Fundamentals of

Algorithms

Budi Hartono, ST, MPM

Computer = problem solver ?

• Well, .. It all depends

It can be useful to help us, but …

it must be pre-programmed
Computer = problem solver ?

Do this
!!! ??
If x then y

Do x
!!!

ok
Computer = problem solver ?

• Pre-programming =
– Giving a set of instructions in advance
• How the computer should behave

• Computer will follow the instructions

– Fast
– Accurate
– Repetitive
Steps of Problem Solving
using Computers
Programming Language

• A sets of instructions: programming

• The language
• Writen  language that the compie understands
• Machine languages
Types of language

• Low  primitive  machine-oriented

– Directly executable (by compie)

• High  people-oriented
Algorithms

• Logical flow of solving a problem

• Independent to the programming language

A B

HOW ??
Algorithms

Algorithm: Exchange_the_Content

1. Pour the blue water to A

A B 2. Pour the yellow water to B

HOW ??
Algorithms

Algorithm: Exchange_the_Content

A B 1. Pour the blue water to C

2. Pour the yellow water to B
3. Pour the blue water to A

C
Another one

???
Important Notice

• Start & Stop

• Non-ambiguous
• There is (are) (an) input(s)
• There is (are) (an) output(s)
• Effective

Source: The art of computer programming, Knuth, Donald E., 1973

Algorithms

• Heart of infomatics science & engineering

• Used not only in computers !!

Process Algorithms Example of steps

1 Cake makers recipes …

2 Chemistry experiments experiment guidelines
3 Car Assembly assembling flow
How it works

Input Output
CPU
devices devices

memory
Data
Applications & OSs
The Steps

ALGORITHMS

TRANSLATION

HIGH-LEVEL
LANGUAGE

COMPILATION

MACHINE LANGUAGE

INTERPRETATION

OPERATIONS