BASED ON THE TEXTBOOK

NA[/NEET
HIETTf,EffiET!$$

DIGEST

CONTENTS

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

Squares and Square Roots

1. Squares and Square Roots 2. Inational and Real Numbers
5

(Textbook pages

to 7)

[. Revision-Square,
division method
:

square root

t4
17

3. Parallel Lines 4. Quadrilaterals 5. The Circle 6. Area 7. The Circumference and Area of a Circle 8. Statistics

You have studied in previous standard to find the square root by the

24

3I
35

(Textbook page 1)

48

Q. Find the square root by the division method (2) 202s (1) 28e

...

55 62 69 84

9. Variation
10. Identities

and Proportion

+l

289
1

11. Equations in One Variable

+7
(t)

27

+4 +5
85

2025
16

Miscellaneous Exerbise-1 (Textbookpage g9)

9I

34

000

0'425 425

tffil
12.
Cubes_ and Cube Roots

lffil

Ant. The square root of 289 is 17.

6400e

Ans. The square root of 2025 is 45.

(4) 646416

101

253

804

13. Indices 14. Construction'of Quadrilaterals 15. The Arc of a Circle 16. Joint Bar Graphs 17. Compound Interest 18. Polynomials 19. Discount and Commission

105 108 116

123

t28
138

142
150

Anl, 'l'ho

square root

of

Ans. The squarc root of

646416 is 804.

20. Volume and Surface Area 21. Division of Polynomials

64(l0t) is 253.

r62
173
180

22. Factors of Polynomials

Miscellaneous Exercise-2 (Textbook page 170)

I x 9:81 .'. 9 is the square root of 81. ( - 9) x (-9):81 .'. (-9)isthe squarerootof
,',
tltc square root of 81 is 9

81.

or -9.

NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD YIIT

SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS

(1) Every positive number has two square roots. (2) These squre roots are opposite numbers of each other.
(Textbook page 2)

(4) The positive square root of,625.

Q, 2. Write in symbols : Ane. (1) The positive sqqare root of a00:

:

Q. Write the square roots of each of the following numbers (1) e

Ans. The square root of 9 is 3 or

(2) The negative

square root

of 81 :
121

uffi. .Ai'

3.

(3) The negative square root of (4) The positive square root of

, _J4_:

(2)

2s

t , ,[1.
(3) -

$l|:
4T:

r!: 3:

(3) 100

'_glTg

19_91

of 25 is 5 or

-5.
10.

Q, 3. lVrite the values of

Anc. (1)

$yg:

of 100 is t0 or _ -19-gl

(4) ts6
Ans. The square root of 196 is t4 or _14. (s) 324

- .Jnt: - 11 t *tt-.t tqt"r"r ""a *

(4)

-O- -3

(D
(5)

\E:s
ro.

lx: -s

/roo:

'

The square of an integer is called a perfect square number.

4ry:

fr:

lgtg:1-919!324 is tB or _ t8.
576 is 24

9,f,, the numbers 9, 25 and 169 are the squares of 3,

13,

3; 5,

(6)

s76

5 and

13 respectively

Ans. The square root of

or _24.
:

2, 3, 5, 20, 27, etc., are not the perfect squares of any integers. Such
nttilibers are called non-perfect square numbers.

3. Writing and reading a squarO root

Writing: The symbol is used to write the square root. meaning of this symbol is positive square root. For. negative square the symbol ' is used.

,r/-,

The gquare root of a number that is not a porfect squar.e : A number which is not
rquare root is 20 is
a perfect square also has a square root. e.g., the

- J-,
utU

,/n.
(Textbook page 4)

Reading :

-.JA JA:S

is read as the posirive square root of sixty_four. is read as the negative square root of sixty_four.

and

- j64- -

Q,

8.

l. The sides forming the right angle of a right-angled triangle are 7 cm and 5 cm. Find the length of its hypotenuse.
Let AABC be a right-angled + trlangle, in which LB:?O, /(AB):5 r* end ,(BC):7 cm. F
Bolutlon : By Pythagoras' theoiem,
rl
I

(Textbook page 2)

a. 1. Write the following numbers in words : (3) - j6rs @{@ Q) +!l !11 T_"_ pgll_t-1y_: square root of 324. p) fhe negarive square root of 324.

g \F

tE4

ll(Ac)1'z: u(AB)12 + t/(BC)],

(3) The negative square root of 625.

: (5)' + Q)2 :25 * 49 :74 ,', /(AC) : uE4 cn. "

.

Anc. The length of the hypotenuse is J-l+

NAVNEET MATTIEMATICS DIGEST

STANDARD

VIII
12 cm and
7,

SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS

Q. 2. Find the length of the diagonal of a rectangle of length

breadth 7 cm. Solution : Let E ABCD be a rectangle. (BC) :7 cm and /(AB) : 12 cm. Each angle of a rectangle js a right angle. .'. in the figure, AABC is a righrangled
triangle. By Pythagoras' theorem,

'l'he approximate value of the square root of a non-perfect square number:

ln the above example, we have calculated the square root of 30 up to lirur decimal places.

t-

../30:

5.4772.

l{ere, the digit2 in the fourth decimal place is less than 5 or 5. We drop
49

u(Aqlr:
.'.
/(AC)

:io})z + e)2 :144 *

u(BC)12

+ t/(AB)12

: uEi

:193
"",493 cm.

lhrrt digit and keep the remaining digits as tu;rproximate value

it is. So, .160:5.477 isthe

of

.f

up to three decimal places.

Ans. The length of the diagonal of the rectangle is

"

T'he digit 7 in the third decimal placb is greater than 5 or 5. Hence, we

thop 7 and increase the previous digit by 'f'lrus, we get,

1.

Q. 3. Find the Iength of the diagonal of a square with side g cm. Solution : Let n ABCD be a square whose
side is 8 cm. Each angle of a square is a right angle. .'. in the figure, AABC is a right-angled triangle. By Pythagoras' theorem,
tr o

nET:5.48

up to two decimal places.

'l'lro approximate value of

.f,0

up to one decimal place will be 5.5.

(Textbook page 6)

Q, li'lnd the square roots of the following numbers to the fourth decimar

l/(AC)1'z: t1(AB)l' + t/(BC)l'

;llncc by division method. Then write the approximate value of each

8cm

(8)2 + (8)2

:64 * 64:128

Ans. The length of the diagonal of the square is .",42g cm.

... /(AC) : ,EZS

:

Hqurre root up to the

third, second and first decimal places

Ans. ./io:3.1622...
Approximate values
:

"^

tlt l0
I

3.1622

6. The square root of a non-perfect square number

30 is a non-perfect square number. Let us find 5.47 7 2

10.00000000
9

.f

by division

It frl

0100
(r

up to three decimal places up to two decimal places

30.00000000

rl
fr .l

+7

1087
47
7

-25 5 00 - 416

*50:

s.4772...

6t 03900
3756

"/to:ltez
u'Eo:ne

As 30 is not a perfect square, wo

will get more decimal places, i

we continue the process

t6
fr

084 7 609

of

ll2

07I
7

542
2

6629

02

44
In the above example,

219084

the value of the square root. This process is never endi In 5.4772..., the dots on the ri
denote that further there

t2
6 l',)"42

0t4400 t2644
0175600 126484

up to one decimal place

u/n:s.z

t2
h | )44

will

be

049tt6

02

infinite number of digits.

up to four decimal places.

,,,m:5.4772is

10

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST

STANDARD

VIII

SQUARES AI\D SQUARE ROOTS

(2) 13s

11.6189

(4) rooo Ans.

3r.6
9

27
Ans. .r/tooo :31.6227.-

I
+1

Isroooooooo
-1
035

./35:

u.6189...
:

tooo.oooooooo

2t

Approximate values : up to three decimal places

+3 61

+1

2t
14 00

JBs:

tt.6t9
:

+l

6t
37 56

Approximate values

up to three decimal places

+6

226

up to two decimal places

1356

22
2

./tooo :31.623
up to two decimal places
:

232r
1

004400

JBs:1t.62
up to one decimal place
:

r2644 0r756

232t
207 900
8

126484
4427 r29 048

.4ooo:11.62
up to one decintal place
:

23228
23 23 69
9

JBs:11.6

185824 2207 600

209 t32r 0 t 1627 9
27.87 47 |

3?D437(5) 5328

+1

/ooo:31.6

72.9931
5328.OOOOOOOO

23237
(3) 777
2

+7
An*

.7

+2
ffi:27.8747-.
:

142

-49
o4

,l,ns.

.f3x

:72.9931...
:
:

284

Approximate values

in.ooo-ooooo

+7
+8
55

+2 47

-4

377

Approximate values : up to three decimal places

548
67

-329

+7
55744
4

048 00 43 84 04 1600

up to two decimal places

'nn:2ir.B7s

013 5900 13 1301 0 459900 437 9 49

t44 00 I30 4L t

up to three decimal places

!Br8:72.ss3
up to two decimal places
:

!&r8:72.ss
up to one decimal place
:

02t95100

1459861

J$rB:73.0.
:

38969 0263 r00

2229
7 76

Jm:27.88
up to one decimal place
:

tl. The square root of a decimal fraction by the division method

$n =27.e

557 487

557494

04012400 3902409 0109991

Itlx. Find the square root of 249.3241by the division method. | 5 .7 9 iFirst, the digits in the iinteger part of the .1 if,irst, I , 4 9 .3 Z 4 I inumber (249) are paired o.ff from the right, jThen, the digits in the decimal part (ot 3241) rl -l 25 149 i are also paired off, but starting from the left. i Now, find the square root as per the

f5

-r25
2t

4 634

-r

H++iquotient

jcompleted, place a decimal point after the obtained tllt.lh* (i.e., after. 15) till then after
Ans.

NAYNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS

(Textbook pageT)

(3) 34.1s8
:

(4) 720.s

Q. 1. Find

(t)

s6.2s

the square root of the following numbers by the division method

Q) tst.zs
r 2.3

+5

34.r5S000

26.842 720.500000
^

+8
29

108

-25

+4 +4

tt64

0915 864 05180 4656

Ans. n/56.25:7.5.

I t684
11588

l
(3) 49.s616

,tttr. r,ry5Lrr:12.3.
(4) 443.s236

052400 46736 05664

7.04
2 -L1 4

n.i2TZ
41

2t.o6

,', /5als8:5.844...
Ans. .f,4rSS :5.84 correct up to two decimal places.

-27 6 528 044 50 42 24 +8 5364 02 2600 2 r456 +4 53682 ot 14400 2 r 07364 53684 0 07036

+6

+2 46

320

+1

41

-4

o4 02 0 00
2

42
49.5616:7.04.

i two

decimal places.

2 5236 00

Q. 2. Flnd the approximate value of the square roots of the following

(1) s9.03
numbers up to the second place :

7.683

(2) 3.41s8
1.8 4 8

+7 146 +6 r528 +8
1536
66

9.0 3 0 0 0 0

-49

10 87

I +1

r27 0 r2224 46089

00

+8
36 36

3.415800 -1
2

-224
01

00

1456

29504

J5c:o3:7.683... Ans. yte.o3 :7.68 correcr up to

two decimal places.

tr54158:1.848...

Irrational and Real r 2 ir IrrationalandRea Numbers ttl

rrr-

IRRATIONAL AND REAL NUMBERS (Textbook pages 8 ro t2)

1. Revision : Rational numbers : Ifp is any integer and q is any non-zero integer, then 4 is called
rational number.

(Textbook page 10)

a

Q. Write
Ans.

the following numbers in the non-terminating recurring

form

non-terminating recuning decimal fraction. ln case (ii), 3 : 0.66... is written as :0.6 and
52

ln case (ii), the process is unending. In this-case either a aigi, o, a group of digits is repeated. The decimar fraction, so obtained, is called a

The decimal form of a rational number is obtained by dividing its numerator by the denominator. (i) The decimal form of ! is O.O. (ii) The decimal form of I is O.OO... and that of is 0.090909... fr In case (i), the process of division comes to an end. The decimal fraction, so obtained, is calred a terminating decimal fraction.

0.16

ttlll

7.439 i 10.505
'I -l

i
I I I

0.058

i
I I

1.06 i 0.0002
1.060

t-

10.6050i 0.0580

i
I I

4. Non-terminating recurring decimal forms and rational numbers

Every nutmber rational number.

in the non-terminating recurring decimal form is a

*:0.090909... is written
I

as

il

[The recurring digits are marked with a line drawn above them. ]
(Textbook page 9)

fr:0.09.

t,

Irrational numbers

Numbers whose decimal.form is non-terminating and non-recurring are

calted irrational numbers.

decimal fractions as terminating and nonterminating recurring decimals : (t) 0.777... Q) 0.777 (3) 4.7152 (4) 4.71n (t e.16s16s (6) e.16s (7) O.s2sss (s) 0.s2s (s) 72.136. Ans. Terminating decimals : (2) 0.777 (3) 4.7182 (5) 9.165165 (7) 0.s2888.
Non-terminating recurring decimals
:

a. chssify the following

rf;:2.230067977...i.e.,
and non-rectrrring. So,

the decimal form of

..,6 i, non-tenninating

.f

is an irrational number.
:

6, tlquare roots of numbers that are not perfect squares

numbers.

The square roo[s ofnumbers that are not perfect squeres are irratiorutl

(1) 0.777... (4) 4.7182 (6) 9.165 (8) 0.s28 (s) 72.136. 3. writing a terminating decimal in the form of a non-terminating
The terminating decimal fraction 3.75, if written as 3.750, 3.7500, etc., its value does not.change. writing zeroes on the right side of a terminating decimal it becomes a

(Textbook page 12)

Q, Clussify the following numbers into two groups and label each group
correctly
:

l\ 4.en

(2) 0.3104s693...

@\E

@trB

(s) 10.0s

(6) 0.1010010001...

non-terminating recurring decimal frbction.

3.75:3.750
Every rational number can be written in the non-terminating recurring

Ans. Rational numbers : G) a9n @ J4g (5) 10.05 lrrtrtional numbers : (2) 0.31045693... (3) aEi 6> 0.1010010001...

form.

! Rcul

iI

numbers : The collection together is called real numbers.

of rational and irrational numbers

NAVNEET MAI'HEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VTII

(Textbook page 12)

Parallel LineS lS llParallellrnes -t

ttt

r.

(Textbook pages 13 to 22)

l.

Q. Make

with columns for rational numbers, irrational numbers and real numbers and write the following numbers in their proper
:

a table

Drawing parallel lines : You have studied how to draw a line parallel to a given line using
set squares.
:

places in the table

o\F
Ans.

(1) 1.57 Q) v5
(8)

(3) 4.10547194:.. (4)

4.8

(5)

0.73s (O lE

2. Lines parallel to the sarne line In the figure, line / ll lnne m and line n ll line m.

,/\%
Irrational numbers
ReaI numbers

Using the ruler and set squares, we find that line

Lines parallel to the same line are parallel to each other.

ll line n.

Rational numbers

3..Lines perpendicular to the same line : In the figure,Ttne m r line / and line a r line /. Using the set squares and a ruler,
check whether lines m and n are parallel to each other.
4, The

(r) r.s1
(s) 0.73s

(4) 4.8

Q).,fr
(3) 4.10547r94...

All the given numbers

are real numbers

@
d *t

Jzs

(8)

v4%

0lo
(9) 3.819023... (10) 6.10203040...

intercept : (1) In the figure, transversal n intersects line'/ and line m in two distinct points P and Q. Segment PQ is called the intercept formed by
lines

/ and m on transversal
:

n.

(2) Intercepts made by three parallel lines on

I

a transversal

In the figure, line /, line m and line n are parallel

The intercept cut off by lines 'l' and m on transversil p is seg CD. The inteicept cut off by lines ru and n on tranSversal p is seg DE. The intercept cut off by lines I and n on transversal p is seg CE.
(Textbook page 16)

to one another.

a. ln

each of the following figures, name the intercepts, the lines that form them and the transversal on which they are formed :

18

NAVNEET MATIIEMA.TICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

PARALTEL LINES (Textbook page 19 & 20)

Ans.

Fig. (1) : Lines g and ft make intercept seg DE on the transversal4. Lines ft and I make intercept seg EF on the transversal 4. I.ines g and i make intercept seg DF on the transversal q. Fig. (2) : Lines
seg

t and w make intercepts : seg HD on the transvers al p and IC on the transversal s. Lines w and ft make intercepts : seg DF on thetansversalp and

ll tine rz. Their transversals, line c and line d, cut them at points X, Y, Z and P, Q, R
respectively.

l. In the figureo line ft | line /

seg CR on the transversal s. Lines r and ft make intercepts : seg rrF on the transversal p and seg IR on the fransversal s. Lines p and s make intercepts : seg HI on line r; seg DC on line and seg FR on line ft.

If t(xY)

:5, l(YZ):3,

/(PQ) :5.5,

rig. (3) : Lines s and p make intercepts seg AI on the transversal y.

Lines

: seg RD on the transversal r and

/(xY) /(PQ) : (QR)

/(YZ)

flnd r(QR). Solution z Line k ll line 1 ll line m. Line c and line d are theilr transversals. .'. by the property of three parallel lines and their transversals,

il
I
I

p and ft make intercepts : seg DO on the transversal / seg IN on the transversal v. Lines s and ft make intercepts seg RO on the transversal I and seg AN on the transversal v. Lines / and y make intercepts : seg AR on line s; seg ID on line p,
and seg NO on line fr.

",53

5.5

/(QR)

... (Substituting the given values)

3

.'. 5 x /(QR) :5.5;

Ans. /(QR) :3.3.

.'.

/(QR):Y:

1.1

:3.3.

I I

5. The prope4ies of parallel lines and their transversals with respect

to intercepts
:

(1) If the intercepts formed by three parallel

lines"on any one transversal are congruent, the intercepts they forrn on any other transversal are also congruent. Line / ll bne m ll line n and linesp and, q arethe transversals.

In the figure, if intercept seg AB

seg

Q. 2. In the figure, Iine a ll line D ll line c. l.lne d and line e are their transversals lntersecting them in points P, Q, R and polnts Lo M, No respectively. Point Q is the mldpoint of seg PR. tf ,(QR) :7.2 andr(LM) :6.2,find,/(PQ) and /(MN). Solution : Point Q is the midpoint of seg pR

intercept

BC, then intercept segDE

(2) The ratio of the lengths of tho intercepts made by three parallel lines on one transversal and the ratio of the lengths of the
corresponding intercepts made by the same lines on any other transversal are equal. Line.r ll line y ll line z and lines p and q are the transversals.

intercept seg EF.

.'. I(PQ):7.2. 'Line a jl line b ll line c. Line d and line e are thek transversals. ,'. by the property of three parallel lines and their transversals, intercept LM:intercept MN ... t'.' l(PO: /(QR) ... From (l)l .'. /(LM): /(MN)

l(eR) t*?11 (Given) ,'. /(QR):7.2

,.. /(Pe):

...

/(cD) _ /(LM) In the fisure. -'l(DE) /(MN)' "

t(LM):6.2 ... (Given) ,: /(MN):6.2

Ans. /(PQ) :7.2; /(MN) :6.2.

20

NAVNEET MATIilMATICS DTGEST : STANDARD VrrI

PARATLEL LINES

(1) Dividing a line segment into a given number of equal parts

equal parts.

(Textbook page 22)

:

Q, 1. Divide seg LM of length 9 cm into 5 congruent parts.

Ans.

Construction : (1) Draw a 6 cm long seg pe. (2) At P, draw a ray PM making an acute angle of some suitable measure. (3) At Q, draw a ray QN on the opposite side of seg PQ making an acute angle of the same measure. (4) On the ray PM starting from p, mark off 4 congruent segments pp1, p1p2,

Seg

LA, seg AB, seg BC,

DM are the five

neg CD and seg

congruent parts of seg-LM.

p

PrP. and P.Po with the help of of

compass. On the ray QN also, starting

il ,l

from Q mark off 4 congruent segments eer, erer, ezer and er each of, which is congruent to seg ppr. (s) Draw seg PQo, seg PrQr, seg prer, seg pre, and seg poe. Let seg pre, seg PrQ, and seg P.Q, ihtersect seg pe in points A, B and
respectively.

{1.

l,

Dtviae seg CD of length 6.4 cm into 3 congruent parts.

Ans.
Sog CA, seg

AB

and

rog BD are the three gongruent parts of seg CD.

(6)

Seg PA, seg

seg PQ.

AB, seg BC and seg Ce are the four congruent parts

Ex. Divide 5.5 cm long seg Xy in the ratio /(XL) : l(Ly):2 2 3. Ans, As per the above construction, divide seg Xy into 5 (Z+3
congruent parts. Take point

L on seg Xy

/Qo-):t(LY):2:3.

such that

io of division

:l

l$

::g-T:_11

2:3 1:5 l:2 3:4 5:3

5

ttber of congruent parts of

,legment

Q,

{. Dlvide

seg ST of length 10 cm in the ratio 2 : 3. Ans. [Seg ST is to be divided in the ratio 2 : 3. ,', seg ST will have to be divided into 2 * 3 :5 congruent parts.l

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

PARALLEL LINES

Q, 7. Draw a line segment of length 7 cm. Mark l(PR) : t(RO:4 t, L. Anr. /(PR) : /(RQ) :4: I.

a point R on

it such that

.',

total divisions

:4 * | :5

Point P divides seg ST in the ratio 2 : 3.

/(SP) :

l(Yl):2'

lloint R divides seg PQ in the ratio 4 .', /(PR) : /(RQ):4: L

1.

Q. 5. Divide 7 cm long line segment AB in the ratio 3 : t Ans.Ratio3:2.

.'.

total divisions

:3 * 2: 5

4s

Point C divides seg AB in the ratro 3 : 2. .'. /(AC) : /(CB) :3 :2.

a. 6. Divide seg PQ of length 6 crn in the ratio 1 : 2. Ans.Ratiol:2. .'. total divisions : I -12:3.
Pl

,'t \ o\R

\ .,.
Point R divides seg PQ in the ratio I :2. .'. /(PR) : /(RQ): 1 :2.

tr
1. Rc
The types of quadrilaterals named on the basis of their angles and are shown below. (Textbook pages 23 & 24)
s

QUADRILATERALS

l) /(AB) = /(AD) (2) /(BC):/(DC) (3) rn IAMD:90' (4) ! ABCD is a kite.

(

(l) mISTR:90'
:

Recall the properties of quadrilaterals and

fill in the blanks

(L) Parallelogram : A quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel is called a

parallelogram. Properties of parallelogram
:

(2) /(PT) : /(TR) (3) nLSPQ:mlSRQ

(l)

Side

HC

.r side DF

N
X
:
PE
:

____

- -'..{-'-

,-(1) The opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent. (W'The opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent. (3) The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
----- -- -- ----::---

(2) /(HF):l(CD) (3)

--

-----

'(cM):t(DM)

(2) Rhombus : A quadrilateral with all four

congruent is called a rhombus.

sides

Q)dacn diagonal of a rhombus is perpendicular bisector of the other.

Propertiep-of rhombus : (*Fh6" diagonals of rhombus bisect each ot[rer at right angles.
the

: /(EU) (1) '(PN) (2) nlutN:90' (3) r(TN) -r(TP) : /(TU) : /(TE)
0)

(U#dtbposite

angles of a rhombus are congruent.

hoblems based on the properties-of quadrilaterals

(3) Rectangle : A quadrilateral with all angles right angles is called a rectangle. Properties of a rectangle : (1) The opposite sides of a rectangle are

(Textbook page 25)

L congruent. gffine diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.

.(J),.The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other.

(4) Square : A quadrilateral with all the sides congruent and every angle a right angle is called a
squar.

Flnd the length of diagonal QS of the square PQRS, if the length of dlrgonal PR is I cm. Ans. The diagonals of a square are congruent. .'. /(PR): /(QR) ,', they are of equal length. l(PR):8 cm ... (Given)

l,

,', /(Qs):8

cm.
4.5 cm, what are the lengths 0f the

Properties of a square

l,
bisector ofthe ot

ll'ln

the square ABCD, /(AB)

i(l)-The
,(fr'lhe

diagonals of a square are congruent. diagonals of a square bisect each other.

{t.Pr!9t-lsMrof a square is the perpendicular

0thcr sides of the square? Anl. All the sides of a square are congruent. ," /(AB): l(BC): /(CD): /(DA). l(AB) :4.5 cm ... (Given) ,', /(BC) : /(CD) : l(DA) :4.5 cm.

NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VIII

QUADRILATERALS

a. 3. The diagonals seg DF and seg BG of the square DEFG intersect each other in point M. If ,(DM) -7 cm, find t(EG).
Ans. The diagonals of a square bisect each other.

Fhnilarly, seg PQ

/tPg;

:7 .-

seg

SR .'. /(PQ): /(SR)

cm.

(Given)

,', /(SR):'7 cm
Ans. /(QR):9 cm;

.'. /(DM): /(FM) /(DM):7 cm ... (Given) .'. /(FM) :7 cm l(or;-/(DM)+/(MF) :(7 + 7) cm: L4 cm .'. /(DF):14 cm
The diagonals of a square are congruent.

/(sR):7

...

(2)

(1)

... (D-M-F) ... [From (1) and (2)] ... (3)

.'. /(EG): /(DF):14 cm .'. /(EG): L4 cm.

Q. 4. The
segments

...

[From (3)]

'fhe diagonals AC and BD of rectangle ABCD intersect each other in point O. If n/ CAB:2S', find zLDAC and nt/ LCD. Folutlon: Each angle of a rectangle is a rlght angle.

t,

,', mLons:90".
Hrl DAB

Find zlXMY. Ans. LXMY is the angle at the point of intersection of the diagonals seg XZ and seg yW.
The diagonals of a square are perpendi-cular bisectors of each other.

XZ and,yW are the diagonals of the square XYZW.M is their point of intersection.

nLDAC + nLCAB

The opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel. ,', $eg AB ll seg DC. AC is the transversal. LACD ..- (Alternate angles) .., /-CAB

,', 90: zLDAC+25 ... (Given : nLCAB:25") ,' , aLDAC: 90 - 25 :65".

m/ cAB:25'

.'. zLXNIY:90o.
Q. 5. In the square HDFC, if t(HD :5 cIn, find J(CD). Ans. Seg IIF and seg CD are the diagonals of square HDFC.
The diagonals of a square are congruent.

,',

mLACD

:25"

...

(Given)

Ann mLolC

65o;

zLACD

25o.

/(CD): /(HF) ". /(HF;:5 ... ".'. /(CD):5 cm.

(2) RECTANGLE
:

J, The diagonals AC and BD of rectangle ABCD intersect each other ln the point K. If /(AK) :3.5 cm, then /(KC) : ?, /(AC) : ?
fiolution : The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other.
'l'ltc point K is the point of intersection of diagonals AC and BD. ,', /(AK): /(KC). ... (Given) /{AK;:3.5

(Given)

cm

(Textbook page 26)

a. 1. In rectangle
,(PS)

:9

PQRS, l(PQ)

:7

cm,

"' /{AC; : zl(KC):2 x 3.5 cm:7 cm. Anr. /(KC) :3.5 cm; /(AC) :7 cm.
4.

/(KC):3.5

cm

cm. f ind ,(QR) and t(SR).

Solution : The opposite sides of a rectangle are

congruent.

'fhe diagonals XZ and WY of

M

.'. seg PS = seg QR .'. /(PS): /(QR) /(PS1:9 sm ... (Given) .'. /(QR):9 cm

rr,ctangle XYZW intersect each other ln the point M. If l(XZ):8 cm, then

llnd /fiM) and /(YM). llolution : The diagonals of a rectangle

nre congruent and bisect each other.

NAVNEET MATTIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

QUADRILATERALS

.'. /(xM) :I t6z)

t(XZ) ... (The diagonals of a rectangle.) t(XZ):8 cm ... (Given) .'. /(YW):8 cm /(YM) : j lgWl :1 * 8 cm :4 cm Ans. /(XM) :4 cm; /(YM):4 cm. /(YW)

:j :4

cm ... [Given : t(XZ):8 cm]

l,

ll'

nt/ Ql'S in the rhombus PQRS is 65o, find nLQRS.

cm

Ittlttllorr : 'ilre opposite angles of a rhombus are congruent. / Ql,s : LQRS lrl Ql']S: lnIQRS

mi t;l's : 65' ... (Given) . , n/ QRS:65' Ann, m/ QRS:65o.

Q. 5. In n LMNP,

nlp. What of quadrilateral is n LMNP ? Solution : The sum of the measures of the angles of a quadrilateral 360'. .'. mLL * mLM * mLN * mLp: 360o .'. 90 + 90 + 90 *mLP:360 ... (Substituting the given values) .'. 270 * mLP :360
Find

mLL:mLM:mLN:90o.

{, 'l'lrc diagonals
F*tclt rttlter.

AC and BD of rhombus ABCD intersect each other

ln llrc prrint O. Find mLAOD and,mLBOC. Holutlon : The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular bisectors of
'l'lte point O is the point of intersection of diagonals AC and BD.

Anx, rrrl.AOD

,', ttt/ AOD: nLBOC:90". : 90o; wLBOC:

90o.

.'. mLP:360*270 .'. mLP:90"

Now, each angle of

tr LMNP is a right angle.

KING, mLK:70o and LI:110". Find the nr[Huros of the other angles of the rhombus KING.

l, ln the rhombus

.'. n LMNP is a rectangle.

!ns. mLP:90o; n LMNP is a rectangle.
(3) RHOMBUS
:

llolulkrn : The opposite angles of a rhombus

HIT r'ongruent.

'/N.rLKandLG=LI lll N:mLK:70o and

ttt/
ttt

(Texfbook page 27)

a. 1. If

Anx.

the length of one side of a rhombus is 7.5 cm, find the lengths

C:mLI=I10" / N : 70' and mLG:

:

110'.

70"

I 109

the remaining sides. Solution : All the sides of a rhombus a.re congruent. The length of one side of a rhombus is given to be 7.5 cm.. Ans. The length of each of the remaining sides of the rhombus is 7.5

IIAIIAI,I,ELOGRAM

ii::l

(Textbook page 28)

Q. 2. The diagonals segXZ and seg YW of rhombus XyZW in each other in the point P. If /(XP) :8 cmo find l(XZ). Solution : The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other.
The point P is the point of intersection of the diagonals. .'. P is the midpoint of diagonalXZ.

'l'hc diagonals LN and MT of parallelogram LMNT intersect each rtllttr in the point O. If /(MO):5 crrr /(LN):6 cmo find /(OT) and

l,

,tNO). tiolulion : The diagonals of a paralleIoplr'irnr bisect each other.

.'. t(xz):2t(xP)

'l'lrr' point O is the point of intersection ul' llrc diagonals of parallelogram

:2x8cm

:16 cm Ans. /(XZ): L6 cm.

...

[Given :

/(XP):8 pml

I MN'f.

'

/(or):

/(Mo)
(Given)

/(Mo):5 cm ... /(oT):5 cm

NAVNEET MATI{EMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

Similarly,

/(NO) :

The CifCle

(Textbook pases 29 to 32) (Textbook paee 29)

/(OL)

/(No)+/(OL):/(LN) ..' 2/(NO):6 cm

.'1

... (L-o-N) ... [Given:l(LN):6cm] /(NO;:3

/(NO):ry
:5

l.

Fill in the blanks

Ans. /(OT)

cm; /(NO)

:3

"*.

cm.

Q. 2. In parallelogram PQRS, mLQ:130'. Find the measures of other angles of n PQRS. p Solution : The opposite angles of a
parallelogram are congruent.

the circle with centre O shown alongside, ( t) Seg OD is a radius. (2) Seg AB is a diameter. (3) Seg PQ is a chord.

(4) The length of

seg

AB is twice that of seg OD.

.'. LS = tQ .'. mLS : mLQ .'. mLS:130o ... [Given : mLQ:130o]

The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel to each other. .'. side PS ll side QR. Side PQ is the transversal.

l.

Look at the adjoining figure. Write the

ngmes of the centre of the circle, the radius, the

chord and the diameter. Ans. The centre of the circle : point C; Radius : seg CD, seg CM, seg CL; ehord : seg RT and seg LM; Diameter : seg LM.

. mLP -l mLQ: 180 ... (The pair of interior angles are supple .'. mLP * 130:180 ... [Given : mLQ:130"] .'. mLP:180-130 .'. mLP:50" Now, rt lR : mLP ... (The opposite angles of a .'. mLR:50" ... lmLP:50"1 Lns. mLP = 50o1 mLR:S}o; mLS: 130o.
.'

l.

Look at the adjoining figure and write ilhether the following statements are true or
Seg TS is not a chord.

hhc: Anr. (t)

(False)

(2) Seg KM is a chord. (3) Seg CK is a radius.

(True) (True)

Q. 3. The measures of the opposite angle of a parallelogram

(3x

t2.te ru i: lg!19i"-ej:.':

.!TSi)

-2)'and

(50

the parallelogram.

-x)o

respectively. tr'ind the measure of each angle

Thc distance between the centre of a circle and a chord :

Solution : The opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent. .'. they are of equal measures.

ln the figure, seg OM r chord AB. Thc length of perpendicular OM means the dlntnnce of centre O from the chord AB.

Now, the adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary an Let the supplementary angle of 37" be y".

3x-2:3 x 13 -2:39-2:37. .' . (3x - 2)o :37o.

.'. (3x-2)":(50-x)' .'. 3x-2:50-x .'. 3x*x:50+2

I

Theny*37:180 .'. y-180-37

143".

.'.

y:I43

.'.

Ans. The measures of the angles of the parallelogram : 37", 143",

)o:1

l'he property of the perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord : The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a ('lrcle to its chord bisects the chord. ln the figure, seg PT r chord LM. ,', /(LT): /(TM)'

NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

THE CIRCLE

(2) The property

of the distance between the centre and congruent chords of the circle : In a circle, congruent chords are equidistant from
the centre of the circle. In the figure, chord AB = chord PQ. Seg OM r chord AB and seg ON r chord PQ.

l. tn a circle with centre P, chord AB = il/ APB :40o. Find measure of ICPD.
lolutlnn t zLAPB:40o
and chord

chord CD

and

CD. chords of circle form congruent angles at the centre. ?hF congruent

AB ry chord

.'. /(OM):

/(ON).

m/ CPD: ruLAPB:40" ... [Given : .rnLAPB:40"] Anr. The measure of /-CPD is 40o.

,', /(tPD=IAPB.

i,

(3) The property of the angles made at the centre of the circle by congruent chords of that circle : Congruent chords of the same circle form congruent angles at the centre of the circle. In the figure, chord AB = chord CD. These chords subtend /AOB and ICOD respectively at the centre O. ... lAOB = LCOD,
(Textbook page 32)

'l'he radius of a circle is 5 cm. The distance of a chord from the Cintrt ls 4 cm. Find the length of the chord. Folutkln : Let P be the centre of the circle of

l,

tndlun .5 cm. The tlistance of the chord AB from the centre is

4 etn, i.e., /(PM)

Q. 1. In

a circle, chord MN = chord RT. Chord RT is at a 6 cm from the centre. Find the distance of the chord MN from centre.

APAM ,', hy Pythagoras' theorem, 2 [,(AM) l'z + t/(PM)] : I\(PA)12 ... (Substituting the values) ,', [/(AM)]2 +@)2:(5)2 .'. [/(AM)]z - 9 ,', l/(AM)12 :25 -16

is a right-angled triangle.

- 4 "*.

,', l(AM):3

cm.

The porpendicular from the centre to its chord bisects the chord.

Solution : The distance of chord RT from the centre of the circle is 6 The congruent chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre of
circle. Chord MN = chord RT ... (Given) .'. the distance of chord MN from the centre is 6 cm. Ans. Chord MN is at a distance of 6 cm from the centre.

,', /(AB):21(AM) :2 x3 cm:6

cm

Anr. 'fhe length of the required chord is 6 cm.

'l'hc radius of a circle is L3 cm. The length of a chord is 10 cm. Find Che dlstance of the chord from the centre. lolutkrn : Let P be the centre of the circle of rnrlius t3 cm and chord AB of length 10 cm' $og PM r chord AB. Tlte perpendicular from the centre of a circle to

l,

Q. 2. In the figure, seg OM r chord AB, /(AM) : 1.5 cm. Find the lengths of seg BM and
seg AB.

llx clrord bisects the chord.

Solution : The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to its chord bisects the chord. Seg OM r chord AB. .'. /(AM): /(BM) /(AM): 1.5 cm ... (Given) /(AB) :2/(AM)

Itt righrangled APAM, by Pythagoras' theorem, l/(AM)12 +

,, /(AM): j llnn; ,', /(AM) =|xl0 cm:5 cm.

,', ,',
(5)2

t-

10

cm --'t

.'. l(BM):1.5

t/eM)1'z: t/eA)l'

cm

+ t/eM)12

:Qr2
-

:2

Ans. /(BM)

1.5

cm:3

cm.

1.5 cm; /(AB)

:3

t2 cm. 25 .'. l(PM) l/(PM)1'? :169 of the chord from the centre is 12 cm. Anr. The distance
cm.
Mathematics Digest : Std.

:144

: \844:

Vm lE059il

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VIII

r0u

(Textbook pages 33 to 46)

e. 6. A chord of a circle

is 30 cm long. Its distance from the Find the radius of the circle. sm. Solution : Let P be the centre of a circle. Chord AB is of length 30 cm. Seg PM r chord AB. /(PM):8 cm.

The perpendicular from the centre of

1s

('nleulute the area of the rectangle given its length and breadth lll t.2 cm, 2.5 cm (2) 2.1m, 1.5 m (3) 3.5 m, L.2 m.

l,

a circle

its chord

bisects the chord.

... /(AM):jl1an)
1n

llt t-5,2 cm, b:25 cm

'f

'lte nrca of a rectangle:

:jx30cm:15cm.

Ixb :5.2 x

2.5

... ...

(Formula) (Substituting the values)

fght-angled APAM, by Pythagoras' theorem,

:13
{t) , 2,1 m, b:1.5 m 'f'lte urca of a rectangle: I x

sq cm.

tt(?A)L'z: U(AM)12 + U(PM)1'z : (15)2 + (8)2 :225 * 64:289

Anr. 'l'he area of the rectangle:13 sq cm.

... /(PA).,: JrSr:17

cm

46.

The radius of the circle is 17 cm.

:2.1x I.5
:3.15
sq m.

... ...

(Formula) (Substituting the values)

Ann. The area of the rectangle

:3.15

sq m.

(i)

,: .1.5 m, b:1.2 m 'Ihe area of a rectangle: I x b :35

x
1.2

... ...

(Formula) (Substituting the values)

:4.2

sq m.

Ann. The area of the rectangle

:4.2 sqm.

'l'hc slde of a square is given. Calculate its area. (l) 25 cm (2) 2.8 m (3) 7.2 cm (4) 13'5 m.

l,

(lf Sitlc:25

cm 't'lu: area of a square

: (side)2 :(25)2
:625
sq cm.

... ...

(Formula)
(Substituting the value)

Ans. The area of the square:625 sq cm.

lJt Sitlc:2.8

'l'hc area of a square

: :

(side)2
(2.8)2
sq m.

... ...

(Formula)
(Substituting the value)

:7.84

Ans. The area of the square :7.84 sq m.

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

AREA

(3) Side : 7.2 cm The area of a square: (side)2

(7.2)2

... ...

(Formula)
(Substituting the value

3. The area of a parallelogram is 56 sq cm and its height is 7 cm. What is its base ? llolution : The area of a parallelogrilm: 56 sq cm, height: 7 cm, base: ?
'l'hc area of parallelograln

51.84 sq cm.

base x

Ans. The area of the square:51.84 sq cm.

,'.

56 56 "-r
7

(4) Side: 13.5 m The area of a square: (side)2

.'
... ...
(Formula)
(Substituting the value

: base x 7 : base ,'. base :

height ... (Formula) ... (Substituting the values)

8 cm

Ans. The base:8 cm.

(13.5)2 192.25 sq m.

4. What is the area of a parallelogram having base

L3 cm and height

Ans. The area of the square:182.25 sq m.

cm?

ilolution: Base:13 cm, height:5 cm, area:? 2. The formula for the area of a parallelogram
The area of a parallelogram base x height In the figure, n ABCD is a parallelogram. Seg BC is the base and seg AE is the corresponding height.
:

The area of parallelogram

: base x height .. ' (Formula) :13x5 ... (Substituting the values)

:65
sq cm.

Am.

The area of parallelogram:65 sq cm.

.'.

A(

ABCD)

/(BC) x /(AE).
(Textbook page 34)

The area of a parallelogram is 390 sq cm. If its height is 26 cmo what is its base ? Folutlon: The area of a parallelogram:39O sg cm, height:26 cm,

!,

hurc

The area of a parallelogram

base x

0. 1. What is the area of a parallelogram whose base is 12 cm height 7 cm? Solution: Base:12 cm, height:7 cm, area:? The area of parallelogram : base x height ... (Formula) :12 x7 ... (Substituting the val

,', .190:
390

base x 26

height ... (Formula) ... (Substituting the values)

: ;;:base

Attx. The base: 15 cm.

"'

base:

15 cm

:84
Q. 2. The area of a parallelogram
is its height ? Solution : The area

sq cm.

Irytgl:fe-E3lggj
'f'hr, rrrca

Ans. The area of parallelogram:84 sq cm.

is 26 sq cm.

of a triangle

:j

x base x height

If

its base is 6.5 cm,

6.5

of a parallelogram :26 sq cm, base : ... (Formula) ... (Substituting

'fhu l,.ou of u tight'utg fhe rrrea of a right-angled triangle

: ] x the product of the lengths of the

sides fonning the right angle.
(Textbook page 37)

height:

The area of parallelograrn: base x height .'. 26:6.5 x height

the va

)6 height .'. height :4 cm . . -: 6.) Ans. The height:4 cm.

l,

h Itrlullrrn :

A t:crtain triangular plot has a base 20 rn and a height 30 m. What ltn trea ?
Base

m, height:30 m, area:? 'l'lte ut'ca of a triangle : ] x base x height ... (Formula)

:20

NAVNEET MATIMMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

AREA

:\x20x30
:300
sq m

...

(Substituting the

Aros of an equilateral triangle

'l'|rc area

Ans. The area of the triangular plot:300 sq m.

of an equilateral

triangle:f tria")'
(Textbook page 39)

Q. 2. What is the area of a triangle whose base lg.2 cm and

7.5 cm? Solution : Base : 78.2 cm, height :7.5 cm, arca: ? The area of a triangle : j x base x height ... (Formula)

l. If the side of an equilateral

't'hc area of an equilateral

:lxIB.2x7.5

Ans. The

:68.25 sq cm area of the triangle :68.25

...
sq cm.

(Substituting the val

Solution : The side of an equilateral triangle

triangle is 12 cm, what is its area? :12 cm, area: ?

triangle:f triO"l2 ... (Formula)

v _ ^/-1 _ 12xlZ + ,.. (Substituting
A ^ Lz

tr
E

Q. 3. The sides of a right-angled triangre forming the right angle

16 cm and 8 cm. What is its area ? solution : The sides forming the right angle are 16 cm and g cm. The area of a right-angled triangle : j x the product of the lengths

:36rfi
Ans. The area of the equilateral

the value)

sqcm
sq cm.

triangle:36\F

:jx16x8
:64
sq cm

...

sides forming the right angle. (Substituting the values)

What will be the area of an equilateral triangle of side 3Q cm? Folution : The side of an equilateral triangle:30 cm, area:?
Thc area of an equilateral triangle

t.

Ans. The area of the given right-angled triangle

is its height ? Solution : The area

:64

sq cm.

Q. 4. A certain triangle has an area 125 sq cm. rf its base is 25 cm,

-4 :{(side)2 ... (Formula) t; :V,'"30x30

4

of the triangle :

height:

125 sq cffi,

base

:25
Ann. The area of the equilateral Aroa of a rhombus
'l'he urea
:

:225t/3

_...

(Substituting the value) sq cm.

sq cm

The area of a

triangle:j x base x height

triangle:225\fr

.'. 125:|x25 xheight 125 x2 :. 25 : height .'. height: 10 cm Ans. The height of the triangle : 1.0 cm.
Q. 5. A triangle
base ?

of a rhombur

:1 r product of the lengths of the diagonals.

has an area

rr.6

sq cm.

rf its height is 2.9 cm, what

Solution : The area of the triangle : 11.6 cm, height : 2.9 cm, base The area of a triangle : j x base x height ... (Formula)

'fhe diagonals of a rhombus are 84 cm and 42 cmking. What is the lren of the rhombus ?
'l'lre urea of a rhombur

l.

.'. 11.6: I x base x 2.9 ... (Substituting 11.6 x 2 : ZS : base .'. base: 8 cm.

the v

tlolution : The length of the diagonals are 84 cm and 42 crn, are?: ? :1 product of the lengths of the diagonals " ... (Formula) : ! x 84 x 42 ... (Substituting the values)

Ans. The base of the triangle:8 cm.

1764 sq cm

Anr. The area of the rhombus

:1764

sq cm.

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

Vm

AREA

4t

a. 2. The area of a rhombus is 1280 sq cm. If

one of its 64 cm long, what is the length of the other diagonal ? Solution : The area of the rhombus : l28O sq cm, the length diagonal : 64 cm, the length of the other diagonal : x (Say) The area of a rhombur:

t
Ailr,
'f

702x2 54 -:26cm
'lre lcngths of the other diagonal
:

:26 cm.

**

product of the lengths of the di

(

I'

At-en

ttl'n trapezium

...

1280 1280

:I

x 64 x x

...

(Substituting the v

"

x2 64 :x

Ans. The length of the other diagonal:40 cm.

"'x-40cm

Q. 3. The lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are

12 cm and 18 What is the area of the rhombus ? Solution : The diagonals are of lengths 12 cm and 18 crn, are?: The area of a rhombu, : j t product of the lengths of the di

rcg l'M (or seg RT) is the height a ttf lltc ltrrpczium. 'l'he nrcu ol' a trapezium : 1 x the sum of the lengths of the parallel sides x height 'flte nrcu ol trapezium PQRS : j x t/@S) + /(QR)l x l(PM). ..' tl(PM): l(RT)l
tl

Itt llrc ligure. n PQRS is a trapezium !n wlrich side PS ll side QR and reg l'M t side QR. seg RT r line PS. f lltfyl1 lor /(RT)] is the distance between llte lrlrullcl sides of the trapezium.

:!x12x18
:108
Ans. The area of the rhombus
sq cm

...

(Substituting the

(Textbook paee 42)

L08 sq cm.

e, l, 'l'ltr lcngths of the parallel sides of a trapezium are 8.7 cm and l,J em. lf the perpendicular distance between them is 4.5 cm' what is llr urert'!
Eolullorr : The lengths of the parallel sides of the trapezium are ltt:H,7 ctn and bz:5.3 cm. h:4.5 cm, zrl?:?

Q. 4. The area of a rhombus is

diagonal :24

432 sq cm. If one of the diagonals length of 24 cm, find the length of the other diagonal. Solution : The area of the rhombus :432 sq cm, the length of cm, the length of the other diagonal

lltr. rrttl of a lrapezium

The area of a rhombur

:1

x (Say) x product of the lengths of the di

(

. (1t.7+5.3)x4.5 " 14 x 4.5:3I.5 sq cm

"

tlro sum of the lengths of theparallel sides

x height ... (Formula)

...

(Substituting the values)

Ans. The length of the other diagonal:36 cm.

.'. 432:| x 24 x x x-*432x2 :36 cm 24 "'

...

(Substituting the v

Altr. 'l'lrc area of the trapezium:31.5 sq cm.

Q. 5. The area of a rhombus is 702 sq cm. If

one of its diagonals is

long, what is the length of the other diagonal ? Solution: The area of the rhombus:702 sg cm, the length of
diagonal

'f'hc area of a trapezium is 262.5 sq cm and the perpendicular rlirllnct between its parallel sides is 15 cm. What is the sum of its pnnrllel sides ? t*rlullon : A (trapezium):262.5 sq cm, h:15 cm. A { tr rrlrczium I : I the sum of the lengths of parallel sides x height " ... (Formula) :12 x the sum of the lengths of parallel sides x 15 162.-5

l,

:54

cm, the length of the other diagonal

The area of a rhombur

:i

-r (Say)

(Substituting the values) cm

product of the lengths of the di

'

rltc sum of the lengths of parallel

sides:'e#:35
sides

.'. 702:I

x 54 x x

...

(Substituting the v

Atn. 'l'hc sum of the lengths of parallel

:35

cm.

NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

AREA

43

0. 3. If

the area of a trapezium with parallel sides of lengths 30 cm 23 cm respectively is 265 sq cm, what is its height ? Solution : A (trapezium) : 265 sq cm, the lengths of parallel sides 30 and 23 cm, height: ? A (trapeziuml :1 x the sum of the lengths of parallel sides x

I'l['

rcnrilrcrirneter (s) of the

triangle:

a*b+c
2

25

+39 +

22

56 _:60 : 120

cm

'l'he nrerr ttl' the triangle

: :

s(s-aXs -b)(s-c)
60(60

265:iG0+23)xheight

...
1o cm

(Substituting the

60x35x21x4

- 2s)(60 - 39X60 - s6)

'#:

height

... height:

12x5 x5 x7 x7 x3 x4

Ans. The height of the trapezium: L0 cm.

:^/12x12x5x5x7x7
:15x5x7:42Asqcm
Anr. 'l'hc
area

Q. 4. The area of a trapezium is 84.5 sq cm and its height is 6.5

one of its parallel sides is 15.2 cm long, what is the lengtli of the side ?

of the triangle :420 sq cm.

Solution : A (trapezium) :84.5 sq cm, height:6.5 cm, length of one the parallel sides: I5.2 cm,length of the other parallel side:,r A (trapezium):1* the sum of the lengths of parallel sides x hei

llow nuch will it cost to have a triangular field weeded at the rate of lk 2 por square metre, if the length of the field's sides are 11 m,

l,

0l

ltr und 60 m ? Hglullrln : Here, a:

tl

m,

b:61 m and c :60

field:
a

m.

ttts

renriperimeter (s) of the triangular

* b* c
2

84.5:IxQ5.Z*x)x6.5

:L5.2+x .'.26:I5.2+x .':15.2-tx:26 6.5 .'. x:26-I5.2 .'. .x:10.8

Ans. The length of the other parallel side: 10.8 cm. 8. Another formula for the area of a triangle In AABC, /(BC) : a. I(AC): b, I(AB): The perimeter of AABC : a * b I c The semiperimeter (s) of AABC
c.
:

84.5 x 2

: 1l +61 +60: 132 :uu2 z

'l'lr$ rrlcrl o1'the triangular

field: :

s(s-a)(s-bXs-c)
66(66

/66x55x5x6
l'lrr, t'rst

1X66

61)(66

60)

:"/6x11x11x5x5x6 :6 x 11 x 5:330 sq m
.l'
weeding

f:"riffi : Rs 660

a*b*c
2

Aru. 'l'ho expenditure is Rs 660.

A(AABC)

This formula for finding the area of a triangle, when the lengths sides are given, is known as Heron's formula.

:./s(s -

a)(s

bXs

c)

of

ll'the lengths of the sides of a triangular plot of land are 20 m,2l nt ntul 13 m, what is its area? Flolttllort : Here, a :20 m, b :2I m, c: 13 m

t.

'lrc scruiperimeter (s) of the

a*b*c triangle: z

d
a. 1. If the sides of a triangle

(Textbook pages 45 & 46)

_20+21 +

13

are 25 cm, 39 cm and 56 cmo what is l'lrc ru't:t of the triangular

22

:54 :27

area of this triangle? Solution : Here, a :25 cm, b :39 cm and c : 56 cm.

field:

s(s-aXs-b)(s-c)
27(27 -20)(27 -21)(27

-13)

NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VItr

A(APQS)

: ! x theproduct of the lengths of the sides forming the right angle

:]x/(PQ)xl(PS)

:9 x7 x2:126 sqm
Ans. The area of the triangular

9x3x7x3x2x7x2 9x9x7x7x2x2
126 sq m.

:tx9x40:180sqm
b
ASQR, base QR:60 rn, height

ST:

13 rn.

plot:

A(ASQR):jbasexheight
Tbr area of plot PQRS

:)x6Ox13:390sqm

Q. 4. Use Heron's formula to find the area of an equilateral

whose side is p. Solution : Here, a: p, b: p, c : p The semiperimeter (s) of equilateral triangle

: :

A(APQS) + (ASQR)
(180 + 390) se

tn:570

sq m.

lU,

The area of the quadrilateral

plot:570

sq m.

_a*b*c _p*p*p 222

_3p

,
:
../s(s = axs

The area of the equilateral triangle

b)(s

c)

G Urlng the measures given in the {ilrcr ffnd the area of n EFGH. lOlutlon : Area of ! EFGH rA(AGHF) + A(AEffi') L AGnr, l(GH) :a:34 ttt, : {EF) = b:50 m, /(HF) s/- J/ 1aY

"(i)"(t) " (t)

3 xP-

;if +,
'

-fu

rcmiPerimeter (s) of AGHF

e+b

?4+so+sz 136 ,T* r:68m

68(68

x!- *P2222 rP-

{AGHF) :"u/s(s -a)(s -bXs-c) 68x34x18x16 2x34x34x 18 x 16 34x34x36x16

t ttilru

:,fi *E*t:{r,
Ans. The area of the equilateral triangle

- 34X68 - s0)(68 - s2)

:fO'.

a. 5. In the figure,F PQnS

measures, find its

is the map of a plot of land. Using the gi

a ,

area.

aomiperimeter (s),

of aEHF

:'lY
:- 20+52+48 r20 ---bu 11
m

tr

A(AEHF):

s(s-aXs-bXs-c)
60(60

66,''

20X60

s2X60

48)

Solution : The area of the quadrilateral plot PQRS : zraa of right-angled APQS * area of ASQR. In right-angled APQS, PQ:9 m and PS :40 m.

60 x 40

x8 x12

5x12x40x8x12

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VIII

AREA

47

:40 x 12:480
A(

A(AGHF) + A(AEHF) (816 + 480) Se m: 1296 sq m Ans. The area of tr EFGH: 1296 sq m.
EFGH)

tl

: :

sq m

ll

lrr

nltlt',
lll'

huse

AC:20

cm,

lrclglrt

.- 8 cm.

'l'lte nrcrr ol' a triangle

=_]ltnscxhcight

Q. 7. (1) From the measures given in the figure, find the + area of AABC. l\ (2) Usingfothagoras'theorem,findthelengthofsideAC. I \ (3) Find the area of AABC using Heron,s formula. _ I \ Solution : (1) In AABC, mLB:90". II \ .'. AABC is a right-angled triangle
|

-1,:o"s
:
H(l rirl crn

A-^*--T*-*----*

'l'lre length and the breadth of the rectangle are 5 cm and 4

t erlret'livcly. 'l'lro rrrcu ol' a rectangle: I x b :5 x 4:20 sq cm 'l'lrt. nrcu ol'the coloured portion: A(AABC) A(rectangle)

The area of a righ-angled triangle lengths of the sides forming a right

:lx5x12:30sqcm

: j x the product of the t B 5 c* angle

Jl

:
Anr, 'l'lrc
area

(80

of the coloured portion:60 sq cm.

20) sq cm:60 sq cm

(2) By Pythagoras' theorem, t/(Aql'z: t/(Bc)12 + tl(AB)l'

(5)2

+ (0D2 :25

.'. /(AC): l3 cm (3) In AABC, /(BC) : a:5 cm, /(AC) :

The semiperimeter (s) of AABC

144:
b

llnee All :20

169

i lAll('l)

is a parallelogram.
cm, height EF

15 cm.

'l'lte uret of a parallelogram

base x height

13 cm, /(AB)

: c :12

:*#

* l(l x 15:300 sq cm. Itr AliAB, base AB :20

Itr.lgltt IiF :
,r,r,,,

cm,

20cm

15 cm.

:tl#!:+:r5
A(AABC), by Heron's formula

cm

'rca

of AEAB

: i :T ; Tgjl'
: :
(300

sq cm

'l'lre lrr:a of the shadei r"gion

13X15

A( n ABCD)

s(s-a)(s-bXs-c)

:^/I5x10x2x3

1s(l5 -s)(15

Arrr. 'l'he area of the shaded region: 150 sq cm.

150) Se cm: 150 sq cm

A(aEAB)

Ans. (1) 30 sq cm (2) 13 cm

.,600

:30

sq cm

dl lrr tlrc given figure, the shaded region isT

(3) 30 sq cm.
A(JNli.
'l'lrc base NE of this triangle is 18 cm. 'l'hc height of this triangle : the breadth of the
rrr'lirrtgle.
o cl

Q. 8. In
Solution

each of the figures given, find the area of the coloured

:

(1) Each side of the given triangle is 8 cm.

the given triangle is an equilateral triangle. The area of an equilateral

18cm

.'.

Ir:
S
e
\ta
r

12 cm.

triangle

rtc rtrea or A QNE

:4,rro"r,:.frx8x8 4',---''
4

I
a
8cm

Ans. The area of the shaded region:108 sq cm.

: i :T : H-j1., sq cm

:I6.,fr

sq cm

Ans. The area of the coloured portion

:rcrQ

sq cm.

The Circumference and Area of a Circle

(Textbook pages 47 to

I'III{

CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF A CIRCLE

1. Circurnference of a circle

lll
a

ktfutltrn : I ltorrnula : c :2nrl

tlcre,r-56cm
C'lrctttrtl'e rcrr ce

The relation between circumference and diameter. The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter is
number.

:Znr
:2x21-x56

:2x22x8:352cm
Ant.
('ircumf'erence

This constant number is denoted by the Greek letter n (pie).

352 cm.

-n diameter If the circumference, diameter and radius of a circle are denoted by letters c, d and r respectively, then we have,
c

circumference

(ll

Hete,

Cln'ttrttl'cren ce

A:n

Now, diameter:2 x radius. i.e., d:2r [The value of n is raken to be ! or 3.I4]

"'

c:nd
.'. , - n x2r:2nr

: znr :2 xLl x73 :2 x22 x 1.1 :48.4 cm ('ircumference : 48.4 cm. Aru.
I

r.-7.7

cm

lrt

lore, r

2.8 m

C'lrt'rttrrlbrcnce

lll
below:

ffi

(rextbook page 49)

diameters

: znr :2 x! x2.8 :2 x 22 x 0.4: 17.6 m

Q. 1. Find the circumference of the circles from their

(1) 3.5 cm (2) 6.3 m (3) 0.14 m. Solution: [Formula : c:nd.f
Here, cm Circumferen ce (c): vf,

Atu. ('ircumference =17.6 m.

l,

Ftonr the given circumference, find radius and diameter of the

:

Clrele

(l)

d:35

lll

l9tl cm

(2)

616

cm

(3) 72.6 m.

Ans. circumfe.J (2) Here,

l;'*:22
nj

o'5:

lll
11 cm

Eolutkrn': llore. r.': 198 cm C'll'curnt'erence: nd

1e6:?| x d

d:

198

d:6.3 m Circumference (c):

:? * 6.3:22 x 0.9: 19.8 m

t.r

Ans. Circumference: l9.g m. (3) Here, d:0.14 m

Ans. Diameter:63 cml radius :31.5 cm.

: t' t63 22-:

22

x7 :9x7:63cm

31.5 cm

I llcrc, c :616

cm

: v4 :?, O.l4:22 x 0.02:0.44 m Ans. Circumference : 0.44 m.

Circumference (c)

('ilcrrmference: nd

," 616:?"d

.'. d:cm

616

xj :28x7:196cm

Q. 2. Find the circumference of the circres from their radii given (1) 56 cm (2) 7.7 cm (3) 2.8 m.

, tl 196 :98 '' ;: ,

I l) llcre, c

Ans. Diameler:196 cml radius

:98

cm.

:72.6 m

('ircumference: nd

NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

,I,IItI: (,IR('TIMI,'I':RENCE AND AREA OF

A CIRCLE

51

... 72.6:2; x d

d:

72.6 x 7

,:t:d

n :

:3.3x7:23]m l,

__r-:

l r:x
Wrlle llte propcr values in the blanks in the following table
Rudlus

23.1

:11.55m

Ans. Diameter

23.1

m; radius

11.55 m.

lrl

Q. 4. What is the cost of fencing a circular place of radius 7.7 m, three rounds of wire, if the cost of the wire is Rs 50 per metre solution : To find the length of wire fencing around the circular p
we have to find the circumference of the circular place. The radius of the circular place :7.'7 m
Circumferen ce

:Znr

Hnlttlkrrr

:2xTx7.j
:2x22 x l.l:48.4m

The length of the wire required for three rounds of fencing : 3 x circumference

lltlllrc. t 42cm. cl-)t' 2x42cm:84cm r - 2nr = 2 x + x 42 :2 x 22 x 6 :264 cm Art rr nr' :T x 42 x 42:22 x 6 x 42:5544 sq cm
Arn. l)iameter:84 cml circumference: 264 cm; area:5544 sq cm.

:3

48.4

m:145.2

The cost is Rs 50 per metre .'. the cost of wtre 145.2 m in length:Rs 50 Ans. The cost of wire : Rs 7260.

x 145.2:Rs

l,ll I lclc,
7260

Q. 5. The bus has wheels of diameter 0.7 m. How many times must wheel of the bus rotate for covering the distance of 22 km
two towns ? solution : The distance covered by the wheel of the bus in 1 rotat : circumference of the wheel : Ttd:! x 0.7 :2.2 m
The distance between the two

r/: 9.8 m rl :-:4.9 m 9.8 ,: 22 9.8 :22 x I.4 :30.8 m t, - nd :?, :T x 4.9 x 4.9:22 x 0.7 x 4.9:75.46 sqm Arcrr - nr'
Atu.
Radius

:4.9 m; circumference:30.8 m; area = 75.46 sq m.

44 ' r:-:7 x7

tlt

c:44m t' 2nr .'.44:2x'lxr

llerc.

2 x22

towns: Z2km:22 x
distance

1000

m:

To cover a distance of 22000 m,

the rotations by the

wheel:

il'2r:2x7:14m Arca: nr' :T x7 x7 :22 x7 : 154 sq m Ans. Radius :7 mi diameter:14 m; area:154 sq m.

f

circumference

.l

:
2.
Area of a circle
:

22000

ZZ

:10000

lr:re, area:616 sq cm /\rea: nr2 .' . fir2 : 616

f

.'. 2| x 12 :616

Ans. The wheel will rotate 10,000 times.

' rz: 616 x7 : 196 22 d :2r:2 x 14 cm:28 :

nr2.

r:14
cm

cm

lf r is the radius of a circle, then area of a circle

c:nd:Tr28:22x4:88cm Ans. Radius : 14 cm; diameter:28

cm; circumference = 88 cm.

<,

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII
:

'I'TII' CIRCUMFERENCEAND AREA OF A CIRCLE

o. 2. The radii of some circles

(1) 28 cm (2) s.6 Solution :

are given below. Find their area (3) 7.7 m (4) 6.3 m (5) 35 cm.

llert, A ,= 3850 sq m At'ett rrl' t circle: nr2

(l)

Here, r:28 cm Area of a circle : nr2 : I x ZB x 28 : 2464 sq cm. Ans. Area of the circle :2464 sq cm.

.lll50

:2] x r2

.'.

12

3850 x 7
22

:175 x7 :1225

d ::2r:2

(2) Here, r 5.6 m = Area of a circle :ftr2:! x 5.6 x 5.6:98.56 Ans. Area of the circle :98.56 sq m. (3) Here,

35m x 35 m:70 m. Alu. l)iameter:70 m.

lletc. A:301.84 sq m Arett trl' a circle: nrz

,'r'

sq m.

l{l

Area of a circle :7tr2 :! x 7.7 x 7.7 :186.34 sq m. Ans. Area of the circle : 186.34 sq m.

r:7.7

,',

301

.94:!
9.8 m

12

x7 ^ ' ,2: 301.84

22

(4) Here,
I

m Area of a circle :7812 :! x 6.3 x 6.3 : 124.74 sqm. Ans. Area of the circle :124.74 sqm.

r:6.3

.', r: il-2r:2x9.8m:19'6m.
Atn. Diameter:19.6 m.

flll

llero,

A:24.64 sqm
circle: nrz

f1

(5) Here, r:35 cm Area of a circle:ftrz:f x35 x 35:3850 Ans. Area of the circle :3850 sq cm.

Arcn of a
sq cm.

,"

24.64:2| x r2

. 12: 24.64 x
22 m.

Q. 3. Find the diameter of each of the following circles, given their (1) 1386 sq cm (2) 346.5 sq cm (3) 3850 sq m (4) 301.84 (5) 24.64 sq m.
Solution
:

il .2r:2x2.8

,', r:2.8m

cm:5.6

Arrs. Diameter:5.6 m.

{, 'l'ltc circumference of a circle is 96.8 m. Find its area.

Bnlulkrn : Here, c :96.8 m

(1) Here, A:1386 sq cm Area of a circle: nr2

(A:
12:

area of the circle) 1386 22

r'-

}nr
tXr.U

.'. 1386 :! x 12 .'. r-3 x7:21 cm

Ans. Diameter:42 cm.

x7 :63

x7:9 x7 x7

-2 x? x r
circle:
nr2
15.4

,-96'8x7 :2.zxi:15.4m 2 x22

d:2r:2

x 2I cm:42 cm.

Arcrt trl' a

Arn. Area of the circle :745.36 sq m. 5, ln the figure, /(AB): L4 cm. If llrt' diameters AM and MB of the Ir,nricircles are equal, what is the Iolrtl area of the shaded Parts? tioltrtion : The semicircles have the same diameter.

-:i

x I5.4:22 x 2.2 x 15.4:745.36 sq m

(2) Here, A: 346.5 sq cm Area of a circle: nr2

.'.

346.5

:j

rz

.'. 12:
cm.

346.5 x 22

:75.75 x 7 :110.25

d:2r:2

.'. r-

10.5 m

x lO.5 cm:ZI

Ans. Diameter:21 cm.

'

lhe two semicircles together make a circle.

14 cm and

/rAll):

AM: MB

.'. l(AM) :7

cm.

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

AM is the diameter.

d7 . '. r:;:; ZL
2

| |Fir,.rlsrics
:

(Textbook pages 53 to 60)

cm.

Hc$ rllt|il, Scrlres

Now, the area of the shaded region

lhe area of a circle with radius 1 cm.

:7*r"r:38.5

_ --2 .ra11 aLtt

sq cm

Hrrmr.rrrrrl irrlormation collected for a specific purpose is called raw dgla, I'rt'lr rrurrrhcr in this raw data is called a score. Itlr, l'lrc rrurnber of books read by 30 students in a month from a t; lulrl lllrr rrly rrrc as given below : J 1 fr.'1, 1,'/, 4, 4, 6, 2, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 3, 3,2, 5, 4, 4, Z. Irr tlrlrl.xirnrlllc, the numerical information is the raw data and each of
lh:= rrrrrrrlrt'r's is the score.
FI

Ans. The area of the shaded region :3g.5 sq cm.

Q. 6. The radius of the circular lid of a tank is 1.4 m. How will it cost to paint both the sides of 100 such tids at the rate of persqm? Solution : The surface area of the circular lid

crlttrtrcy,

ltryglglg f3!!g_:

nurnlrr,r

ltr llrc rrrw rlata given above, the frequency of score 2is 4. When the .l strrlres is large, we make use of tally marks to determine the

lterlrrr,nly

ol the various

scores.

area of a circle with radius 1.4 m

:7Tr2

:!

x l.a x 1.4:6.16

sq m

.'.

the total surface area of the upper and rower part of the circular :2 x 6.16 : 12.32 sq m

.'. total surface area of 100 lids :12.32 x 100: 1232 sqm Expenditure for painting at the rate of Rs 20 per sq m : rate X area :Rs
20

llrt, lrct;rrcncy of a score is shown by drawing tally marks against it. If llrs lrcrlrrcrrcy of a score is 1, the tally mark 'l' is drawn against it. Tally rrrrrrhr, 'll', 'lll' and 'llll' indicate the frequencies,2,3 and 4 respectively. I llllr,', rrlrr rnarked in a bunch of five for ease in counting. The fifth tally is rtrrulr.(l rlirrgonally across the earlier four. Thus, five and six tallies are nrrrrlnl rrs [-l.fland ffi | respectively. llre' lrcrlucncy table of the above raw data is shown below :
Scorg..,
2
J

x 1232:Rs 24640

Ans. The expenditure : Rs 24,640.

ilil
ilr

4
3

4
5

il-il $u N-[ ilil

ilt

r0
9
.,)

6
7

,l

tfertUoot< pages 56 to 58)

l.

'l'lrr: marks obtained by 25 students

in a Science

test are given

lrr,krw : (Marks out of 30)

t4 1 t2 t7 20 1l 10 10 16 21 t) 27 18 20 19 7 29 16 15 20
hirrg this data, answer the following questions
55

28 22

25
27

t3

NAVNEET MATIM,MATICS DIGEST : STANDARD YITT

STATISTICS

57

(l ) what are the lowest marks obtained? (2) How many students have obtained this lowest score? (3) How many students have obtained 20 marks? (4) What is the frequency of the scorc 27 ? (5) How many students have scored more than 20 marks? Ans. (1) The lowest marks obtained is 7. (2) 2 students have obtained the lowest score. (3) Students obtaining 20 marks are 3. (4) The frequency of socre 27 is 2. (5) 7 students have scored more than 20 marks.

Fhr hol$ts in centimetres of 30 children in a class are !SW' Prctcnt the data in a frequency table :

given

l3t 137 130 13s t37 r40 135 t37 r32 135 Itr 135 l3l t39 t40 r40 138 136 137 135 lgl lll 130 r34 135 t4o 138 r37 t36 l3r
.
.,.11:.,:1t.1:.:.. :.....

Ag,
HLeffi1;|r'r;
l::i:i;:,lt:,il!.:fr iif;K;:.riiiiltrilili;ttiiii#it

gnr,ird#[ffi
130
131

ii#frlfi$Nffi;i

il

W
2
3

Q. 2. Some peas were shelled and the number of peas in each pod
recorded.

lil
il

2324563344 3445564455 6633423426

Prepare a frequency table of the above data.
Ans.

5
3

2
3

t32 r33 t34

135

2 0

N-[
il il-ll il
l$tt

il

7
2 5

136

t37
138

t39
140

I
5

N:30

t,
Q. 3. The ages (in years) of 40 children in a class are given Prepare a frequency table for this data

Obrorve the given frequency table and write the answers to the hllowlng questions :
1

2
-1

4
7

5
7

6
5

t2 13 11 12 t4 13 t2 12 13 12 12 11 t4 12 t2 t3 11 12 13 12 13
l*r$
11

L2
13

i, 11 t4 t3

froquencY
{I

ffiWi$

N_

13
11

t3
13

t2

12 12 14 t2 11 12
6

lll
I1l t.l)

Ans.

Nl.t
il-il

t2 t3
T4

lll.t tN.t il-il il

l7
13

l5l lhl

Al)out how llow many lkrw many llow many lhrw many lkrw many
(

many families does the table give data? families have 3 members? families have 5 members? families have the maximum number of members?

families have less than 4 members? families have more than 5 members?

nI

ilt

Arur.

ilil

(2)s (3)7 (4)4

l)

32

(l+3 +5 +7 +7 +5 +4) (s)e(1+3+s)

N:40

(6) e(s+4).

NAVNEET MATITEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

vm

STATISTICS

a. 6. The blood groups of persons

donation camp are as follows
:

who had donated blood at a

AABOBABABAAA A B O O O B OABAAB OAOBABAOOB

fr: hkt,
1r

hequoncy table of the ages of 40 students in a class is given

Flnrl tholr mean age

Use this information to complete the table below and following questions : Sum
480 40

of (x x "f)
N

:12
Ans. The mean of the ages of the students: 12 years.

(1) Which blood group had the smallest number of donors? (2) Which blood group had the most donors? (3) How many donors were of the .B, blood group? (4) What was the total number of donors at the camp?
Ans.

tr Fno rocord of daily rainfall (in centimetres) in Walwa village in

f,rrt t5 days of September is given below. _1,1, f ,s, 4.0,3.0,0.5, 5.0, 5.5, 4.0,2.5,3.5,6.0, 0.5, 0.5, 4.5,
Flnd ttre nrean rainfall for these 15 days.

1.5.

iffiflfiIffi
A
B

$tt
lllJ
lt

$tJ

l0
7

0.5
1.0
1.5

AB

ilil
$il ilil
(3)

4
9

It I
lt

1.5

0
2

0.0
3.0

2.0
2.5

0 2
1
1

0.0

N:30
(1)

AB

(2)

3.0
3.5

's-.
3.0
3.5 8.0 4.5

(4)

30.

3. Mean:
The average of the given score is known as the mean of the scores.

4.0
4.5

2
1

5.0
5.5

5.0
5.5

The - --- sumof (.rxf) ": N -

Mean is donoted by -r (Read as.r bar)

6.0

6.0
45.0

[Note : The correct symbol for mean is

N:

15

NAVNEET MATHEMATTCS.DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

STATISTICS

l_-

Sumof

(xxf)

fth&n

45.
15

lllo of drtveri ir' (r)

0

t,11,t,

Ans. Mean of the rainfall

:3

|il
$t{ N]
ilt
I

4 6
9
8
J

0 6
18

cm.
1

Q. 3. The money earned (in rupees) by each of the 40 scouts in the

Kamai project is given below
:

|il

3"
7 6 7
4^

ll{ ilt

24

s610789 87651010978 s796101010108

6510
78910

t2
60

N:30
of (x x/)
1--EL

Make a frequency table for this data and find the mean. Solution :

6ll
30

S,

Meuo=2drivers.

. ; _Sum of (xxf) rN
306 40

:7.65
Ans. Mean earning Rs 7.65.

Q. 4. The number of drivers fined for breaking traffic rules on each in June at a certain square is as follows :

20323130211223r 010432t23323442

From this data, make a frequency table and find the mean.

tr
1. Rc
17 In this example, the number of mangoes increases, hence their
also increase.

VARIATION AND PROPORTION

Ex. If the cost of 4 mangoes is Rs 60, what is the cost of 6 ma

=?:3r2 ' lx-38: tg*z' z

57 t9x3

,', llrc nlmplest form of these ratios are equal' Aff, 't'ho numbers 39,26, 57,38 are in proportion.

Here, there is direct variation between the number of

their cost.

Ex. In the group of numbers 4,8, 13, and 26, the simplest form of 4 : 8 is I :Z.The simplestformof theratio 13 :26isl: 2. The si form of the two ratios 4 : 8 and 13 : 26 are equal.

I EnO ngmbers in each of the following groups are in proportion, fu f the vnlue of the variable in each group? lll 6r:, 10, 15 (2) p,9,8,6 (3) 25,35,35,m. l*ilnn.: lll Tne nulnhers 6, x,1o,15 are in proportion.

.'.

the numbers 4, 8, 13 and 26 are in proportion. a, b, c, d

'
'

proportion means

a: b andc: d

arcequal ratios. r.e.

l:9,. bd

St

6 "' i*
'f

l()
1.5

.'.6x15:10x-r

6x15
10

.'.

x:9

-9'

ffi
Solutions : (1) In the set, 28,16,21,12, 28

lfextUookpage62)

Q. 1. In which of the following sets are the numbers in (l) 28,16,21,12 (2) 12,32,15,35 (3) 39,26,57,39.

* m numbers p,9,8,6 are in proportion. 8x9 ,1,, , 0_l .'. px6-8x9 g- 6 o "

"'

P:

12'

'FP=12'
.$
Thr Rumbers 25,35,35, m
are

in proportion.

28 4x7 7 :4 16 4x4 --i 4 21 3x7 7 ' 2l: l2:-:-'1

: 16

1:-I "15 m
.,.
i

.'.

25

xm:35 x35
.'. m:49

ffi

-7
49.

x 7 ... (Dividing both the sides by 25)

12 3x4-

*H, n -

.'. the simplest form of both the ratios are equal. Ans. The numbers 28, 16, 2I, 12 are in proportion.
(2) In the set, 12,32,15n 35,

12 4x3 3 12:32:-: 4x8 -:3:8 32 8 15 15:35:-: 5x3 3

-'t'1 35 5x7 '7-'''

There ln direct variation between the sale of books and the of Gffinlrulon received for the sale. The table below gives the values Hne mlcn and some commissions. Write the rernaining values and

F0f,Plote the tabte

.'. the simplest form of there ratios are not equal. Ans. The numbers 12,32, 15, 35 are not in proportion.
(3) In the set, 39r 26, 57r 38, 13 x 3
39

lOlUtkrn

: Here, there is direct variation between the s,ale and the

sale

gottuttittsion.

:1:,,, :26:2: L3x2-2-''o -26

r|r 5400 5, l0 l'80

1

('0lllmlsslon

is constant.

l,nt ,t he the variable for each blank.

NAYNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII
tYlrcn

VARIA'I'ION AND PROPORTION

Then,

x 825 and x 125 x -:5; --5. -:5 250 .'. X: _ :50; x:5 x 125:625 -t
250

v-lll, I

4.

and

*: S :

825

ll*w,
165.

y-*r

.'.

k:l:?:t x4
5.

tle erlttntlurt ttl' variation is y :5". l$f, 'l'lrc cOn$lt|nt of variation is 5; the equation of variation 'l - lr,

,'

llte ruttnlttttl ol' variation is

is

2. Direct Variation and Direct Proportion : In the concepts of direct variation and direct propertion, that the ratios are equal. Hence, direct proportion is often term direct variation. Writing direct proportion in symbols

lll
the used

t t1

lVltett

;, 12, r/: l.! A x lt'l

,'. P-:kq
18 t,

... (k is a constant.)
12 _18

a
2

I'he erltttttiort ol' variation

When one quantity changes, another related quantity also Using the variables x andy, we can say that when the variable;r the related variable y also changes.
Using symbols, the concept of direct variation is written as

lsp- ;q. J
t
5;

If of the two related variables y and x,l

is direct variation between

: t (t is a constant), then
directly
as

t = t'r'

lnr 'l'lre I
r 'r
r/

constant

of variation is

the equation of variation is

lll

.'. c:kd
28,

... (k is a constant.)

and x. y ocx (read as y varies

\fltetr

the symbolic form.

If l-:
x

l Jlt

d:21
,, -28 -! ^-2r-3'

x2l

k (k is a constant), then y ocx OR

f

if y x x,then I : k (kis a constant). x

(Textbook page 65)

'!rr, erlrrirtion

of variation is

c:

3d.
is

Atte, 'l'lrc constant

of variation is 1; tne equation of variation 3'

.-- l.
.l
1J

0. In

each example, find the constant of proportionality and write

:

equation of variation

(1) The quantityy varies directly

as

x. When the value ofy is 20.

value of .r is 4. (2) p q 4. Whenp is 12, the value of q is 18. (3) c oc d. When c :28. d:21. (4\ m u-n. When n :7.5. n:10. Solutions : (1) There is direct variation between y and x. .'. y cc x .'. y:kx ... (k is a constant.)

. m: lcn ... (k is a constant. ) Wlrcrr lr:7.5, n:10 7.5 75t | 75 '/.5:k x l0 .'. kl0: l0 l0:100:U'/5'
s11

'

rt

.'

'l'lrrr cquation of variation is

m:0.75

n.

Alrs. The constant of variation is 0.75; the equation of variation is

,,t

0.75 n.

Muthematics Digest : Std.

VIII tr059il

NAYI\EET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STAI{DARD VIII

VARIATION AND PROPORTION

67

3. Inverse variation, inverse propoftion

Klll (fextfook

page 68)

Ex. If 40 workers complete a certain work in 5 days, how will 25 workers take to complete the same work? In this example, the number of workers iS reduced.
complete the same work, more days are required. This is an inverse variation. In this variation, the product of the number of and the days required remains constant.
(Textbook page 66)

tllmplr ffnd the constant d vrt{atlon :

of proportionality and write the

!,

wn.n J :

15,

x:14'

* $, wn.n w :24, z:2.5. | * *, When r: 5.5, s :4.4.

I

o.

Complete the following table showing an instance of inverse tion. The table shows the number of workers carrying out a the number of days they take to do it.

I t= J

1l x
Solution : The given table shows the inverse variation. .'. the product of the number of workers and days remains con

! x x:k /- 15, x:14.

,'.
14

... (k is a constant.)

: /c .'. 210: k

Th6 constant of proportionality is 2101'the equatlon of variation

l}210.

30x4:I20,20x6-1.20 .'. the constant of variation is 120.

Let x be the variable for each blank.
Then, x x
10 x

I
rt', il9
-l

.'.

Zxw:k

... (kisaconstant.)

8:120

.'. .'. .'.

x:

120

-:

tt

x: 120

x:!:9 l0

Itkn " -24. z:2.5. k:60 lt, t,.! x 24: k ". Jil, The constant of proportionality is 60; the equation E ltv - 60.

of variation

x
Ans.

x24:!20

x:ff:t

st

I ,* !,
tYhon t

.'. s x t:k
:5.5, s:4.4-

... (k is a constant')

Ant. The constant of proportionality Terdation is st:24.2.

4. Expressing inverse variation in symbols
When .r x y
:

i,4,4x5.5:k

k:24.2

is

24.2; the equation of

k (constant), there is inverse variation between .r

I tl*ty crates, each of which can hold 36 mangoes, are required to crates, each of which Fh a ecrtain number of mangoes. How many the same number of ig non 48 mangoes, will be required for
'y

The staternent 'y varies inversely as x' is symbolically written as

ril3Oer? what kind of proportion is there

Here,

k is the constant of variation and

xxy-k

is

the

tillht

variation.

of ldgtlOn ! Here, there is inverse variation between the number Sgtrcs in the crate and the number of crates required'

between the number of rnd the number of mangoes in each crate ?

NAVNEET MATIMMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

Let the number of mangoes in each crate be x and the number

be y. Then x oc

flderrrluct
--:=.
(Textbook page 69)

...

(Inverse variation)

.'. xxy:k ... (ftisaconstant.) When x:36, y:60

t''mptutu tho following statements by fitling in the blanks : 5 t|t ta t lt12:sz-l2ab-fbz

.'.36x60:k

.'. k:2t60.
xy:2169.

r '
{la,

6z - 2ab * b2 la I h)(a-b):az -b2 l{l (l' I 5)2 :x2 l-lox +25.

(11

trr

h12

(1)

The constant of variation (k) is 2160. The equation of variation is

I bfrnd urlng formulae :

Now, substitute 48 x y

x:48

in the equation xy:2160.

:2160
2160
4g

" YY

ku'- rt'
lll o rl'
t)
are required.

ffi

g-:lt,

t2l

(4+p)2 (3) (s +m)(S-m)

Q) @+p)2

tll

(e

.:)'.
@)

"' Ans. 45 crates

:45

Flt-ov+?:
t" = l1l' -m2

(,y)r 2(y) x (3t + (3)2 = =yr- 6y*9

(m)2

:16*8p-+p'
Ans.
L6

@)2

+2(4) x

p2

+8p *p2.

There is inverese proportion between the number of crates

number of mangoes.

D tg+ nt(S-m)

(4\

/ l\2 +\6 )

Su

=2t

n2.

(6)2

+ 2rl)" (;) . (;)'

1

12 :36*-*
Ans. 36

nn'

*9 * 1. nn'
(5) 77x83.

f, Flrrrl lhe values using formulae : (lt ll' (D 982 Q) $2 () 32x28

fululkrnn:

lll

51''

'

6(l +2)2 (.50)2 + 2(50) x (2) + (2)2

2704

i?)e82 i :(1oo-2)2

-2500+200+4
Anr. 2704.

i : (100)2 - 2(100) x (2) + Q)2 i :10000-400+4 i :9604 i|T:' ?991:

69

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

IDENTITIES

7I

Q) $2

(4) 32 x28 + 2,f0) x (3) +

(3)'z

:(60 +r2

(60)2

: :

(30 + 2)(30 (30)2

_ Q)'
4

-2)

:3600+360+g :3969
Ans. 3969.

:900 = 896
896.

tlt tl l)(r1 tt'l) ==q2tt(-3)+8)lq+(-3) x8:Q2*5q-24 lf,' ;r t tq 24. lll tr lltr et:xz+t(-1)a1-9)l:r+(-1)x(-9): x2 -rlx+9

*tl +' l0r I 9.

lll tr
tlnt,

Hxr, t rr) :y2 +

(5) 77 x

83

: :

*f, tr lv 4tl. lS lm I tl(rr 6):m2+[5+ (-6)]m*5 x(-6):m2-m-30

t(-s)+6lv+(-8) x 6:vz -2v-48

(80

3X80

+ 3)
6400

(80)2

G)' :

nt n

30.

6391

Ans. 639L.

l?l tttl I rrrXl I m)-10 x 1+(10 *l)mIm2:IO+tlm+m2 Itr' lo I lln +m2.

2. Expansion of (x -l a)(x I b)
(x

lll

a)(x -f b):161* + b) + a(x

* b) :x2 +xb*ax*ab

:x2*ax*bx*ab :x2 *(a*b)x*ab

This formula can be written in words as follows
(equal term
:

lit, lt' I 611 27. lfl tl I t vtlv 9) :

l9 lnltl 3):(n+9Xn-3) =nr I l() I ( - 3)ln+9 x (- 3):n' *6n-27

(v

11Xv 11

lF'

--

yr I I I I +(-9)ly+ l' t lv 99.

9)

(- 9):v'

+2v -99

first unequal term)(equal term

second unequal

(equal term)2

(sum of the unequal terms) x (equal term)

ll0t (n

,i)( --:)
I

(the product of unequal

page 72)

=*'r
lru,

i,( -:))-.?"(-l):*'
5

514 39

il,*ffinel$C,r,,if I tre*tuook

nr'

t4 .T,

Q.

1.. Use the

formula to multiply

(1) (p + 4)@ + 7) (4) (x - lX.r - 9) (7) (10 + m)(t + m)

(2) (s) (8)

(b + 2)(b (y

r)
3)

(3) (q (6) (m

-3)(q +

lllt tq
Anr,

8Xy + 6)

* 5)(m

lll

- p) - (u)'r + t(-p) +(-p)l

pr() l$p

x 9 *(

- p) x (-p) :81 -

t8p

p2

*p2.
x
3

(e + n)(n

(e) (11+yXy

(ro) ('n

.:)(--:)
:

ol) (e _p)(s-p)

llt

t,lr t7)(2x+3)

(12)

(?.x

+ 7)(2x

Solutions

Aru.

tu' l20x*21.

- (2r)2 + (7 + 3'l x 2x *7

4x2

*20x *21
D) and use the

(l)

(p +

$(p +7)

: p2 + (4 + 7)p + 4 x 7.: p2 + l.lp +28

b2

l,

Wrlle 5 examples of the form (x + a'l@ *

formula to

Ans. p2

I llp -128. (2) (b +2)(b- 1) : b2 +[2 + (- l)]b* 2 x ( - 1) :

D2

Ans.

+b-2.

+ b -2

lll

(r' I lX.r +7)

(2) (m -3)Qn

+e\

(3) (s +YXY

4)

l{l (6

plp

-p)

(s)

(".;X,-l)

NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VIII

IDENTITIES

Solution

r', (, .i)Q
(a+b+c)2

(1) (x+ lXx +7) - x2 + (I *7)x * I x 7 : x2 + 8x + 7. (2) (m -3)(m+ 9) : *t + (- 3 + 9)m+ ( - 3) x 9 : m2 * 6rn (3) (5 + y)(y - 4) : (y + s) O - 4):y2 + (5 - $y + 5 x ( - 4) :y2 + y (D (6 - p)(3 - p) : ( * p -r 6)( - p + 3) : ( = p)' + (6 + 3) x ( - p) =p'- 9p + 18.

lll t{rtv 1f
-=14rt' I

y'i ( -7)'+2x4xxy-12
1

xy x (-7) +2x(-7)x(4x)

= lhrr I vt

49

*8xy- t4Y-56x. * 2 x m x (-4n) I

x
2

ff|

|fur r = l Jr,fr

rl

4nl2

ttt)

+ ( - 4n)' + 2 x (2p) xm

(-4n)

x (2p)

-I):,'.
z

(] -

I), .'u"

(I):o'

*'uo

,=4,,]1ttt)l,#I!y::?y:-!!:y--..-----.
6t rrl h I tttt2 - tlr,lr I ( 6)2 +m2 +2x3b x (-6) +2x(-6)xm*Zxmx3b
=

3. Expansion of (a +b + b\2

: : : :

:(a*x)2
a2

... lsubstituting x for (b +

c)l
(b +

9lr' | .16 *

m2

-36b

I2m

* 6mb.

*2ax * x2 a2 *2a(b -f c) + (b + c)2 ... lsusbtituting a2 *Zab +2ac + b2 +2bc * cz a2 * b2 + c2 +2ab + ZQc * 2ca

c) for x]

ttt lP 1r/ =l,r I (

This formula can be expressed in words as follows : (first term * second term * third term)2 : (flrst term)2 * (second term)2 + (third term)2 * 2 x (first term) x (second term) * 2 x (second term) x (thfud term) 2 x (third term) x (first term).

+(-3r)''t2xp x (-5q)+2 x (-5q)x(-3r) *2x(-3r)xP '25q2 * 9r2 - lUpq * 30qr - 6rP. = p) | (9 7r t .5y)2 =rl' I ( -7x)2 +(5y)' + 2 x9 x (-7x)'12 x (-7x) x 5y +2
5q)'

.lr)2

x5yx9

- lt I I 4t)x2 * 25y', l?t

126x

-10xy

* 90y.
5a) x 4b

ti:
Ans.

l$B':ffi

lTextbook pages 7s

&
:

76)

-(

\u t 4b -3c)'
.5a)2

+ (4D2 +

(-3c)' *2 x (-

+2

x 4b

Q. 1. Fill in the blanks in the following expansions

x (-3c)

*2x(-3c)

(-5a)

-.!5cr + l6b2 *9c2 -40ab -24bc'f30ca.

la2 + 4b2 + 9c2 + 4ab * l2bc * 6ca (2) (4x -5y * z)2:l6xz *25y2 *lz2 -40xy -l}yzi-&zx (3) (31 *7m-3n)2:912 +49m2 +9n2 +421m-42mn-l8nl :36p2 + l6q2 + 4912 48pq -l 56qr 84rp. (4) (6p - 4q (a + 2b + 3c)2

(l)

lll t'l/ J.

2n -3nlz * t,llf + (-2m)2 + (-3n)2 t(tt) + 4mz +9n2

-12 x 4l x

(-2m)'12 x (-2m) x *2 x (-3n) x 4t

-7r)2

-r6tm-tr2mn-ro:;t")
+y -z)2

Q. 2. Use the formula to expand : (1) (a+b+8)2 Q) @x *y -7)2 (4) (3b - 6 + m)2 (s) (p - 5q -3r)2 (7) ( - 5a * 4b -3c)' (S) (4/ -2m -3n\2.
Ans.

(3) (2p (6) (9

+m

5y

-7x-t

Hlrnplily : rlt tl I nt +n)2 +Q -m +n)2 (2) (2x +y *z)2 -(2^x tJt tp t 3q!r)'-@-3q+r)2 rdr t\u 6b - 5c)2 + (7a * 6b - 5c)2

(l) (a+b +8)2

:a2 *b2 +82 *2 x a x b *2x

tl I rrr l-tr)z +(t-m*n)2

I

a2

b2

+ 64 + Zab +

b x 8 *2 x 8 x a l6b + l6a.

t I nf + nz + 2lm + 2mn + 2nt + 12 + mz * n2 - Zlm - Zmn * Znl Ans. 212 * 2m2 + 2n2 + 4nl. - )lt l,2mz + 2n2 + 4nl

74

NA\'|IEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD Vm

IDENTITIES

(2) (2x+y +d2

: :

-(2x+y-z)2 *4ry *Zyz* zx) - (4x2 +y2 * z2 +4ry -2yz4x2 + yz + zz + 4xy * 2yz * 4zx - 4*t - y' - z2 - 4ry * 2yz * Ans. 4yz * :4yz*8u
(4x2 +y2 + z2

tlru tho I'rtrmula to exPand lll tp I 5)r (2) (8+c)3

il

(3) (3n + 4)3

(4) (6-t2q)u
(8) (px

(3) (p *3q*i2

:1pf +9q2 +r2 +6pq+6qr+Zrp)-1p2 :p2 +9q2 +12 *6pq*6qr*2rp-p2

-(p-3q*r)2

llt t* tJ)t 6) Qrn+4n\3 (7) (* . i)'

Fhdonr: lll tp t str
::

*qy)'.

+9q2 +r2

Izpq

IZqr

-6pq-6qr* -9q'-rt *6pq*6qr!ns. l2pq -f

(4) (7a - 6b - 5c)z + (7a * 6b - 5c)2 :49a2 +36b2 *25c2 -84ab*60bc-70ca*49a2 +36b2 +25c

-;rrl3xpzx5+3 xpx52+53 =;rr f l5p2 +75p* 125

-llr l-3x82xc+3x8 = 512 * l92c *24c2 + c3
F4)3

Ans. P3 *15P2 -175P

*125'

84ab

60bc

lll (t t,'lr
(.h

xc2+c3
Ans. 512 +l;gzc +24c2 +c3.

:98a2 +72b2 *50c2 -I40ca Ans. 98a2 +72b2 *50c2 -l40ca. Q. 4. Prepare 5 examples of the form (a*b*c)2 and expand using the formula. Ans. Examples of the form (a *b * c)2 t (1) (r +2y +32)2 Q\ @ * n -t)2 (3) (2n +3b + k)2 (a) (3x -2y-z)2 (5) (-2a+3b-sc\2.
Expansion
:

+3 x (3n\2 x 4 +3 x 3nx42 +43 ltns. 2iln3 *108n2 -llMn *64' -27nt * 108n2 *144n*@
(3n)3

{lt (6lZq)t * 6:r * 3 x 62 x 2q*3 x 6 x 12q72 + (2d3

*216+216q+72q2 {t)
(4.r

+lqt

Ans' 2L6+216q+TLq' +&qt:

(1) (x *2y *32)2:f +4y2 +922 +Axy +l2yz+6zx (2) Qn*n-I)z:m2 *n2 +12 *bnn-2nl-2lm (3) (2a + 3b + 4c)2 : k2 + 9b2 + l6cz + lzab * 24bc * ltua @) (3x - 2y - z)2 : 9x2 + 4y2 + z2 - t2,xl * 4yz - 6zt (5) ( - 2a+3b -5c)':&2 +9b2 +25c2 -l2ab -30bc *20ca' 4. Expansion_(a +D)3
(a + b)3
:

*y)3

(4x)3

*
16l

*3x(4x)2 xY*3x4xxY2 +Y3 64xt * 41x2y + 12ry2 + y3 Ans. 6413 +

AEv''zt

1y71y] 1tt t

flm*4n\3
.17m)3

a3

3a2b

+ 3ab2 +

*3 x (7m)2 x4n*3 xTmx - 343m3 * 588mzn * 336mnz * 64n3

-f
588m2n '1336mn2

(4n)2 +(4n)3

b3

Ans, 343m3

64n3 '

In words, (first term * second term)3 : (first term)3 * 3 x (first term)2 x (second term) * 3 x (first term) x (second term)2 (a*b)t :a3 *3azb +3ab2 +b3 : a3 +b3 +3a2b*3ab2

o (s'+|)'
*
(second

:(5x)3*3x(5"x)2x

*r rt" " (l)' * (.2,)

1

/1\3

:e3 *b3 +3ab(a+b)

15 75 :I25x5- *T*'^+?"+S

l25x'

+Tr'+ Zt

75^ 15 + 1

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDAR.D

VIII

IDENTITIES

(8) (p* * qy)'

*3 + 3 x px *Yty, + qty, p3x3 I 3p2x2qy I 3pxq2y2 + qtyt Ans. p3x3 * 3p2x2qy -l3pxq2y2 + qty3.
p3x3 x p2x2 x qy

: :

tlt ilil
I lllll | | )t :- lt}(ll t I x 3002 x

*3

/{l(|(l(xx) F 270000 + 900 + =f

x 300 x 1.2 +I3 | :27270901

AHl, lTlTlrnll.

Q. 2. Use the formula to find the values : (1) s33 Q) t023 Q) 443 @) 6t3 (t 1043 (6) 3013 Q)
Solutions :

ltf

1lll t

(1)

533

(50 + 3)3

:503 +3 x 502 x 3 *3 x 50 x 32 +33 : 125000 +22500 + 1350 *27 :148877

Ans. 148877.

: ltll)t I .l x 5002 x 5 +3 x 500 x 52 +53 :128787625 -: l,f I()()(XXX) + 3750000 + 37500 * I25 l|u, ll$787rt25.
J, Wtllp
5 cxumples of the cube of the sum of two terms and use the

t,rlllt | 5)'l

lUrnrmln lo t'xPand :

lH,

Q)

1023

llt tl
+
1200

ltiu" r,xittnples of the cube of the sum of two terms : r,r)' (2) (r+3)3 (3) (2m+D3 @) (-r+3v)3 (5) (2'p+3s)''
,-23

:(100+2)3 :1003+3 x 1002 x2-13 x 100x 22+23

lru' llt t: r tt'

13x22xa*3x2xa2+a3

:
@)

1000000 + 60000

* 8:

1061208

.'tl+lLa+6a2 +a3.

Ans. 1061208.
443

(40 + 4)3

lll tr t f)t:x3 *3xx2 x3*3 xxx32+33 :x3 * 9x2 +27x+27. lll t:u I rr)r : (2m)3 +3 x (2m)2 x n *3 x 2m x nz + n3
:8m3 *I2m2n+6mn2 +n3.

:403 * 3 x 402 x 4 *3 x 40 x 42 + 43 : 64000 + 19200 + 1920 * 64 : 85184

Ans. 85184.

l{l rr t lv)t-rt *3xx2*3y-t3xxx1zy)2+(3i3

:x3 r9x2y *27xyz +27y3.

(4)

613

ltt

(.'/,

(60 + 1)3 :603 + 3 x 602 x 1 *3 x 60 x 12 + 13 : 216000 + 10800 + 180 + I : 226981

t t,l)3: (Zp)t +3 x (2p)2 x3q*3 x2p x(3q)'+(3q)3 : 8p3 + 36p2q * 54pq2 + 27 q3.
z

, Etltaltlkxt of (a -b)3

Ans.226981.

lrr l,lt
:

a3

3q2b

+ 3ab2 =

bJ

... ( 1)

(t

1043

: : :

(100 + 4)3

1003+3 x 1002 x 4 *3x 100 x 42 +43 1000000 + 120000 + 4800 * 64:1124864

llt rvrrrrls lllrql lclttt - second term)3 = r lltst tcrm)3 - 3 x (first term)2 x (second term) * 3 x (first term) x (second term)2 - (second term)3 I rr l,l' -= u3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 - b3

Ans. 1124864.

:u3 -b3 -3a2b l3ab2 :u3 -b3 -3ab(a-b)

... (2)

NAVNEET MATIMMATICS DIGJST : STAI\DARD VITI

IDENTITIES

(Textbook page 80)

a.

1.. Use the

formula to expand :
(1

(1) (x - 7)3 (2) (5)

*y)3

(3) (32 -

5)3

(4) (8

5z)3

-3

x (6m\2

'f*: x6mx(i)'-(i)'

(3r-y)3
:

(6)

(2-7D3 (T (6rrr1)' \

(E\ (am -bn)u.

| -g6m'+zn-* | -s6m, +2n -*.

-3 x(am)2 xbn*3 x amx(bn)2 -(bn)3 - 3az mz bn I 3am.b2 n2 - b3 n3

Solutions

(1) (x-7)3

:x3 -3xx2 x7 *3 xxx72 -'73 :x3 -2rx2 *1,47x-343

Ans. .r3 -21x2 r-l47x -343.

(2) (1-y)3

:13-3x12 xy*3 xIxy2_ :I -3y +3y' -y3 Ans. 1-3y*3yt'!t.

(3) (3n-5)3

y3

-fu2m2bn*kmb2n2 -h3n3 +n)3+ (m-n)u

(2) (y -r)'- (y +r)' (4) (h - 9)' - (2a +D"

13n)3

:27n3
Ans. 27n3

3 x (3,n)2 x 5 * 3 x 3n x 52
135n2

-l35nz *225n-I25

53

-f

225n

125.

-p)1+(2+p)t +3c)3 -Ga-3d3. Eoil ! fr+n)t +(m-d3

(4)

(8

:83 -3 x 82 x'5n*3 x 8 x 15n\2 -(5n)3 :512-960n*6ffin2 -125n3

Ans. 512 -960n

-5n)3

-d+

1t!.+3mri2 +n3 +m3 -fu+3mn2 -n3

t2mt *6mn2
hns +6mn2.
(y

600n2

-125n3.

(5) (3x-y)3

(3.r)3

:21x3 -27x2y +9ry' -y' !ns. 27x3 -27x2y +9ry'- yt.

(6) (2-7D3

-3

x (3x)2 x y i3 x 3x x y'

- y'

-r)t - (y +r)' i 03 - 3y2x * 3yx2 - x3)- (yt + 3y2x * 3yx2 + x3) - y3 - 3y2x t 3E_- t"- y3 - 3y2x - 3yx2 - x3 - - 6Y2x -2x3
6yzx

*m. -

-?-x3.

:23

:8

x 22 x 7b * 3 x 2 x (7D2 -84b +294b2 -343b3

-3

Qblt t

= 8 - !2p + 6pt = 16 -l l2p2

- pt * 8'l l2p + 6p2 + p3

Ans. 8 -8& +2g&2 -34gb3.

Anr.

16

+1b".

NAVIYEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STA.NDARD VJII

IDENTITTES

(4) (2a-g)3 -(Za+g)3 .=(2a)3 -3 x (2a)2 x 9 *3 x2a x92 -93 3 x (2a)2 x 9 * 3 x 2a x 92 - IQa)3 * :8a3 - t0ga2 + 4g6a - 72g -(ga3 + rogaz + 4g6a +729) :8a3 l0ga2 * 4g6a ga3 r}gaz _ 4g6a _ 729

l)3

-3x1002x1*3x100x P _13

- W-

'

Ans.
(5)

- 21tu2 *t4sg.
3 x 5a x (3c)2

-216a2

145g

.*

n02ee.

30000 +

30001 :970299

{g-

.(5a

* 3c)3 = (5a - 3c)t : 15a)3 * 3 x (5a)2 x 3c *

* (3c)3

- 4)3 -3 x 1102 x4*3 x 110 x 42 -43

- [(5a)3 -3 x (5e)2 x 3c * 3 x 5a x (3c)z _ :125a3 t225a2c * l35ac2 *27c3 -(125a3 -Z25a2c I

:125a3
l35ac2

14s200 + 5-?99

145264: 1191016

64

* - 3)3 -3 x20O2 x 3 *3
x 200 x 32'33

*U!t"*I35ac2

*27c3 -l25az *Z25a2c-l

:450a2c

54c3

Ans. 450a'c +54c3.

-360000 +54oo-27 - 360027 :7645i373

Q. 3. Use the formula to find the values :

0) 473
G)
473

(2)

s83

(3)

993

(4)

1063 ($ 1973 6\.2w3.

Solutions :

010Itor

1)3

: (5O * 3)3 ,, :509-3 x 502 x 3 +3 x 50 x 32 -33 - 125000 -22500 + 1350 -27

9261000 hf**
9261630

x I * 3 x 2lo x -132300+630- l
2102
132301

12

13

:9129329

)12932e

:;A;(60

22527

+ilizg

Ans. 103823.

thc left hand side of an equation remains equal to the right hand

(2)

h .:
583

any values of the variables, the equation is called an identity.

(Textbook page 82)

_ 2)3

:603 -3 x602 xZ*3 x 60 x 22 -23 :zlgggg _21600+?g_8

that the following equations are not identities :

:216720-21608:l95tt2
Ans. 195112.

:% (4) t2n+(2re-3)':4m2 lt tn *Z)(r+ 5) : 3n - t6 + n2 (6) at tb3 :Sah *'y + 3xy2 :vt -rt.
sr *b2

fl '-3:17

Q) 3a(a-2):k2

-tu+10

+2n +9

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

,
lubntituting n :2,
LHS

IDENTITIES

Ans.

(n -ZX" + 5) : 3n -'l'6 + n2

(1) 5y

:2, LHS:5x2-3:10 -3:7

Substituting y

-3:17

: (2 - 2)(2+ s) : 0(7) : s IHS = 3(2) - 16 + Q)2 : 6 - 16 * 4 : - 6

,., LHS #
RHS

RHS: 17 ... LHS +

RHS

,',

the given equation is not an identify.

.'.

the given equation is not an identity.

[Note : Except for 4, the equation is not true for any other the variable.l

al *b3:3ab
lubatituting a

and b

7,

UIS=(0)3+(1)3:0+l:l
IHS

(2) 3a(a-Z):3a2 -6a+10

Substituting a

3(0Xl)

:0

:2, LHS:3x2(2-2):6x0:0 RHS : 3 x 22 * 6 x 2 * I0 : 12 .'. .'.

LHS

r,, LHS +

RHS

,',
12

the given equation is not an identity.

10

10

* 3ry'

RHS the given equation is not an identity.

5b + b2

- )3 .r: I and ): -

:.tr3

1,

= 3(1)2(

(3) 13 LHS

Substituting

:2b b:0,
18

-0 +0 :
18

: -3 +3 :0 =(1)3 -(-.1)3 : 1 -(- 1) = | * :2

3(1X1)

1)

+ 3(1X - l)'z

+3(1X1)

1.

- 18 -5(0) + (0)2 :
RHS

LHS + RHS
the given equation is not an identity.

RHS:2x0:O
... LHS +

any three identities :

.'.

the given equation is not an identity.

(4) I2m + (2m - 3)'

: 4m2 + 2m -l 9 Substituting m: - I, LHS : r2(- r) +12(- 1\ 312

= -12+(-2-3)21 : -12+(-5)t : - 12 -125 : RHS : 4('- l)' +2(- I) +'g
13

le + b)2 : a2 *2ab * b2 (e + b\(a - b): a2 - b2 & + a)(x + b) : x2 + @ + b)x * ab (a - b)2 : a2 -2ab + b2 la+b*c)2:a2 +b2 +c2 +2ab+Zbc+2ca
(g + a)s

e! + 3a2b + 3abz +

b3

(a -b)3:a3 -3a2b +3ab2 -b3'.

:4x7-Z+g:4*7:ll

."
.'.

LHS + RHS
the given equation is not an identity.

EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

I

*!l*3x
(Textbook page 83)

(2) 7x:2O

=l,r
=1r

x
5

.'.7x*x:20
.'.8x:20
X:2

-x

i(r)eo-1):5(x+1)
i .'. o" -6:5x*5
I

i.'. 6x-5x:5+6
i .'. ;r:11
I

Q. L. Solve the following equations

(1)

r+1:6
a

(2) (6)

x+4:3

(3)

x-3:5

(4\

2x:8

'l

...

205 x:T :.*:,

.x:
5

(s)

5:7
:

5a: -20.
(2)

t l-t'
t,

",

I
I I I I I I

Ans.

.r: 1.1,

Ans.

,'

Solutions

(1)x*1:6
.'; X:6 - | .' . X:5
Ans.
(4)

x+4:3 .'- x:3-4

.r- -1.
I

(3).r-3:5 .'. x:5 *3

.'. -f :8
Ans.

1r*3:3x-3 l-6

*ll-3(x-1)

.'. 3 + 3:3x-2x

.'. 6:x

.'.

x:6

x:5.
8

.'. X: -I
Ans.
(5)
a

x:8.

more equations with a single variable :

(Textbook page 85)

2x:8

;:7 J
a:21.

i (6) 5a: -20

20
5

,:,

X:4 Ans. x:4.

,', a:7 x3 .'. a:Zt

Ans.

the following equations

-'

,rr

t";n

:,

(3)

"

?e

Q. 2. Solve the following equations : (l) 2r-5:1 (2) 3x-2- -7

Solutions
:

(3)

4x+7:15.
(3) 4x

(l)Zx-5:1 .'.2x:l*5 .'.2x:6

6

(2) 3x

.'. 3x: -7 +2 .'. 3x: - 5

, , r - -;
5
1

-2: -7

*7 :

(7) - :3 r-l flll llm -l 2m *3 3v*5 5 (1s) -:2 3Jr:t

15

3x+1 ?i -: +3

_3

(4\5a- l 3a x*l (8) _:_ ''r-1 x+2 (12)

x

6 5
7

-3 t zx+l 5 (16)
' '3x-2 -:2r(.

.'. 4x - 15 -7 .'. 4x:8

8

4
5
,'

r+ :
2

+l--f

x:3 Ans. x:3.

.'.

Ans.

x: - -. 3

. x:2

Ans.

x:2.

* l5=2(I-x) *-t 5 =2-2x

*1

Q. 3. Solve the following equations : (1).r+5:3x (2) 7x :20 - x (3) 6(r-1):5(r+1) (4) 2x *3:3(r-1).

ltt>

}:2-5
3
.1

tzl5x-4:2 .!x .'.5x-4:2x2x .'. 5x - 4:4x .'. 5x-4x:4

.', X:4
Ans.

(3)

3x+1:-l

.'. 2x: -3 (3x+ 1) .'. 2x: -9x -3 .'. 2x +9x: -3

i-:-l

x:4.

.'. 11x - -3
" &J

lt
3

Ans. x

86

NAVNEET MATTTEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VItr

EQUATIONS

tI\

ONE VARIABLE

-7 (4}-:2 3ct
.'. 5a-7:2x3a .'. 5a -7 :6a

5a

5m-3 _ 8 (5) _: 2mq

9(5m-3):8(2m)

(6) *2 :2 .
4x

-n -3

x-4

+75 -=3m:

114\

4 x-L n: zx - r

(15)

3v*5
3

-7:6a-5a
- l:A

45m-27:I6m 45m-l6m:27
I

." a= -7 Ans. a: -7.

.'

. 29m:27 .'. 7n: *29i

27i
i
I

+2:2(x 4x *2:?-x 4x-2x: 2x: - IO

4x

=til) = - 3(m+7) 5m= -3m-21

-21-lo

= -31
3l ,T t-T'
31

.'. 3(3Y+5):5(3-7Y) .'. 9y * 15: 15 - 35Y .'. 9Y + 35Y: 15 - 1t .'. 44Y:g

Ans. Y :6.

-7y: t

.t.

y:

_10

27i Ans. lrr: 29i -.

(8)x*l -:; 6
x- I
+
:)

-------j---------lI

Al:: 1:

- l:

(7)x- - :3
|

2x

+3

3x (91 15 :4 " bc+1

.'.2x+3:3(x-L) .'.2x+3:3x-3
.'. be -3x: *3-3

-X: -6 .'. ir:6 Ans. x:6.

: 6(x - l) .'. 5x*5:6x-6 .'. 5x-6x: -6-5 -x: -ll

.'.
5(x
1)

.'.3x*5:
.'.3x*5:8x
.'.
3x

-8x:28
23
5

- 5x:23
'y:--

.'. x:11
Ans. x - 11.

jt:;:
l

.'. 3(r8-2Y):40-4) *9:15r-10 .'. 136 - 51Y: 5Y +2 .'. 54-6Y:4Y-16 -6Y-4Y: -16-54 - l5x: - 10-9 -5lY-5Y:2-1,36i r*19 - 10Y: -79 -56Y: -134 134 67 19 . .._-7 " t- 56-28 "'loy:70 ,, y-t 3 Ans. y =7. ffi 19 Ans. y : tg.
I

+l 5 =29

(17)

8-3v
sv

i l) : 5(3x -2) .'. 17(8-3Y):1(5Y+2)i

+z: n

4 18 (18) -2v :j

y_+

I
I
I

Ans.

23 x: -=-. 5l

Problems:
(Textbook page 8E)

(l0l 5x*4 :2 ' '2x+l

.'.5x*4:2(2x*I) .'. 5.r* 4:4x*2 .'.5x-4x:2-4
.', X: -2
Ans. x

(tt\ llm-l
2m-13

lIm-l:2(2m*3\, .'.2(x-t2):71, -:2 Ilm- I:4m * 6 .'.2x+4:7xlIm- 4m:6 + .'. 2x-'lx: -2

1

Poorva is older than Durva by 6 years. The ratio of Poorva's age to Dgrva's age three years hence, will be 4 : 3. What is Poorva's age

Hlryr
&lutlon : Let Durva's
present age be .r years. ?orva is older than Durva by 6 years. ,', Poorya's present age is (x*6) years Thrce years hence'Eurya's age will be

7m:7 .'. m: I
Ans.

-5x: -25
.'. 5x:25
.'. .f:5
Ans.

- -2.

m:1.

lgorva's

* 3) Years age will be (x * 6 + 3) :

(.x

(x

9) years.

r:5.

ThE ratio of Poorva's age to Durya's age

will

be 4 : 3.

" r+3

x+9 _4
3

.'.

3(x+9):4(x+3) .'. 3x*27:4x*12

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VITI

.'

EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

3x

- 4x: -x:-15

12

-27

.'. x=15

Poorva's present

age: (x * 6) years

(15 + 6) years

:2I

years.

Itlvc years agolltt' tge of the younger brother was (x - 5) years (x + 4 - 5) : (x - 1) years' nrrrl the age of the elder brother was
lirrrrn the given conditi
.'

Ans. Poorva's age today is 21 years.

on,=:5" I X- I

Q. 2. The difference between two natural numbers is72.lf we get

dividing the greater number by the smaller number, find the Solution : Let the smaller of the two numbers be x. The difference between the numbers is 72.

.'.

the greater number is

x*72.
x 172 j:4

years' Ans. The present age of the younger brother is 15 Q,

- 5) :5(x - 1) ,',7x-35:5x-5 ,', 7x-5x: -5 +35 ,',2x:30 .'. x:15

,
7(x

From the given condition,

.'

l.

'fne numerator of a fraction is 3 less than its denominator' If the

. x *72:4x

.'. 4x:x*72
.'. x:24

.'.4x-x:72 .'.3x:72 .'. x*72:24+72:96

Ans. The required numbers ne 24 and 96.

Q. 3. The ratio of the difference obtained by subtracting

from

numeratoristripledandthedenominatorisincreasedby2'thevalue fraction ? of the fraction obtained is j. wtrat was the original be x' f{olution : Let the numerator of the original fraction 'l'ltc numerator is smaller than the denominator by 3' ,'. the denominator: (x + 3) x

number, to the sum of twice the same number and 5 is 13 : 15. is the number ? Solution : Let the required number be x.

,'.

the original fraction is

Now, the new numerator is three times rtnd the denominator is increased by 2'

"

+:.

x:
x

3x
5

The number obtained by subtracting

number

The number obtained by adding 5 to twice the number From the given conditi

:3x -

2 from

three

times

,',
f

the new denominator

x'13 1 2 :

2.

:2x

-15.

irrrrn the given condition,

,'

on,=:: 2x+5

15

.'. 15(3x -2): l3(2x + 5) .'. 45x - 30 : 26x -165 .' . 45x -26x:65 + 30

.'.6x:x-l 5 .'. 6x-x:5 rrrrd.x*3:l*3:4

Ans. The original fraction is
1

3x x

2:

3x1 -: ,
.'

I(x -15)

. 5x:5

.'.

x:

.'. l9x:95

.'.

x-T:t t9

Ans. The required number is 5.

Q. 4. The difference between the ages of two brothers today is 4 Five years ago, the ratio of their ages was 5 : 7. Find the age of
younger brother. Solution : Let the present age of the younger brother be x years. Then, the present age of the elder brother : (-r * 4) years.

(r. The denominator of a fraction is greater than its numerator by 3' lf 3 is subtracted frorn the numerator and 2 added to the denominator, the value of the fraction we get is f. fina the original fraction. Solution : Let the numerator of the original fraction be -r' 'l'hen, its denominator is x * 3.

.'.

the original fraction

it

#.

3 is subtracted from the numerator.

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST: STANDARD

VIII

.'.

the new numrator is -r 3. 2 is added to the denominator. .'. ..the new denominator is x * 3 * 2 x * 5.

Write the values :

From the given condition,

+:: 'x15

$,

,/ffi

(2)

'$*

.'. 5(r - 3) : 1(-r * .'. 5.r - 15 :.r * 5 .'. 5x - x:5 + 15

5)

l, Find the suare roots by division method (l) lose (2\ te36 (3) 10316.

and-r*3:5*3:8

.'.4x:2O

.'.

x:5
(z',)

44
4

(3)
1

t04
10816
20

TeT6 336 336 000

Ans. The original fraction is f . I

Q. 7. Sandpep has Rs 50 more thal,flre amount with Gayatri. If of themis given Rs 15, the ratio,between their amounts will be How much money did Gayatri have to begin with?
Solution.: Let Gayatri have Rs
.x.

189 189

+4 -16

+1

-1

000 ,.r/toss: rs.

+4
*rs.

84

+0

J6o-:u

+4

204
208

008 00 816 816 000

Then, Sandeep has Rs (x * 50). If Rs 15 are given to both, Gayatri would have Rs (x Sandeep would have Rs (-r * 50 + 15): (x + 55)

+ 15) and

From the given conditiorr,

'19: :: '.x*15 I

!.

.'. l(r + 65) :3(x * ;. x*65:3x*45

.'. x-3x:45-65

Find the approximate values of the square roots of the following numbers up to two decimal Places : (l) et.32t6 (2) 7.6se.

15)

(t)
9
9

9.5 5 6

(2)
2

.'.

?-x:2O

*7-x: -20

9r.321600
81 10 32 9 25 01 o7

2.7 67 7.6T 9-o o 6

.'. .r:10

+z

Ans. Gayatri had Rs 10.

l6

9525 119100

+7 546 +6
+7

47

-4

3 6s
327
6

-3 29 0 3690
041400 38689
o27

5527

9l

L2

004464
t6:9.556...

1t4636

5534

tl

lnr. Approximate value of .FtlztOup to two decimal

91

Jrn

!/7 56, :2.767...

Ans. Approximate value of $-SSS up to two deciinal Places :2.77.

92

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE -

a. 4. Classify the following numbers

numbers :

as rational numbers

or i

(1)

2.1s

Ans. Rationd numbers : (1) 2.18 \F% Irrational numbers : (\ ,f tO @) 4.gtl3t61g,.,

g ,F g,F.x

(4) 4.812316s9...

7. In the parallelogram ABCD, m LA :(8r + 8)", rnLC : (9x - 7)". Find the measure of each angle of this paralleloiram. Solution : The opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.

Q. 5. Divide
Ans.
seg

seg

AB of length 7.5 cm into 6 congruent parts.

AC, seg CD, seg DE, seg EF, seg FG and seg GB are the 6 congruent pa.rts of seg AB.

,'. + 8)' : (9x -7)" .'. 8x* 8:9x-7 .'. 8.x-9x: -7 -8 - x: - 15 .'. x:'1,5 ,'. mLA: (8x * 8)' : (8 x 15 * 8)': (120 * 8)o :
(8x

.'. LA= LC

.'. mLA:mLC

... (1)

123".

From (1),

mLC:128".
-.'. mLB:180- 128 .'. mLB:52" ... (Opfosite angles of a parallelogram.)

The adjacent angles of a parallelograrn are supplementary. .'. mLA+ mLB: l80o

.'. 128*mLB:180
Also,

mLD:mLB

Ans.

.'. mLD:52" mLA:128"; mLB:52"; mLC:128"i mLD:52.

PQRS, ,(PQ) :6 cm, /(PS) = 9 cm, find the tengths of seg QR and seg SR. Solution : The opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent. .'. ses PQ = seg SR .'. l(PQ): l(SR) /(PQ) : 6 cm . .. ( Given) .'. /(SR): 6 cm Similarly, seg PS = seg QR .'. /(PS): l(QR) l(PS):9 cm ... (Given) .'. /(QR):9 cm

8.

If in the parallelogram

Ans. /(QR):9 cmi /(SR;:6

"-.

Q. 6. Draw seg PQ of length 9 cm and divide it in the ratio 3 z 2.

Ans.

Point T divides seg PQ in the ratio 3 : 2. i.e., /(PT) : /(TQ) :3 :2,

P. ./

Q. 9. The radius of a circle is 17 cm. Find the length of a chord which is at a distance of I cm from the centre of the circle. Solution: In the figure, P is the centre of a circle with radius PQ: 17 cm. Seg PM t chord QR. l(PM):8 cm. In right-angled APQM, by futhagoras' theorem, t(QM)1'? + t/(PM)12: tl(PQ)1'z

g9'l*"

.'. tl(QM)l'*82:I'72 .'. t/(QM)]'z : r72 -82 :289 -64:225 .'. /(QM): 15 cm.
The perpendicular from the centre to its chord bisects the chord. . ' /(QR):2/(QM) :2 x 15:30 cm Ans. The length of the chord:30 cm.

f'
NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII
13. Seg
scg

0. 10. If in a circle with centre O, Chord pe chord AB = lzLAOB:70o, find the measure of lpOe.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE -

AB jl seg CD,

centre.
ChordPQ

Solution : In a circle, congruent chords subtend congruent angles at

a

BM

seg CD,

= chordAB ... (Given) Chord PQ subtends lpoe at the centre O.

.'. IPOQ = LAOB ... mLyOq: aLAOB ruLAOB:70" ... (Given)
Chord AB subtends ZAOB aat the centre O.

/(AB):4 cm, /(BM):3 cm, /(CD): 12 cm. or-.--..--.--.-.--,, l'ind the area of n ABCD. "Solution: In IABCD, seg AB ll seg CD ...

(Given)

..

!ABCDisatrapezium.

:. mLPOq:7}"

Ans. mLpOe:70o.

Q' 1r' rn a circre with centre p, a chord

distance

of rength 16 cm is at a of 8 cm from the centre. Find the radius of this circle. Solution : Let chord AB of length 16 cm
be at a

of the parallel side AB and CD are 4 cm and lZ cm lospectively. 'l'he distance between the parallel sides, /(BM) :3 cm. Area of a trapezium : I x the sum of the lengths of parallel sides x height ... (Formula)
.- j x t/(AB) + /(CD)l x /(BM) :i"@*12)x3

'f'he lengths

of 8 cm from the centre p of a circle. Seg PMr chord AB. /(AB):16 cm, /(pM):g sm.

:1rx16x3:24sqcm
Ans. The area of n ABCD

...

(Subsritutingrhevalues)

:24 sqcm.

.'. /(AM) :jl1an; :) x t6:8 cm .'. in right-anged ApAM, by pythagoras, U(PA)lr: [/(AM)]2 + t/1pM)1, : g2 * g2 :64 * 64: l2g
Ans. The radius of the circle

The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to its chord bisects the chord.

q.

14.

If

triangles and /(HC)

theorem,

|l HDFC.
triangles.

AHDC and ADFC are equilateral :12 cmtfind the area of

H

Solution : AHDC and ADFC are equilateral

Side CD is common to both the

: nM

triangles.

/(HC)

12 cm.

cm.
15 cm long, what

Q. 12. If the sides of AABC are lg cm, 15 cm and

.'. both the equilateral triangles .'. A(AHDC) : A(ADFC)

are having side 12 cm in length.

and/(AB):c:15cm. .'.

its area? Solution : Let in AABC /(BC):

the semiperimerer (s.y: '

'fhe area of an equilateral triangle

:{
./:t :T

Ora"l,

...

(Formula)
sq cm

a:lg

cm, /(CA)

:b:15

cm 'l'he area

r;

x t2 x t2:36"",6

A(AABC) by Heron's formula s(s-a)(s -b)(s-c)

24(24

a*b*c2
_

18+ 15+ 15

-:T:z+cm

-48 _ nn

of

HDFC

Ans. The area of

G6^,[3 +36\/E) sq cm D HDFC :72.,/a sq cm.

A(AHDC) + A(ADFC)

:72.,fr

sq cm.

24x6x9x9
4 x 6 x 6 x 9 x 9 :2
Ans.

18)(24_

lt(Z

15)

A(AABC):108

x6 x 9:

Q. 15. rf the circumference of a circle is 88 cm, find its radius and area. Solution : The circumference of the circle:8g cm 'fhe circumference of a ctrcle :2nr ... (Formula)
10g sq cm

sq cm.

.'.88:2x!xr
88x7

...

(Substituting the values)

". 2x22-'

.'. r-14cm

NAVI\EET MATI{EMATICS EIGEST ! STAIIDARD VIII

MISCELLANEOUS'EXERCISE -

The area of a

circle:nr2 :? x

Ans. The radius

x 14 :22 x 2 x 14: 616 sq cm

14

... (Formula) ... (Substituting

Solution
rhe val

:
i;.,?..,

Xl

14 cm; The

area:616 sq cm.

20
25

8 12

160 300
1E0

Q. 16. The diameter of a greater circle is 126 cm and that of a

circle is

30
35

6
4

ll2

cm. Find the difference between their (i)

(ii)

areas.

L40
780

Solution : The diametet @) of the greater circle

126 cm.

N:30
the sum of N
780 xxf _ -/$ 30

.'.

radius

<r):t:ry#:63
cm

cm.

The diameter (dr) of the smaller

circle:

M :

cm.

.'. radius ' ' --'----

b^\:L-712 :56 Cm' \'z' 2 Z

Znr,

$:
-Znr,
12)

The difference between their circumference

19: 18. The number of runs scored in a match by each player of a cricket team is given below.

ll_"_:::11i:

::i*t.:lTr !T:T:

*i1_il:*

21, 17, x, 100, 57, 48, 47, 20, 0, 4,

If
sa1
c;m'

=2n(r1_
z
The difference between their areas

x!62 "
7

:44

the mean score is 30, find the value of .r. Solution : The total runs scored by 11 players

: !62 + s6)(63 -s6) :? x lt9 x7 :261,g sq cm.

Ans. (i) M cm, (ii) 2613 sq cm.

-:*:":2? :n(rrz _ rz2) = n(rt * rr)(r, - r")

orr"

-l x+ 100 + 57 + 48 + 47 +20 +0 + 4 +2 :316 11 (No. cif players) 316+x Total runs scored Mean: .'. 30: No. of players 11
13

:21 I .'. N-

,'.316*x:30x11
Ans. The value of x is 14.

316

x: 330 .'. x:330 -

316:14

0. 17. The table below

shoivs the contributions of 30 families housing colony for the celebration of a festival. tr'rom this data, the average contribution.

19. There is direct variation between m andn. When nt:25rn:15. Find the constant of variation and write the equation of variation. ... (Given) Solution zme.n ... (k is,a constant.) ,'. m:kn

'
, ,,

_r-L

n 25
-;=-L

l5

...

(Substituting the values)

.'.

55 k-5andm:kn

.'.

*:j,
:
5

Ans. The constant of variation

lAiavneet Mathematics Digest : Std.

5;

and equation of variation i

5 m:-n. 3

VIII IE059il

yU

NAVNEETMATHEMATICSDIGEST:STANDARDVuI

MISCELLANEOI-IS EXERCISE'-

Q. 20. J yaries in inverse proportion tox. Whenx :12,!:15. Find cons-tant of variation and write the equation of variation.
Solution : y o61 x k ' . v -x

(5) (2x + 3)(2x -7) : (h)2 + [3 + ( - 7)] x 2x -r (3) x ( - 7)

...

(Given)

(t is a constant.)
(Substituting the values)

:4x2-4x2x'-2I :4x2 8x-2I Ans. 4r2 -8x-21.

.. x!:k
.'.
12

15

:k
x!

.'. k -

180 and

:k

.'. ry :

180

Ans. The constant of variation:180; the equation of variation : ry

22. Simplify: (3x +2y +z)2 -1zx -2y -z)2 Ans. (3x -l2y * z)2 - (L\ - 2y - z)2

Q. Zf. Expand using the formulae

:9x2 +4y2 +22 +I2xy-l4yz-l6zx- (4x2 +4y2 +22 -8ry+4yz:4zx) :9x2 + 4y2 + z2 + W^+ 4yz + fu1- 4x2 - 4y2 - z2 + W - +1, + g :5x2 * 20xy -f I\zx Ans. 5r2 *20ry +1rDzx
:

(r) (h+3b+3)2 (z)

(4) Qw

(x+toXr-n)

(3)

(sr.*)'

- n)3
:

23. Use formulae to find the values

Solutions

(s) {zx + 3)(2x -7).

(t) (2eo2 ; Q) Q0s\2. (t)

(l)

Ans.

(2a

: (2a)2 + GDz+ (3)2 * 2 x 2a x 3b * 2 x 3)b x 3 I : 4a2 +gbz +g + l\ab + 1.gb + tza

h2 +9h2 +9 +lLab +tW +l?a,
10X"t

+3b +3)2

zx3x

Ans.

(2eq2 :(3OO _ 4)2 :3oo2 -2 x 300 x4+42

(2) (205)2

(200

5)2

:2002+2xz}ox5+52
:40000 + 2000 +25

(2) (x+

- l1) :x2+ t(10) + (_ x-II0 =x2 Ans. .r2 -x - 110.

11)l,r* l0 x ( _ l1)

:90000 :87616

2400

16

:4202s
:

24. Solve the equations

tt)';:L+r
Solutions :

v*7

Q)

2p+3
p

-S

_7
10

. (,1)'
:27x3
Lns.

(1)

v*7 :.:1+Y

*9x*1"-1' x 'Zlx'

2o*3 (2t' " p-5 :

.'.
2Op

7
10

27x3+9r+1+-L. x 27x3'

.'. y *7 :3(l *y) .'. y *7 :3 *31 ," Y -3Y:3 -7

.'. 1,0(2P+3):7(P-5> .'. ZOP * 30: 7P -.35

-7p - - 35 .-. l3P: -65 .'. p- -65 :-5 .^
'IJ
Ans. P
the equation.
30

(4) (2m-n)3 :(2m)3 -3 x(2m)2 xn+3 x2mxn2 -(n)3 :8m3 -lLmzn*6mn2 -n3 Ans. 8zr3 - t2m2n * 6rnn2 - n3.

-2y: -4 i. 2Y:4 ). Y:2 Ans. y :2 is the solution of

the equation

: -5 is the solution of

[,

NAIT'{EET MATITEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD Vru

a. 25. The denominator of a fraction is greater than the

by 5. If 2 is added to both the numerator and the denomi value of the fraction obtained is f . finA the orignal ,;";;;;. Solution : Let the numerator of the original fraction be -r. Then, its denominator is .r + 5.

CubeS and Cube

RoOtS

(rextbook pages e2 to e5)

.'.

the original fraction

is " .r*5 +2:x

+7.

If 2 is added to both the numerator and the denominal0r, the numera the new fraction and the denominator:.r*5

5 x 5 x'5 : 53. Here 5 is the base, 3 is the index (power) and 53 is the index form. 5 x 5 x 5 :I25.Therefore, 125 is the cube of 5 or 5 cubed. The,cube of a number is also the third power of the number.
(Textbook page 92)

:x*2

From the given condition. " * 2: I 'x_t7

.'.2(x+2):x+7 .'.2.x+4:x*7 .'. 2x-x:7 -4 .'. r:3 and.r*5:3*5:g

Evaluate the following and write which nurnber is the cube of which other number : (l) (D (3) (5) 113 (6) 153. @) 9'

3'

73

43

Ans.

I Ans. The original fraction : I I

Q' 26' The cost of a notebook
4 pens and 5 notebooks is Rs gg.
notebook.
is Rs 5 more than that of a pen. The cc

,'.

the original fraction is

(1) 33:3x3 x3:27. (2) 7'+7 x7 x7,:343.. (3) 43:4x4.x4-64.. @) 93 :9 x9 x9 =729. (5) 113:11 x 11 x 11 :1331. (6) 153:15 x 15 x 15:3375.
The Cube of an Integer :

27 is rhe cube of 3. 343 is the cube of 7. 64 is the cube of 4, 729 is the cube of 9. 1331 is the cube of 11. 3375 is the cube of 15.

To find the cube of an integer, we take the number three times and find
the product. e.g., (1) L33':13

find the cost of on. n"o

ur,o

The cost of 4 pens at Rs x each : Rs 4x.. The cost of 5 notebooks at Rs (.r + 5) each: Rs 5(.r + 5) From the given condition, 4x* 5(.r 5) : gg

Solution : Let the cost of a pen be Rs x. Then, the cost of a notebook is Rs (x * 5).

We notice that the cube of a positive riumber is of a negative number is negative.

x 13 x 13:2797 (z) (-13)3:1 -"t;;; a-';;x

13)

: t'6e x - 13) : positive

1

and the cube

-zrst.

(Textbook page 92)

.'.4x*5;*25:gg .'. 9x - 88 - 25 .'. 9x:63

Ans.

Find the values of : (1) 63 (2) ( - t3

(3)

- 10)3 @) 143 (s)

(-12\3.

and"r*5:7*5:12
Ans. The cost of one pen is Rs 7; andthe cost of one notebook is Rs

(l)6t:6x6x6:216 (2) (-5): :(-5) x (-5) x (-s) : -12s (3) (- 10;: -(- 10)'x (- 10) x (- 10) : -1000 (4) (lq3 : 14 x 14 x t4:2744 (5) ( - I2)3 : (- 12) x (- lD x ( - 12) : -1728.

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VIII

CI]BES AND CUBE ROOTS

103

3. Perfect Cubes:
The cube of any integer is called a perfect cube. e.g.,

53:125. Here,
:

(-3)3-

27 and,I25 areperfect

cubes.

:5x5x5x3x9 :5x5x5x3x3x3 :, fu75:5x3:r.5.

...

(Test for divisibitty by 3)

4. Cube Roots

(Textbook page 95)

The cube of the number 5 is 125. So, rhe cube root of 125 is 5. The cube root of a number is indicated by the symbol ,{-,.

1. Write the cubes of natural numbers from 1 to 10:

For example, cube root

Cube root

of

125 is

of - 125 is writren u { - nS. Symbolically ./rzs ir read as 6the cube root of the number

125

125

Q. 1. Write in symbols : (1) The cube root of 64 is 4: (2) The cube rbot of 1000 is (3) The cube root of I is r. (4) The cube root- g000 of is Ln". e) le4: (2) 1000 _I - 10 (3) (4) .04ooo: zo.

2. Find the cube roots of the following numbers (t) -72e (2) 8000 Q) 27M (4) 68se.
Solutions
:

t/

(1)

i/-t (3)
g.

729.Letus first find cube rootof729. 729:9 x 8l

'

:9x9x9

...

{Tzt:s

Q. 2. Write in words :

Ans. (1) The cube root of rhe number -512 is _ (2) The cube root of the number I is 1. (3) The cube root of the number729 is9. (4) The cube root,of the number -729 is -9.

@ -sn= -B @ :/t12s- -s.

Q)

ffi:r

1,,,

5. To find the cube root ofa perfect cube : (1) Find the factors of the given number. (use the test for divisib. (2) Group the factors in such a way that each group contains the
factor thrice (3) Take one factor from each of these groups. (4) The product of these factors is the cube root of the given
:

(3) 2744:4x686 :4 x2 x 343

:4x2x7 x49 :2x2x2x7 x7 x7

.'. {zl++:2.x7:14
ans.

!nM:14.
361

For example
3375

(4) 6859:19 x

= 5 x 675 ... (Test for the divisibitity by 5) :5x5x135 :5x5 x5x27

,...

1*

.'. {aast'ts
/-ug-r?:1-?:

=19x19x19

t04

NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

ld

[ndiCeS

(Textbook pages 96 to 100)

(Textbook page 96)

1. Fill in the blanks in the following statements : Ans. (1) axaxaxax6yq-6@ (2) a^ xan :o@ (3) (axb)':a@xb@ (4) (a*):q@ (5) a':-q':offi (if m> n) (6) ao:

(7) a-.

I a@.

Q. 3. Of which numbers are the foltowing numbers cubes? (t) 40e6 (2) 4et3 (3) ss32 (4) _21n.
Solutions
:

Q. 2. Simplify: (l) 5a x 53

(2) 78 -73

('
G)

47o

(4) (rr x 4)2 (5)

(23)s

(1) 4096:4x1024

6) 3-4
Ans.

Q)

(:). " (?)"

54+3

(;)"

..

:4x4x4x4x4x4 . 4096 43 x 43 :-@l[s :

__

:4x4x256 :4x4x4x64 :4x4x4x4x16

",

(;)'

oo)

[(;)']'

(1)

54

53:

57

e-n- I - -3o

16a

Ans. The number 4096 is the cube of the number 16.

(2\ 4913:I7 x l7 x

17

(3)

5832

Ans. The number 5832 is the cube of the number

:4 x 1458 :4 x2 x729 :2x2x2x9x8l :2x2x2x9x9x9 :. stzz --z-t gr : 12 9t' : *

><

(s)

:(;I'':(;)''
49.
t

l. Fractional Index :
lg.
1g.

49J means square root of

_t

Sqyare root of 49 is written as 643 means cube root of

u@ or 491.
1

(4) -2197.
Let us first find the cube root of 2197,
2197

64.
u"

:13 x 13 x 13

Cube root of 64 is written

{U

or

641. n

_2197:(_13)3 .'.2t97:t33 Ans. The number (- 2lg7) is the cube of the number ( l3). -

ln general, the nth root of a number a is shown by the index 1

NAVI{EET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VIII

(Textbook page 99)

Ans.

Q. 1. Write the meaning of the followins index numbers : -o 1 "t 1 I 1 1 1 (1) 362 @) n G) nt G) 20i 6) 2s64 (6) ri (D t0;
Ans.

111*1
(1)
184

x 18s: 18a

18 20

5+4

(2) 73 -75
9

1_1 s-3 :73 s :7 Is

nt5
2

:1820

(1) The meaning of 36t : Square rootof36. -l (2) The meaning of 271 : Cube root of 27.

11 t 11 (3) (4t)n :1412" s - 4rc

_1 11 (4) (9 x 5)o :90 , 56

r11 (6) (xY)t -*i
3

(5)xt Lxto-x7
-L

1_ I to

*Yi
11
L

_ - 70 :y7O

to-1

0 glrz:rt" z:rE

11

t t

(8)

@tf :ma"i:mt
*1 * *1 :*1*
(mn)n
lllt2
3

11

Q. 2. Evaluate: -t

125' (6) 10003 Q) 22st

Q)
Ans.

(t)

42 . I1"
I

_1

(3)

la
-1

(S) 5123

_1 tt 11 (5) 1002 (9) @2 (tu) 646

(4)

-1

1111 (9) p2 x p;:pt+t:p 11L (11) (7 x 9)s: 7E x9E 1111 (13) xE i x-l:xE-i 3 11*8 _- 88 _-88
-L

(10)

:mj

(t2)
(14)

_t_ll

:rnv

x nP

1 I 11 x2+x2:.xz 2-xo:l

Q) qt (2) t25i = {6:5 (3) l?:.16:1 (a) 15r-

-,rt:2
if :1
:

(6) loooi = (7) zWi (s) 51?5:

(9)

:1B:15

,fiooo: lo

(15) (13 -15)7 :137 +L57.

11L

(t

&ir:

{fr,:g

100t: .u/i6: t0

(10) 646

rffi:t : ffi:2

3. Rules of indiees -.-----^_--_-

You have studied the rules of indices in Std. VII.

(Textbook page

lffi)
l1

Q. Simplify: 11rl (1) 18a x lgs (6)

(rv)'

(tt)

(zy 11 (7 x 9); (12)

e) 7i _7s ' 't t

(3)

_1 _t

(r42)e

gi;i

-1 -l (E) (ms1t

(4) (9 x 5)6 (5) x7 -i

(9)

pi x pl
1r

11

(Io) mi x
(15) (13+15)

(mny es) J8 : r11

l1

(14) x2

+r2

Construction of Quadrilaterals
(Textbook pages 101 to

CONSTRUCTION OF QUADRILATERALS

should be given.

To construct a quadrilateral, the measures of five essential

Construction

To construct a quadrilateral, given the lengths of four sides and diagonal.

Q; Construct

IDEFG in which ,(DE):3.5 cm, /(EF)=Z.S t(FG) : 1.7 cm, r(DG) =2.5 cm, ,(DF,):3.5 cm. [Analysis : Suppose n DEFG is the required D 2.5 cm quadrilateral. Here, the lengths of the three sides of ADEF are known. So, by the SSS construction E method, we can construct ADEF. The lengths of :
the side DG and FG are known. So, we can locate

2. One side and one diagonal of

2.5 cm Rough figure

a rhombus ABCD are 4.5 cm and 5.5

point G.l
Steps

of Construction

(1) Draw a rough figure of

ing the given measurements. (2) Draw seg EF of length 2.5 cm.

Ans.

cm respectively. Explanation : n ABCD is a rhombus. Therefore, all its four sides are
congruent.

DEFG show_

(u
q'/

(3) Complete ADEF using the given measures of side ED and diagonal DF. (4) Now,' complete ADFG using. the meaurements of sides DG and FG.

Diagonal

.'. l(AB): /(BC): l(CD): /(DA):4.5 AC:5.5 cm.

cm.

Ans.

Draw quadrilaterals of the following measures : Q. 1. In n DEFG, /(DE) :5 cm, /(EF) :6 cm, r(FG) cm, /(DF) :9 cm.

:7 cm, /(DG) :

Rough figure
108

110

NAVNEET MATIIEMA,TICS DIGEST : STANDARD

vItr

CONSTRUCTION'OX' QUADRILATEMI"S

a. 3. ln parallelogram
,(PQ) :3.5

PQRS,

(Textbook page 105)

cm. Expl4nation : The opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent. .'. /(PO: /GS):3.5 cm and /(QR): /(PS):4.5 cm. /(PR):6.5 cm

cm, ,(QR)

:4.5

cm, ,(PR)

:6.5

Draw quadrilaterals of the following measures : 1. In n DEFG, t(EF) :3'5 cm, t(DE) :5'5 cm, l(DF) ,(DG)

z's

:5

cm, t@G)

:8

cm.

Ans.

,U)

/"F

5.5 cm Rough figure

4.5 cm Rough figure

' 4.5 cm [Note : ParallelogramPQRs can a]so be constructed by constructing A and APSR with common base seg pR.l
Construction 2
diagonals.
:

To construct a quadrilateral, given the lengths of three sides and

Q.

Construct

,(AC)

:4

ABCD suct that /(AB)

:3

cr& l(BC)

cm,, t(BD) :4.5

:

Z.S cm,

t(CD)

: 3.5

cm.

Steps of Construction

-s

(1) Draw a rough figure of n ABCD showing

grven measurements.

the i
B 2.5cm
Rough figure

In n GOLD' /(OD):16 ,(GD):4 cm, /(GL) :6 cltt,

2.

cm, /(OL)

,'l :7.5

cm, t(LD)

:5

crlr

(2) Draw seg BC of length 2.5 cm. (3) With B as cdntre and radius AB :3 cm draw
an arc.

(4) With C as centre and radius CA

draw another arc intersecting the arc at the point A.
(5) Complete
seg BD and seg CD.

:4

cm,

previous

n:t:

ABCD using the lengths of

(6) Draw seg AD.

n ABCD is the required quadrilateral.

ttz

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : S.IANDARD VIII

CONSTRUCTION OF QUADRILATERALS

113

Q. 3.

In n PLAY, cm,

/(PL)

:4.5

cmo

,(LA)

:6.5

,(PA):8.5

t(Ly):7.5

cm, /(py)

.i!49n,::::--,:

S.S

:,r:.r.,riiist:rri:lr,r,,,rrr,ri,rr,,f.!i :

cm.

,rffilUSgIW$4;

(Textbook page 106)

:

Ans.

Draw quadrilaterals of the following measures

l. In IDEFG, /(DE):4.S cnr /(EF):6.5 cmi mLD:65",

mLE:100o, mLF:60o.

rl

4.5 cm

4.5 cm

Construction 3

To construct a quadrilaterar, given the rengths of two adjacent and the meaures of three angles.

Q.2.

In IMTSN, t(MT):4 cf,r ,(TS):5 cm, mLM:50o,

NS

mLT:ll0"rmLS:70".

Q. Construct IABCD in which /(AB):5.4 cm, /(BC) :3.4 m LA : 70, m LB: 60", m LC : llo".
Steps of Construction
:

(1) Draw a rough figure

of n ABCD
M4cmT
Rough figure

showing the given measurements. (2) Draw seg AB of length 5.4 cm. (3) At the point B, draw ray BN making

ZABN:60o.
(4) With B
as a centre and
4cm

radius 3.4 cm draw an arc intersecting ray BN

in point C.

a. 3.

In IXYZW, I(XY):S.S ch: t(XW):3 cD mLX:70o,

85"

(5) At the point A, draw

mLY:95", mLZ:85".
Explanation : From the rough figure, measure of LW should be given. (Angles at the end of the given segment XW) In n XYZW, mLx + mLY + mLZ + mLW : 360o. .'. 70 + 95 + 85 + mLW:360.

ray AM

making
A
5.4 cm

IBAM:70o.
(6) At the point C, draw

IBCD:
n 4PCD

70"
5.5 crn

95'

110o intersecting ray

AM in point D.

is the required quadrilateral.

Rough figure

ltf

NAVITTEET.

MATTEMATICS DIGEST

:.

STANDARD

VIII

CONSTRUCTION OF QUADRII"ATERALS

.'. 250.1-mLW =360 .'. mLW:360-250

'-Ans.

.'. mLW:110o.
B

mLY:60o, mLR:120".

Draw quadrilaterals of the follorqng measures i 1. In ITYRE, /(TY):3.5 cm, /(YB)-g crtrr /(RE1:4.5 Cilt

5cm
Construction 4
:
Rough figure

5cm

To con$truct a quadrilateral, given the measures of three of its and the two included angles.

2.

Q.

mLB:75, mLC:85o.
Steps of Construcjion
:

In tl ABCD, /(AB) = 6.5 cil,

,(BC)

:4.5 cm, t(CD):4

1:

mLN:75", rnLI:115o.

In IKING, /(KI)=3.f cmo t(IN):5.5

cm, /(NG)=S

cm,

(2) ltthe

(1) Draw ."g nC of tenj*r 4.5

cm.'
of
BC

points B and C, draw rays BM'

il

is
b'/

and CN on the same side

ively.

making angles of 75o and 85" respect-

(3) With

as centre and radius

Ans.
5.5 cm

6.5 cm, draw an arc intersecting ray BM in the point A

(4) With C as centre and radius 4 cm, draw an arc intersecting ray CN in the point D. (5) Draw seg AD.

3. In trRDTc, ,(RD):6 cm, mLD :100", mLT: 90o.

Ans.

,/(DT)-4

em,

/(TG):l

cnr

ABCD is the required

quadrilateral.

4;5 cm

THE ARC OF A CIRCLE

Semicircle : Seg RT is the diameter of the circle with centre O. The diameter RT divides

Q. Write the names of the arcs formed by the points A, B and C on the circle. Ans. Arc AXB, arc BYC, arc CZA.

the circle into two arcs of equal measures. Arc RXT and arc RYT are called semicircles, or semicircular arcs.

2. Intercepted arc

(Textbook page 109)

:

In the figure, the end point N of the arc NTS lies on the side ON of ISON, and the end point S lies on the side OS.

.'. I-SON intercepts arc NTS.

Similarly,

/NDS

In the figure, seg SD and seg TN are diameters. Name those minor arcs, major arcs and semicircular arcs whose end points are also the end points of these diameters x Ans. Minor arcs : arc SYN, arc NMD, arcDZT
and arc TXS.

intercepts arc NTS.

Major arcs : arc SMT, arc TYD, arc DXN,

(Textbook pages 108 & 109) NZS.

arc

0. I. In the figure, name the angles which

intercept the arc LXT. Ans.

Semicircular arcs : arc SZD, mc SYD, arc T)OI and arc TZN.
Central angle :

ILMT

and

ZLNT

intercept the arc LXT.

An angle having the eentre of the circle as its vertex is called a central angle. In the figure, IPOQ is the central angle. Measure of an arc : (1) The measure of a minor arc : The measure of the minor arc is equal to the.measure of its central angle. In the figure, m(arc AXB) : zLAOB. zLAOB: 100o. .'. m(arc AXB) : 100'. (2) The measure of a major arc : The measure of a major arc : 360o - the measure of the corresponding minor arc. In the figure, m(arc AYB) : 360" -m(arc AXB):360 - 100:260 .'. m(wc AYB) :269". (3) The measure of a semicircular arc : A The measure of a semicircular arc is 180" In'the figure, arc AXB and arc AYB are semicircular arcs. .'. m(arc AXB) : 180' and ru(arc AYB) : 180'.

Q. 2. Observe the figure and name the

angles

which intercept arcs and name the arc that each angle intercepts.

Ans. LAOB intercepts arc.AXB. LBOC intercepts arc BYC. LCOA intercepts arc CZA. 3. Minor arc and mojor arc

Chord AB, not a diameter, of a circle with centre O, divides the circle into two parts arc AXB and arc AYB.

Arc AXB is the minor arc and arc AYB is the major arc.
116

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

TIIE ARC OF A CIRCLE

ttg

(Textbook page 111)

Q. 1. If the measure of a central angle is 120o, find the measure of

corresponding minor arc and that of the major arc this minor arc. Solution : The measure of a minor arc is'equal to the measure of
corresponding central angle. The measure of the central angle

The measure of a minor arc is equal to the measure of the corresponding central angle.

.'. m(minor arc PXT):ryLPOT: l00o ... tFror6-(1)l .'. m(minor arc TYN) : nLTON: 80o ... lFrom (4)] .'. ru(minor arc NZC) : zICON: 100o ... tFrom (3)l .'. z(minor arc CWP) :wLPOC:8}" ... [From (2)]
Now, m (major arc PYC) :360o

is

120o ... (Given)

* z(corresponding

... (s) ... (6) ... (7) ... (8)

minor arc CWP)

.'. m(minor arc):129o.

:350
rz (majOr arc
)

- m(corresponding minor arc) :360 - 120:240" Ans. rn (minor arc) :120"; m(major arc):249o
Q. 2. The measure of the minor arc of a circle is 160.. Hence, find
measures of the corresponding central angle and the

m(major arc) :360o

:280o.

- 80 ... lFrom (8)]

[From (5)]

PZT): 360o -

:360_ 100 ...

rz(corresponding minor arc PXT)

m (major

:260". arc rwN)

:::3_;,.''":ril*ff,fri"'arc
360o

ryN)

major arc. Solution : The measure of a minor arc is equal to the measure of
corresponding central angle.

:280o.
m (major arc CXN)

n(minor arc): 166o ... (Given) .'. measure of the corresponding central angle :
m(major
arc )

160o.

360'

:360

Ans. The measure of the central angle : 160oi the measure of the maior arc :200'.

- 160:200o
rn

(corresponding minor arc)

:360 - 100 ... lFrom (7)] :260o. Ans. Minor arcs : (1) m(minor arc PXT).= l00o (2) zz(minor arc TYN) :80" (3) m(minor arc NZC) : 100o (l) m(minor arc CWP) :80o Major arcs : (1) n(major arc PYC) : 280o (2) m(major arcPZT) :269o (3) m(major arc TWN) :280o (4) m(major arc CXN) =260".

m(corresponding minor arc NZC)

Q. 3. In the figure, seg PN and seg TC are the diameters of the circle. Write the measures
of the arcs formed by the endpoints of these diameters and explain your answer. Solution : Seg CT is the diameter of the circle. mLpot:100' ... (Given) ... (1) MLPOT +MLPOC:180O ... (Angles in a linear pair) 100" -tmLPoc:1800 .'. ... (Given : nLPOT:100')
1oo

l,

The inscribed angle :

In the figure, O is the cenfe of the circle. M and S, the end points of arc MTS, are on the sides of IMTS and the vertex T of IMTS is on the arc MTS.IMTS is an

angle inscribed in the arc MTS.

p.trffi

(rextbook page

u2)

.'. mLpoc: 180 .'. ruLPOC:80" nLCON:nLPOT

.'. zLCON:100o

mtTON:nLPOC .'. zLTON:80o

...(2) ... (Vertically opposite angles) ... lFrom (1)] ... (Vertically opposite angles) ... [From (2)]

1. Observe the given figure and filt in the blanks : LPM.L is inscribed in the arc and LTNL is inscribed in arc ......... . Ans. Z PML is ipscribed in the arc PML (or arc PTL) and I-TNL is inscribed in arc TNL (or arc TPL or arc TML).

12fr

NAVNEET MATflDMATICS DTGEST : STANDARD

yIIr

TIIE ARC OF A CIRCLE

Q' 2. Draw a circle. show an arc LMN on this circre. rnscribe lL . it. How many more angles can you inscribe in this arc ? Ans. The figure shows arc LMN on the
circle. Infinite angles can be inscribed in the
arc LMN.

.'.

mLApB

:|

m(rc AXB)

:jx180'
.'. zLAPB:90"

...

[From (1)]

...

(2)

(2) Arc PYB is the intercepted arc by inscribed IPAB.

6. Relation between the inscribed angle and intercepted arc : The measure of the inscribed angle is harf the measure of the intercepted by it. In the figure, I-APB is inscribed in arc ApB.

... mLpAB:)m@rcpyB) .'. 40o : ! m@rc PYB) ... (Given : nLPAB: .'. 40o x2:m(arcPYB) .'. m(arc PYB) :39'.

40o)

zLAPB:55o.

The inscribed LA9B intercepts arc AXB. IAOB is the corresponding central angle arc AXB.

(3) In AAPB, %LPAB + %LAPB -t mLABp: 180o .'. 40 + 90 * wLABP: 180 ... lGiven and from (2)]

of

.'. zLAOB:m(arcAXB) mLAOg:110o ... m(arc AXB):116o.

This explains that the measure of the inscribed of intercepted arc AXB.

.'. 130 *%LABP:180 .'. zLABP: 180 - 130 .'. mLABP:50o.

l-ApB
Arc AZP is the intercepted arc by inscribed LABP.
is half the

...

(3)

aLAPB:l

m@rc AXB). ffil$j| (Textbook page 114)

Q. 1. The measure of a central it intercepts.

Solution
:

angle is 120.. Find the measure of the

.-. mLABp:|m@rc AZp) .'. 50o :| m(nc AZp) ... [From (3)] .'. 50" x2:m(arc AZP) .'. m(nc AZP) : 196'. (2) m(arc PYB) = $go Ans. (1) mLAPn:90"
AZP;:199".
The cyclic quadrilateral
The vertices B, S, N and
:

(3) m(arc

The measure of the central angle : the measure of the intercepted The measure of the central angle : l20o ... (Given) .'. the measure of the arc it intercepts :120" Ans. The measure of the intercepted arc:120.

L of n BSNL

are on the

circle.
Such a quadrilateral is called a cyclic quadrilateral.

Q. 2. In the figure, arc AXB is a semicircle. zLPAB:4O". Find the values of (l) mLApB Q) m(arc PYB) (3) m(arc AZp).
Solution

[A quadrilateral is
A

said to be cyclic,

if all its four

vertices lie on a circle.l The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are

supplementary.

(1) Arc AXB,is a semicircular arc. The measure of a semicircular arc is 1g0?.. (1) The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to half the measure of the intercepted ara.

.'. in cyclic

quadrilateral BSNL,

mLB + mLN

180o and

mLS + mLL

180".

NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

Joint Bar Graph

tbook page

(Textbook pages 116 to 120)

ll5)
A joint bar graph makes comparison of two kinds of information easier. You have studied this in previous standard.

0. t- In the figure, m LB :85" and m LC Find, mLA and mLD.

lateral are supplementary.

lOSo .

Solution : The opposite angles of a cyclic quadri_

.'. mLA*mLC: lg0o .'. mLA* 105:190 ... .'. mLA: lgo - 105 .'. mLA:75o
Similarly, mLD -f mLB

t,
(Given :

Drawing a joint bar graph

":L::

y_: y_111:llg_v_h"' to draw such a graph.

:

mLC:105o)

Q. The number of male and female workers on a work in four villages A, B, Co D under Employment guarantee scheme is given below. Draw a joint bar graph indicating the data.
VillA'gq:
l,
.,.,

a
t0
50

.',:,::.$1L:

tQ 80 50

D
70 40

lgoo

.'. mLD * 85 : 180 ... [Given mLB:g5"] .'. mLD: 180 - 85 .'. mLD:95" Ans. rn LL : 7S"i m LD : 95".
Q' 2. The measures of the opposite
Solution:
angres of a cyric quadrilateral

Male
Female

60
55

and 3x. What are the measures of these angles of the quardrila

The opposite angles of a cyclic

quadrilateral

supplementary.

.'. r+3x:180o .'. 4x:180o

.
,'.'

lg0"
4

x:45o 3x:3 x 45o:

135"

Ans. The measures

of the opposite angles of the given c

quadrilateral are 45" and l35o respectively.

Steps

for drawing the graph:

(l)

Draw X-axis and Y-axis on the graph paper.

t23

I24

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

.IOINT BAR GRAPH

(2) Take the villages on the X-axis and the number of workers on
Y-axis.

(3) Take a scale, I cm: 10 workers on the y-axis. (4) Mark villages A, B, C, D on the X-axis keeping equal di
between them.

2. Children of four divisions of Std. VIII of a school, planted saplings as shown below. Show this in a joint bar graph.
Divi,F,,,,|.p4,

h
30
25 25 25

,,lC'.

ri,D

Teak Mango

(5) Show males and females in each of the four villages using a j cm from each of the joint bar of 1 cm width. (6) Show the heights of each bar as per the scale taken for the y(7) Draw joint bar graph in this way for each of the villages. (8) To show the two bars in the joint bar graph separately, colour
shade) the female's bar.

25
10

20
5

Take the scale

I cfil:5

saplings on the Y-axis.

Ans.

di3B,d!,,1 lrextnook

pages

tt9 &

120)

0. 1. Given below are the number of girls and boys in Stds V to of a certain school. Draw a joint bar graph from this data.

sl&d
Boyi Girls
Ans.

,,11:;:.:lL:.\{:

VT 30 30

?Xlr
45

,.YT$T

,40
20

40
15

t5

Take the scale

I cm:

10 boys/girls on the y-axis.

126

NAVNEETMATHEMATICSDIGEST:STANDARDvm

JOINT BAR GRAPH

t27

Q. 3. The number of men and women working under the Guarantee scheme in four villages is given berow. Draw lraph to depict this.
Villago,r

a joint

4. The number of Iiterate and illiterate women in four villages given below. Show this information in a joint bar graph.
Viila$e,i
r.,$onake'r
.,,.,.,,Neiiarirl

Pimpa!gaop
150

Lirnbgaon,,
100

Literate
50 350

500
150

550
150

600

450
100

Women

200
100

Illiterate

200

Men

200

200

ln this example can we take a scale of 1 cm: 10 women on the Y*axis? 'fhink about it and choose a proper scale.
Ans.

Take the scale 1 Ans.

cm:50

persons (women/men) on the y_axis.

10 wqmen is taken, then the bar of maximum height 60 cm (representing 600 women) has to be drawn. This not possible on a graph paper, we use generally.

l[the scale of 1 cm :

tr
1.. Revision :

COMPOUI{D INTEREST

(4) Here, P: Rs 1,25,000; R: 12 p.c.p.a.; N :2 years PxRxN 125000x12x2 :Rs

100

30000

: PxRxN 100 : simple interest; p: Here, I

(i)
(I)

principal;

(ii) Amount: Principal *

Interest

R: rate; N: A:P*I

number

of

lry: liry9 ilg::l!l):T: 19'm9i "lryT ltl R: 1.:-lls9: = (5) Here, P: Rs 1,50,000; R: 10 p.c.p.a.; N :3 years

A=p* I

Rs (125000 + 30000)

:Rs

155000

PxRxN

150000x10x3 :Rs 45000

100

,r8,ffiffisii (Textbook page 121)

Q. L. USe the formulae to find the simple interest and amount

A : P * I : Rs (150000 +45000) :Rs 195000 Ans. Simple interest (I) : Rs 45,000; amount (A) :

Rs L'95'000.

'

-tl

Q. 2. If a certain sum of money earns an interest of Rs 3'630 in 3 years at the rate of 11 p.c.p.a., what was the principal? Solution :
Here ,

:L#9

I:3630;

R:
...

11p.c.p.a.,N:3
3630

years;

:U,o-

P:?

... p

-19##

Rs nooo

Ans. Principal

Rs 11,000.

(1) Here, P=Rs 9000;

R:10

p.c.p.a.;

N:3

years

PxRxN

9000x10x3
100

Q. 3. The simple interest on Rs 45,000 in 3 years is Rs 13,500. What is the rate of interest? Solution : Here, I: Rs 13,500; P: Rs 45,000; N:3 yeras; R: ?
r

Rs 2700

: PxRxN '. 13500: 45000xRx3

100 100

A: P * I:
(2) Here,
l_

Rs (9000 +

2700): Rs 11700

"'

R- 13500 x 100 :to 45goox3

Ans. Simple interest (I)

Rs 2700 amount (A) p.c.p.a.;

Ans. The rate of interest: 10 p.c.p.a.

Rs L1,700.

P:Rs

15,000;

R:11

PxRxN
100

N:2

years

15000x11x2 :
100

Rs 3300

A : P * I : Rs (15000 + 3300) : Rs 18300 Ans. Simple interest (I) : Rs 3300; amount (A)

Q. 4. What sum of money will have to be invested and for how many years, in order to get simple interest of Rs 101000 at the rate of 10 p.c.p.a. ? (Write three pairs of values for P and N.) Solution : Here, I : Rs 10,000; R: 10 p.c.p.a.
Rs L8,300.
I

PxRxN
100

(3) Here, P: Rs 50,000; R:9 p.c.p.a.; N = 4 years x R x N-5oooo x.9 x 4:Rs

. r" r-P

100
Rs (50000

100

-r\r

lgooo

.'. 10000 Then. N

Px10xN
100

.'. PxN:100000

A: P * I:

+ 18000): Rs 68000 Ans. Simple interest (I): Rs 18'000; amount: Rs 68,000.

(1) Let the principal be Rs 25000.

100000 ' : -:-:^-:= : 25000

4 years
VtrI tE059il

!/Navneet Mathematics Digest : Std.

I}

NAVNEET MATImMATICS DTGEST : STANDARD

VIII
Solution
:

OMPOT]ND INTEREST

131

(2) Let the principal be Rs 20000.

Then,

' N:gg:5 20000

10000

years

(1) Here, P: Rs 8000;

R:

l0

p.c.p.a.;

N:

years

(3) Let the principal be Rs 10000. t,11110: rhen,' N: ro years Ans. Three pairs of principal and period : (1) Principal :'Rs 251000; period:4 years (2) Principal: Rs 20,000; period:5 years (3) Principal: Rs 10,000; period : 10 years.

/ R\N A:Pl1+-l:800011+/ 10\2 I \ 100/ 1 100/ / I \2 /ll\2 : 8000(t *m/ : 8000 (r-J : 8000 * lt t 11 : Rs 9680 " r- 10r Compound interest - A - P : Rs (9680 - 8000) : Rs 1680
Ans. Amount: Rs 9680; compound interest: Rs 1680.

2. Compound interest

While calculating simple interest; the principal remains the the entire period.
The interest of the first year is added to the principal and the is taken as the principal for the second year. The interest for the
year is added to the principal of that year and the amount principal for the third year. Interest charged in this way is compound interest.

(2) Here, P : Rs 6400; R : I2.5 p.c.p.a. ; N:2 years R :64oo1t*E\' A: P(' +

\ roo/

1\2 /g\2 *r/ :6400 " (',/ :6400 I s' 8 :Rs 8100 Compound interest - A - P: Rs (8100 - 6400) : Rs 1700
:6400 ('t
g

'---/

roo

Ans. Amount: Rs E100 ; compound interest: Rs 1700.

(3) Here,

= Rs 10,000;

R:

10 p.c.p.a.;

N:2

years

Formula for finding the amount by compound interest

/ o:r(1+

(i) A:
(ii)

r(r + r*ai A:
:

Amount calculated at compound

Compound interest

amount

principal

* _,,l 100/ / I \2: 10000 /rr\2 : 10000lt

10000lt

R\N :

10\2

*mi

p.

(r/

10000 x

f0-

11 ll * :

10-:Rs
Rs 2100

12100

Compound interest

- P: Rs (12100 10 p.c.p.a.;

10000)

(Textbook page 125)

Ans. Amount: Rs l2rIM; compound interest (4) Here, P: Rs 15,000;

Rs 2100.

Q. 1. Use the formula to find the amount and the compound

R:

N:3

years

/ / A:P(1+ R\N:1s000(\1 *
100/
:15ooo

10\3

*,)

(t.r1)':
*

r5ooo (r11)'

11 11 11 t Rs 19965 t0 " tO tO-: Compound interest - A - P: Rs (19965 :

15000

15000)

Rs 4965

Ans. Amount: Rs

191965; compound interest

Rs 4965.

NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

YIII

COMPOT]ND INTEREST

133

(5) Here,

P: Rs 20,000; R:5

p.c.p.a.i N

3 years

n :p(r +3). : 2oooo(, *1\' \ roo/ loo/

: l2ooo (i*)' : 12ooo

\'

" ,L '

,I: *. t4szo

Ans. Altaf will have to pay Rs l4r520to the bank at the end of the period. Q. 4. Bhakti borrowed Rs 40000 from a women's savings group to buy a sewing machine. If the rate of compound interest is 5 p.c.p.a., what

:2oooo :2oooo

(t . r1)':2oooo
2I

(#)'
:
Rs 31

,'J "4 n:Rs 23152.50 ZO 20"

- Ap

Compound interesr

= Rs (23152.50- 20000)

amount will she have to return at the end of 3 years Solution : Here,

Ans. Amount: Rs 23152.50; compound interest (6) Here, P: Rs 16,000;

= Rs 3I

P: Rs 4000; R:5

p.c.p.a.;

N:3

years

X:

l}ip.c.p.a.;

N:

3 years

n:r(r .*)
:4ooo

:4ooo(r *rr-1;':4ooo (t

.*)'

: e(r .#). :
16ooo

l6ooo(t
16000

.ff)'

(#) :4ooo x';"';"'*:4630.s0

/2t\3

21 21

21

(t . *)'
*

:
-

(;)'
Rs (227g1,25

Ans. Total amount payable: Rs 4630.50.

: r6ooo .;

'; f : *. zz7lt.2s
A

Compound interest

Ans. lWount: Rs 22781.25; compound interest: Rs 67g1.25.

- p:

16000)

Rs 67g

5. Shreya won a cash prize of Rs 1250 for standing first in the Std. VII examination. She deposited that amount in a bank for 3 years at a rate of compound interest of 8 p.c.p.a. What is the amount that she will receive from the bank at th_e end of the term?

Q. 2. Ganesh deposited Rs 50,000 in a Nationarised Bank for 2 yea 9 p.c.p.a. compound interest. what amount wil Ganesh get at the
of 2 years
?

Solution : Elere, P = Rs 50,000; R :9 p.c.p.a.i

N:

2 yens

P: Rs 1250; R: 8 p.c.p.a.; N:3 years R\N / - l:1250 / * ):3 A:Pl / 1+-l:12501 (1 * 8 \3 :1250 ll+-l z5o 1+ (t X) r*-) \ loo/ 27 27 27 -, : I :1250(/27\t:l25Ox:--:X-:-x : 1574.64 2s 2s 2s
Solution : Here,

: e(r .*)^ :

\2s/

soooo(r

:50000 (1.0D2:50000 x 1.09 x 1.09:Rs 59405 Ans. Ganesh will get Rs 59,405 at the end of the period. Q. 3. In order to buy a colour TV
Altaf borrowed Rs 12,000 bank at a compoud rate of interest of l0 p.c.p.a. for 2 years.
set,

#)'

Ans. She will get ns fSZ+eC from the bank.

(Textbook page 128)

Q. 1. Fitl in the blanks :

the amount that Attaf must pay back to the bank at the end of Solution : Here, Rs 12,000; l0 p.c.p.a.; N 2 years

I ".. Iffffi**rtok "--" ;]",T *6** W"'"f "-*1,_S* '**.j [ ,-}ru* T,e#ffii '" f
(1) 3000 1000 25,000 64,000 20,000
5
10 T2

.*"fr
2 2
J
-')

i]]1lllliilllll illlll'l

l,r,i;i

W.

P:

2 yea

ffi

R:

e:r(r .*I:

12ooo(t

.#)':

(2)
(3) (4)

12ooo

(r

.*)'

12+
10.5

(s)

I34
Solution

NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGIOT : STANDARD

:

VIII

COMPOI,JI\D INTEREST

(l)

P: Rs 3000; R:5 p.c.p.a.; N :2 PxRxN 3000x5x2 t: --Ioo-- : Rs 3oo

Here,

years

-lbo--:
3ooo

(4) Here, P:Rs 64,000; p.:l2i:12.5 p.c.p.a.; N:3 years - PxRxN 64000x12.5x3 : Rs 241000 T100 100

: r(r .

#I

= 3ooo(1 3ooo

*)'
-

sooo(r

*)'

a:r(r .*) : o+ooo(r .#)':64ooo

:64ooo

('.*)' :

e!\': \20/

rtj,.*#: *, 33o7.so 20" 20

3000)

(|)' : 64000 ,. ;' ; * ! :*,

R:

sttzs
Rs 2?t,l2S Rs 3125.

Compound interest: A

:
(2) Here,

--p

Rs (3307.50

Compound interest = A - P: Rs (gII25- 64000) Difference between C.I. and S.L : Rs (27125
300)

-24000):
years

Rs 307.50

Difference between C.I. and S.I.

Rs (307.50

(5) flere,
Rs 7

P:

Rs 20,000;

10.5 p.c.p.a.;

N:2

P: Rs 1000; R:

10 p.c.p.a.; N

:2
I

years

,_P*RxN 1000xl0x2 : .100 100

e

Rs 200

PxRxN 20000x10.5x2 Rs 4200 - 100 : -- 100 -: e : r(r . = 20000(r . H)' : 20000 (r.ros), *). t:
:20000 x 7.221025:Rs 24420.50 Compound interest - A P: Rs (2M20.50- 20000) : Difference betwben C.I. and S.L
Rs 4420.50

:r(r . #). : looo(t .#)' : rooo(r .*)' : looo (i*)': rooo,.1;,. jj:*, ,r,o
:
Rs (1210

Rs (442O.5O

4200)

Compoundinterest:A-p

= Rs 220.50 2.'Sunitabai borrowed Rs 60,000 at 9 p.c.p.a. simple interest for 3 years to have her house repaired. Had she borrowed the same sum

1000)

Rs 210

Difference between C.I. and S.I.

Rs (2lO -200)

Rs 10.

for the same period and the same rate at compound interest, how
much more interest would she have to pay?

(3) Here, P: Rs 25,000;

R:

12 p.c.p.a.;

N:3
90(x)

years

, : PxRxN t -100-:
a

25000x12x3

--100 -:'Rs

-r(,r .
:2sooo

*I
\25

: /

25000(t

#)'

25000

(, .

P: Rs 60,000; R:9 p.c.p.a.; N :3 years PxRxN : 60000x9x3 : Slmple rnterest (D : --mRs 16200 -* 100
Solution : Here,

*)'

Amount on the same principal at compound interest,

f3)':25ooo A

Compound interest

- p:

^'] *4 *?s : Rt 35123'20 25 25 25

Rs (35123.20_ 25000)

o:t(l

loo/

:6r
A

\
- P:

loo/
(7770I.74

)oo (l.09)3 )00 (l'09)3

:60000 x 1.295029:Rs 777OtJ4

'

Rs 10123.20
Difference berween C.I. and S.L

Compound.interest
9000)

Rs

(t:-rl:320_

Difference between C.L and S.I.

60000)

Rs

17701.74

Rs (17701.74

16200)

Rs 1501.74

Rs 112fr.20.

Ans. Sunitabai would have to pay Rs 1501,74 morc as intorcct.

136

NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST: STAITIDARD

VIII
:

COMPOUND INTEREST

Q. 3. Ambadas took a loan of Rs 96,000 at compound interest bank to drill a well in his field. If the rate is 6.25 p.c.p.a., what a will he have to pay to the bank, if he returns the loan after 2
How much money would he have saved had he been able to the same amount at simple interest for the ,u_" n""od ;;;; rate?

Period

(N):2

years.

Today's price of the machine

" l:75oool/ t+ :P{/ 1+ R\N

/ :75000 I t :
Rs 69120

r00/
1

I :zsooo I 1 I :75ooo x:- x12s 2s \ --2s/ \2s)

24

\2

- 4\2 'l
100/

/24\2

24

Ans. The value"of the machine today:Rs 691120. Q. 3. A wholesale trader sold Rs 20 crore worth of cloth this year. If the sale of cloth increases at a rate of 2Vo per year, how muchwill the sale be after three years?
Solution : The sale of cloth today (P) : Rs 20,00,00,000; Increase in the yearly sale (R) :27oi Period (N):3 years.
The sale of cloth after 3 years

Compound inreresr

x,l,t N- 96000 x 6 .25 x 2 Simple interesr (D : :P

A_p

Rs (10g375 _ 96000)

Rs I2375
12000

100

Difference between C.I. and S.I.:Rs (tZZflS_ 12000):Rs 375 Ans. Ambadas will have to pay Rs simple interest : Rs 375.

lot--:Rs

lr0gr375 to the bank, Savi

/ :Pl1+-l:R\N

100/

/ 2\3 / 200000000(1*roo-) :200000000 (t

+r-)

l\3

x 51 x 51 :Rs 212241600 Ans. The sale of cloth after 3 years :Rs

1600 x 51

: :

2oooooooo

f1)' :2oooooooo * 1, 1 r 1 s0 50 s0 \sol

211221411600.

lry.--]P

ryg_*l

:{

the viuage wiu be 1,38,e1s.

Q. 4. A car is valued at Rs 4,00,000. If its value falls at 2.5Vo per lear, what wiII its value be aftef 3 years? Solution : The value of the car today (P) : Rs 4,00,000; The rate of depreciation every year (R) :2.5Vo; As there is depreciation in the value, R : -2.5; Period (N):3 years. z R\N:400000(t -r{r3 :400000(t 2.5\3 / / o -

:r(t *r*-)

* * )

*)

Q' 2' Two years ago Rajani purchased a machine for Rs 75,000. rf i value falls
by 4vo every year, what is the value of the machine today : The price (initial value) of rhe machine (p) : Rs 75,000 _q,olulion Yearly depreciation in its value (R) :4Vo; As there is depreciation in value : _ R 4

/, -1\' \ 40l 39 x/39\3 :400000x1- I :400000x x 39 39 40 40 40 \40l : Rs 370743.75

:400000 Ans. The value of the car after 3 years will be Rs 370743.75.

tr
.'

POLYNOMIALS

1. Re'

(3) In the expression Q. Classify the following expression, trinomials:

17

- -2, i:7m-'.

the power

- I of the variable ru

* _or,o*i,

is negative.
binomials

! -2 m
2.

is not a polynomial.
?

Are the following expressions polynomials

(t) zt'tu+a2
(8) st.

Q)

n3

-Gn2+13 (3) t*,

(9) t:

-n*5;
2. Polynomials:

8y..

(7) 35+x3-

7x.

(7) (s) s- sb2 +b4 (s) ia3 -7a+te Ans. (1), (2), (4), (6), (7), (8) and (9) are polynomials. {o)
(3) and (5) are not polynomiatu.
to

2^

sl

-*1 @ + ($

n-:

t2*$.

If the index of every variable in an expression is a whore number, then expression is a polynomal. For example, gxz + 5x 9 * irs a polynomial

[Not" ' L

tsl

p-'

I:

ro/,'l

Q. 3. Write any five expressions which are polynomials.

rrrru. \r., Ans.(l)

!i)

-_negative

:j:1,:",ii.":.;:tl number). --' a,l'ilffi (i.e. not a whole ""rn*. vv

is nor
a whore
---i-----^

y'+y -5

3*'+1, (2) -, (:) *'+t*t-i J4 ,Zrt13

erq

7
-

@)

a3*r"*l

and

(ii)

m2

+m-t +13

are not polynomials.

(l)-

ll

+.sl

pqlyngll-xqlql
(2) y2 *y-7 qe le!

urv ruue^

_ r of m - t or

Q. 4. Write any five expressions which are not polynomials. Ans. (1)

----

-- -

1i x1i
I
x

G)

Z&+3

(4) mi _m-2 +7

Q' 1' state, giving reason, whether ttre io'owing

nomials or not b2
:
1

expressions are

(r)

-2s

e) yt * t8 _ 5y
b2

Ans.

1-2.

(l)

In rhe expression
number.

_25,

3. Classification of Polynomials : (1) Monomial : A polynomial having only one term is called a monomial e.g., 5x;37; - J5*. (2) Binomials : A polynomial having two terms is called a binomial.

!2 ?t --rl11

pely_teqi3-ls.:

thepower 2 of the variable b is a whole

e.g.3x*5;

.'.

b2

25 is a polynomial.
1

(3) Trinomial : A polynomial having three terms is called e.g.,5x3 -3x2 +7; 15 * nt +nr: m2 +7m+ 5.
4. The degree of a polynomial
:

-|f -t;t+n.

a trinominl.

,r,

fr}: :y::j"" whole number.

.'.
-1

yi + rs _ 5y, the power j of the variable y is not 4

The highest index of the variable

degree of the polynomial. e.g., the degree of the polynomial

in a given

polynomial is called the

y2

18

5y is not 4.polynomial.

(1) x' +7x2 +5"r-9 is 3. (2) 27:27x" .'. the degree of 2j is 0. The degree of a non-zero constant monomial is zero. The d.egree of 0 is not defined.

I4O

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VIII

Coefficient of a monomial :

The coefficient

of

monomial
29.

(I) l3m2

is

B Q) -'lx
& 135)

is

(3)

29 itself

is

(Textbook page 134

monomials:

Q. 1. Write the coefficient and the degree of each of

(D 23x3 (2) 13

$\-6n5
(s)
1y

fcl
(e)

fr
x -t7p

(s) a2 ,;
(10) 5

(6) -ton2
(11)
Ans.

(t1

-!t+

15s3

(n) 1Ee6 Q'

48

(14)

(1s)

7q"'

9'

(1) (2) (3) (4)

23x3
18

23
18

0
5

6ms

-6
-=
5
11

l1

5"
a2

I
2 2
4

(s)
(6)

l0n2

Q)
(8)

-13
4y

-10 -13
9

Ans. The degree of the polynomials are as follows : (1)3 (2)2 (3)4 (4).1 (s)0 (6)s (7) s (s)+ (9)cannot
determined.

(1)6Q3-thp Q)8nr-25n*9 (3) x_tt*3xa (4) (5) Sl (6) 2ns n3 I6 -7n2 (7) gas - 6t (S) fr* _xa

2. Write the degree of the following polynomials

39m

(e) 0

trtr
1. Revision
:

DISCOUNT AI{D COMMISSION

marked price - discount Rs (650 - 52): Rs 598 Ans. The selling price of the carpet: Rs 598. The selling price
:

: :

Q.

1.

tr'ill in the blanks

15

(1) A ratio with denominator 100 is called a percentage.

(2)

fr:
20Vo

15 per

cent:lS%o. e)

64per cent

:*

Q. 2. A shopkeeper gves t2% discount on the marked price of a TV If TV set is sold for Rs 7480, what is its marked price ? Solution : Let the marked price of the TV set be Rs x.
Then, discou

set.

100

(4) g5Eo:2
100

(5) 5 per cent of400:+OO

xfr:ZO

nl

l2Vo on Rs x

Rs

x*

(6)

of 25000

25000,

ffi

Its selling
sOOO

price:

marked price

* discount

::n, 100

3. 25

Q. 2. Find the values : (l) 2 per cent of (4) 60Eo of 1610.

/ 3x\ l:Rsl/25x-3x\ 22x l:Rs-Rsl\^ 25l-"" \ zs )-"" zs -^"

But the selling price is given to be Rs 7480

3000

Q) 3Vo

of 100

(3\ 6To

of I

Ans. (1) 2 per centof 3000:3000 x (2)

3Vo

3:60. 100

22 25 Ans. The marked price of the TV set: Rs 8500.

:.

2bc

:748O

" ^-

7480 x 25

Rs 8500

of 100: 100.: of

Q. 3. The marked price of a scooter is Rs 47,500. If the selling price is

Rs 1[3,700, what is the percentage of discount given by the shopkeeper ?

" loo:3'

11450:11'-- 6 +)U x -:687. @) 6aEo of 1610: 1610 I ffi: 9cO.

(3)
6Vo

Solution : The marked price of the scooter: Rs 475A0. Its selling price : Rs 43700 Discount: marked price - selling price

:Rs

(47500

-43700):Rs

2. Discount:
The difference between the marked price and reduced price price) is called discount.

Percentage

of discount:

#ffi
38oo

3800 r too

\/

Formulae : Discount: marked price _ selling price. I Discount: marked price x p"r"ntug" of discount.
_,,

- 47500 x loo:8
Ans. The shopkeeper gave YVo discount.

Q. 4. A shopkeeper

gives 87o discount on the marked price of a camera.

0. 1._TT marked price of a carpet is Rs 650. If the shopkeeper

87o discount on the marked price, what is. itS selling price ? solution : The marked price of th" .urpt is Rs 650. Discou nt gvo. discount on the marked price: marked price x rate of discount "'

He sold a camera for Rs 460. What was its marked price? Solution : Let the marked price of the camera be Rs x. 87o discount on the marked price.

.'.

discount:rrA:g:nr3. ,/ 100 100 "" 25

price:

Selling

/ :ns (x- 2x\

marked price

/25x -2x\ 23x ( x,,l:*t rt rs):n'

discount

But the selling'price is given to be Rs 460.

144

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

DISCOUNT AND COMMISSION

:'
Q. 5.

23x

25:460

.'.

x:+eOxfi:20x25:500

Discount: marked price - selling price

Ans. The marked price of the camera was Rs 500.

example, find out the figures to

In the following table, from the information

fill in the blanks
:

given in

"' 2Ox-3x:2720 .: .'. ^:x-136

.'.
marked price : Rs 160

.'.

3x

3x:20x-2720
L7x:2720
selling price Rs 24.

x:

Rs 160

Discount: marked price

Rs (160 - 136) :

(5) Percenrage of

discount:

dlt"?"nt
x 1oo:

marked price

,
15

too

.'.
Solution : (1) Discount: marked price x percentage of discount t2 :23U
x
Selling price

234
1560

.'.

discount : l57o

marked price

Rs (1560

discount

-234):

Rs 1326.

i00-:

Rs 30

Discount: marked price selling price .'. selling price : marked price _ discount

The work of selling goods is often done by a person or organisation other than the manufacturers. The remuneration received by the person or organisation for this service is called a commission. A person who brings buyers and sellers in contact with each other is

Rs (250

30)

Rs 220.

called a commission agent. The agent takes commission which is

expressed as a percentage.
(Textbook page 140)

(2) Discount: marked pirce x percentage of discount

:4800

.'.

selling price

: "marked price _ discount : Rs (4800 - 28S) : Rs 4512. ; marKed pnce

.

,oo:

Rs 2gg

0. L. Sharadadevi sold a buffalo through an agent. Its price

was

Rs 631500. She had to pay a commission of 3Vo. How much money did Sharadadevi get for the buffalo?

(3) Percenrage of discounl:

iisgglnt-

169

180 :1g00 x 100:

Solution : Let Sharadadevi paid Rs.r as commission. Commission Rs 3 on price Rs 100. Commission Rs x on price Rs 63,500
discount

10

...

:lTVo

.'.

selling price

_ discount :Rs (1800- 1S0):Rs 1620.

marked price

3 100 ' x 63500 " 3 . ?__x 63500

100

100 x r

x:3
lg05

x 63500

..

x:

(4) Let the marked price be Rs x.

Then ryvo discounr: Rs

She paid Rs 1905 as commission.

;*

#;:

R,

ff

air.ount

Sharadadevi got Rs (63500 - 1905): Rs 61595 Ans. Sharadadevi got Rs 61,595.

146

NA\TI{EET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDAR-D

VIII

Q. 2. Vishwasrao bought a plot of land worth Rs

.
2150,000 through

DISCOUNT AND COMMISSION

estate agent. If the commission was paid at 2.STorhow much did pay the estate agent?

Commission is

2Zo .'. commission on Rs .r:

Rs

xx

Solution : Let Vishwasrao paid Rs .r as commission to the estate Rs 2.5 commission on price Rs 100. Rs.r commission on price Rs 2,50,000

R'('-#):*'(+#):*.#
It is given that
49x
she recieved Rs 17150

After giving commission, Nikita will receive

h:Rs #

. 2.5 :_

100

250000
100

100 x -r :2.5 x 250000

. ,.

&-

2,5 x 250000 He paid Rs 6250 to the estate agent.

fns.

"' 50 Ans. The selling price of two-wheeler : Rs 17,500.

The middleman through whom grain, vegetables, fruits and.other

:17150

17150 x 50 ' r-__ 17500 49 -r

Solution : Commission : Rs (6630 _ 6500) Let the percentage of commisssion be x. Rs 130 commission on Rs 6500
Rs -r commission on Rs 100

Rs 130.

farm produce is sold is also called a commission aggnt. The remuneration he gets is called the commission. It is charged as a percentage.
(Textbook page 142)

Q. 1. A dealer sold tea worth Rs 22,500 for a tea company. rf he got a commission at the rate of l\vo, how much was his actual commission ? solution : 187o commission means Rs lg commission on sale of Rs 100.
Let Rs .r commission on sale of Rs 22,500.

:18 Th"rr. '22500

x

l0

.'.

100 x

x:

18

225O0

.'. x:18

x 22500
100

.'. r:4050

lOIx 303000 x 100 :303000 _ ,c0000 .r': 100 101 - J\ Ans. The original price of the jeep : Rs 3,00,000.

", # : *r rr1 .'. amount including commission : R. (,. : \ #) The amount given is Rs 303000
...
commission
Rs

Ans. Actual commission : Rs 4050.

R*

Q. 2. A dealer sold 24 rolls of cloth each of worth Rs 1350. what commission did he get at the rate of ltVo ? Solution : Total sale : Rs 1350 x 24:Rs 32400.
lovo corwnission means Rs 10 commission on sale of Rs r00. Let Rs x commission on sale of Rs 32400.

Solution : Let the selling price of the two_wheeler be Rs

.r.

: Th"n. '324ffi
.'. x:10
100

loo

lo
x

.'.

100

x.r:

10

x 32400

x 32400

.'. x:3240

Ans. The dealer got Rs 3240 as commission.

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

vru

DISCOUNT AND COMMISSION

a. 3. Use the given information and write the proper figures

blank spaces
:

The amount farmer would get : total sale price - total commission : Rs (8400 -252): Rs 8148.

(3) Total sale price of onion :rate x quintals of onion : Rs 180 x 2l : Rs 3780
Total commission at ZSVo : total sale price x rate of commission

Rs 3780 x

7: 100

)<

Rs 94.50

The amount farmer would get : total sale price - total commission : Rs (3780 94.50) : Rs 3685.50.

(4) Total

Solution : (1) Total sale price of fenugreek :rate x no. of bundles

of wheat rate x quintals of wheat Rs 850 x 30: Rs 2Sr500 Total commission at 1.52o : total sale price x rate of commission

: :

sale price

Rs 25500

:5 ffi x 500: Rs 2000

Total commission at 2Vo : total sale price x rate of commission

* E:
100

Rs 3g2.50

The amount farmer would get : total sale price - total commission : Rs (25500 - 382.50) : Rs 25117.50.

Rs 2000

3: " r00
-

Rs 40

(5) Total

The amount farmer would get : total sale price total commission : Rs (2000 40) - Rs 1960. :

rate x quintals of pomegranate Rs 1450 x 16 : Rs 23,200 Total commission at 4Vo : total sale price x rate of commission

: :

sale price of pomegranate

Q) Total

: :

sale price

of grapes

Rs 23200 x

rate x no. of cartons Rs 70 x l2O:Rs 8400

,05:

Rs 928

Total commi ssion at 3Vo : total sale price x rate of commission

The amount farmer would get : total sale price - total commission : Rs (23200 -g28):Rs 22,272.

Rs 8400

x;l:

100

Rs 2S2

trtr
1. Cylinder
:

VOLUME AND SURf,'ACE AREA

curved surface of the cylinder. The area of curved surface is called the curved upper base and h is the height
:

cylinder has two plane ends. Each plane bnd is circular in shape. Each ofthes" i. u base of the cylinder. The remaining "ui"O surface of a cylinder is curved. This surface ls k rown
surface area.

.'.2512:3.14x12xIZ.5

,'.
curved_ surFace

7"

. ::-

a, the

cm Ans. The radius of the base of the

.'. r:8

_-:64 3.14 x 12.5

cylinder: g cm.

2512

r is the radius of lower base.as well

Q. 4. The height of a cylindrical tank is 40 cm and its aiu*"tu, i, io How many litres of water can it hold? (1000 cu cm: 1 litre)
Solution : Here,
Cylinder

"-.

as the

2. Volume of a cylinder
The volume of a

"f

,h"

h:40

cm; d

";h;;.
nr2h

The volume of a cylindrical tank

:70 cm ... r:!:,0 _"^:35 22

cm

cylinder:

area

of the base x height

:?r35x35x40
:154000 cu cm

nr2h

nr2 x

h:

Now, 1000 cu

cm: I

litre
litres

(Textbook page 146)

Q' 1' A cylinder has a base of radius

.'.
what

154000 cu

I 54000 cm:ffi:154

its volume ? Solution : Here, r:5 cm; h:21cm; The volume (V) of a cylinder : nr2h

5 cnl and height of 21 cm.

Ans. The tank can hold 154 litres of water. Q. 5. The circumference of the base of a cylinder is r32 cm and its height is 25 cm. What is the volume of the cylinder? solntion: Here, the circumference of the base :132 cm; h:25 cm; \r .r. jr Y
Circumference
132 x7 ." r:2"n:2lcm The volume of a cylinder : nr2lt :! x2t x2t x25

V_

22 :7x5x5x2l

Ans.

T: ::1g

or tne

cyrn#3l;[:T
d

": 7 cm; h: l7

: ZrEr . tJz:zx xr .. 1.^ ^ 22 7

Solution : Here,
\/_o

d:

14 cm

-1:#

14cm

The volume (V) of a cylinder

:2618
Ans.

: nr2h 22 :7x /x7x17

cu cm

:34650 cu cm Ans. The volume of the cylinder:34r650 cu cm.

Q. 6. what is the volume of iron required to make a 70 cm long rod of diameter 2.1cm?
Solution : Here, diameter

:2.1

cm;

... r:i:T:1.05

cm;

Q. 3. The volume of a cylinder is 2512 cu cm and its height is 12.5 Find the radius of its base. (Take :3.14) n Solution : Here, volume : 2512 cu cm; h:
The volurne of a cylinder

I2.5 c{ni

nr21

r:

length h:70 cm, V: ? The volume of the iron required: volume of the rod (i.e. cylinder) : nr2h

:?*1.05x1.05x70

Ans. 242s5 cu cm or iron ,.

*ii13'ljff*

the rod.

152

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

VOLUME AI\D SURFACE AREA

'- (n:3.14,

Q. 7. The radius of the base of a cylindrical tank is 0.4 m and its is 0.8 m. How many litres of oil will the tank hold?
1 litfe : 1000 cu cm) Solution : Here, r:0.4m:40 cm, h:0.g m : g0 cm The volume of a cylindrical tank : nr2h

2. A cylinder has a height of L m and the circumference of its base is 176 cm. How many sq cm is its total surface areal Solution : Here, circumference:176 cm; h:1 m : 100 cm; S, : l
176 x7 .'. 176:2nr .'. 176:2 x T x r .'. r: x22 :28 2 The total surface area of a cylinder :2nr (h * r) :2x 22 x28(100+28) _
7

cm

:3.14 x 40 x 40 x
1000 cu

g0

cm:

:401920 cu cm
1

litre

.'.

4olg2ocu cm

-=4or92o :401.92 litres 1000

base of a

Ans. The tank can hold 401.92 litres of oil.

-2x-x28xI28 7
:22528
sq cm

22

Q. 8. The radius of the

cylindrical wooden block is 5 cm and volume is 1100 cu cm. How many discs_of radius 5 cm and height 2 can be cut from this block of wood ? Solution: Here, r:5 cm, V:1100 cu cm The volume of the wooden block : nr2h

Ans. The total surface area of the cylinder :221528 sq cm.

3. A cylinder has a height of 15 cm and the radius of its base is 5 cm.

What is the area of its curved surface? (Take n :3.t4.) Solution : Here, r: 5 cm; h: 15 cm, S" - ? The curved surface area of a cylinder :2nrh

... 1100:?*5x5xh

- 1100x7 .'. h::=---=-_:

zzxJx5
.'.

14 cm

:2x3.I4x5x15:471

sqcm

Now, the radius of the wooden block

height of wooden block the number of disc: height of disc I4

radius of the wooden disc

Ans. The curved surface area of the cylinder:471 sq cm.

Q. 4. The total surface area of a cylinder is 8448 sq cm. If the radius of its base is 28 cm, what is its height ? Solution : Here, S, : 3448 sq cm; r :28 cm; h: ? The total surface area of a cylinder :2nr(h * r)

:;:,
L

Ans. 7 discs can be prepared.

3. The surface area ofa cylinder : (1) The curved surface area of a cylinder :2nrh (2) The total surface area of a cylinder :2nr (h*r)

.'.8448:2x+x28(h+28) .'. 8448 : r76(h + 28)

.'. h+28:,=8448

t76

.'. h+28:48
cm

.'. h:48-28 ), h:20

Q. 1. The radius of a cyrinder
is g cm and height 35 cm.

Ans. The height of the cylinder:2O cm.

of its curved sur{ace? Solution: Here, r:8 cm; h:35 cm,.S,:? The curved surface area of the cylinder :2nrh:2x+ x 8 x 35 :1760 sq cm Ans. The curved surface area of the cylinder :1760 sq cm.

what is the Q. 5. The radius of the base of a cylindrical column of a building is 25 cm and its height is 3.5 m. It costs Rs 15.50 per sq m to paint this column. What will it cost to paint 10 such columns?
Solution : Here, h : 3.5 m; r : 25 cm :2 ^:! 21004

^:

I54

NAYIYEET MATTftMATICS DIGEST : STAITIDARD

VIII

VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA

The curved surface area of the cylindrical column

:2nrh:z

*? r!4" 7 *!
2

:,f,i.i,tl

(rexttook page t5o)

a base radius of 9 cm.

:t
: :

11

to

l0
such

.'. the curved surface area of Expenditure for painting l0

Rs 15.50 x 55
Rs 852.50

1. Find the volume of the cone of height 7 cm and Solution : Here, r:9 cm; h:7 cmtY:'l The volume of a cone :! nr2h

columns:10

x#:55

such columns at Rs 15.50 per sq m

sq

x9 x9 x7 :594
Ans. The volume of the cone - 594 cu cm. =1"?

cu cm

2. If

t}lLe

height of a cone is 18 cm and its volume is 924 cu cm, find the

Ans. The expenditure for painting: Rs g52.50.

Q' 6'

cylinder. Solution ; Here, total surface area : 2464 sq cm, h:r The total surface area ofa cylinder :2nr

The totar surface area of a cyrinde r is 2464sq cm. The height the radius of the cyrinder are equat. Find the radius of the base or

radius of its base. Solution : Here. h : 18 cm; V :924 cu crr; r The volume of a cone :! nr2h .'. 924:!"? x12 x18

.' ?1go:2x+xx(x*x) ...fn:r':*l . 2464x7

. Z"n:xx2x
2x2

(h*r)

: x (Say)

Ans. The radius of the base of the cone :7 cm.

. .. t-2_924x3x7 _ -7x7 - nrn

.'. r:7cm

3. Find the volume of a cone-shaped figure, if its

of 7 cm and its slant height is 25 cm. Solution: Here, r:7 cm:, I:25 cm;Y:? 12+12:h2 ... (Formula) .'. 252:72 +h2 ... (Substituting the values)

base has a radius

.'.
.'.

:56 x 7

. , .. x':

56x7

x:2x7:14

2 :28x7:4x7x7

Ans. The radius of the base of the cylinder: 14 cm.

4. Cone:

curved surface. In the figure, seg OA (ft) is the height, seg AP (r) is radius of the base and seg OP (/) is the slant height of rhe cone. There is a right angle between
the height of the cone.

cone has one circular flat surface and one

,I
I I I I I I I I I

Ans. The volume of the cone-shaped figure:1232 cu cm.

462 cu cm and it height is 9 cm. Find the radius of the base of the cone. Solution: Here, Y:462cu cm; h:9 cm; r:? The volume of a cone :! nrtl,

:576 .'. h*24 cm :! nr2h The volume of a cone : I"? x7 x7 x24:1232 cu cm

.'.
h2

:252 -72 :625 -49

4. The volume of a cone is

the radius and

The volume of a cone

r-

x area of the

base x height

Ans. The radius of the base of the cone :7 cm. Q. 5. The volume of a cone is 9856 cu cm.If the diameter of its base is 28 cm, what is its height and its slant height? Solution : Here, V:9856 cu cm; d:28 cm

I 22 .'.462::X-=-xr'x9 3 7 .'. r2:'7 x7 .'. r:7

462x3x7 .'. 22x9 :rzI

cm

:1l^nrzh.

156

NAVNEET

tUArfrnUlrrCs

DIGEST : STANDARD VIII

VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA

d28 . .. r:r:T:14 .
x3x7

cm;

h:?, r:?
nrzh

:22 x 16:352

sq cm

The volume of a cone 9856

! ...9856:I"?xt4x14xh

Ans. (i) The curved surface arcii:198 sq cm. (ii) The total surface area:352 sq cm. 3. The radius of the base of a cone is 9 cm and its height is 40 cm. What is its curved surface area? What is its total surface area?

71;10;10:h "' h-48 cm Now, /2 : 12 + h2 ... (Formula) : r42 + 482_ ... isuu*il;,
.'. l:196 *2304:2599
50 cm

(n:3.74)
the values)

Solution : Here, r :9 cmi h: 40 cm; S" : ? S, : 12:r2 +h2 ... (Formula)

Ans. The height

:4g

cm,. the slant height -c

:50

:92 +402
cm.

... (Substituting the values)

(41)2

f:j1.""::T,:_g'i:.il; "i,."* il;;;""a i,, o",rn;; i; " Find the volume of the cone. :l.lqj
Solution : Here,

." t-

g1

1600: 1691:

4't cm

r:

(zc

5 cm;

h:

The curved surface area of a The total surface

12 cm

The volume of a cone

Ans. The volume

nrr6: jx:.r+ x 5 x 5 x 12:314 cu of the cone :314 cu cm.

surface area of

:!

cone:nrl :3.14 x 9 x 41.: 1158.66 sq cm : nr (l I r) :3.14 x 9 (41 + 9) area of a cone :3.14 x 9 x 50 :'141,3 sq cm

5. Surface area of a cone : .--------tr'ormulae : (1) The curved

Ans. The curved surface area:115E.66 sq cm; the total surface ara: 14tr3 sq cm. Q. 4. The height of a cone-shaped tent is 10 m and the radius of its base is 24 m. (i) What is its slant height? (ii) How much canvas is required to make this tent? (n:3.I4) Solution : Here, h: I0 trri r:24 m, I --,? ... (Formula) Q) 12 : 12 + h2

gl IP 11{ :gTg tu

: 191_g.t.1 !on"
u."ut---'

a cone: TErl
nr (t

* r)

of a,cone is I cm. What is its curved surfacet0 cm and the radius of the ba 7 ^la::,,:lr.n:i*nr

cflli l": Z ".; i" The curved surface area of a cone: nrl"
10

Solution : Here,

/:

:t
(ii)

:242 +102 ... (Substituting :576 * 100:676: (26)2

the values)

.'. l:26

Ans.

]!lcurveo

surrace area or

*:-";':;3;1'.'n "'
:

The canvas required for the conical tent

: the ctirved surface area of the tent : nrl:3.I4 x 24 x 26: 1959.36 sq m

Ans. (i) The slant height :26 m; (ii) The canvas required: 1959.36 sq m.

Sllution : Here, I :9

(i)

cm; r The curved surface area

:7

cm; S"

?; S,

of the cone: nrl

a cone

rea

of

:; 22 x 7(9 +7)

= ,lri*\'x

9:

198 sq cm

Q. 5. How much metal sheet will be required to make a cone (hollow) of height 4 m and base radius 3 m? (z:3.I4) Solution: Here, h:4m; r:3 m 12:12 +h2 ... (Formula) :32 + 42 ... (Substituting the values)

158

NAYNEET MATIIEMATTCS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

VOLT]ME AND ST]RFACE,AREA

16

_1i:: 1l:1 :1-_"_r Q. 6. The slant height of an ice-cream cone is 12 cmand its surface area is 113.04 sq cm. What is the radius of the base
ice-cream cone ? (n : 3.14) solution :,Here, 12 cm, curved surface

The curved surface area of the metallic cone : TErl:3.14 x3 x 5 :47.1 sq m metal sheet wiu be required.

:25 = (5)2 ... /:5

(Textbobk page 154)

1. The radius of a sphere is 30 cm. What is the volume of thesPh.ere Solution: Here, r:30 cm, V:? The volume of a sphere :!nf

.1x
:
1

3.,14x30 x 30 x 30

r:

The curved surface area of a. corro: ftrl

area:

rr3.04 sq cm

13040 cu cm

Ans. The volume of the sphere: 1,13,040 cu cm.

.'. 113.04:3.l4xrx12
113.04

3.14 x tZ -icm Ans. The radius of the base,:3 cm.

. ..;-:

2. The volume of a sphere is 360fi)z cu cm. What is its radius?

Solution : Here, V

360002,

r:

The volume of a sphere

:!

nr3

Q' 7'

The height of a cone-shaped paper hat is 24 cm and the radi the base is 7 cm. How m""n pap"r will be r--r-i- -' ""nrr".*" n""n"* ,0. hats?

... 36oooz :!nf

..

. .J"
I

36000 x 4

-?.7000
cm

Solution : Here,
.

h:24

cm;

!'. 12:rz+h2 ... (Formula) . :J2 qc4z (Substituting the values) :49 * 576 :625 :252 .'. l-25 cm
The curved surface area of &

r:7 ci

...

r: Jtrw:30

Ans. The radius of the sphere:30 cm.

cone:lttl

:;

22

x7 xzs

Q. 3. 27 spheres (metallic) of radius 'F' arre melted and a new sphere is formed. What is the radius of this new sphere? Solution : The volume of a sphere with radius 7:f, nf

rhe paper required for preparin, llo"l .'. the paper required for preparing l0 hats :550 x l0:5500 Ans. 5500 sq cm of paper will be required.

,il::

.'.
sq

the total volume of 27 sphere

s:27 ,! nrt
.J

...

(1)

"-

This is the volume of the new sphere.

6. Sphere:
Fon4ula : The volume of a sphere

:!

Let the radius of the new sphere be R Then, the volume of the new sphere :! From (1) and(2),

nR3

...

(2)

nr3

AA

nRt

:27 x

,nr3
... [Cancelli;^r1"from both the sides]

.'. Rt :2713
.'.
R

:3r
:3r.

Ans. The radius of the ngw sphere

160

NAYIIEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VIII

VOLUME AI\D STJRFACE AREA

7. Surface area ofa sphere : ---

Formula: The

surface area of a sphere

:4nr2.

^ ' 12 :

616

x7 4 x22

.'

.r2

:49 .'. r:7

=7
cm.

cm

Ans. The radius of the sphere

Q' 1' Find

(l) r : I sm (4) r:2.8 cm

the surf'ace area of spheres of the foltowing radii

Solution :

(2) r :10.5 cm (3) r: l0 cm fl (5) r:9.g m (6) r: {2 n1.

Q. 3. If the surface area of a sphere is 314 sq cm' find its Yolume.

(Take

Zl+l
Solution : Here, the surface are'?: 314 sq cm.
The surface area of a sphere

z:3.14)

(1) Here,

r:7

cm

:4nr2
' rZ:-:)5

(2) tlere, r: 10.5 cm The surface area of a sphere :4nr2

Ans. rhe surrace

. 314:4 x 3.l4 x r' .'. r:5 cm

.'

3t4 4 x 3.14

Now, the volume of a sphere

:!"f

*""

(3) Here,
cm

10 cm The surface area

r:

"r,n"lolJ,j:il:;; :H
:4nrz:4

: 1386 sq

:!333.r+x 5 x 5 " 5 : 15lo cu cm x

Ans. The volume of the sphere

ofa

sphere

x 3.14 x 10 x 10: I

cu cm.

(4) Here,

r:2.8

cm

Q. 4. The diameter of an inflated balloon (spherical) is 18 cm. How many cubic centirnetres of air does it contain? What is the surface

The surface area of a sphere 4nr2 4 x +x 2.g x 2.g Ans. The surface area of the sphere: gi.SO sq

area of the balloon? (Take z

9g.56 sq

:3.I4)

cm.

Solution : Here,

d:

18 cm

(5) Here,

r:

9.8 m

7:-:--9 '22

d18

Cm

The surface area of a sphere

:4ftr2

" Ans. The surface area of the sphere

(6) Here,

?x : 1207.36 sq m.
9.g x 9.g

The volume of air in the balloon: the volume of the sphere

1207.36 sq

-anrThe surface aiea of the balloon

4a

:!x3.Iax9x9x9
:3052.08 cu cm
the surface area of the sphere

r:42 m The surface area of a sphere

:4ftr2

:
:

:4nr2
4 x.3.14 x 9 x 9 : 1017.36 sq cm Ans. The volume of air in the balloon:3052.08 cu cm;
the surface area of the balloon :1017.36 sq cm.

.'.616:4x?xr,
6/I.,lavneet Mathematics Digest : Std.

VIII lE059fl

,E
I5m3
2bs

DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS

+5m:3m2

Q. Comptete the fo'or+i.r* .*r"_"oo

oriil*

,oil'btanks

28xa+(-7xz):-&2 - 8yt * (-yt) :8J'

Q. 2. Divide:

+b2:2b3

...

'.'

'.'

2b5 : 28xa

15,m3

:5m x 3m2l
b2 x 2b3l

=7x2

--,- -

9-v--'.:

:rl $r1

1-

4xz)l

(l)

Ana

(4)

+n2 e) 36x5 +4x3 (S)

-n2:4n2

5?nt3

Ans.

+l3m 4M2 -(-104)

(3) 20c2:l5c (6) (-33ya)+(-11y).

(l)

4na

.',43:5x8*3
2yx5y-10y,
m2

(3) 20c2 + L5c:!c (5) 40a2 -:(-10c) -

-h

(2) 52m3 -l3m:4rnz (4) 36x5 - 4x3 :9x2 (6) (-33yo)+(-11y):3J3.

.:

x9tn2:9m4

.2. Division of polynomials :

Q. 3. Write five different pairs of dividends and divisors such that the quotient in each case is 2r. Solution : The degree ofthe quotient 2; is 1. .'. the degree of the dividend must be 2 or more than 2 whole number.
Also, the degree of the divisor must be less than that of the dividend by Five different pairs of dividend and divisor :

l.

Ex. 35rs -:7.r2

To divide, we must consider 35-rs : 7x2

35:7 x5and x5:x2xx3 .". 35.ts :7x2 x Sx3 '.

wtichpolynomial

35-15

+7x2:5x3

4. Dividing a binomial by a monomial

Ex. 1.

(27ms

-9mt)-3mz .'. quotient 923 Subtract the product 3m2 x9m3 :27ms from the dividend. Divide the remainder -9m3 by 3m2
-9m3 :3m2 x (-3m)
Subtract the product 3m2

9m3

z*tlfi*t -gr;
(1) 21b +7 -3b (2) Z6Oz' , 6p:6p (3) 5a3+a3-S

-3m

Explanation : Divide 27ms by 3m2. 27m5 :3m2 x 9m3

,
-l0n

(4) -30n2 -3n:

5a3:s3y51 t... -30n2:3nx(-l0z)l

I

t" '.'

.''

x 3bl 36p2 :6p x 6pl

2lb:7

27m5

-9m3 -9m3 +,
0

(-3m):

from the dividend.

Remainder 0.

-gm3

164

NAVNEET MATIfiMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

vrn

DTVISION OF'POLYNOMIALS

(4)

2y

*5

(s)

y2)2y3 +5y2
2yu

4a-6 2a ,$at _tn,

8a3

(6) su'z+|u
2b2)t8b4 tgb4

+ r3b3

0 *5y2

0 *.r

0 -12a2

_5yt
0

- I2a2 + 0

o + 13b3 _ l3b3
0

0. 1. Fitl in the blanks in

Ans.

Quotient :2y the division

-7b3 +3b5 +303 shown

+5 Remainder:0

Quotient:4a-6
Remainder:0

Quotient:90'
Rernainder =.0
3m2

+Tt

br:i

3bs:3b3 xb2

(7')

3m3

-2m

(S)
r6m2

-2

3rlros -76t
3bs

0 -7b3

.'. 3b5:3b3:h2 -7b3 :ZO3 x 1-!1 -7b3 :3b3 : _ z 3

Bm)24m4 24ma

wtlz+rrf
24ma

-to*t

O -16m2

-:Quotient

=7b3 +

-16m2 +
0
.

-1,6m2 - !6m2

-l; Remainder:0 ... 3bs _76s : (3b3) x (b2 _ll + fOi.

b2

Quotient:3m3 -2m Remainder:0

Quotient:3m2 Remainder:0

-2

Q' 2' Divide the binomiat by the monomiar. write the quotient and remainder
:

Q. 3. Divide:

(l)

n2

*3;

(4) 2y3 + (7) 24ma

Ans.

Syt;

t'

-16m2;

gn
(2)

p (5) 8d3 -1h3; taz (g) 24ma _16m2; gmz.

(2)

p'-6;

(l)

(3) 3r,

(6) l8,b4

- tSr; +t

-8p)+4p (2) (9c2 -2lc)-:3c (3) (7x3 *28x)+7x (5) (t2b4 - 7b2\ -" 3b2 (6) (3dt + a3) -+ a3 @) 04 - 5y') * y', 0) $W1 +15p5)+3p4 (8) (8126 *20m4)-.8m3.
(12p3

(1)

n)n2

+3

lF=
p?

_n2

(3) x-5 Z*)-U' ^) 5X0

15,

0 +3
Quotient: z Remainder:3

0 -6 Quotient:p
Remainder

- -6

- 15.r - 15x +
0

(1) 3p'-2 qpltzpt -sp ]zP' o -8p

-8p +
0

.- Ans.

(2) 3c -7
3c)9c2

(3)

-zrc

+4 7x)7x3 +28x
x2
7x3
7*

2"'
0

-2lc -2lc +
0

0 *28x
28x
0

Quotient:.r - 5 Remainder: 0

Quotient:3p2 Remainder:0

-2

Quotient:k

-7

Remainder:0

=xz +4 Remainder:0
Quotient

NAVNEET MATIffiMA"ICSDIGEST : STANDARD VUI

DrVISION OF P'OLYNOMIALS

(4)

y2

v'zlf -iuz
- 5v'
0

-5

(5) 4b'-4
3b2)72b4

_12b4

-762

i
i i-

ro

3a'+ t ^i-..a')3a'+a3
Ja-

llv'
y2) ttya

0 _7b2 -r 7b2 Quotient

Quotient:y2 -S Remainder:0

(7)

3 r -z :: \<uurrt IlL : JJ_ Quotient:3a2+ - :. Remainder: d

i

:4h2

jo

i ia3 i-

o +a3

rryo

4y

(6) a2 -2 no'lnFTzsa'
13aa

-4v

Quotient

: tly2i
.'.
13aa

Remainder:0

6p, + 5p

Remainder: -4y .'. IIy4 - 4y :y2 (ltyz\ + (- 4y)

-26a2 :26a2 +
0

Quotient * az -2i Remainder:0

3pofitp,

'rfi;
_
8m6

(7)
0
-20ma -r -20m4

-26a? -13p?(a2 -2) +0

I5y2

+10

(8) 3m)27m5 -16m2

27ms

-L8p'

+15p5
0

- llpt

yu) r5y8 15yt

* 1oy6
+
10y6

Remainder:0

Quotient:nt

.0

0 *t6m2

-lm
Quotient

: *
.'.
15yt

loyu
0

: +

l6m2
0

I5y2'1!O,;
10y6

Quotient :9ma
Remainder = 0

Remainder=0

-**,

i.

y6(l$y2 + lo) + o

27rns -I6m2 :3m(9ma -* m)+0

5. Dividing.a poly-nomi?l by a mqnqmiel :

(1) 8n* 10 n'zltFl1fr

8n3

m-I mt@ -,nt

'(Te*book

piiBe 161)

+lon2 *10n2
0

!'

0 -m2
-r -m2

Q. 1. Divide. Write the quotient and remainder : (l) (m3 +m2 +m)+m (2) (2n2 -l2n *8\ +?m (3) (10 -25a+5a21+5a (4) (13 -8b2 +l?.b3) +4b (6) (zxa -21x2 + 6) +7x2. 6\ @4 -2p +9)*p'

(1)

Ans.
m2
m3

ml#lvrza*
0
+m2+m
m2

+m+I

@ n-6 2"fr *tz"az

2n2

-l2n*8 : lLn +
0+8

O +m
_m
0

Quotient:n -6 Remainder:8

Quotient:m2 +m Remainder:0

+l

t68

NAVNEET MATTIEMAiUCS DIGEST,: STANDARD

vm

DWISION O[' POLYNOMIALS

(3)

s"W:rso+i
Ja'

a-5

(4)

3b2

4b) t2b3 t2b3

-2b -Bb,+

6. Dividing a polynmial by a binomial

t3

Study the following example : Divide x2 + 7x + 12 + x + 4

0 -25a+lO -25a +
+

0 -Bb2 +13

0+10
Quotient=a -F Remainder:10

(5)

Remainder: 13

0+ t, Quotient :3b2 -?ft

x2

--1-

;8b'

Solution: x * 3 x+4)x2 *7x*12 x2 +4x

Explanation: Divide x2 in the dividend by x in the divisor. We get x. (-r + 4) x x: x2 + 4x. Subtract this
product from the dividend.

3x*12 3x*12

Now, the dividend 3x-f12 is to be divided by x * 4. Hence, divide 3x by x. We get 3.

(x + 4)

p2
A p'

p'zV:6+s
o -zP +g
Quotient:p2 Remainder:

tol

7x2)7xa

-- -3
7xa

=3x + 12. Subtract this product

from the dividend. The remainder is 0.

Quotient :.r

-21x2 +6

+ 3; Remainder = 0

Dividend: divisor x quotient

Ans. x2 *7x

0 -21x2 +6
=21x2 +

t2

remainder.

(x + 4)(x+ 3) + 0.
(Textbook pages 163 & 16zt)

-?,e+g

i;
Quotient:x2 -3 Remainder:6

Q. 1. Divide the polynomial by the binomial. Write your

form : Dividend = divisor x quotient (l\ x2 -7x *12; x -3 (3) 54 - 12 +k2 - 5a3 + 6aa; a2 -l (5) t2mz -fl, -17;3m -t2 (7) x3 -6x2 +llx -6; x -3
Ans.

answer in the

* remainder
2y3 +6y2 +l2y *8; y +l (4) bo -W2; b2 + 1 (6).4n-4n2 +n5 -na; n3 -4 (8) a3 *8; a +2.

Q)

(l)

6y,

2v-6
3y)6y,

-l$y +7;3y

Q)

(xa

-t}y +l

x2l7;+7
)c4

x2-x+l

x3

x2);

xt

(1)

_6y' 0 - 18y*7

*-317:48 )^ x--5x -+
-4x *
12

x-4

(2)

?+2

++y +g

y+1)2y3+6y2+lzy*8

_zv'Jzf

4y2

- - 18v +

.'. 6y' - tgy+7==3y(2y_6)+z

t+?

_x3 + o +x2 ,

-*'+*t
xz

+ l2y

J.:

-4x*12
0

_4y2

:l.r'iX"-4)+o
2yt + 6y'

-7x + 12

+ 4y 0* 8y*8 _8yt8
0

* l2y *8 :(y+DQy'*4y*S)+O

170

NAVIYEET MATITEMAflCS DIGEST : STA,NDARD

vm

DIVISION

OF.

POLYIIOMIALS

(3) 5a-12+3a2

First arrange the dividend in the

desce,nding order

-5at
3a2

q6o+

(4)

- t3 u2 + rlo+ @ls
b2

:6a4

o'-l)6"o-W
6aa

6a2

5a3

*.5a _ 12

-but --Ir

b2

-5a+9
-6a2 + +9az a56-12 -5a3
9a2 9a2

_ t3b2 +0 _ r3b2 _ t3

Q. 2. Divide the potynomial xa-5r3 + 5x2 +5x -6 by each of the following binomials. Write the quotient and the remainder : (1) .r+t (2) x-l (3) x-2 (4) x+3 (s) x*3.
Ans.

--"
b4

: (b2 + D@2 -t3) + rs

l2b2

r+rffi
_xa

(1)

x3

-6x2
x3

+IIx-6

+ -

i rzt x3 -4x2 +x+6 i x-1)xa -5x3 + 5x2 +5x-6

-4x3 +5x2 -4x3 +4x2 x2+5x x2- x + 6x--5

-9 -f' .'. 6aa - 5a3 + 3a2 + 5a 12 -3 :(a2-D(az-sa+9)+(-s)

(s)

-12

6x3,+

5x2

$,
t------

-6x3 ++ -6x2
lrx2

+
*

+5x

_IIx2
First arrange the dividend in
descending order
l

l1x
i
I i

3m+2)12*z

l2m2 +8m

-l-17
gtu_17
6
11

i rol

:n5 -n4 -4nz +4n n2 -n

Quotient :.tr3
._ n4

-6x-6 rri
r________-l_

-6x-6

6x-6
+

0i
6x2

-9m++
_

+ llx

- 6;

Quotient:x3-4x2+x+6;
Remainder:0.

.'. l2m2-m-17 :(3rn+2)(4m-3)+(_ff;

.'.
n5

- ll' +

t4n
*4n

(3)

-na -4n2 +4n

-3xz -x-3 x-2)xa -5x3 +5x2 +5x-6 x4 *zx3

x3

x+3)xa -5x3 + _ xa +3x3

5x2

+5x-6

-L-

-3x3 + 5x2 -3x3 + 6x2

++
3x-6 3x-6
+

-8x3 +5x2 -8x3 -24x2

29x2 29x2

-x2 +5x '-x2 +2x +

+ 5x

+87x'

-82x:6
-82x -246

++

Quotient:x3 -3x2 Remainder:0.

-x +3;

240

i Quotient :x3 -8l2 +29x -E2;

172

NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST: STANDARD

yIU

(s)

*-:ffi
I

x3-2x2-x+2

Factors of Polynomials
1. Revision
: :

(Textbook

pa.ges 165

to 169)

Q. 1. Factorise

*2x3 + 5x' zx3 + 6x2

-x2 +5x -x2 +3x

Ans.

3m2 t 6mn (2) 7a + t4b - 2tc (3) 4x3 +?.xz +?"x +l (4) x2 IZx * 5r + 35 , (5) x2 -9x + Llx -99 (6) x' *t3x- tlx-143 (7) x' -7x 8x + 56 (g) &2 -gb2 (D 4x2 *1.2xy +9t2. 3m2

(l)

+-

(l)
Q)

-+
Quotient:.tr3 Remainder:0.
2x2

2J_6 2r _6
0

t6mn :3m(m*2n)
+2x2 +b + | :2x2(?se+ 1)+ l(Zx+l)

(2) 7a * l4b.-2lc (4) x' *7x

:7(a*2b-3ic)

4x3

-x *2;

:(b+l)(2rc2 +D 6) x' -9x * lIx-99

* 5.r * 35 :x(x*7)+5(x+7) : (x * 7)(-r + 5)

:(x-9Xx+ll) ------- --- --.i--(7') xt -7x -8.r * 56 i 1ty 4a2 -9b2 x(x-7)-8(.r-7) i :(Za)2-(3b)2 :(r-7X.r-8) i :ea+3b)(Za-3b)
-

:x(x-9)+11(r-9)

(6) x2 -f l3x

:x(x* 13) - 1l(x+ 13) : (x * 13Xx - 11)

Il.x

143

(9)

4x2

+ lzxy +9y2

The first term 4x2:(2x)2; the third termgy2:(3y)2; The middle term ILxy x (2x) x (3y)

.'.

4x2

+ I2xy t9y2 :(2x+3y)(2x +3y)

-2

Study the following examples : (1) Factorise z x' + 5x * 6. Here, first term x third term Factors of 6x2:

N2

x 6 = 6x2

(I)

6x,

(2)

(-

6x), (

The third pur 2x and 3x gives the sum 5.r, which is the middle term. Write 5r, the middle term of the given polynomial as (2x + 3x). x2

-x)

(3) Zx,3x (4) ( - 2x), (-3x)

+5x+6 :x2 +2x*3x*6 :x(x]-2)+3(x+2)

I
NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : SfANDARD

VIII

:(r+

FACTOR,S OF POLYNOMIALS

2)(x+3)

Ans. Thefactors of

x2_+5x*6:(x+ 2)(x+3).

(5) p2

:p2

: p(p _ 2t) + 2O(p _ 2I) : (p - 2l)(p + 20)

(2) Factorise Solution :
l2x2 (7')

-p-420 - 2tp*20p-420
144
18)

(6) x2 *25x

:x2 +I6x+9x+I44

r44

:x(x* 16)+9(x+ 16) : (r * 16)(x +9)

*27x*72 :x2l24x+3x*72

x'

lhr2 *7x _10

Here, first term x third term

Ans. (4r +5X3x _2)

+7x_ I0 :12x2+l5x_gr_10 :3x(4x+5)-2(4x+5) : (4x * 5)(3x 2) -

i (ii) ( t5"r) * ( _ 8x) ._+ 7y i Of these, the sum in (ii) 7-ris the middle
i P*, of the given
Q. 1. Find the factors
polynomial.

:l2x2x(-10):- 120x2 Now, - 120x2 :(i) ( l5-r) x (g.r) (iiX l5"r) x ( 8x) are the rwo pairs In (i) ( - t5.r) + (8"r) _+ _7x

: x(x - 18) + 8(r :(r-lBXx+8) (9) ,t -36xl-203 : :

x(x (x

:xz -I8x*8x*I44

- Ilx -

(8) xt

: :
(10) y2

x(x

(r

* 24) + 3(x + 24) * 24)(x +3)

:x2 -29x-7x*203

- 29) - 7(x - Zg)(x -l)

29)

-6y-72 :y2-I2y+6y-72 :y(y - 12) +60 - 12)

: (,' - l2)0 + 6)
(12\ x2 -36x-t324

(ll) p'+27p-90
:p2 +30p-3p-90 :p(p+30)-3(p+30) :(p+30Xp-3)
(13)

:x2 -!8x-l8x*324 : x(x - 18) - 18(-r - 18) : (r - 18Xr - 18)

(l) x2+?-x-6g
(4) k2 -?k

(13)

6) p2 _p a; ;, *"lu i"rno Q) x2-lDx-144 (g) x2*27x+72 (9) x2_36x+203 (10) y2-6y-72 (tr) p2+27p_g0 (12) x2_36x+J24
yt + 6J -

-120
135

e) ytl-Ty_u

_420
_

e)

x2r3x--40

y'+6y-135 :y2 +t5y*9y-135 :y(y+15)-9(y+15) :(y+15Xy-9) :x2+x*35.r*35

(14) s2 -2s -399

: si -2!s * 19s -* 399 : s(r 2t) + 19(s -27) : (s - 21Xs + 19)

(15) x2 +36x+35

(14) s2 _

?,s

Ans.

g99 0$

x2+

3ft + 35.

: (r * 1)(r + 35)
Q. 2. Find the factors
:

r,(x

1)

+ 35(x +

1)

(l)

x2

--------_-_':--_'_-:-1::._-:!-- i i :rurrr\,-. t' -0+flp_a) t-t^^ (3) x2 *3x-40 L -trx-+u i )^^ ,irt ),

:(.r+9)(x-7)
5x

:x(x+gt-t(;g) i
-

:*r-.*r)-?x-63

+2x -63

(4 i

Y'il'-*

=:i#;Hr,

(2) 4p'-9p - 9 (3) 6x2 -25ry -gyt G) 11x2 -l&x +7 (4) 5x2 +2lxy -20ry' (5) 3p'-l4p r15 (6) 6n2 -m -12 (7) 7x2 - Sxy -18y2 (8) 9r2 * 5ry - l4y2 O) +n2 +lgmn +l2n2 (10) 7p2 *l$pq-9q2 (11) 3r2 * 3r - 1260 (12) 5y2 -30y - 360 (13)
3x2

:q-+:ll9-12 j

4o :x(x*8)-s(.r+B) j
- x2.* Bx -

!@)kr_zk_nA ! : ot _ tri-* ,oo _ ,ro

*3ry-1.26$y2

(14)

5y222

5yz

Ans.

360.

:GD+rck_12) :!!_!2)c+;;

(l)

llx2 - lsxlr*7--: IIx2 - IIx -7x

:IIx(x-1)-7(x-I)

*7

i
i

e) +p'-9p -9
:4p2

:qr1l\!b-7) .i

:4p(p*3)+3(p-3)

r2p +3p

-9

=o--3)(YI?)

176

NAVIYEET MATTIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VII

(3)

FACTORS OF POTYNOMIALS

6x2

:3xQ,x-9D+y1U*gr,

-25xy -9rz :6x2 -27xy *2ry _gnz

(4)

5x2

+2txy-20yt
25ry

:5x2 +

:5"r(-r+5y)* 4y(x+5y)

- 4w -

2ov2

(Textbook page 168)

0.

Use the formula to find the factors :

(l\ (5)3p2-t4p+ts _a_2 :!{-9p-5p+15 _r :3p(p-3)-s(p-3) :rn_a\/!- !\ i i 6) 6m2-m_12 _^*z n tv"'-L' i _ 6m2 _9m *gm_ t,l i ^ :-------i 3*em-3)+aem_3)t !
-

27rn3

*t2Sn3

(2)

p, +64qt (3) y,3 +216

(q

tu3 +250b3

"1 (5) 343 +512k3 (6) a3 +s43.

Ans.

(l)

27m3

125n3

:13m)3 + (5n)3

(3m

:g*?+r+ry_exy_14y2 -Jgi i :x(9x+t4y)-y(9x+t i : ex +t4y)(x _vl t'!-:*- -,t! =\!: -2!)y! 1?l (e) 4m2 * renn+ p; i;;;: :-;': .':(10) 7p2 r t$pq

* Qm *
(2) pt -t 64q'

+ 5n) {(3m)2 -3m x 5n + (5n)2}

+25n2)

5n)(9a2

-limn

:f*+2

: :
(3)
y3

(p)3 (p

@q)3

(p + 4pq

ad {@), - p x 4q + @q)z}

+ 4q)(pt + (6)3

+ t6q2)

:1m'.+ 76mn+?yn+ !2.n1 :4m(m*4n)+3n(m*4n) !

:AtZZZ_?pq *eq. :iln_.t-?,^t a^t_,, 3q) :7P (P + 3q) 3q (p n. + -

-9q2

+216
(y)3

: :
(4)

(y + 6)

{rflt - y x 6 + (6)2}

(y + 6)(y2

6y + 36)

(ll)

3x2

*3x-1260 :3(x2 +x-420)

12) 5y2*30y_3OO

2a3 +250b3

:3lx(x+2t)-20(x*21)l
_.__.___..____:_._r..:___._.__.__:_

(13) 3x2+3ry*

tz60y2 ieq syr4_ir.-_ruo :3(x2*ry-420y2) i :5(yrzr'lrr_1, :3 (t

1__6.1

.j

:5Lv()

_12)+ee nn
l?lQ (5)

- 2(a + 1.25b, : 2[(a)3 + (5b)3] : Zl(a + 5b) {(a)2 - a x 5b + (sD'z}l : 2(a I sb)(a2 - lnb + 25b2)
343 +512k3

:19 :

:
_

(7)3

+ (8ft)3 : (7 + 8k){Q)2 *7 x 8k+ (8fr)r}

+ 2J*y.,* 2gry

:3(r+2ty)(x_2oy) j
Iglrfr:: s.: ! ?'
=

:3[x(x +21y) -20y(x +zty)]i

* a20y1i : s (yj!_%*

:(7 +W)(49-56r-+64k2)

:_r;;:-".,,::1":

72) SLyz2z_9) + B(vz_g)l

8yz

a'+fi
:(o)'.(+)' :(o**){rr
-@) x

*.(*)'\

!: r

,)lr:.

__r!:rp

:('* *)("-i.#)

NAVNEET MATIIEMATTCS DTGEST : $TAITIDARD VIII

FACTORS OF POI,YNOMXALS

(7)

729b3

:
Q.
Use the

-64
-,(4),

(9b)3 (9b

4){(9D2 4r(tlh2 + 3tr + t6)

(9b

*9b x a x @)?\

.r3-Ey3 Q) 125m3 *27m3 Q) (5) 216-27q, (6) sl2s3 _343y3

(1)

formula to find the factors

64a3

_t

@)

e)

lZgn, _CA

@ sf
Ans.

-4. y"

: q 1{-: s.Lq:1? *r2 + sr + sr + 2s)

- ZIQ

:
------

(8.r)3
-- - -

* (7y)3: (8x:r
7y)(Gx2 + 56ry

7y){(sxl2

-_(E" -- -

-:

--

* 8* x 7y + (7y)2}

4gyt)

MISCELLANEOUS E)(ERCISE - 2

Q. 1. Do

as directed :

'-

(1) Cube

a. root of 729 (Write in

The measure of the major arc

360"

Ans.

symbols) (2) 25 + x (Wiire the degree of the

tu,,

minor arc :360 - lO5:255" Ans. The measure of the minor afc:105o; the measure of the major arc :2550.

the measure of the corresponding

polynomial.)

{-5n: -,
m
1

Q. 4. A chord AB of length 10 cm is drawn in a circle of radius 5 cm. Write the measures of the arcs formed

(4) (B)3

(Evatuate.)

C*rrr"inrvoro*.1 - ---- - __1_

-512is -8
1 -:m -1 m

\J)

-;* 4 (Write giving

nol)
_

rea_

sons, whether this is polynomial

or

- I is not a positive integer. I m--*4isnotapol

Solution : Radius of the circle:5 cm .'. diameter of the circle :2r:2 x 5 cm: 10 cm The chord AB is of length 10 cm. .'. chord AB is the diameter of the circle. The diameter of a circle divides it into two semicircles. The measure of a semicircle is 180o. Ans. The measure of each arc formed is 180".

-7
Q.z.
(1) (1s)3 x
Ans.
Gp9v

Q. 5. One pair of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are congruent. Write the measures of these angles.
Solution : The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplernentary. Let the measure of each angle in the pair of opposite angles be x".

(2)

yt yyi

2I

23

tst (r;;+

144 (4) v2 s ;ai

Then, -r *.r 180 .' 2x: .'. Jo 90o. Ans. The measure of each angle of the pair of opposite angles is 90o.

I80

-1

?)

.-. 3

?ll f':"s-rr"s:"t -*i_*, _*

--m5:*i-i:*T
:t 14 4 l4_4
10

$J

Itt;:

11 1si*i: rsur -.._.----t-'--:---

Q. 6. n ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. Answer the

following questions A (1) Name the arc intercepted by LD. (2) If mLB:65o, what is the measure of mLD? (3) lf mLA:125", what is the measure of LC? (4) Which angle is inscribed in arc BCD? Ans. (1) Arc ABC is interceptedby LD. (2) Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
2

raf:

(4) ms

t? -:m-

- -.s a't' urcarure or lts corresponding minor arc and the mea sures of the major are corresponding to this minor arc. solution : The measure of the minor arc : the measure of the central angre

l05o

.'. mLB*mLD:'180o .'. 65 + mLD:180 .'. mLD:180-65 .'. mLD:115o (3) As per (2), mLA + mLC:180" .'. 125 * mLC: 180 .'. mLC: 180 - 125
.". mLC:55o.

.!1]l_9-ili1-:9*.:qi11:P9P:--....-.--..-----:.

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VIII

Q' 7'

ABCD is rhombus. rts one side is 5 cm and one diagonat r cm" Construct n ABCD urd m"ur,r"u ength of another diagonal. -.- Ans. ruornu* anco is
as per given measurements.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE - 2

il;;; drawn

;:::::":""1

:40000

27 x x 27 -:64 25 25

x27 x 27 :Rs 46656

Rs (46656- 40000)

[AB

:5

cm,

diagonal BC: g cm.l The length of the other

rt
diagonal
B

Compound interest Simple interest

- P:

Rs 6656.

PxRxN 40000x8x2 : I- _: 100 100

Rs 6400

AC is 6 cm.

The difference in the interest: Rs (6656 - 6400) : Rs 256 Ans. The difference in the interest earned: Rs 256.

Q. 11. Given below is some data about the boys and girls of a certain
school who passed the S.S.C. exams
:

2002 2003 2004 2045

l;ff"11j,:::f:i:::t:la1r!lgsram "-. rre C;;;;;r#ffiffi""##:

ansleoincluded by"these siJes is 6s..

are 5.5 cm and o.s

65Vo

7OVo

80Vo

85Vo 80Vo

Ans.

',,:ffi,,1rDi#rSit it

64Vo

65Vo

787o

Draw a joint bar graph showing the above data. (Scale on Y-axis, I cm: l0vo.)
t1
+1'

Q' 9'-write aw three polynomiars of the 3rd order

111_

each of which has

l1l

'*: :

r*

? g !:,

?!::

ru. Q. ro. Ganesh denosifpd Rs ztA nnn :-deposited pc 40,000 in a bank at g p.c.p.a. compound interest for 2 years. what would b" d;ff";;rr.e in

:!l: 1ll j{ I .io,

N:2
years

_n

il,|;J,"Tl,f

,1"Jffi:""r_",", r*in"

,L"

the interest earned, pu"ioa but ror simpre

Solution : Here,

p:

Rs 40,000;

e:p(t*I\" \ lool :4oooo( t+a)' \ 100/

:4oooo

R:

g p.c.p.a.;

" (r * *)'

:4oooo x

(#)

NA\T{EET MATTIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VIII

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE-

185

a. 12.

e:e(r.*)
:2500

Rs 2500, R:8 p.c.p.a.r N:2 years. Find the com interest and amount. Solution : Here, P: Rs 2500; R g p.c.p.a.; :2 N years. =
P

If the shopkeeper Q. 15. The printed price of a camera is Rs'1400' for Rs 131.6, what was the discount per cent ?
1400' Solution : The printed price of the camera: Rs Its selling Price: Rs 1316'

sold

it

pi."oun1-: printed price - selling price

percentage of

Rs (1400

1316)

Rs 84

(t .

Amount: Rs 2916

*)'

:2500

" (#)':

2500

*##r:
2916.

Rs 2e16

discount discount:ffi t too

Compound interest -. A p: Rs (2916 _2500):Rs 416 Ans. Compound interest: Rs 416; Amount: Rs

- 1400 x loo:6
Ans. The shopkeePer gave 67o discount'

84

o'

Rs 42000; VeglV depreciarion in irs value (R) : 10 p.c.p.a.i As there is depreciaiion in value, R: _ l0; (N): From April 2005 to April 2007 :2 years ::riod The value of scooter in April 2007

(P)

was bought in April2005 for Rs 42,000. rf its varue 13' lU%o every year, what will its value be in April 2007 ? \V solution : Here, the cost price (initiar value) of scooter in 2005 A

A scooter

write your answer in the Q. 16. Carry out the following division and form, Dividend: divisor x quotient + remainder' (1) (r3 -3x2+6x-27)-:(r-3) Q\ @n-lzp' *9)+(p+3)'

'

Solution

(1)

1x3

-3x2
x2

*6x-27)-(x-3)

+6

:n('.*I

x-3)x3 -3xz +6x-2'7

x3

-3x2 +
0

:42ooo(1
:42ooo r

-r#)

:42ooo x

*6x -27
6x-18 +

('-*)'
Rs 34020

:42000 x

(*)'

# r ft:

orrx 8l

Ans. The value of scooter in April 2007

:Rs

341020.

( Ans. x3 -3x2 + 6x - 27 : Qc -3Xr2 + 6) + -9) (2) (po t2p'* 9) -: (P + 3)

-9

Q. 14. A customer bought a carpet at a discoun tof svo for Rs 760. what was its marked price. solution : Let the marked price of the carpet be Rs x. Discount
5zo.

-3p? -3p *9 p+3v+of -r2p2 +0p*9

p3

-po

!3P'

.'.

discount at SVo onRs

x:

Rs

xx

Selling price

marked price _ discount

:: Rs a 100 ---

20

-3p'++

'-3pt - r2pt

9pt

:n. (' -+;):R'

(ry#):*#
.r

-3Pz +oP

-3p'-9p ++
9p 9p

But the selling price is given to be Rs 760.

*9
*27

t9 Ans. The marked price of the carpet:Rs g00.

:' n:760

19x

.'. x:760

x2!

Rs 800

Ans. pa

- l\p'

-18
(P

+ 3)@3

- 3P2 -3p*9)+(-18)

NAVIYEET MATIffiMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIIr

Q.

tl.
(l)

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE- 2

Factorise :
x2

'(l)

(4) l2B +?.r3.

x2

-?,x -gg

Q) 3pt -rop *zs

(3) 125x3 _2t6y3

Volume of a cone

:!

nRzH

'
:

:I"Tx7
*
+ 308 : 1848 cu cm

x7 x6:308cucm

:x(x-il)+9(x*il) : (,r - llXr + 9)

(3)

:x2 - ll,y*9x-9a

-2x-gg

3p'* top-25 :3pz * tsp * 5p -2s

The volume of the solid formed volume of the cylinder

1540

volume of the cone

Ans. The volume of the solid figure formed: L848 cu cm.

Q. 20. I sold 125 quintals of potatoes through a commission agent at Rs 1000 per quintal. ff I paid a commission of l..S%o, how much money did I get on selling all the potatoes ? Solution : The total price of 125 quintats of potatoes :125 x 1000: Rs 125000.

sphere of radius g cm "_ ? Solution : The volume of the solid metallic sphere

l-;,*-"T,l1:rfr.llheres melting a solid metallic

"""r

or""air"i

*ii,r"",*i

The rate of commission: I.57o Commission Rs 1.50 on price Rs 100 Commission Rs x on price Rs 1,25,000

1.50

:!nf:!xnxgx8xgcucm
3

of radius g cm

100

125000
1..5

The volume of solid sphere of radius

t\::t^1:r-:"to roT*, formed from ". the metailic sphere

3

lnrt:!xnxl

xIx

l:i";;"

.'. 100 x x:
cm

125000

Amount received after giving commission

"'

125000 :Rs 1875 x- 1.5 xt*

of the mer _ -#-!r"xsx8x8 votu-@-3"'L^::oxd

Volume

:Rs (125000- 1875):Rs 123125 Ans. I got Rs 1,23,125.

Q. 21. Factorise : (l) p' -2p -168
(3) (3x (2) 6x'-l9x -7 (4) (2x - 3)3 + 125.

4 ;Xn

Ans. 512 solid spheres wil be

,r#

x8x

:5rZ

+2)i

-8
168

o.

Ans.

i, ,"_ its height is 10 cm. A cone *tt "ni that of the base of the cylinder frulgfri of 6 cm is placed on it. What ""A " is ttre votume oi'roUa tf,.r, formed?

*.JTI:ly: "i*" 0",",i"'"ri"0"" ril;;;

: For the cytinder:

ffi:::

:"tTl* h: l0 cm.

r:7

cm;

Volume of a cylinder

: nr2h :T*7x7xlO:1540cucm "^;'H_j;";

For the cone:

R:7

ffi

A
C

(l) p' -2p -

:p2-I4p+t2p-168 : p(p - 14) + Iz(p - t4) :(p 14)@ +12')

(2)

6x2

-7 -ZIx*2x-7 :3x(?-x -7) + I(zx -7) : (2x - 7X3r + 1)

:6x2

l9x

188

NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII

MISCELLANEOUSEXERCISE-2 a. 23. IIow

a for
3x

189

(3)

(3r+2)3-8
:

many coin-shaped solids of 1 cm radius and 0.2 crh thickness

-: : :

(a)3 (a

Q)3
Za

... (Substituting

+ + 4) (3x *2 -Z)tex-t 2)2 +2(3x *2) + 4l

2)(a2

canbemadebymeltingasolidmetalbrickoflength16cm'
width 11 cm and height 10 cm ?
Solution z, For metallic brick ( cuboid ) : I : 16 cm, b Volurne of metallic brick (cuboid): I x b x h

cm, h

l0 cm'

* 4 + 6x + 4 + 4) :3x(9x2*l}x+12)
12x

3x(9x'

... (Substituting 3x

*2

for a

16 x'11

10

:3xx3(3x2 *6x*4) :9x(3x2+6x+4)

(4) (2x-3)3 +tZs : a3 + (5)3

:1760
The shape of a coin is cYlindrical For a coin-shaped solid: r:I cm,

cu cm 9m'

thickness:h:0'2
nrzh

Volume of each coin-shaped

... (Substituting

solid:

: [(2x - 3 + s)]Iex _ 3), _ s(Zx _ 3) + Z5l

:
Q' 22.
(2x +2)(4x2

:(a+5)(a2

a for 2* _

3)

-5a*25)

--'xlx1x0.2 7 :-4.4 cu cm
Volume of metalic brick (cuboid) Volume of one coin-shaPed solid
176o

tt

:2(x *I)@x2 -2?.r +49)

tLx

*9 _ t}x+

... (Substituting Zx

_3

for a) Number of coin-shaPed solids

t5 + 25)

rce-cream is fiIred to the brim in a cyrindricar 20 cm and height 60 cm. How many cones of

containe";;r;*
cm

7 **:1769 l' : 7 4.4

28oo

l0 cm can hold this

radius 3 cm and height

Ans. 2800 coin-shaped solids can be made'

ice-cream ?

Solution z For the cylindrical vessel : r Volume of ice-cream in this cylindrical

:20
vessel

cm;

h:60

:
For a cone: R :3 cm; H:r0 "-: Volume of ice-cream in one cone :

nr2h

n x 20 x 20 x 60 cu cm

,..(l)

:*rrrx3x3xl0 :nx3xl0cucm
Number of cones that can be filled with ice_cream Volume of ice-cream in cylindrical vessel _

lnn2U

Volume

of

ice-cream

nx20x20x60 zx3x10 :800

Ans. 800
cones.

in

one

*nE

... lFrom

(t)

and (2)l

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