Final Report 5108

Industrial Waste Management In Zimbabwe
Final Report
Gweru City Council & Envive AB
FINAL REPORT INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ZIMBABWE
Gweru and Karlstad, November 2001
Peter Ngwenya Health Department City of Gweru
Leif Jnsson ENVIVE AB
Industrial Final Report EMSAAID Waste Management In Zimbabwe
Final Report Department of Agriculture -Council & & Envive Gweru City Andante Envive AB
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Industrial Waste Management Project in Zimbabwe was conceived out the initiatives of the Rio de Janeiro United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development of June 1992. The project was carried out in three phases. The first phase resulted in a national assessment of the Industrial Waste Management at municipal level. Problems and concerns were identified and addressed in national guidelines for Industrial Waste Management issued by the Department for Natural Resources in February 1994. The assessment, and the consecutive development of guidelines, were carried out in a participatory process where municipal Waste Management Officers were consulted. The second phase focused on training on, and dissemination of, the guidelines. Municipal Waste Management Staff as well as the private sector was addressed through training courses and workshops. The last part of phase II was the identification of prospective pilot municipalities for implementation of the guidelines. The third, and final, phase of the project lasted from March 1995 to February 2001. The main objective of this phase of the project was to support implementation of Guidelines on Industrial Waste Management in one pilot municipality. The idea was to practically demonstrate to other stakeholders how industrial waste can be handled at local authority level. The project has been carried out in close cooperation with other actors forming a strong and extensive network for the development of environmental management, especially industrial waste management, in Zimbabwean Municipalities. The Network have had both Zimbabwean, Canadian and Swedish participants. The following has been achieved during the run of the project: Two assessments, year 1993 and 1997, of the status of Zimbabwean Municipal management of Industrial Waste Training of Municipal Waste Management officers in totally 8 workshops and one study visit to South Africa. Training has covered different subjects related to Waste Management like Landfilling practice Leachate Collection & treatment Hazardous Waste Management EIA procedures for a landfill Waste Records and reporting Planning and Construction of Landfills 2
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To adapt Waste Management to a regressing economy Cleaner Production, waste minimization and Sustainable Development Waste fees and other financial tools to improve Waste Management Polluter Pays Principle Development of methods for EIA for Landfills Improvements in Waste Management practice, for example Leachate management Siting of landfills Hazardous waste collection and disposal Regulated waste picking Recycling of waste streams Inventories and records of Industrial Waste Generation Introduction of Polluter Pays Principle in some Municipalities
The final parts of phase II was never carried out due to - Changes in political priority - The Recession in the Zimbabwean Economy - The Swedish Governments decision to withdraw donor support to the governmental Sector in Zimbabwe, effective from January 26, 2001.
2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..2 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS...4 3. FOREWORD..5 4. ACRONYMS, TERMS AND DEFINITIONS..6 5. BACKGROUND....7 6. WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT.....8 7. ACTORS.9 8. OBJECTIVES..13 9. TARGET GROUPS.15 10. EQUIPMENT....15 11. ACTIVITIES..15 12. BUDGET UTILIZATIONFOREIGN AND LOCAL..26 13. RESULTS OF THE PROJECT.....27 14. SOME ILLUSTRATIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENTS...32 15. LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE PROJECT..34 16. THE WAY FORWARD...35
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3. FOREWORD
This report is the final activity in a project that has been going on since April 1993. 8 years is a fairly long time and a lot of changes in the national and international arenas have of course had an influence on the activities and outcome of the project. Main author of the report is Leif Jnsson at Envive Environmental Consultants. Major contributions to the report has been made by Senior Environmental Health Officer Peter Ngwenya at the Health Department of Gweru City Council and Senior Consultant Albert Bachs at Envive. The learnings and recommendations in the last two chapters is a synthesis of conclusions made by the main author and Mr Ngwenya. The report has passed the critical eye of Mr Lars Bjern at Andante Consultants, Vrnamo, Sweden. A large number of other persons have also contributed to achievements in the project. To those the authors would like express their sincere appreciation and thanks, and hope that they will continue to be prime movers of sustainable waste management worldwide. Gweru and Karlstad , November 2001
Peter Ngwenya
Leif Jnsson
4. ACRONYMS, TERMS AND DEFINITIONS CLEANER PRODUCTION

A UNEP program to promote waste minimization and prevention of pollution in industries Department of Natural Resources Development Worker Environmental Health Officer Environmental Impact Assessment. Normally being used as a planning tool to minimize environmental impacts from new activities and choose the best available site Environmental Management System Gweru City Council Waste that can have severe adverse effects on human health and the environment Industrial Waste Management Use of processes, practices, materials or products that avoid, reduce or control pollution, which may include recycling, treatment, process changes, control mechanisms, efficient use of resources and material substitution Swedish Voluntary Service United Nations Environment Programme A systematic approach to reduce waste from an activity or a production process considering all the different steps in the production cycle Environmental Impact Assessment 6
DNR DW EHO EIA
EMS GCC HAZARDOUS WASTE IWM PREVENTION OF POLLUTION
SVS UNEP WASTE MINIMIZATION
EIA
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5. BACKGROUND
5.1. Industrial waste
Waste Management is one of the most crucial environmental issues in the development of the industrial sector. It encompasses the whole chain from generation, storage, transport and disposal. If not properly managed, industrial waste streams can have severe adverse effects in the ecosystems. Land contamination, ground water pollution and impairment of ambient air quality are some of the most serious effects. Rapid urbanisation often goes hand in hand with industrialization and these two trends highlights the potential conflicts between sustainable development and economical growth. It is extremely important, especially in developing countries, to address both issues. There has to be a legal and managerial framework to promote the development of a sustainable industrial waste management practice. In this process it is important that the industrial sector its responsibility by adopting the Polluter Pays Principle where the external costs for the environment is part of the calculation. This means that the industrialist has to pay for any measures needed to protect the environment from impacts emanating from a certain activity. This is readily possible to apply in the waste sector where a good waste management practice should be financed through fees and levies. Those financial instrument also encourages cleaner production methods, recycling and waste minimization.
5.2. Zimbabwe and the Rio Earth Summit

The waste management project in Zimbabwe was conceived out of the initiatives of the Rio de Janeiro United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development of June 1992. This conference - which was attended by Zimbabwean representatives from the highest level - brought to fore issues of the environment in the country. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism, through its Department of Natural Resources, spearheaded environmental issues. It is through one such initiative, Industry and Environment in Zimbabwe undertaken in the Midlands Province in 1992 that issues of improper management of industrial wastes was revealed. The above mentioned project focused on a study assessing industrial pollution from the manufacturing industry in the Midland Province. The findings clearly spelled out that a number of companies were sending their waste to the municipal dump. The 7
companies felt that their responsibility for the waste ended at the gates of the dump site. This lead to the assumption that there were lack of knowledge and good management practice in the municipal handling of industrial waste. In an effort to improve this poor status, the Department of Natural Resources together with Swedish consultants Envive embarked on a project to carry out an assessment of solid waste management in the major cities of Zimbabwe. The project got funding support from the Swedish donor agency BITS in 1993.
6. WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT

The development of the project over time is illustrated in a timeline, appendix 1
6.1. First Phase

The layout of the first phase was developed jointly by the research and technical branch of DNR and the Swedish consultant. At this stage the intention was to obtain knowledge of the present situtation in the municipalities and to come up with ideas for future waste handling practices at local level. Typical issues that needed to be studied were collection and transport of industrial waste, waste properties, disposal practices and environmental control measures in use. The approach was very pragmatic and focused on direct involvement of municipal waste management officers. At this early stage of the project there was no decision taken how to continue beyond phase one.
6.2. Second Phase

After completion of the first phase in October 1993 the idea came up at DNR to continue with training of waste management staff in Zimbabwean municipalities in order to implement the newly issued guidelines. A proposal for a second phase of the Industrial Waste Management Program was submitted to BITS. The second phase also included a national workshop for industrialists and scouting of a pilot municipality where the guidelines could be implemented as a show-case. BITS approved the proposal in December 1993 and the second phase started in
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March 1994 with a seminar for Municipal Waste Management Officers.
6.3. Phase 3
The last phase of the project was instituted in January 1995 with a tripartite arrangement of BITS being the financial sponsors, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism through its Department of Natural Resources and Gweru City Council being the signatories. Technical support was provided by the Swedish consultants, Envive. The project was initially set to run until December 1998. However, due to other local political priorities and the general recession in the country, the implementation time was extended to May 2001. This last phase was divided into four steps. The idea with the third phase was to practically implement knowledge generated in the previous phases and use the selected pilot Municipality to gain experience on ways and methods for the implementation process. The pilot should also be the venue for hands-on training of representatives from the other municipalities and for staff from DNR. The approach was to be participatory and the trainees were encouraged to add their input to the different steps of the implementation of the enhanced waste management system in the pilot Municipality.
7. ACTORS
7.1. Department of Natural Resources (Counterpart)
The Department of Natural Resources ( DNR) is one of two implementing and supervising authorities under the Ministry of Environment and Tourism. The departments main task is to work with conservation and management of the nature. During the last decade DNR has been given a wider scope with more responsibility for Environmental Management. It has been assigned to be the implementing agency for the coming National Environmental Act and also to shoulder the responsibility for the adopted policy for Environmental Impact Assessments of new projects. It is organized with a head office in Harare and has regional offices in each province. Each provincial office has local branches in urban and rural municipalities. DNR has a Research and Technical Branch (RTB) headed by a Chief Ecologist in Harare with regional ecologists assigned in each province. The responsibilities for the Industrial Waste Management Project were shared between RTB and the Provincial Natural
Resource Officer in the Midlands Province. The office for the Midlands Province is situated in Gweru.
7.2. City of Gweru (Counterpart)

Gweru is the capital of the Midlands Province and was chosen as pilot for Industrial Waste Management Improvements. The city is Zimbabwe's third largest with around 200 000 inhabitants. Gweru is situated on the highveld some 274 km from the capital Harare, and 164 km from Bulawayo. Its altitude is 1 416 metres above sea level and it is located on the main link of railway between Bulawayo and Harare with rail lines radiating to Masvingo, Shurugwi, Zvishavane and the Lowveld. The Midlands province is rich in minerals which has led to the establishment of mines and heavy industry. Major industries in Gweru are Zimbawe Alloys (Ferro-Chrome works) and Bata (tannery and shoe factory). Other industries worth to mention are foundries, a dry cell factory, a dairy, a yeast factory and a brewery. As being the capital in Midlands, Gweru also has a well-established service sector including schools, clinics and hospitals.
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The waste handling in Gweru City is managed by the Municipal Health Department. The Medical Director heads the department which is responsible for medical care, environmental health and waste management. It has a cleansing section for the daily work with collection, transport and disposal of waste. The section is headed by a Cleansing Supervisor. To strengthen the capacity a Senior Environmental Health Officer was assigned to work as local project manager and counter-part in the pilot project.
7.3. Other Zimbabwean Municipalities

All major industrialised municipalities in Zimbabwe participated in the project. These were: Harare, the national capital Bulawayo, which is the second largest city situated in Matabeleland in the SouthWest part of the country, Masvingo, situated in the dry South-Eastern part of the country Kwekwe, a heavy industrialized city in Midlands Kadoma, with mainly agri-based industries Mutare situated in the Eastern Highlands close to the border of Moambique. During seminars and workshops the participation was expanded to include smaller municipalities as well. For a comprehensive list of participating municipalities we refer to attendance sheet attached to each workshop report. Totally around 20 municipalities have attended one or more activity during the course of the project from 1993 - 2000.
Officers from DNR and Zimbabwean Municipalities gathered at the entrance of Gweru landfill.
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7.4. Foreign Resources to the Project

7.4.1. Swedish project team The Swedish resource team has consisted of two consultants from Envive Environmental Consultants. The company works in the field of environmental management, waste management, environmental impact assessments and environmental audits. Mr Albert Bachs was assigned as Project Leader and Mr Leif Jnsson as Consultant and Deputy Project Leader. For training in Hazardous Waste Management a specialist, Mr J. Kenneth Andersson was engaged from JKA konsult AB. The latter performed his services during the first two quarters of 1994. 7.4.2. Forum Syd Forum Syd (Formerly SVS, Swedish Voluntary Service) is the Swedish NGO centre for Development Cooperation. The organisation has a general development program and organises a cadre of around 60 development workers in five different countries. Forum syd had a development worker stationed at the Gweru City Health Department from June1993 to January 2000..The DW worked as an EHO and supported the pilot project with additional knowledge and support to institutional capacity building. Prior to that, DNR had a development worker stationed as Environmental Management Specialist in the Midlands province. This DW position was later on transferred to DNR in Matabeleland. Later on, from 1995 and onwards, other municipalities also requested support from Forum Syd and totally 11 development workers have been involved in the project. Apart from other assignments, all of them have given a substantial contribution to networking and upgrading of waste management practices in the concerned municipalities/organisations. The table below illustrates the representation of DWs in municipalities and organisations during different time periods.
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Municipality/Organisation Kwekwe Kadoma Gweru DNR - Midlands DNR - Matabeleland Bulawayo
Time period 1995 2000 1996 2000 1993 2000 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 present
Total number of DW:s 2 2 3 1 1 3
7.4.3. Other organisations/institutions During the last two quarters of year 2000, Lule Technical University participated in the pilot project with two graduates carrying out a Master Thesis study on waste oil management in the pilot municipality (Gweru). The thesis was presented by the Division for Sanitary Engineering. The division gives training courses in Water and Wastewater System Planning as well as Sanitary Engineering and Water Treatment. The Swedish project team was initially funded by BITS. This Swedish donor agency had a branch for funding of technical assistance project. In 1995 BITS was merged with Sida and the project was taken over by Sidas department for Infrastructure and Economic Cooperation (INEC) BITS, and later on Sida has also contributed by inviting local resource persons from the counterparts to the international training course in Solid Waste management, sponsored by Sida . This training course runs once a year in Gothenburg and has duration of 5 weeks. The course is organized by Chalmers Technical University.
8. OBJECTIVES
The objectives for the first phase was to 1. increase the level of awareness concerning industrial waste management in Zimbabwe 2. give guidelines for future work in the implementation of a national industrial waste management strategy 3. support the staff at the Department of Natural Resources in their future work with industrial waste issues. 13
The objectives for the second phase was to 4. train municipal waste management officers in the implementation of DNR guidelines for industrial waste 5. introduce the guidelines to the private sector in Zimbabwe 6. scout for a pilot municipality where the guidelines could be implemented.
The main objective of the last phase of the project was to 7. support implementation of Guidelines on Industrial Waste Management in one pilot municipality. The idea was to practically demonstrate to other stakeholders how industrial waste can be handled at local authority level. From this main objective in the third phase, the following, more specific targets, were developed: 7.a. To carry out an inventory of solid waste streams in Gweru. 7.b. To develop a waste management plan for Gweru City Council. 7.c. To develop waste handling plans for generators of industrial solid waste. 7.d. To promote waste minimization through resource recovery, reduction of waste, re-use and recycling of materials. 7.e.To establish a waste classification system. 7.f. To develop solid waste laws. 7.g. To establish and use a computer database for waste. 7.h. To develop environmentally acceptable waste disposal routines. 7.i. To develop routines for handling hazardous waste. 7.j. To develop and implement a training program for other Zimbabwean Municipalities based on achievements in the pilot municipality.
Later on during the third phase it was decided to transfer the waste disposal to a new site.
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The following specific targets were added: 7.k. Accomplish an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for two alternatives of a new disposal site 7.l. Plan and construct a new site with proper environmental engineering 7.m. Transfer to the new site
9. TARGET GROUPS
The main target groups, or beneficiaries, were I. II. III. IV. V. Municipal Officers in charge of Waste Management Other Officers and Policymakers in Gweru City Council Officers at DNR Provincial Office in Midlands (Gweru) Officers at DNR Central Office in Harare responsible for policy issues and central supervision of Industrial Waste Management. Personnel at Management level in Zimbabwean industries
10. EQUIPMENT
In order to illustrate a good example, the last phase of the project also included a budget for waste management equipment. Initially a landfill compactor was identified as crucial for implementation of good land filling practice. Later on, when decision had been taken to transfer to a new disposal site, funds were designated for environmental safeguards at the new site. Some funds were also intended for an environmental safe closure of the present site.
11. ACTIVITIES
11.1. Inventory/assessment 1993
As mentioned above, the project started with an inventory of the Industrial Waste
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Management Practice in the major industrialized, urban areas in Zimbabwe. The results showed a most unsatisfactory practise in a number of aspects and a lack of proper waste management knowledge among the professionals in the municipalities. A matrix was compiled to give feedback to DNR and the municipalities about the status of the waste management. The matrix presented below is a part of the summary for the assessment report ( report E 93-04):
Status Aspect
Routines for Industrial waste Knowledge of types of industrial waste
Good
Acceptable
Poor
Critical
1 2
1 1
3 3
Aspect/status (number of dumps)

Machines at the dump and transport vehicles Site location
Good
Acceptable
Poor
Critical
3 1 (Harare) 1 (Zimphos) 2 (Kadoma 1, Bulawayo1)
4 4 (Kadoma 1, Gweru 1, Kwekwe 2, Roasting plant) 4(KweKwe, Gweru, Bulawayo, Kadoma)
Oil wastewater treatment
1 (Harare)
Leachate protection 1 (Zimphos) 1(Harare)
4 (Harare 1, Bulawayo 1,
4(Kadoma 1, Gweru 1, KweKwe 2, Roasting plant 1) 6 (KweKwe 3, Roasting plant, Kadoma 2, 9 (Harare 2, Kadoma 2, KweKwe 3, Roast-
Monitoring of surface water Monitoring of leachate/ Ground Waste picking Completion and re- 1 (Zimphos) storing of old dumps 1 (Zimphos)
3 (Harare 2, Zimphos 1 (Bulawayo) 1)
3 (Harare 2, Bulawayo 1(Kadoma) 1)
3 (Kwekwe 2, Gweru 1)
2 (Gweru 1, Bulawayo 2 (Harare 1, KweKwe 1) 1)
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The following comments to the situation presented in the table above were given in the executive summary of that report ( E 93-04): Routines for Industrial Waste
One council has acceptable routines for taking care of Industrial Waste although even this council needs to improve disposal methods and monitoring. One council do control incoming waste to the dump, but lacks routines for following up waste that is refused to be disposed at the dump. The rest of the councils have very little control of the industrial waste handling.
Knowledge of types of waste One council could give figures for different types of industrial waste, one council has knowledge of the amounts of some types of industrial waste while the rest of the councils were not able to give any figures on waste amounts or types of waste received. Machines at the dump/ transport Vehicles Most councils have problems with machines and transport vehicles. The fleets are old, many times worn out and there is a lack of spare parts which make it difficult to keep the fleet running. Still, three dumps had access to compactors and bulldozers at the dump which is a necessary condition for waste dumping in sectionized layers. Dumping in compacted sectionized layers is important to prevent fires and to minimize leakage. At some dumps bulldozers are hired from time to time but often there is a lack of filling material/top soil. site localtion A majority of the dumps have been located in old Quarries or gravel pits. This means that there is a risk for ground water contamination as leakage from the dump seeps through permeable sand or gravel layers to the water table. In solid rock there is a risk that ground water in crack-zones will be contaminated which can affect large areas of the water table. One dump was located directly in a water course. Two other dumps are located very close to a stream or a river. Some of the dumps are located very close to residential areas which may cause direct health effects through exposure of toxic waste to waste pickers, through toxic smoke from fires or from exposure to wind- or water transported toxic waste.
Oil wastewater treatment Only one council has a plant for separation of oil and dirt from oil separator in garages etc. Most councils do not have any acceptable control of this type of waste.
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Leachate protection In general the dumps are not protected for leakage with low permeable underlying soils, concrete, tarmac or membranes. One private industrial dump is constructed as a secure insulated landfill lined with a synthetic membrane. One dump practices dumping in trenches at a separate area. These trenches are daily covered, but without any lining of the trench.
Monitoring of surface waters Two councils monitor regularly surface waters in the watersheds of their municipal water supply. The design of the monitoring is not made exclusively for impacts from the dumps, but the monitoring do give some useful information of run-offs from the dumps. Data from the monitoring has not been compiled and evaluated. The rest of the dumps does not have any program for monitoring.
Monitoring of leachate/ground water Only the secured insulated landfill is monitored through an inspection well. The rest of the dumps are not monitored although many of them constitutes a risk for ground water contamination.
Waste picking At some dumps the waste picking is organized with a licensing procedure and these dumps also practice daily covering of disposed waste. The majority of the dumps have not regulated the waste picking and combined with the lack of control of what actually is being dumped there are risks for health effects on the pickers.
Completion and restoring of old dumps Due to the lack of machines and transport trucks, some of the old visited dumps have not been properly covered with top soils. Unsuitable dump sites and lack of knowledge of waste content calls for further assessment of old dumps and their environmental and health risks. In one case there are obvious signs of ground water contamination which may affect surrounding deep wells
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Liquid waste disposed at Bulawayo old dump 1993
11.2. National Guidelines

The unsatisfactory results from the survey called for the development of National Guidelines on Industrial Waste Management. The guidelines were developed by the Research and Technical Branch at DNR, with assistance from the consultants at Envive, and launched in the later part of 1993. The guidelines addressed both managerial and technical issues and advocated for partnerships between private and governmental sector. The waste generator should agree with the municipality how the waste should be managed in a specific Waste Handling Plan. The Waste Handling Plan is an interface between the generator, the collector and the disposal or recycling site.
11.3. Training on Guidelines

Officers from the assessed municipalities participated in a 3 day training course in March 1994. Main subject was the newly issued guidelines and emphasis was put on managerial issues and private sector co-operation. Good Land-filling Practice and Hazardous Waste Management was also addressed.
11.4. National Workshop for the private sector

A critical issue for the development of a good Industrial Waste Management was the participation from the private sector. A national workshop was organized in Gweru in
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March 1994. Tthe workshop was the second in a series of workshops organized by DNR and the Confederation of Zimbabwean Industries (CZI) During the workshop the 1993 assessment was presented as well as the DNR guidelines on Industrial Waste Management. The workshop adopted a resolution that declared the joint responsibility for the Governmental and Private sector to enhance the National Industrial Waste Management Practice.
11.5. Selection of pilot municipality

The response from the two activities in March 1994 indicated a possibility to implement the guidelines in one municipality as a showcase for other municipalities to follow. BITS showed an interest to support technical assistance to a pilot municipality and late in 1994 Gweru was selected as the pilot.
11.6. Training in Sweden (3 occasions)

Staff from DNR and the cities of Gweru and Bulawayo have participated in BITS/ Sidas international training course on Solid Waste Management at several occasions. In October/November 1994 one participant attended from DNR in Bulawayo and another from Gweru City Council. These officers were trained in Gothenburg in Sweden for four weeks and this training was followed by project work at home with another gathering in Namibia in 1995 to present the results from their project work. Later on The Cleansing Superintendant in Bulawayo participated in the same training course and quite recently other staff from DNRs research and Technical Branch has attended the course.
11.7. Waste Management Plan

The first step in the third phase was to develop a Waste Management Plan for the City of Gweru. The plan gave the direction for future work in order to implement a Good Waste Management Practice.
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The table of contents from the plan gives an idea of how the GCC planned to proceed:
1. Executive Summary 2. Background information on Gweru 3. Definitions 4. Objectives of the Plan 5. Present waste Management Practices 6. Controlling Instruments Summary of Waste Laws 7. Government Bodies 8. Municipal Bodies 9. Other Organisations 10. GCC Structure 11. Public Cleansing Section Structure 12. Waste Management Project Personnel Plan 13. Waste Trends 14. Future Practices 15. Inventories & Studies 16. The Budget 17. Target Identification 18. Equipment Identification 19. Implementation Programme
11.8. Training programme

A training programme was developed for the dissemination of information on achievements and experiences from the pilot project. Officers from other municipalities were invited to participate in the training which encompassed a number of workshops and also a study visit to South Africa. As the project progressed, the training program was amended to also include EIA procedures, planning and construction of a new waste disposal site. Totally 5 workshops were held from 1995 to 1999.
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11.9. Industrial inventory

The GCC Pollution Control Section carried out an industrial inventory which resulted in a register of types and estimated amounts of industrial waste produced by enterprises in Gweru.
11.10. Waste records

In order to validate the industrial inventory, the cleansing section started to record waste delivered to the municipal waste dump. Waste records have been compiled on a monthly basis since 1996 and presented as statistics in the Annual Waste Management Report. This data base was one of the prerequisites for the introduction of fees for disposal of industrial waste.
11.11. Waste handling plan

As a follow-up of the industrial inventory, major industries in Gweru were visited and agreements were closed with the individual company on how to transport and dispose their industrial waste. This was in accordance with the National Guidelines where these agreements were called waste handling plan.
11.12. Introduction of equipment

The cleansing section tried to find a local supplier of a second-hand landfill compactor to be used to upgrade the operations at the present waste dump, but to no avail. The consultant managed to find suitable second-hand compactor in Sweden and the refurbished machine was shipped to GCC in May 1996. The machine was taken into service in October the same year.. Emphasis was put on proper service and maintenance of the compactor for the sustainability of landfill operations and the machine has been running ever since.
11.13. Improving the waste dump

The basic idea with the implementation of the guidelines in the pilot Municipality was to build on existing management practice and infrastructure. After the arrival of the compactor, the Cleansing Section started to introduce proper landfilling technology. However, during the detailed studies of possibilities to upgrade leachate treatment and surface water management it was not deemed feasible to continue at the present waste dump and develop it to a proper landfill. The location was too close to Gweru River and the area was often flooded during rainy season. 22
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Gweru waste dump flooded during rainy season
11.14. New site needed

There was an urgent need for a new landfill site. After consultations with the Swedish donor, a principal decision was taken by the GCC to source for a new site. The Zimbabwean Government had launched a policy for Environmental Impact Assessment of new industrial and infrastructure projects. Waste landfills were covered by the policy and the project was amended to include EIA, planning, construction and operation of a new site.
11.15. EIA for two alternative sites

This was the first time an EIA was conducted for a Landfill in the Zimbabwean policy concept. The task to carry out the EIA was undertaken by a joint team with members representing the Provincial office of DNR Midlands and the GCC. An interdepartmental task force was set up with representatives from the City Health, the Treasury, The City Engineering and other departments within the municipality that played a role in the transfer process. Two alternative sites were studied in the vicinities of the urban area of Gweru City. The EIA documents were then reviewed and approved by the DNR Head Office in Harare. The experiences from the EIA process were shared at workshops in Bulawayo and Harare.
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11.16. Closure plan

At the same time as the GCC was busy with the selection of a new site it had to plan for the closure and rehabilitation of the existing site. Measures were taken to avoid flooding, to reshape and cover already landfilled areas and to minimize leachate production from disposed waste. A program was worked out to regulate waste picking and avoid exposure, especially for children, to hazardous and risky waste.
Waste pickers in Gweru 1993
Waste pickers in Harare 1997
11.17. New site planning and preparation

The EIA process resulted in the selection of a site at McFaddens farm, app. 10 km from the City Centre. The new site was planned through a series of consultations where the in-house interdepartmental group played a crucial role but also Environmental Health and Cleansing Officers from other municipalities were active in workshops and one on one discussions. Four municipalities, Gweru, Bulawayo, Kadoma and Kwekwe, held regular meetings in a Municipal Environmental Network, supported by Forum Syd, and the industrial waste topic was always there on the agenda.
11.18. New Assessment

Late in 1997 the team from the first assessment in 1993 made a follow-up of any changes in the management of Industrial Waste. This time two more municipalities, Masvingo and Mutare, were included and the scope was a bit wider than the previous assessment. The following chart illustrates changes noticed in the most important aspects of in-
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dustrial waste management:
ASSESSMENT RESULTS
Issue
Knowledge of industrial Waste Routines for Industrial Waste Oil Waste Treatment Leachate Protection Machines at landfill Regulated Waste Picking Monitoring of Ground and Surface Water General Awareness about Waste Management
1993 20% 20% 20% 33%
1997 100% 60% 0% 42%
11.19. Waste oil treatment

The handling of waste oil was one of the aspects that was deemed critical in the national surveys in 1993 and 1997. Two graduates from the Technical University in Lule spent three months in Gweru and made applied research on the best method to collect, transport and dispose waste oils. They managed to come up with a proposal for a low cost disposal method that would still be environmentally safe. The report was presented to the Gweru City Council and it was accepted as a final thesis by the Lule Technical University.
11.20. Project Stalled

Due to the recession in the Zimbabwean economy, and also due to other political priorities, the Waste Management Project was stalled and not much progress took place from January 2000 to February 2001. The rainy season 2000/2001 was very wet and the municipality had problem to access the present site close to Gweru River which was flooded. Although the muncipal treasury funds were almost exhausted,The GCC developed an emergency plan with minimum measures and in-
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vestments for the transfer to the new site.
11.21. Reporting and sharing of pilot Municipality experiences

The two remaining activities in the project plan was the final report and the sharing of pilot experiences among all the actors in the project. In January 2001 the Swedish Government took the decision to freeze all development assistance to the Zimbawean Governmental sector, including the municipalities. Hence this report only covers activities up to the consultants final visit, made in early February 2001.
12. BUDGET UTILIZATION - FOREIGN AND LOKAL

Budget Foreign Phase Fees I II III 220 000 240 000 Costs 65 800 78 760 Fees N/A N/A Costs Total % 8 9 5000 290 800 (approx.) 20 000 338 760 789 000 814 000 23 Local Total
1 244 450 1 012 873 N/A 1 704 450 1 157 433 N/A 46 31 N/A
3 046 323 83 3 675 883 100 100
TOTAL %
N.B. Local Budget converted into SEK, using the average exchange rate of Phase 1 1SEK = 0,87 Z$ Phase 2 1SEK = 1,01 Z$ Phase 3 1SEK = 1,90 Z$ Comments to the Budget Utilization Table; Around 600 000 SEK, or 16% of the total expenditures, were used for the purchase and commission of the landfill compactor. The local costs in phase III were spent on maintenance of landfill equipment (landfill compactor) and rehabilitation of the present landfill site.
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The lion share of the equipment budget was used to purchase, refurbish and commission a Swedish second-hand landfill compactor
13. RESULTS OF THE PROJECT

13.1. General / National Achievements
Improved waste management profile within Gweru City Council and in Zimbabwe. Gweru grasped the top position in the Health Cities competitions category on waste management in 1996, sponsored by World Health Organization. The Minister of Health and Child welfare gave in 1996 Harare city an ultimatum to sort out their waste disposal sites relating to Gweru as the good example The project has been a focal point for visiting groups which includes Gweru Citys twin cities and the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) and other organisations (DANIDA).
13.2. DNR development

1. Issued Guidelines on Industrial Waste Management 2. Issued Guidelines on EIA for Disposal Sites 3. Gained Knowledge on the status of Industrial Waste Management in Major Industrialized Municipalities 4. Exposed to current Waste Management Practices in SADC-region, Europe and Canada 5. Trained staff at research and technical branch in
Environmental Impacts from industrial waste Waste Management Assessment methodology
27
Environmental Impact assessment of new waste disposal sites Hazardous Waste Management
6. Trained staff at the Provincial Office in Midlands in
Industrial Waste Project Management Waste Management planning and implementation Supervision of Waste Management Activities
13.3. Development - City of Gweru

1. Established and implemented a Waste Management Plan for Gweru City Council. 2. Established a register of all major industrial waste producers 3. IEC channels established with all industries in the register 4. Implemented good management practice at present landfill 5. Upgraded waste management equipment, especially landfill compactor and waste collection compactors 6. Database with records from industrial waste disposal at GCC site 7. Annual reports on the waste management performance 8. Carried out EIA for two alternative sites for waste disposal 9. Trained staff at the City Council in
Environmental Impacts from industrial waste Waste Management Assessment methodology Waste Management Planning Environmental Impact assessment of new waste disposal sites Applied Computer Science Hazardous Waste Management IEC
10. Participated in an in-depth study on waste oil management in Gweru, a
28
Final Report
final thesis performed by two students at Lule Technical University. 11. Launching of the Gweru clean up campaign by the Executive Mayor in June 1997. This is a multi-stakeholder group responsible for educating residents on effects of littering. The group carries out clean ups around the city. 12. Together with Environment 2000, a non governmental organization initiated recycling of paper in schools within Gweru in 1997. 13. Together with Blair Research Institute (Harare) carried out a research project entitled Factors contributing to High Littering in Gweru in 1998 and 2000 . The recommendations from the research report are being implemented.
13.4. Development in Other Municipalities

1. Capacity building of personnel from 14 participating local authorities through 8 workshops and one study visit to South Africa. 2. Improved waste management in the majority of participating municipalities.
13.5. Private Sector Development

1. NGOs and Research Institutes have participated in recycling and cleanup campaigns and surveys of littering. 2. Confederation of Zimbabwean Industries organised national workshops on Industrial Waste Management 3. Private entrepreneurs have shouldered responsibility for industrial waste collection in Bulawayo 4. Private entrepreneur, in co-operation with, the Municipal Cleansing Divi-
29
sion, elaborated ideas on a privately run treatment plant for hazardous waste in Bulawayo 5. Private companies traded segregated waste from landfills 6. Polluter pays principle has been implemented in some municipalities where the producer of industrial waste has to pay a fee for collection and disposal of the waste
13.6. Established Networking between the Actors

1. Project Officer from Gweru assisted in the designing and construction of a waste disposal site for Chinhoyi Town Council in 1997. 2. Project Officer from DNR Provincial office in Bulawayo assisted Victoria Falls Municipality in sustainable development planning, including upgrading of waste management. 3. The participating local authorities decided to form an environment networking group whose membership now stands at seven towns and cities. The group is involved in sharing information on environment issues, carrying out surveys and hosting minor field study students from Sweden and local training institutions. 4. Introduction of solid waste management by-laws through the Urban Councils Enviro-network group. 5. Gweru Waste management plan formed a model for other urban municipalities. 6. Forum Syd actively recruited development workers to be stationed at Environmental Health departments in municipalities involved in the project.
30
Final Report
13.7. Other Spin-offs

1. Gweru project officer and waste management staff from Bulawayo presented papers on the project at the International Federation of Environmental Health Congress in Stockholm, Sweden, June 1998. 2. Waste Management paper presentation by Gweru project officer at the World Bank UNEP Urban Environmental Management SADC Regional workshop in Harare in 1999. To summarize the results it is interesting to compare with the objectives. In general, the objectives in the different phases have been fulfilled. The remaining, unfilled tasks, were to transfer to a new disposal site in the pilot municipality and to share the experiences from the transfer to the other Zimbabwean municipalities. The role of Gweru as a model for improved waste management was a bit hampered from the lack of political support during the later part of phase III. The unfortunate economic recession in Zimbabwe and the political development may even have moved the waste management issue a bit backwards during the last two years. The most important change is in the attitude and knowledge among the cadre of dedicated waste management officers in the Zimbabwean Municipalities and the staff of professionals at DNR. Some of the staff at DNR have left the organization during the run of the project. These professionals can be found in new positions in the field of Environmental Management where they may have an influence on the future waste management development at policy level.
31
Leachate collected downhill from Bulawayo Landfill . . .
and collected in drains leading to leachate pond.
14. SOME ILLUSTRATIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENTS 14.1. Bulawayo landfill and leachate protection
As early as 1994 the Bulawayo City Council took the decision to open up a new landfill site. This came very timely with the newly issued guidelines. While participating in the training on the guidelines, the task force for the development of the new site identified leachate protection as one of their main concerns in upgrading the environmental aspects of the landfill practice. This was a crucial issue as the soil in new landfill area have high permeability (sand and gravel) The city council managed to implement leachate management with clay lining of the landfilling cells and a leachate collection system leading to a clay-lined collection pond. The new site was commissioned in 1994 - 95 beeing the first Zimbabwean Municipal Landfill with leachate management.
14.2. Waste records, computer database and annual reports in Gweru

When the pilot project started in Gweru, the waste management staff was not computer literate. There was no system to keep track on the quality and quantity of incoming waste at the landfill. Likewise there was no register of waste production from the industrial sector. The waste management plan, developed under this project, focused on a selfsustained system where collection and disposal fees should be the backbone of financing. 32
Final Report
The staff at the landfill site was trained in monitoring the waste streams delivered to the site and every single transport was recorded on hardcopy. The supervising and clerical staff at the cleansing section of the Municipal Health Department was trained in computer work. The consultants supported the staff to develop a waste database linked with adequate reporting procedures. Waste records were presented in monthly statistics for each and every waste generator. Annual reports were compiled and the GCC developed a very powerful planning tool for the construction of the new site and the introduction of fees for waste collection and disposal
14.3. EIA and planning for the new site in Gweru

One of the more ambitious steps that the waste management staff in Gweru undertook was the sourcing of a new site for a landfill. The Zimbabwean National Government had very recently launched a policy on EIA procedures when the decision was taken to go for a new site for the waste disposal in Gweru. The policy strongly recommended that sourcing of a new site should use the EIA format. In order to choose the best site, at least two alternatives should be investigated and compared with respect to environmental and socio-economical factors. At the time for the EIA study there were very limited experiences of EIA work in the Zimbabwean context. The study was the first in the country to be performed for a landfill. The EIA was carried out with a multi-sectorial approach where the core of the task force consisted of staff from Gweru city council departments and the provincial Natural Resources office. Residents in adjacent areas were consulted as well as landowners and industrialists affected by the proposed activities. Screening and scoping activities were made in close coordination with DNR central office in Harare. A scoring system was developed in order to compare the two sites. The EIA study, with recommendation to choose one of the sites, was sent to DNR central office for approval. In this way the staff involved in the study gained knowledge and confidence through hands-on practice the EIA planning tool. The experiences from the study led to a 33
pragmatic sharing of experiences in two consecutive Workshops for the Northern and Southern parts of the country .
Poster exhibition in Kadoma municipal Hall
14.4. Kadoma IEC campaign

During the implementation of the program, Kadoma Municipality had a very interesting approach to communicate good waste management practice to the public. They developed a very nice and easy-reading annual report and combined it with a poster exhibition on composting and recycling of waste.
14.5. Mutare Twinning partnership with the Netherlands

The City of Mutare entered into a twinning agreement with the Municipality of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Their sister municipality supported with waste management planning, industrial inventories and a national workshop on Hazardous Waste Management. The pilot project benefited a lot from the additional inputs, contributed by the waste management staff in Mutare based on their learnings from the twinning arrangement
15. LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE PROJECT

15.1. Political Priorities
As in all development projects, success is built on the dualism between dedicated project staff, The prime movers, and support from appropriate policy level. In this project the political support was sometimes not strong enough. Other munici-
34
Final Report
pal activities were given higher priority and the lack of political support was crucial for the failure to actually transfer to the new site. The waste management in itself was running at a profit and some support for hardware environmental investments was available in Sidas budget. But the income from waste management was utilized for other municipal needs like primary health care. When the pitfall of the Zimbabwean economy appeared, it was too late to find the necessary funds for the transfer.
15.2. The right time to introduce fees

Disposal fees were planned to be introduced when the new site became operational. This was looked upon as the natural time for such a change, but maybe fees could have been introduced at an earlier stage and used to partly finance the transfer to the new site.
15.3. Private Sector Involvement

The private sector was involved in the project through workshops and one onto one communication. Maybe a permanent representation from the private sector In a project reference or steering committee could have augmented the involvement from the private sector
16. THE WAY FORWARD

GCC had budgeted for the development of the new waste disposal site in the 2000 and 2001 year budgets. Access to cheap money has been a major problem which culminated in the failure to develop the new site in the past year. The high inflationary economy has also resulted in escalation of costs. A least budget has been drawn up for the new site. The tying of levying waste fees to the development of the new site has created a financing bottleneck for the Council.
35
The following actions could be recommended for the future: To work for a change the political priorities on both national and local level To mobilize the public to participate in sustainable waste management activities Ensuring sustainability of waste management in Zimbabwe by implementing the polluter pays principle as well as efficient environmental legislation. Establish a National structure for the treatment and disposal of Hazardous Waste Establish a wider network with Public Private sector partnerships in waste management Further training of Governmental staff at municipal and regional level in Waste Management and monitoring and control of Waste Management activities.
To learn more about Waste Management in Zimbabwe please contact:

Department of Natural Resources P.O. Box 8070 Causeway Harare, Zimbabwe email: dnrnatr@cst.co.zw
City of Gweru Health Department P.O. Box 278 Gweru, Zimbabwe email: healthsecretary@gwerucity.org homepage: www.gwerucity.org
36
Final Report
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Industry & Environment Assessment
Forum Syd/SVS Development Workers stationed at Municipal Health Offices
National workshop on Industry & Environment
Sida international training course on Solid Waste Management National workshop on Industry & Waste Management
IWM Assessment IWM Guidelines
IWM Improvements
Pilot IWM In Gweru
Waste Management Plan
Implementation of WMP Landfill Compactor in operation Training on Waste Records& EIA Study Visit to South Africa
Project Start
Workshop on Specific IWM issues Workshop on assessment report Workshop on Guidelines Training on Waste Management Plan
Legend IWM Industrial Waste Management Major project activity Other project-related activity
External training/conferense
TIMELINE FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT IN ZIMBABWE 1993 - 2001
Project training activity
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Forum Syd/SVS Development Workers stationed at Municipal Health Offices
Sida international training course on Solid Waste Management
InternationalCongress on environmental health
Sida international training course on Solid Waste Management
Council decision to transfer to new site EIA for a new site IWM Assessment II Design of new site Waste oil Study Project stalled due to recession
EIA Training in Bulawayo & Harare
Project End/ Final report

Training in construction of Landfill site Workshop on waste fees
Legend IWM Industrial Waste Management Major project activity Other project-related activity
Workshop for industrialist on waste fees and progress Of the project
External training/conferense
TIMELINE FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT 37 PROJECT IN ZIMBABWE 1993 - 2001
Project training activity

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Industrial Waste Management In Zimbabwe

Gweru City Council & Envive AB

FINAL REPORT INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ZIMBABWE

Gweru and Karlstad, November 2001

Peter Ngwenya Health Department City of Gweru

Leif Jnsson ENVIVE AB

Industrial Final Report EMSAAID Waste Management In Zimbabwe

Industrial Waste Management In Zimbabwe

Gweru City Council & Envive AB

Industrial Final Report EMSAAID Waste Management In Zimbabwe

Industrial Waste Management In Zimbabwe

Gweru City Council & Envive AB

Industrial Final Report EMSAAID Waste Management In Zimbabwe

4. ACRONYMS, TERMS AND DEFINITIONS CLEANER PRODUCTION

DNR DW EHO EIA

EMS GCC HAZARDOUS WASTE IWM PREVENTION OF POLLUTION

SVS UNEP WASTE MINIMIZATION

Industrial Waste Management In Zimbabwe

Gweru City Council & Envive AB

5.2. Zimbabwe and the Rio Earth Summit

Industrial Final Report EMSAAID Waste Management In Zimbabwe

6. WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT

6.1. First Phase

6.2. Second Phase

Industrial Waste Management In Zimbabwe

Gweru City Council & Envive AB

March 1994 with a seminar for Municipal Waste Management Officers.

Industrial Final Report EMSAAID Waste Management In Zimbabwe

7.2. City of Gweru (Counterpart)

Industrial Waste Management In Zimbabwe

Gweru City Council & Envive AB

7.3. Other Zimbabwean Municipalities

Industrial Final Report EMSAAID Waste Management In Zimbabwe

7.4. Foreign Resources to the Project

Industrial Waste Management In Zimbabwe

Gweru City Council & Envive AB

Municipality/Organisation Kwekwe Kadoma Gweru DNR - Midlands DNR - Matabeleland Bulawayo

Total number of DW:s 2 2 3 1 1 3

Industrial Final Report EMSAAID Waste Management In Zimbabwe

Industrial Waste Management In Zimbabwe

Gweru City Council & Envive AB

Industrial Final Report EMSAAID Waste Management In Zimbabwe

Aspect/status (number of dumps)

3 1 (Harare) 1 (Zimphos) 2 (Kadoma 1, Bulawayo1)

4 4 (Kadoma 1, Gweru 1, Kwekwe 2, Roasting plant) 4(KweKwe, Gweru, Bulawayo, Kadoma)

Oil wastewater treatment

Leachate protection 1 (Zimphos) 1(Harare)

3 (Harare 2, Zimphos 1 (Bulawayo) 1)

3 (Harare 2, Bulawayo 1(Kadoma) 1)

2 (Gweru 1, Bulawayo 2 (Harare 1, KweKwe 1) 1)

Industrial Waste Management In Zimbabwe

Gweru City Council & Envive AB

Industrial Final Report EMSAAID Waste Management In Zimbabwe

Industrial Waste Management In Zimbabwe

Gweru City Council & Envive AB

Liquid waste disposed at Bulawayo old dump 1993

11.2. National Guidelines

11.3. Training on Guidelines

11.4. National Workshop for the private sector

Industrial Final Report EMSAAID Waste Management In Zimbabwe

11.5. Selection of pilot municipality

11.6. Training in Sweden (3 occasions)

11.7. Waste Management Plan