Metabolism, Energy, and Enzymatic Reactions

Metabo||sm
O %e wole of cemical reactions going on in te cell
O Managing energy and material needs of te cell/organism
atabo||sm
O Breaking down of molecules
O Usually a net release of energy
abo||sm
O Building of larger molecules from smaller ones
O Net requirement for energy input


Jat |s eergy?
O Capacity to do work
O Must obey te laws of termodynamics wit energy transfer net
increase in entropy
O Organisms are open systems
|rst Law
O Energy is neiter created nor destroyed
O In any conversion of energy from one form to anoter, total energy
before and after te conversion is te same

eco Law
O Wen energy is converted from one form into anoter, some of tat
energy becomes unavailable to do work
O Not all energy can be used
O In a closed system wit repeated energy transformations, free
energy decreases and unusable energy increases

ree Lergy G
G= H - TS

4 H - is te systems total energy, entalpy
4 % - is temperature in K
4 S - is entropy, unusable energy, indicator of disorder

O Equilibrium - forward and backward reactions at same rate G=0
Moving away from equilibrium will require energy.
G (negative) = G
final
- G
start

G = H - T S
Lergy Def||t|os
O calorie is amount of eat energy to raise temperature of 1g or
1cc of water by 1 degree Celsius
O joule = 0.239
O calorie = 4.4 joule
O Carboydrates and proteins yield 4 kcals (1,000 calories) per gram
Def||g feature of "||fe" |s metabo||c |sequ|||br|um
O AG (positive) indicates energy is released
O Individual steps A- G or A+ G
O Reactions propelled forward by large -A G of entire pat
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
AG = -2870kJ/mol
Lergy oup||g
O n unfavourable reaction is linked wit a favourable one


eos|e 1r|pospate (1)
O energy currency of cell
O breakdown coupled to reaction wit +AG
O %! ! + !i yields 31 kJ/mol (7.3 kcal/mol)