2D-ECHO

REASON FOR VISIT

• Heart attack
• Ischemic heart disease
• Heart failure
• Cardiomegaly
• Cardiomiopathy
• Mitral regurgitation
• Aortic regurgitation
• Mitral stenosis
• Pulmonary stenosis
• Ventricular septal defect
• Atrial septal defect
• Coronary heart disease
• Endocarditis
• Cardiac tumor
• Pericarditis
• Aortic aneurysm
• Transposition of the great vessels
• Tricuspid atresia

RISK ASSESEMENT

• None

ANESTHESIA

None

POSITION OF THE PATEINT

Left lateral position

THE PROCEDURE

• Patient was undressed up to waist with patient lying on

left lateral position ECG leads were attached to the
chest
• The echo images compared to the EKG tracing during
and after the procedure.
 • Gel was applied on the chest.
• The transducer was positioned on the chest and using a
small amount of pressure to images were taken
• With moving the transducer around the chest all areas
and structures of heart were observed.
• ECG readings and echo images were compared
• Transducer was removed
• The electrodes were removed
• Gel was wiped

FINDINGS

• Regional wall motion abnormalities identified

• Regional LV / RV wall motion abnormality due to AMI / traumatic
myocardial injury was revealed.
• LV /RV wall are normal
• Cardiac tamponade manifests as diffuse / loculated pericardial
effusion / atrial collapse / diastolic RV collapse was present
• Ruptured papillary muscle is appeared as a mobile echo density
prolapsing into the left atrium during systole / as a flail mitral
leaflet
• A tear is identified in one of the papillary muscle heads.
• VSD present in _____ place, with size of ________
• Aneurysm/Pseudo aneurysm was present in _________ aorta.
• Right ventricular infarction was present with right ventricular
dilatation/ abnormal right ventricular wall motion/ paradoxical
motion of the interventricular septum/ and tricuspid
regurgitation
• Echocardiogram is detected shunting through a patent foramen
ovale.
• Right/left ventricular infarction is noted
• ASD present in ____ place, with size of ______
• Enlargement of the right atrium/ right ventricle/ pulmonary
arteries/ single papillary muscle / left ventricular hypoplasia
/aortic coarctation is noted
• Anomalies of systemic venous connection is present
• Mitral valve prolapse /a double-orifice mitral valve is present
 • Assessment of pulmonary venous connections was done they are
normal / ________ anomaly is found
• A tricuspid regurgitant jet is present
• Hypertrophic/ Constrictive cardiac myopathy is noted
• A small LV cavity may be present secondary to marked
hypertrophy
• Reduced septal motion and thickening during systole is found
• Abnormal contractile function is noted
• The motion of the posterior wall is normal / increased.

• The rate of closure of the mitral valve in mid diastole is_____

• Partial systolic closure / coarse systolic fluttering of the aortic
valve is noted
• Abnormalities in diastolic function is noted
• Abnormal systolic anterior leaflet motion of the mitral valve,
• LV hypertrophy is noted
• Left atrial enlargement is observed
• Small ventricular chamber size is identified
• Septal hypertrophy with septal-to-free wall ratio greater than
____
• Mitral valve prolapse /mitral regurgitation is noted
• Decreased mid aortic flow, and partial systolic closure of the
aortic valve in mid systole.
• Diffuse hypokinesis
• Diastolic dysfunction
• Wall thickening is noted in ______
• Pericardial effusion
• Fulminant and acute myocarditis
• Pericardial tamponade is present
• Myocarditis / purulent pericarditis is present
• Echo-free space is noted in the posterolateral left ventricle
/lateral and posteriorly to left atrium
• Acute papillary muscle rupture
• valvular vegetation with resulting acute severe mitral, aortic
regurgitation
• The study was somewhat technically limited and hence subtle
abnormalities could be missed from the study.

COMPLICATIONS

None