Cardiomegaly

Cardiomegaly is a medical condition in which the heart is enlarged. It

Cardiomegaly
is more commonly referred to as an enlarged heart. The causes of
cardiomegaly may vary. Many times this condition results from high
blood pressure (hypertension) or coronary artery disease. An enlarged
heart may not pump blood effectively, resulting in congestive heart
failure. Cardiomegaly may improve over time, but many people with
an enlarged heart need lifelong treatment with medications.[12] Having
an immediate family member who has or had cardiomegaly may
indicate that a person is more susceptible to getting this condition.[13]
Cardiomegaly is not a disease but rather a condition that can result
from a host of other diseases such as obesity or coronary artery
disease. Recent studies suggest that cardiomegaly is associated with a
higher risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD).[14]

Cardiomegaly on chest X-ray with a pacemaker

Contents
Specialty Cardiology
Signs and symptoms
Types Athletic heart syndrome,[1]
Causes
Ventricular hypertrophy, Atrial
Mechanism enlargement
Diagnosis
Causes Dilated Cardiomyopathy,[2][3][4][5]
Treatment and prognosis
Hypertrophic
Research study cardiomyopathy.[1][6][7][8][9]
See also
Diagnostic Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
References method screening[10][11]
External links

Signs and symptoms

For many people, cardiomegaly is asymptomatic. For others, if the enlarged heart begins to affect the body's ability to pump blood
effectively, then symptoms associated with congestive heart failure may arise, including:[13]

Heart palpitations – the irregular beating of the heart, usually associated with a valve issue inside the heart.
Severe shortness of breath (especially when physically active) – irregularly unable to catch one's breath.
Chest pain
Fatigue
Swelling in legs
Increased abdominal girth
Weight gain
Edema – swelling
Fainting[13]

Causes
The causes of cardiomegaly are not well understood and many cases of cardiomegaly are idiopathic (having no known cause).
Prevention of cardiomegaly starts with detection. If a person has a family history of cardiomegaly, one should let one's doctor know
so that treatments can be implemented to help prevent worsening of the condition. In addition, prevention includes avoiding certain
lifestyle risk factors such as tobacco use and controlling one's high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Non-lifestyle risk
factors include family history of cardiomegaly, coronary artery disease (CAD), congenital heart failure, Atherosclerotic disease,
valvular heart disease, exposure to cardiac toxins, sleep disordered breathing (such as sleep apnea), sustained cardiac arrhythmias,
abnormal electrocardiograms, and cardiomegaly on chest X-ray. Lifestyle factors which can help prevent cardiomegaly include eating
a healthy diet, controlling blood pressure, exercise, medications, and not abusing alcohol and cocaine.[13] Current research and the
evidence of previous cases link the following (below) as possible causes of cardiomegaly
.

The most common causes of cardiomegaly are congenital (patients are born with the condition based on a genetic inheritance), high
blood pressure which can enlarge the left ventricle causing the heart muscle to weaken over time, and coronary artery disease that
creates blockages in the heart's blood supply, which can bring on a cardiac infarction (heart attack) leading to tissue death which
causes other areas of the heart to work harder,increasing the heart's size.

Other possible causes include:

Heart Valve Disease

Cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle)
Pulmonary Hypertension
Pericardial Effusion (fluid around the heart)
Thyroid Disorders
Hemochromatosis (excessive iron in the blood)
Other rare diseases likeAmyloidosis[13]
Chagas disease, an important cause of cardiomegaly inLatin America[15]
Viral infection of the heart
Pregnancy, with enlarged heart developing around the time of delivery (peripartum cardiomyopathy)
Kidney disease requiring dialysis
Alcohol or cocaine abuse
HIV infection[12]
Diabetes[16]

Mechanism
Cardiomegaly is a condition affecting the cardiovascular system, specifically the heart. This condition is strongly associated with
congestive heart failure.[13] Within the heart, the working fibers of the myocardial tissue increase in size. As the heart works harder
the actin and myosin filaments experience less overlap which increases the size of the myocardial fibers. If there is less overlap of the
protein filaments actin and myosin within the sarcomeres of muscle fibers, they will not be able to effectively pull on one another. If
the heart tissue (walls of left and right ventricle) gets too big and stretches too far, then those filaments cannot effectively pull on one
another to shorten the muscle fibers, thus impacting the heart's sliding filament mechanism. If fibers cannot shorten properly, and the
heart cannot contract properly, then blood cannot be effectively pumped to the lungs to be re-oxygenated and to the body to deliver
oxygen to the working tissues of the body.

Diagnosis
There are two main types of cardiomegaly:

Dilated cardiomyopathyis the most common type of cardiomegaly. In this condition, the walls of the left and/or right ventricles of
the heart become thin and stretched. The result is an enlar
ged heart.
In the other types of cardiomegaly, the heart's large muscular left ventricle becomes abnormally thick. Hypertrophy is usually what
causes left ventricular enlargement. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is typically an inherited condition.[12] There are many
techniques and tests used to diagnose an enlarged heart. Below is a list of tests and how they test for cardiomegaly:

1. Chest X-Ray: X-ray images help see the condition of the lungs and heart. If the
heart is enlarged on an X-ray, other tests will usually be needed to find the cause. A
useful measurement on X-ray is the cardio-thoracic ratio, which is the transverse
diameter of the heart, compared with that of the thoracic cage."[18] These diameters
are taken from PA chest x-rays using the widest point of the chest and measuring as
far as the lung pleura, not the lateral skin margins. If the cardiac thoracic ratio is
greater than 50%, pathology is suspected, assuming the x-ray has been taken
correctly.[19] The measurement was first proposed in 1919 to screen military Cardiothoracic ratio =
recruits. A newer approach to using these x-rays for evaluating heart health takes the
ratio of heart area to chest area and has been called the two-dimensional
where:[17]
cardiothoracic ratio.[20]
MRD = greatest perpendicular
diameter from midline to right heart
2. Electrocardiogram: This test records the electrical activity of the heart through
border
electrodes attached to the person's skin. Impulses are recorded as waves and
MLD = greatest perpendicular
displayed on a monitor or printed on paper. This test helps diagnose heart rhythm diameter from midline to left heart
problems and assess the damage to a person's heart from a heart attack. border
ID = internal diameter of chest at
3. Echocardiogram: This test for diagnosing and monitoring an enlarged heart uses level of right hemidiaphragm
sound waves to produce a video image of the heart. With this test, the four chambers
of the heart can be evaluated.

The results of these tests can be used to see how ef

ficiently the heart is pumping, determine which chambers of the
heart are enlarged, look for evidence of previous heart attacks and determine if a person has congenital heart
disease.
4. Stress test: A stress test, also called an exercise stress test, provides information about how well the heart works during physical
activity.

An exercise stress test usually involves walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart rhythm,
blood pressure, and breathing are monitored.
5. Cardiac computerized tomography(CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In a cardiac CT scan, one lies on a table inside
a machine called a gantry. An X-ray tube inside the machine rotates around the body and collects images of the heart and chest.

In a cardiac MRI, one lies on a table inside a long tube-like machine that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to
produce signals that create images of the heart.
6. Blood tests: Blood tests may be ordered to check the levels of substances in the blood that may show a heart problem. Blood tests
can also help rule out other conditions that may cause one's symptoms.

7. Cardiac catheterization and biopsy: In this procedure, a thin tube (catheter) is inserted in the groin and threaded through the
[13]
blood vessels to the heart, where a small sample (biopsy) of the heart, if indicated, can be extracted for laboratory analysis.

Treatment and prognosis

Treatments for cardiomegaly include a combination of medication treatment and medical/surgical procedures. Below are some of the
treatment options for individuals with cardiomegaly:

Medications

Diuretics: to lower the amount of sodium and water in the body

, which can help lower the pressure in the arteries
and heart.
 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors : to lower the blood pressure and improve the heart's pumping
ability.
Angiotensin receptor blockers(ARBs): to provide the benefits of ACE inhibitorsfor those who can't take ACE
inhibitors.
Beta blockers: to lower blood pressure and improve heart function.
Digoxin: to help improve the pumping function of the heart and lessen the need for hospitalization for heart failure.
Anticoagulants: to reduce the risk of blood clots that could cause a heart attack or stroke.
Anti-arrhythmics: to keep the heart beating with a normal rhythm.
Medical devices to regulate the heartbeat

Pacemaker: Coordinates the contractions between the left and right ventricle. In people who may be at risk of
serious arrhythmias, drug therapy or animplantable cardioverter-defibrillator(ICD) may be used.
ICDs: Small devices implanted in the chest to constantly monitor the heart rhythm and deliver electrical shocks when
needed to control abnormal, rapid heartbeats. The devices can also work as pacemakers.
Surgical procedures

Heart valve surgery: If an enlarged heart is caused by a problem with one of the heart valves, one may have
surgery to remove the valve and replace it with either an artificial valve or a tissue valve from a pig, cow or deceased
human donor. If blood leaks backward through a valve (valve regurgitation), the leaky valve may be surgically
repaired or replaced.
Coronary bypass surgery: If an enlarged heart is related to coronary artery disease, one may opt to have coronary
artery bypass surgery.
Left ventricular assist device: (LVAD): This implantable mechanical pump helps a weak heart pump.VADs L are
often implanted while a patient waits for a heart transplant or
, if the patient is not a heart transplant candidate, as a
long-term treatment for heart failure.
[13]
Heart transplant: If medications can't control the symptoms, a heart transplant is often a final option.
Cardiomegaly can progress and certain complications are common:

Heart failure: One of the most serious types of enlarged heart, an enlarged left ventricle, increases the risk of heart
failure. In heart failure, the heart muscle weakens, and the ventricles stretch (dilate) to the point that the heart can't
pump blood efficiently throughout the body.
Blood clots: Having an enlarged heart may make one more susceptible to forming blood clots in the lining of the
heart. If clots enter the bloodstream, they can block blood flow to vital organs, even causing a heart attack or stroke.
Clots that develop on the right side of the heart may travel to the lungs, a dangerous condition called a pulmonary
embolism.
Heart murmur: For people who have an enlarged heart, two of the heart's four valves — the mitral and tricuspid
valves — may not close properly because they become dilated, leading to a backflow of blood. This flow creates
sounds called heart murmurs.
NOTE* The exact mortality rate for people with cardiomegaly is unknown. However , many people live for a very long
time with an enlarged heart and if detected early, treatment can help improve the condition and prolong the lives of
these people.[13]

Research study
In a 1963 study of 36 patients with cardiomegaly , Burch et al. determined that patients showed clinical improvement
in their enlarged heart from prolonged periods of bed rest. Specifically , eleven patients' heart size returned to normal,
four showed a decrease in heart size, and six showed no change. [21]

This study examined stillborn infants and the ef fects of diabetic mothers and heart size of these infants. They found
that stillborn infants who had mothers with diabetes mellitus had heavier hearts, thicker ventricular walls, and lighter
brains. It also found that cardiomegaly is a common finding in stillborn infants of mothers with diabetes mellitus and
may contribute to the risk of fetal death in these pregnancies. [22]

See also
Athletic heart syndrome

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External links
American Heart Association
Classification ICD-10: I51.7 · D
ICD-9-CM: 429.3 ·
MeSH: D006332 ·
DiseasesDB:
30769

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