DataandComputer Communications

Chapter8Multiplexing

EighthEdition byWilliamStallings LectureslidesbyLawrieBrown

1

Multiplexing
Itwasimpossibletogetaconversation going,everybodywastalkingtoomuch. YogiBerra

Multiplexing
multiplelinkson1physicalline commononlonghaul,highcapacity,links haveFDM,TDM,STDMalternatives

FrequencyDivision Multiplexing

FDM System Overview

FDMVoicebandExample

AnalogCarrierSystems

longdistancelinksuseanFDMhierarchy AT&T(USA)andITUT(International)variants Group

12voicechannels(4kHzeach)=48kHz inrange60kHzto108kHz FDMof5groupsignalssupports60channels oncarriersbetween420kHzand612kHz FDMof10supergroupssupports600channels

7

Supergroup

Mastergroup

sooriginalsignalcanbemodulatedmanytimes

WavelengthDivision Multiplexing

FDMwithmultiplebeamsoflightatdifferentfreq carriedoveropticalfiberlinks

commercialsystemswith160channelsof10Gbps labdemoof256channels39.8Gbps multiplexerconsolidateslasersources(1550nm)for transmissionoversinglefiber Opticalamplifiersamplifyallwavelengths Demuxseparateschannelsatthedestination

architecturesimilartootherFDMsystems

alsohaveDenseWavelengthDivision Multiplexing(DWDM)

SynchronousTimeDivision Multiplexing

TDM System Overview

10

TDMLinkControl

noheadersandtrailers datalinkcontrolprotocolsnotneeded flowcontrol

datarateofmultiplexedlineisfixed ifonechannelreceivercannotreceivedata,the othersmustcarryon correspondingsourcemustbequenched leavingemptyslots errorsdetected&handledonindividualchannel

errorcontrol

11

DataLinkControlonTDM

12

Framing

noflagorSYNCcharsbracketingTDMframes muststillprovidesynchronizingmechanism betweensrcanddestclocks addeddigitframing

onecontrolbitaddedtoeachTDMframe identifiablebitpatternusedoncontrolchannel eg.alternating01010101unlikelyonadatachannel compareincomingbitpatternsoneachchannelwith knownsyncpattern

13

PulseStuffing

haveproblemofsynchronizingdatasources withclocksindifferentsourcesdrifting alsoissueofdataratesfromdifferentsources notrelatedbysimplerationalnumber PulseStuffingacommonsolution

haveoutgoingdatarate(excludingframingbits) higherthansumofincomingrates stuffextradummybitsorpulsesintoeachincoming signaluntilitmatcheslocalclock stuffedpulsesinsertedatfixedlocationsinframeand removedatdemultiplexer 14

14

TDMExample

15

DigitalCarrierSystems

longdistancelinksuseanTDMhierarchy AT&T(USA)andITUT(International)variants USsystembasedonDS1format cancarrymixedvoiceanddatasignals 24channelsusedfortotaldatarate1.544Mbps eachvoicechannelcontainsonewordof digitizeddata(PCM,8000samplespersec) sameformatfor56kbpsdigitaldata caninterleaveDS1channelsforhigherrates

DS2isfourDS1at6.312Mbps
16

DS1TransmissionFormat

17

SONET/SDH
SynchronousOpticalNetwork(ANSI) SynchronousDigitalHierarchy(ITUT) havehierarchyofsignalrates

SynchronousTransportSignallevel1(STS1) orOpticalCarrierlevel1(OC1)is51.84Mbps carriesoneDS3ormultiple(DS1DS1CDS2) plusITUTrates(eg.2.048Mbps) multipleSTS1combineintoSTSNsignal ITUTlowestrateis155.52Mbps(STM1)

18

SONETFrameFormat

19

StatisticalTDM
inSynchTDMmanyslotsarewasted StatisticalTDMallocatestimeslots

dynamicallybasedondemand multiplexerscansinputlinesandcollects datauntilframefull linedataratelowerthanaggregateinput linerates mayhaveproblemsduringpeakperiods

mustbufferinputs
20

StatisticalTDMFrameFormat

21

CableModems

dedicatetwocableTVchannelstodatatransfer eachchannelsharedbynumberofsubscribers, usingstatisticalTDM Downstream

cableschedulerdeliversdatainsmallpackets activesubscriberssharedownstreamcapacity alsoallocatesupstreamtimeslotstosubscribers userrequeststimeslotsonsharedupstreamchannel Headendschedulernotifiessubscriberofslotstouse

22

Upstream

CableModemScheme

23

AsymmetricalDigital SubscriberLine(ADSL)

linkbetweensubscriberandnetwork usescurrentlyinstalledtwistedpaircable isAsymmetricbiggerdownstreamthanup usesFrequencydivisionmultiplexing

reservelowest25kHzforvoice(POTS) usesechocancellationorFDMtogivetwobands

hasarangeofupto5.5km

24

ADSLChannelConfiguration

25

DiscreteMultitone(DMT)

multiplecarriersignalsatdifferentfrequencies divideinto4kHzsubchannels testandusesubchannelswithbetterSNR 256downstreamsubchannelsat4kHz(60kbps)

intheory15.36Mbps,inpractice1.59Mbps

26

DMTTransmitter

27

xDSL
HighdatarateDSL(HDSL)

2B1Qcodingondualtwistedpairs upto2Mbpsover3.7km 2B1Qcodingonsingletwistedpair (residential)withechocancelling upto2Mbpsover3.7km DMT/QAMforveryhighdatarates overseparatebandsforseparateservices

SinglelineDSL

VeryhighdatarateDSL

28

Summary
lookedatmultiplexingmultiplechannels

onasinglelink FDM TDM StatisticalTDM ADSLandxDSL

29