,
Aid to the Church in Need, ::;, :,o,
:o:, :o,
Aisha, :, ,, o;, :,, ,,
,
Ajami, Fouad, :o
Alamoudi, Abdurahman, :,
Albert the Great (St.), ::c
Albright, Madeline, :c
Alexandria, :,,
Algeria, :::, :,o, :o:
c
Ali,
c
Abdullah Yusuf, ;,, :oo
Ali, Muhammad, ::
Alier, James Pareng, oo
allegory, :,, :, :::::, ::,
American Anti-Slavery Group,
ooo;
American-Arab Anti-Discrimination
Committee, :,
American Muslim Council, :,
American Muslims, :,:;, ::, :c:; in
politics, ,,,, ,o,;
al-Amin, Jamil (H. Rap Brown), :c:
Amina, Bibi, :,, ::c
Amnesty International, oc, o:, ;:,
:,,
Among the Believers (Naipaul), :;
Ani, Mukhtar, ::
al-Ansari,
c
Abd al-Hamid (Sheikh),
:;o
anti-intellectualism, ::,:
Antioch, :,,
apostasy: as capital crime, o:o,, o,,
;:, ,o, :c,, :,c,:, :,;,; of
philosophers, :::; secularism as,
,o, :c,o
204 ISLAM UNVEI LED
Aquinas, Thomas (St.), ::, ::c
Arafat, Yasir, :
architecture, ::, :::,
Aristotle, ::,, ::c, ::;
Armenia, :,,; genocide in, :,:,:
Armstrong, Karen, , ;,;, :;c, :;
Arnold, Matthew, ::o
Asharites, ::,, ::,
al-Ashraf, Kab bin, ,
Asia, Central (former Soviet
republics), ,,,
c
Asma bint Marwan, ,c,:
Assad, Bashar, ,
astrolabe, ::,
astronomy, ::
Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal), :co;
Athanasius (St.), :,,
Atta, Muhammad, :o
Attar, Farid ud-Din, :c, ::,
Augustine (St.), ,n, :,,
Aurangzeb, Muhyi al Din, ::;
authority, ,:c; of muftis, ,; of mul-
lahs, :;,; of Quran, :,:,, ,o, o,
;:; of Sunnah, o
autocracy, ,;,,; theocratic, ,,;,
,, :;,
Averros (Ibn Rushd), ::,, ::c, :::,
::,
Avicenna (Ibn Sina), ::,, ::c, :::, ::o
Azad, Mohamed, :,, ::c
Azerbaijan, ,,
Al-Azhar University, ,c
Aziz, Abdul Qader Abdul, ,o
Aziz, Tariq, :o:
Badawi, Jamal, ;, c:, ;
Bahai, :,o
Bakri, Omar, :c::, :,, :,
al-Baladhuri, ::o
Bangladesh, , ::, :o:
al-Baqami, Hussein Rashid al-
Sowaikat, :;:
Barakat,
c
Umar, ,
Barbie dolls, :c:
Bashear, Suliman,
Becket, Thomas , :,
Beirut Marine barracks, :
Bennett, William J., :,, ,
Berlusconi, Silvio, :, ,
Bhutto, Zulkar Ali, ::c
Bibi, Gloria, :oc
Bible, ,o; on adultery, ,:; on divorce,
; exegesis, :,:, ,; hell in, ,,;
on mercy/nonviolence, :;, ,, ,;
polygamy in, c, ; on predesti-
nation, ,n; slavery in, o,o; on
temptation, :; violence in, :,:,
,; on women, ;;,
bin Laden, Osama, ix, xii, ,, ::,
:o:;, ,;, ,, :co, :::, :o,;c; on
caliphate, ,,, ::; on Crusades, ,o;
justication of terrorism, ,,,,
:o;, :o; resentments, ::,; sympa-
thy for, :,
bin Maslama, Muhammad, ,
bin Muhammad, Omar bin Bakri
(Sheikh), :c::, :,, :,
bint Elison, Naasira, ,
al-Biruni, Abu Raihan, ::
Bkeirat, Najeh, :,:
Blair, Tony, :, :, ;
blasphemy, xi, ,:, o:, ::c, :,:, :o:o:
Bodansky, Yossef, ::, ::,
Bok, Francis, oo
book-burning, ::,
Bosch, Hieronymous, ,,
Bradley, Samuel, ,,
Britain, :c, :, ,,
Brown, H. Rap, :c:
Bukhari. See Sahih Bukhari
I NDEX 205
al-Bukhari, Ismail, ,
Burnham, Martin, :;
Bush, George W., ix, :, :, ;, ,o, ,,, :,:
al-Buti, Muhammad Said, :o,o
Butt, Hassan, :
Byrne, Gabriel, :;,
Byron, Robert, ::
Caliph: al-Mamun, Abdullah, :o,
::, ::,; al-Mansur, :o; Marwan
II, :o; al-Mutasim, Muhammad,
:o; al-Mutawakkil, Jafar, :o; al-
Rashid, Harun, ::,, ::, ::o;
c
Umar, ::,:, :,,; al-Watiq,
Harun, :o
caliphate, ,,, :co, ::; abolition of,
:,; and jihad, :o
calligraphy, :::,
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),
:;c, :;:
Ceric, Mustafa, :o,
child brides, o,, ;
Chomsky, Noam, ::
Christianity: and abolitionism,
o,o; as blasphemy, :c; biblical
interpretation, :,:; forced con-
version to, :; fundamentalist,
::, :,; hell in, ,, ,,; on human
rights, ,;, :,,,o; intolerance, ::,
:,; Just War doctrine, ,,,,
:,,; likeness to Islam, ;, ,;; love
of enemies, ,; on marriage, ,
o; mercy, ,:; and misogyny,
;,;; nonviolence, :;, ,, ,,
:;,;o; predestination in, ,n;
and Reformation, x; on temp-
tation, :; violence under, ,,,
Christians: demographics, :;:; aws
among, :;,; and medieval science,
::,; Middle Eastern, :,:,; under
Muslim rule (historic), ,:,:,
o:o,, :,,o; under Muslim rule
(modern), ,:, ;:;:, ::c::,
:,oo, :;,;; in politics, ,; in
Roman Empire, ,,; as slaves,
o,o;, :,o; subjugation of, :,,,;
tax on, :c, ,:, o,, :,,, :,, :o
Church Fathers, :,,
church vs. state. See secularism
circumcision (female), ;
Claverie, Pierre (Bishop), :o:
Clinton, Bill, ;, :c:, :,:,:, :;
CNN,
Coalition Against Slavery in Mauri-
tania and Sudan (CASMAS), o,,
o;
colonialism, ,,, ,;, :c, :,o
Comoro Islands, o,
Companions of the Prophet, ::,, :,,,
:oo
Compass Direct, :o:, :o,
concubines, :, c, ; slaves as,
,c,:, o,, oo
Conference of the Birds (Attar), ::,
conquests, :,,,, :c, :,:,:, :,,,
conquistadors, ,,,
Constantinople, :,,, :,;, :,,,
conversion to Christianity, o:o:, o,,
,,, :,;,; forced, :; see also
apostasy
conversion to Islam, ,:, :,; forced,
:,;, :,, :;, :,:
Copts, o:, o,, :o, :,,oc
Council on American-Islamic Rela-
tions, :o:;, :o,oo
Crusades, ,,, ,, ,o; apologies for, ,
:,:,:, :,;; atrocities in, :,:; back-
ground, :,:,; as defensive
response, :,,,; end of, :c; fail-
ure of, :,,; First (:c,,), ::, :,:,
206 ISLAM UNVEI LED
:,;, :,,,; grievances over,
:,:,:, :,,c; vs. jihad, :,c;
in Spain, ::; terminology, :,:, :,
cultural borrowing, :::c; ambiva-
lence on, :::,; rejection of,
::,:o, ::
Cyprus, :;,
Damad, Muhammad Baqir Mir, ::,
Dante Alighieri, ,,
dar-al-harb, :o,;c
dar-al-Islam, :o,;c
dar-al-Sulh, :o,
Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire, The (Gibbon), :,o,;
Decline of Eastern Christianity under
Islam, The (Yeor), :,
deconstructionists, ::,
democracy, ,; criteria, ,;; rejection
of, ,,, ,o, ,;,,; in Turkey, ,;
demography, ,o, ,,,, ,o,;, :c:,
:;c;,
devshirme, ,:,:, ,, :, :,:,,
dhimmi, xi, ,:,:, ,, :co, :o,;
clothing, :; poll tax, :c, ,:, o,,
:,,, :,;, :,, :o; restrictive
laws, :,:; see also Christians;
Jews
Dhondy, Farrukh, ,;
Diamond, Jared, ,,
al-Din, Nur, :,
divorce, c, ;; Christianity on,
, o; defense of, ,; grounds for,
,o; in Quran, ,, ,; results of,
o;; Sharia on, o;; in West,
,, o
Dome of the Rock, ::, ::,
drugs, o:
DSouza, Dinesh, ,,, :c:, :::
Dumont, Paul, :co;
East Timor, :o,
Egypt: apostates in, :,;; conquest of,
:,,,; Coptic Christians in, o:,
o,, :,,oc; modernization, ,;
secularism vs. Sharia, :oc; wife
beating in, ,
El-Hage, April Ray, ,
El-Hage, Wadih, ,
Elib, Halide, ,
El Mohzen, Abdul Hamid Beshan
Abd, :,;
Eltahawy, Mona, ::,
Encyclopedia of Islam, :;c
Enlightenment, x, ,;
Erbakan, Necmettin, :c
Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, :c
Esposito, John, :, o
Europe: demography, ,,, ,o,;,
:;c;:; incursions into, :,o,;,
:c; medieval culture, ::,, ::,:c,
::;; Muslim immigration, :;:;:;
see also Christianity
exegesis: Bible, :,:, ,; Quran, xi,
, ::, :::;, ,;, :c,, :::::, :o
al-Farabi, :::
Farah, Caesar, :, :co, :c, ::c
Farrakhan, Louis, oo
fatwa, ,:c, :;,
Ferdowsi, Abolqasem, ::,:o
Fetullah Gulen, :c,
Fisk, Robert, :;
Fitzgerald, Edward, ::,
Five Pillars, ::, :,
Floyd, Jami, :;
France, :,o,;, :;:;:
Fregosi, Paul, :,;, :c, :o, :;c
fundamentalism, , ::; Christian, ::;
reasons for, :c:; Wahhabi,
:::,
I NDEX 207
Germany, :;:
al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid, :::::, ::,
al-Ghazali, Muhammad (Sheikh), ,o
Gibbon, Edward, :,o,;
Glass, Charles, :c:
Goldhizer, Ignaz, ,
Goodwin, Godfrey, :,,
Gouda, Suhir Shihata, :,,oc
government. See autocracy; democ-
racy; secularism; theocracy
Guran, Kemal, ;;
hadiths, ,o; see also Sahih Bukhari
Haz, ::o
Hagia Sophia, :,,
Hajjaj (gov. of Iraq), :,:c
Hallaq, Wael B.,
Hamas, ,, :,, :;, :
Hamdi, Mohamed Elhachmi, ,,,,
,o,;, :c,
Hamid, Abdul, :,:
Hanbalis, :o
Haq, Z., :, :,
Harun Yahya (Oktar Adnan), :::;,
:,
Hassan, al-Faki Kuku, :,;
Hazaras, o:
Hecht, David, o;
Hegira, ,,
hell: Christian vs. Muslim, ,,,;
women in, ;,
Henry II, :,
Henry VIII, ,
Heraclitus, Emperor, :,
heroin, o:
Hezbollah, ,, :,, :;, :c:
Hiro, Dilip, ,
historiography, ::o
Hitti, Philip K., ::,:,, ::,, ::c, ::,
:, :;:
Holy Terror (Taheri), ,,
holy war. See jihad
honor killing, ,:
Hooper, Ibrahim, :o:;
Hoveyda, Fereydoun, :,
human rights: advocates for, :c,,
:c,; as alien to Islam, ,;, :c, :c,;
Christian/Western, ,;, :, :,,,o;
and Taliban, oc
Hunter, Tim, :,,
Huntington, Samuel P., ,;
Husayn, Kifaya, ,:
Huseini, Suyatu, ,c, :;,
Hussein, King of Jordan, ::
Hussein, Saddam, ,, ::c, :o:
Ibish, Hussein, :,
Ibn al-
c
Arabi, :;,
Ibn al-Athir, :,o
Ibn Aus, Abu Tamman Habib, ::,
Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad ibn
Muhammad, :o,
Ibn-Ishaq, Hunayn, ::,
Ibn Khaldun, ::o, :,;
Ibn Rushd (Averros), ::,, :::, ::,
Ibn Saud, ::
Ibn Sina, Abu Ali al-Husain ibn
Abdallah (Avicenna), ::,, :::
Ige, Bola, ;:
Incoherence of the Philosophers, The
(al-Ghazali), :::::, ::,
India, ::;
Indonesia, ::;, :o,
infanticide, ::
indels: Jesus toward, ,:,,; jihad
against, xi-xii, :::, :;:,;
Muhammad on, ,:,,; under
Muslim rule, ,;o:, ;:;:; in
Quran, ,o:; see also apostasy;
Christians; dhimmi
208 ISLAM UNVEI LED
Inquisition, ,,
Institute for the Secularization of
Islamic Society, :c,
International Islamic Front for
Europe, :c
Iqbal, Muhammad, :c:
Iran, ,, ;c, ,, ,,, ,, ,,, :c:,;
Bahais in, :,o; child marriage in,
; hostage crisis, :; Persian past,
::,:o, :;,; secularism opposed
in, :c,:c; Sharia in, ;:
Iraq, ::, ,, ::c, :o:
Ishaq, Sourial Gayed, o:
Islam, Yusuf (Cat Stevens), ::
Islamic Jihad, ,
Islamic World League, :c
Israel, :, :c, ::, :c,
Istanbul, :,; see also Constantinople
Italian Muslim Association, :
Italy, :, :;:
Jackson, Michael, :c:
al-Jahiz, Abu
c
Uthman
c
Amr ibn
Bahr, ::o
Jaki, Stanley, ::;:, ::,
janissaries, ,:, :, :,:,,
Jaquier, Gaston, :,o
Jerusalem, :,;, :c
Jesus, c, ,, ,o; and mercy, ,:; Mus-
lim view of, :c, ,:; nonviolence,
:,; on the state, :c; on unbeliev-
ers, ,:,,
Jesus Seminar,
Jewish Defense League, ,
Jews, o:, ,:; attacks on, ,,, :,;,;
biblical exegesis, :,:, ,; expul-
sion from Spain, :,; hatred of, :;
as idolaters, :c; philosophy,
::o:;; in Quran, ::; and secu-
larism, :c,; under Muslim rule,
,:,:, :,, :,,
jihad, ::, :, ,,,;; bin Ladens, ix,
,,,, :o;, :o, :o,; vs. Crusades,
:,c; greater vs. lesser, :,,
:o,oo; Khomeini on, ,,; as mis-
understood, :o,oo; offensive,
:oo,; permanent, :c:,
:o,;c; al-Qaeda on, ,,,o; in
Quran, :, :::; and slaves, o,
Jihad in Islam (al-Buti), :ooo;
jizya (taz), :c, ,:, o,, :,,, :,;, :,,
:o; abuses of, :o; in Quran,
:,o
John Chrysostom (St.), :,,
John Paul II (Pope), o
Johnson, Paul, :,,
Jordan, ,, ,, :,
Joseph, George, :,,
jurisprudence: Sunni schools of, ,c,
:o;, :oo,
Just War doctrine (Christian), ,,
:,,
Kadurah, Haj Abdullah, :;:
Kane, Gregory, oo
Kaplan, Cemalettin, :c,
Kardar, A. H., :::
Kelley, Jack, :
Kemal, Mustafa (Ataturk), :co;
Kenya: embassy bombing, :
Khadija, ,
Khalifa, Rashad, :c,
Khalkhalli, Ayatollah, ;c
Khan, Muhammad Muhsin, o
Khan, Reza (Shah), ::,
al-Khayyam, Umar, ::, ::,
Khobar Towers, :
Khomeini, Ruhollah (Ayatollah), ;:,
I NDEX 209
;:, ,, ,,; and Bahais, :,o; child
bride, , ;,; on human rights, ,;;
on jihad, ,,; on music, ::;:;
poetry of, ::; on punitive powers,
,o; revolution of, :c,, ::c; on
Rushdie, , :;,
Khursan, Ali (Sheikh), o:
al-Khwarzimi, Muhammad ibn
Musa, ::,
al-Kindi (Christian apologist), ,
al-Kindi, Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq
al-Sabbah (philosopher), ::o,
::c::
Kinross, Lord, :,:
Klinghoffer, Leon, :
Koran. See Quran
Ku Klux Klan, ,,
Kurdistan, ;c
Kuwait, :,;,
Kyrgyzstan, ,,
Laskar Jihad, ::;, :o,
law (Islamic): sources of, ,c; punish-
ment under, oc, o;:; testimony
(unequal), ,:, o:, ;:; see also
Sharia
al-Lehaydaan, Saalih (Sheikh), ,
Lewis, Bernard, ,;,, :c,, :c,, :::,
::o, ::, ::,; on Crusades, :,,,;
on tolerance, :,, :,,
Lewthwaite, Gilbert, oo
liberalism (in Islam), :::,, ,;
Libya, :o:, :;,
Lindh, John Walker, :,, ::;
literature, ::,:o
Locke, John, ,;
Longva, Anh Nga, :,;,
Luxenberg, Christoph,
madhhabs, ,c
Madonna, :c:
Mahdi, Ibrahim (Sheikh), :
Malawi, :o:
Malaysia, ,, ::;
Malouf, Amin, :c
Mamluks, o;o
al-Mamun, Abdullah (Caliph), :o,
::,, ::, ::,
Mango, Andrew, :c;
Manji, Irshad, :,
Mansel, Philip, :, :c;, :,c, :,
al-Mansur, Caliph, :o
marriage: child brides, o,, ;;
divorce, ;; forced
(Christian/Muslim), :oc, :o:;
Islamic law on, :;,;;
polygamous, ::, c;
temporary, ,,:; Western ideal,
, :, ,
martyrs, ::, :
Marwan II (Caliph), :o
Masih, Ayub, ,:, o:, ::c, :,:
massacres: :,,; Armenian, :,:,:
mathematics, ::,
Mauritania, xi, o,, o,oo, o;o
medical science, :::,, ::,
medieval culture: architecture, ::,
:::,; astronomy, ::; cultural
borrowing, :::c; literature,
::,:o; mathematics, ::,;
medicine, :::,; Muslim superi-
ority, x, ::,:o
Messaoud, Bobacar (Messaoud ould
Boulkheir), o;, o
Michael the Syrian, :,,, :,o, :o, :,
Mihna, :o
minorities (religious), o:; see also
Christians; dhimmi; Jews
210 ISLAM UNVEI LED
al-Misri, Ahmad ibn Naqib, :,
modernization. See Western inuence
Mohenjo-Daro, :;,
Morocco, ,, :,
Mostafa, Mohamed Kamal, ;;
muftis, ,::
Muftuoglu, Metin, :c,
al-Muhajiroun, :c, :,:, :
Muhammad (Prophet): on apostasy,
:,;; blaspheming of, , ,:; on cir-
cumcision, ; compared with
Jesus, c, ,, ,:,,; compared
with Old Testament gures, c;
concubines, :, ,; dual role (reli-
gious & secular), x, ,,; as
exemplar, ,c,:, ,o, ,,, ,o;
favors from Allah, :; Hegira,
,,; intolerance, ,:; misogyny, ;,,
;o, ;, ;,c; on music, ::o:;;
on opponents, ,:,,; revelation to
(Quran), ,, :;, :, :; violence,
:,;,; as warrior, ,c; wives of,
:, o;, ,:, :,
Mujir, :c:
Mulla Sadra, ::,
multiculturalism, :;:
Mumin, Abdul, ::
Munich Olympics, :
Musharraf, Pervez, :c:
al-Mushrikun (idolaters), :c, ,,
music, :c,, ::o; opposition to, :c,, ::o:
Muslims Handbook, The, ;;
muta (temporary marriage), ,,:
al-Mutanabbi, ::,
al-Mutasim, Muhammad (Caliph), :o
al-Mutawakkil, Jafar (Caliph), :o
Mutazilites, :,:o, :c:, ::,, ::,
muttawa, ;, :,,
Nagel, Tilman, ::::,
Naipaul, V. S., :;, o:, ;c, ,, ,, ,o,
:c:, :c, :::, ::o, ::,, :,o, :,o, :;:;,
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, :;, ,,, c, ,,
:, , ::,:c
National Catholic Reporter, ,,
natural law, ::o:
Nesimi, ::o, :,
Netherlands, :;:
news media (U.S.), :,
New York Times, ,
Niazi, Manon, o:
Nigeria, ;:;:, ,c,:, :o,, :;,
Nurcus, :c,
Nursi, Said, :c,
Nuwas, Abu, ::,
OHair, Madalyn Murray,
Okogie, Anthony Alubunmi, ,:, :;,,
:;o
Oktar, Adnan (Harun Yahya),
:o:;, :,
Omar, Abdul Mannan, ;,
Omar, Amatul Rathman, ;,
Omar, Muhammad, oc, :,:
Omar Bakri, (Sheikh), :c::, :,, :,
Omar (Umar) Khayyam, ::, ::,
opium, o:
Orellana, Gilberto, :,
Organization of the Islamic Confer-
ence, ,;
Osama bin Laden. See bin Laden,
Osama
Ottoman Empire, ,o,;, :, ,,, :c;,
::,; Armenian massacre, :,:,:;
decline of, :c, :,, :o;
devshirme in, ,:, :,:,,; Jews in,
:,
Pahlavi, Muhammad Reza (Shah),
:c,, ::c
I NDEX 211
Pakistan, :;, :c:, :c, :::, :;,; blas-
phemy law, ,:, o:, ::c, :,:, :o:o:;
Christians in, :,o, :oc, :o:o:,
:;,;; on pre-Islamic past, :;,;
rape in, ,, ,:; Sharia in, o,;c,
,, ::c
Pakistan Christian Post, :;,
Pakistan Times, :::
Palazzi, Abdul Hadi (Sheikh), :
Palestinians, :, ,, :, :,, :o
Pasha Mehmed Ali, :
Pearl, Daniel, ::
penal code, o;:; and indels,
;:;:; and Quran, oo,, ;:; see
also Sharia
People of the Book, :c
Persia, ::,:o, :;,; see also Iran
Persian Gulf War, ::c, :,,
Philippines, :;
philosophy: Aristotelian, ::,; Christ-
ian, ::c, ::;; Jewish, ::o:;; and
Quran, ::c:,; rejection of, ::,,
::o:; and science, ::;
Pickthall, Mohammed Marmaduke,
:, ;,
Pipes, Daniel, ,o, :c,
Piskinsut, Sema, ;;
Pizarro, Francisco, ,,,
poetry, ::,:o, ::
political correctness, , :;;,; mul-
ticultural, :;:
polygamy: in Bible, c, ; justica-
tion of, ,, c:, ; Muham-
mads, :, ,:, :,; in Quran,
::, c; resistance to, ,, :c:
Prayer for the Persecuted Church, :oc
predestination, :o, ,n
Probus of Antioch, ::,
prostitution, ::
Pryce-Jones, David, ,,, ::
Puritans, ,,
Qadda, Muammar, :o:, :;,
qadi, :o
al-Qaeda, ,, ::, ,,,o, ,, :o:
Qambar, Hussein Ali, :,;,
Qatar University, :;o
Qomsan, Abu,
Quchani, Aqa Naja, ,c
Quran: on adultery, oo,, ;c; on
alcohol, ::; created vs. eternal,
:,:o; on divorce, ,, ,; on gam-
bling, ::; interpretation of, xi, ,
::, :,, ::;, ,;, :c,, :::::, :o;
on Jews, ::; on jihad, :::, :,,
:;:, ,; judgment on indels,
,o:, :o,; literalism, :::,, :o;
on martyrs reward, :; mercy in,
,,; as perfect, :,:,, ,o, o, ;:;
pleasures in, c:; poetry of, :;
polygamy in, ::, c;
punishments, o, o,, ;:; on sexual
rights, ,c,:; slavery in, o,, o;;
status of, x, xi, ,, :;:,, :,:;;
sufciency of, ::,, ::;:; and
Sunnah, ,; on theft, o;
translations of, :, ;,, :c; on
women, ;,;,
al-Qushayri, Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj,
,
Qutb, Sayyid, ,,, :::
Rahmaan, Abu Abdir, ,
Rajai-Khorassani, Said, ,;, :c
rape, ,c,:; prosecution of victims,
,:, ,,:, :;,; rules of evidence,
,:, ,:; of slaves, oo
Rashid, Ahmed, o:, :o,oo
al-Rashid, Harun (Caliph), ::,, ::,
::o
ar-Razi, Abu Bakr (Rhazes), ::,, :::
212 ISLAM UNVEI LED
reason (& revelation), :,:o, :c:,
::c:,, ::,, ::o:
Reformation (Protestant), x
Reliance of the Traveller, :,,c; on
apostasy, :::, :,;; on circum-
cision, ; on dhimmi tax, :,;,
:, :,, :,,, :o; on jihad, :o; on
legal testimony, ,:; on music,
::o:;; on punishment, o, o,,
;:;:; on rape, ,; on wife-
beating, ;o; on wives, ;
Renan, Ernest, xi
Rhazes (Abu Bakr ar-Razi), ::, :::
Rida, Muhammad Rashid, ,
Robertson, Pat, :,, :,, ,,
Rodinson, Maxime, :
Roman Empire, ,,, :,,
Rubaiyat, ::, ::,
Rumi, Jalaluddin, ::,
Runciman, Steven, :,;, :, :,c,:
Rushdie, Salman, , :::,, ,:, o:,
:,:, :;,
Russell, Bertrand,
Sadeddin, Hoca, :,
Sadra, Mulla, ::,
Sahih Bukhari, ,;, ,, ,:, ;, :
Sahih Muslim, ,o, ,
Sahih Sittah, ,, ;o
Sakharov, Andrei, xii
Saladin, ::
Saleem, Shehzad, o
Saleh, Sherin, :,;
Sallam, Muhammad, :,;
Sanyinna, Aliyu Abubakar, ,c
Sanyinnawal, Bello, :;,
Sarraj, Eyad, :;,;o
Satanic Verses (Rushdie), ,:, :,:
Saudi Arabia, ,, ::, ,;,; Christ-
ians in, :,,,; conversion in, o:;
indels in, :,,,; Mutawa (reli-
gious police), ;, :,,; rape
punished, ,:,:; school re
deaths, ;; Sharia, :c; Shiites in,
o:o,; slavery, xi; Wahhabism,
:::,, o:
Schwartz, Stephen, :::,, o,;c
science, ::;:
secularism, x, :c:,; as apostasy, ,o,
:c,o; and human rights, :c:,;
pop culture, :c:; promotion of,
:c,; resistance to, ,,;, ,,,,
:c,::; in Turkey, :co,
September :: terrorism, ix, ::,, :,:,
:;; Muslim response, ix, ,::,
:,:;, ,,, :o;
al-Shai, Muhammad ibn Idris, :o,
:
Shai school, ,c; on jihad, :oo,
Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, ,;,
:c,, ::c
Shah Reza Khan, ::,
Shaheen, Cadherine, :o:o:
Sharabi, Hisham, ::
Sharia: on adultery, ,:, :;,; on apos-
tasy, o:, :c,; Christians under,
;:;:, ::c::; demands for, :c; on
divorce, o;; and holy war, :,;
vs. human rights, :c,; and
legitimacy, :c;; mitigation of,
o,;c; in Nigeria, ;:;:, :o,; in
Pakistan, o,;c; punishment
under, oc, o;:; on rape, ,:,
,c; resistance to, ;:;:, :;
and the state, :c,::; in Sudan, o,;
and Sunnah, ; totality of, ,,,;
Shiites: mullahs authority, :;,; and
Mutazilism, :o; persecution (as
minority), o:o,; and Su saints,
:c;; on temporary marriage, ,
I NDEX 213
Shirazi, Moslehedin Saadi (Sheikh),
,,c
al-Shirazi, Sadr al-Din Muhammad
(Mulla Sadra), ::,
shirk (idolatry), ::, :c
Siddiqi, Abdul Hamid, o
Siddiqi, Amir Maawia, :
Siddiqi, Muzzammil, :,
Sisters in Islam, ,, ,c
Skaff, Elias B., ::,
slavery, xi, ,:, o,o,, :;; in Bible,
o,; conditions of, o;o; modern,
xi, o,o;, ::c::, :,o; opposition
to, o,o,, :c:; in Quran, o,, o;;
racial aspect, o,o; and sex,
,c,:; Western, o,o, o;o; see
also devshirme
Society of Professional Journalists, :;
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, xii
Somalia, ::
Sontag, Susan, ::
Spain: Jews expelled, :,; medieval,
,:, :,o, :,;; modern, ;;, :;:
Spong, John Shelby,
St. Catherines Monastery, :, :,
Stevens, Cat (Yusuf Islam), ::
Sudan, ::, ,; Sharia in, ::c::; slav-
ery in, xi, o,, o,o;, ::c::, :,o
Sus, ::, :c;, :c, ::,, ::o, :::, :;,
as-Suhaymee, Saalih (Sheikh), ,:c
suicide bombing, ::,
Suleymancis, :c,
Sunan abu-Dawud, ;o,
Sunnah, ,; status of, o; on
women, ;,;o
Sunnis, ,, ::; four rites (madhhabs),
,c; on muta, ,; Shai school, ,c
Syria, ,
al-Tabari, Muhammad Abu Jafar, ::o
Taheri, Amir, ,,, ,;, ,c, ,;,, ;,,
:c,, ::,:o, :,o
Taliban, :, :,, oc, ,; Buddha stat-
ues, :,,, :;,; drug trafcking, o:;
massacre of minority sect, o:;
music ban, ::;; overthrow of, :c,;
and Saudis, :,
Tantawi, Muhammad Sayyed
(Sheikh),
Tanzania: embassy bombing, :
Tapper, Jake, :o
Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, :;
taxes. See jizya
Tehran Times, ,
terrorism, :,, :c,; Christian/Jewish,
,; as hijacking of Islam, ,o, ,;;
justication of, :,:, :;:,
,,;, :o;o; muftis on, ,::;
Muslim opposition to, ::,; Sep-
tember ::, ix, :, :, ;, ,,, :,:,
:o;; suicide bombing, ::,; sym-
pathizers, ,o,;; and Wahhabism,
:::,
theocracy, ,,;, ,, :;,
Thomas Aquinas (St.), ::c, ::;
Thousand and One Nights, The, ::,,
::,
Time, , ,
tobacco, o:
tolerance, ,:,:; Muslim superiority
in, :,; in Quran, :
Tom Sawyer Abroad, :,:
Tunisia, :,o
Turkey: Christians in, :o:; in
Cyprus, :o:; fundamentalist upris-
ings, :c,; nationalism, :,; sec-
ularism, :co,, :,, :,;
womens rights, ;;
Twain, Mark, :,:
214 ISLAM UNVEI LED
ulama, ,
Umaiya, ,,
c
Umar, Caliph, ::,:, :,,
c
Umayr ibn
c
Adi, ,c,:
umma, ::
United Nations Childrens Fund
(UNICEF), , ;
Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, ,;
Urban II (Pope), :,
USS Cole, :
U.S. State Department: International
Religious Freedom Report, :;:
Verhofstadt, Guy, :
Vienna: siege of, :c
Von Denffer, Ahmad, :, ,
al-Wahhab, Muhammad ibn Abdul
(Sheikh), ::
Wahhabis, :::,, ,,, :oo,
Warraq, Ibn, :c,
Washington Post, :
al-Watiq, Harun (Caliph), :o
Western inuence: ambivalence
toward, :c:, :::,; feminism,
:c,; hats, :co; human rights,
:c:,; pop culture, :c:; radical
reaction to, ,; shock of, :::,;
technical, x, ::,; in Turkey, :co,
Western Muslims: in Europe, :, ,,,
:;:;:; in U.S., :,:;, ::, ,,,,
,o,;, :c:
What Went Wrong (Lewis), :c,
Why I Am Not a Muslim (Warraq), :c,
Windelband, Wilhelm, :::
Wissa, Bishop, :oc
women: beating of, ;,;; in Bible,
;;,; child brides, o,;
circumcision of, ;; as domes-
tic servants & concubines, ;c;
fundamentalist, :c,; honor killing
of, ,:; in law courts (testimony),
;:, ;,; polygamy, c; punish-
ment of, ;,;; in Quran, ;;,;
rape, ,c,:, ,:; rights, ;,;,
:c:; sexual obligations, ;; in Sun-
nah, ;,;o; temporary marriage,
,,c; veiling, ;; violence
against, ,
Women in Islam (Mostafa), ;;
Woodward, Kenneth, :, ,c, ,,
World Islamic Front, :o;
World Trade Center: :,,, bombing,
:; :cc: attack, ix, :, :, ;, ,,,
::,, :,:
Yahya, Harun (Adnan Oktar),
:o:;, :,
Yemen,
Yeor, Bat, ::,, :,, :o, :;, :o,
Yusuf, Hamza, :,:o
Zahoor, A., :, :,
Zaynab bint Jahsh, ::
Zia-ul-Haq, Muhammad, ::c
Zoroastrians, ::o