Concepts of CDMA

Advanced Training Version 6th Edition

1 10001542.ppt rev: 8/98

Cellular Access Methods

Power Time Time Power

FDMA Power Time

Frequency

CDMA

Frequency

TDMA

Frequency
2 10001542.ppt rev: 8/98

CDMA is Also Full Duplex

Amplitude
Reverse Link

US Cellular Channel 384

Forward Link

AMPS
836.52 MHz

45 MHz

Frequency
881.52 MHz

Amplitude
Reverse Link Forward Link

CDMA
836.52 MHz

45 MHz

Frequency
881.52 MHz

10001542.ppt rev: 8/98

Cellular Frequency Reuse Patterns

1 2 6 5 7
FDMA Reuse

3 4 6 2
1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1

CDMA Reuse

10001542.ppt rev: 8/98

CDMA Capacity Gains

(Chan BW) (1) Capacity = _____________ X _____ X (1) ____ X (Fr) (Data Rate) (S/N) (Vaf) (1,230,000) (1) CDMA = ____________ X _____ X (1) _____ X (0.67) (9,600) (5.01) (.40) CDMA = 42 Calls ( Using 1.5 MHz BW )

Processing Gain

AMPS = 1.5 MHz / 30 kHz = 50 Channels Capacity = 50 Channels / 7 ( 1/7 Frequency Reuse ) AMPS = 7 Calls ( Using 1.5 MHz BW )

10001542.ppt rev: 8/98

The CDMA Concept

10 Khz BW 1.23 Mhz BW 1.23 Mhz BW 10 Khz BW

fc
CDMA Transmitter

fc
CDMA Receiver Walsh Code Correlator 1228.8 kbps

Baseband Data 9.6 kbps

Encoding & Interleaving 19.2 kbps

Walsh Code Spreading 1228.8 kbps

Decode & DeInterleaving 19.2 kbps

Baseband Data 9.6 kbps

-113 dBm/1.23 Mhz

Spurious Signals

1.23 Mhz BW

1.23 Mhz BW

fc
Background Noise

fc
External Interference

fc
Other Cell Interference
6

fc
Other User Noise
10001542.ppt rev: 8/98

Interference Sources

What is Correlation ?
Is a Measure of How Well a Given Signal Matches a Desired Code The Desired Code is Compared to the Given Signal at Various Test times
Received Signal

Correlation = 1

Correlation = 0 Time

Correlation = 0

Correlation = 0

10001542.ppt rev: 8/98

CDMA Paradigm Shift

Multiple Users on One Frequency
Analog/TDMA Try to Prevent Multiple Users Interface

Channel is Defined by Code

Analog Systems Defined Channels by Frequency

Capacity Limit is Soft

Allows Degrading Voice Quality to Temporarily Increase Capacity Reduce Surrounding Cell Capacity to Increase a Cells Capacity

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CDMA makes use of Diversity

Spatial Diversity
Making Use of Differences in Position

Frequency Diversity
Making Use of Differences in Frequency

Time Diversity
Making Use of Differences in Time

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CDMA Spatial Diversity

Diversity Reception:
Multiple Antennas at Base Station
Each Antenna is Affected by Multipath Differently Due to Their Different Location Allows Selection of the Signal Least Affected by Multipath Fading

If Diversity Antennas are Good, Why Not Use Base Stations as a Diversity Network?
Soft Handoff

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10001542.ppt rev: 8/98

2 no i ta tS esaB

ro tce leS / redocoV

OS T M
kn iL dnaL

Spatial Diversity During Soft Handoff

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1 no i ta tS esaB

CDMA Frequency Diversity

Combats Fading, Caused by Multipath Fading Acts like Notch Filter to a Wide Spectrum Signal May Notch only Part of Signal
Amplitude
WB z H M 32.1

Frequency
10001542.ppt rev: 8/98

12

CDMA Time Diversity

Rake Receiver to Find and Demodulate Multipath Signals Data is Interleaved
Spreads Adjacent Data in time to Improve Error Correction Efficiency

Convolutional Encoding
Adds Error Correction and Detection

Viterbi Decoding
Most Likely Path Decoder for Convolutionaly Encoded Data

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Why Interleaving Works

Original Data Frame
1 5 9 13 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 3 7 11 15 Errors/Time

TX
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 9 Errors/Time

RX
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 9

Interleaved Data Frame

1 5 9 13 2 6 10 14 3 7 11 15 4 8 12 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Errors/Time

TX
1 5 9 13 2 6 10 14 3 11 15 4 7 8 12 16 Errors/Time

RX
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 9

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The Rake Receiver

Amplitude

Time

Frequency
15 10001542.ppt rev: 8/98

Rake Receiver Design

Antenna

T0

T1

T2

T3

T4

Delay Taps

W0

W1

W2

W3

Tap W4 Weights

Output
16 10001542.ppt rev: 8/98

Synchronization
All Direct Sequence, Spread Spectrum Systems Should be Accurately Synchronized for Efficient searching Finding the Desired Code Becomes Difficult without Synchronization

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Reverse Link Power Control

Maximum System Capacity is Achieved if:
 All Mobiles are Power Controlled to the Minimum Power for Acceptable Signal Quality  As a Result, all Mobiles are Received at About Equal Power at the Base Station Independent of Their Location

Two Types of Control

- Open Loop Power Control - Closed Loop Power Control

Open & Closed Loop Power Control are Always Both Active
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Open Loop Power Control

Assumes Loss is Similar on Forward and Reverse Paths Receive Power + Transmit Power = -73
All Powers in dBm

Example:
For a Received Power of -85 dBm
Transmit Power = (-73) - (- 85) Transmit Power = +12 dBm

Provides an Estimate of Reverse TX Power for Given Propagation Conditions

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Closed Loop Power Control

Directed by Base Station Updated Every 1.25 msec Commands Mobile to Change TX Power in +/- 1 dB Step Size Fine Tunes Open Loop Power Estimate Power Control Bits are Punctured over the Encoded Voice Data Puncture Period is Two 19.2 kbps Symbol Periods = 104.2 usec
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CDMA Variable Rate Speech Coder

DSP Analyzes 20 Millisecond Blocks of Speech for Activity Selects Encoding Rate Based on Activity:
High Activity Some Activity Low Activity No Activity Full Data Rate Encoding (9600 bps) Half Data Rate Encoding (4800 bps) Quarter Data Rate Encoding (2400 bps) 1/8 Data Rate Encoding (1200 bps)

How Does This Improve Capacity?

Mobile Transmits in Bursts of 1.25 ms

System Capacity Increases by 1/Voice Activity Factor

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Mobile Power Bursting

Each Frame is Divided into 16 Power Control Groups Each Power Control Group Contains 1536 Chips (represents 12 encoded voice bits) Average Power is Lowered 3 dB for Each Lower Data Rate

CDMA Frame = 20 ms

Full Rate

Half Rate Quarter Rate

Eighth Rate

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Base Station Variable Rate Vocoder

Base Stations Do Not Pulse TX Channels How Does the Base Station Handle Variable Rate Vocoding?
Repeats Data Bits When Transmitting at Reduced Rates Repeating Data Adds 3 dB Coding Gain Lowers the TX Power 3dB for Each Lower Rate

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Forward Link Traffic Channel Physical Layer

Power Vocoded Control Speech Convolutional Puncturing Encoder Interleaver Data 800 bps Walsh Long Code 9.6 19.2 Cover Scrambling kbps 1/2 kbps Rate P.C. Mux 19.2 19.2 19.2 3/4 kbps kbps kbps 14.4 Rate 19.2 kbps kbps 20 msec blocks Long Code 19.2 kbps 1.2288 Mbps I Short Code 1.228 8 Mbps

FIR Short Code Scrambler FIR

800 bps

1.228 8 Mbps Walsh Code

Generator

Q Short Code 1.2288 Mbps

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CDMA Vocoders
Vocoders Convert Voice to/from Analog Using Data Compression There are Three CDMA Vocoders:
IS-96A CDG EVRC IS-96A EVCR CDG Variable Rate (8 kbps maximum) Variable Rate (13 kbps maximum) Variable Rate (improved 8 kbps) - moderate quality - near toll quality - toll quality

Each has Different Voice Quality:

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CDMA Frame Formats

9600 bps Frame
Mixed Mode Bit 192 bits in a ms frame
171 12 8

288 bits in a ms frame

14400 bps Frame

Encoder Tail Bits 1-bit Reserved

266

12

Encoder Tail Bits

Information Bits

CRC

Information Bits Mixed Mode Bit 144 bits in a ms frame

CRC

4800 bps Frame

Mixed Mode Bit

96 bits in a ms frame
79 8 8

7200 bps Frame

Encoder Tail Bits 1-bit Reserved Mixed Mode Bit

124

10

Encoder Tail Bits

Information Bits

CRC

Information Bits

CRC

48 bits in a ms frame

72 bits in a ms frame
8

2400 bps Frame

Mixed Mode Bit

39

3600 bps Frame

Encoder Tail Bits 1-bit Reserved Mixed Mode Bit

54

8 8

Encoder Tail Bits

Information Bits

Information Bits

CRC

24 bits in a ms frame

36 bits in a ms frame
8

1200 bps Frame

Mixed Mode Bit

15

1800 bps Frame

Encoder Tail Bits 1-bit Reserved

20

6 8

Encoder Tail Bits

Information Bits

Information Bits Mixed Mode Bit

CRC

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Forward Error Protection

Uses Half-Rate Convolutional Encoder Outputs Two Bits of Encoded Data for Every Input Bit

Data Out 9600 bps

Data In 9600 bps

Data Out 9600 bps

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14.4 Traffic Channel Forward Link Modifications

Replaces 8 kbps Vocoder with a 13 kbps Vocoder (both Variable Rate) Effects:
Provides Toll Quality Speech Uses a 3/4 Rate Encoder Reduces Processing Gain 1.76 dB Results in Reduced Capacity or Smaller Cell Sizes
20 msec blocks
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Vocoded Speech Data

Convolutional
Encoder

3/4 rate
14.4 kbps 19.2 kbps

CDMA System Time

1 3 2 4 5 6 7
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Base Stations Use GPS Time via Satellite Receivers as a Common Time Reference GPS Clock Drives the Long Code Generator

29

Use GPS Satellite System

21

11 01 9

How Does CDMA Achieve Synchronization for Efficient searching?

Long Code Generation

Long Code Output Modulo-2 Addition

User Assigned Long Code Mask 42 bits 42 41 5 4 3 2 1

Long Code Generator

(Driven by System Time) 0 Permuted ESN

Long Code Mask

41 32 31 1100011000

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Long Code Generator

System Time


All CDMA Base Stations and Mobiles Must be Synchronized Base Stations Use GPS Time via Satellite Receivers as a Common Time Reference GPS Clock Drives the Long Code Generator.

11 12 10 9 8 7 6

1 2 3 4 5

Jan 6, 1980 00:00:00 R1,R2,R3,R4..........R42 ( initial state of 42 registers ) 1, 0, 0, 0.............. 0 42

Long Code Combinations: 2 Clock Rate = 1.2288 Mcps

SLIDE 25
31

= 4.398046511 x 10

12

Return of Initial State = 41.43 days !!!!

10001542.ppt rev: 8/98

Decimator
Decimator 1.2288 Mcps

Long Code Mask

Long Code Generator

1228800 = 19.2 ksps 64

b1,b2.......b64, b65......b128, b129.......b192, b193........................b1228800

Decimator selects 1st bit output of every 64 chips and uses that for scrambling

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Long Code Scrambling

XOR

Users Long Code Mask is Applied to the Long Code Masked Long Code is Decimated Down to 19.2 kbps Decimated Long Code is XORed with Voice Data Bits Scrambles the Data to Provide Voice Security

Encoded Voice Data

19.2 kbps

19.2 kbps

19.2 kbps

Long Code Decimator Long Code Generator

1.2288 Mbps

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Closed Loop Power Control Puncturing

Long Code is Decimated Down to 800 bps Decimated Long Code Controls the Puncture Location Power Control Bits Replace Voice Data Voice Data is Recovered by the Mobiles Viterbi Decoder
Closed Loop Power Control Bits 800 bps Long Code 19.2 kbps P. C. 19.2 kbps Scrambled Mux Voice Data 800 bps Long Code Decimator Long Code Decimated Data 19.2 kbps

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Walsh Codes
0 =W
1 4
35 10001542.ppt rev: 8/98

0 1 1 0

1 1 0 0

1 0 1 0

0 0= W 0 0

=W
2

W W n n W= 2n W W n n

0 0 0 1

Checking for Orthogonality

0 0 W =0 4 0

0 1 0 1

0 0 1 1

=
0 1 1 0

Cross Correlation

N agreements - N disagreements Ntotal_number_of_digits

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Y Y N N

2 Match - 2 dont = 0
36 10001542.ppt rev: 8/98

Walsh Code Generation

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

W=8

0 0 0 0

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Checking for Orthogonality

If not clear, look at it this way Walsh Codes Orthogonality

-1 -1 -1 -1 = -4/4 = -1(0) -1 -1 +1 +1 = 0/4 = 0 -2 -2



0 = -4/4 = -1(0)

Try this out for any W=8 combinations, and also try with inverse of any combination with direct combination of other.

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Walsh Code Spread

Walsh Codes are used to spread data User is assigned a Walsh Code Data is spread using the assigned Walsh Code For "0" data input, the assigned Walsh code is output For "1" data input , the inverse of assigned Walsh Code is output

Example User is assigned Walsh Code "0011" Data Input : 1101110100 Data Output : 1100 1100 0011 1100 1100 1100 0011 1100 0011 0011

Spreading Rate = Data Rate x Walsh Chips on code

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Walsh Code Spreading

Walsh Cover

Encoded Voice Data

19.2 kbps

1.2288 Mcps

XOR

Walsh Code Generator



1.2288 Mbps

So what is the Spreading Rate Increase ?

CDMA uses 64 chips Walsh Codes Spreading Rate = 19.2 ksps x 64 = 1.2288 Mcps
1 Walsh Chip period = 0.813 usecs 64 Walsh Chip period = 52.08 usecs

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Walsh Code Spreading

Encoded Voice Data
19.2 kbps 1.2288 Mbps

Walsh Code Generator

1.2288 Mbps

What is the Spreading Rate Increase ?

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Walsh Coding Example

User A
For a 0 Input Use Code 00
+1 -1 +1

W2 0 0 - User A = 0 1 - User B
0 1 0 1 Channel B Voice Data

User B
+1 -1 +1

For a 0 Input Use Code 01 0 1 For a 1 Input Use Code 10 1 0

For a 1 Input Use Code 11 Channel A Voice Data

-1 +1 0

-1 +1 0 +1

+1 Channel A Walsh Encoded -1 Voice Data

+
0

1 0

0
+2

Channel B Walsh Encoded -1 Voice Data

1 0

Sum of A & B Walsh Encoded Data Streams

+1 -1 -2
42 10001542.ppt rev: 8/98

Walsh Decoding Example

Original User B Voice Data
+1 0

Correlation Coefficient 1 zij = T

0

Original User B Voice Data

+1 0

+2 +1

User A & B Walsh Data

-1 -2

Multiply Summed Data with Desired Walsh Code

+2 +1 +1 +2 +1 +2

X
-1 -2 -1

=
-1 -2

-1
=
43

f i (t)  f j (t) dt

+2 +1

User A & B Walsh Data

-1 -2

Multiply Summed Data with Desired Walsh Code

+2 +1 +1 +1

+
-1 -2 -1

=
1 0
-1 -2

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What if Walsh Codes are Not Time Aligned ?

Original Channel A +1 Walsh Encoded Voice Data -1 Time Delayed

+
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

Channel B +1 Walsh Encoded Voice Data -1

1 0

Sum of A & B Walsh Encoded Data Streams

+1 -1 -2

Multiply Summed Data with Desired Walsh Code

+2 +1 +1 +2 +1

X
-1 -2 -1

=
1 1
-1 -2

44

-0.75

Original Data Was 0 (-1), We Have Interference Now!

10001542.ppt rev: 8/98

Short Code(PN) spreading

1.2288 Mcps I Channel Short Sequence Code Generator

Walsh Coded Data at 1.2288 Mcps

To I/Q Modulator

1.2288 Mcps

Q Channel Short Sequence Code Generator

   

Walsh Coded Data is scrambled with a PN code in both "I" and "Q" streams PN code is generated at a rate of 1.2288 Mcps. PN code is generated with reference to system time. PN code is used for distingushing Base Stations.

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Short Code(PN) Generation

   

PN sequence codes are generated using 15 bit SFR's PN sequence pattern repeats every 26.666 ms. 75 PN sequences repetition occur every 2 seconds On every even second clock , MS will get PN sequence initial state.
2 secs

Jan 6, 1980 00:00:00 R1,R2,R3,R4..........R15 ( initial state of 15 registers ) 1, 0, 0, 0.............. 0 15

75 1 2

74

PN Code Combinations: 2 = 32768 Clock Rate = 1.2288 Mcps

Return of Initial State = 26.666 ms

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PN Offsets
   

Each Base Station will scramble PN sequence with data by some time offset Time Offsets are in intervals of 64 clock chips ( 52.08 usecs) from even second clock 512 unique offsets are created ( 32768/64 chips = 512 ) Each Base Station is alloted an offset for PN sequence scrambling

PN 237 PN 0

PN 489

PN 120

PN 511

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PN-Offsets Example

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Why Spread Again with the Short Sequence

Provides a Cover to Hide the 64 Walsh Codes Each Base Station is Assigned a Time Offset in its Short Sequences Time Offsets Allow Mobiles to Distinguish Between Adjacent Cells Also Allows Reuse of All Walsh Codes in Each Cell
1.2288 Mbps I Channel Short Sequence Code Generator

Walsh Coded Data at 1.2288 Mbps

To I/Q Modulator

1.2288 Mbps

Q Channel Short Sequence Code Generator

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Auto-Correlation
Pseudo-Random Sequence
1

Is a Comparison of a Signal Against Itself Good PseudoRandom Patterns Have:

Strong Correlation at Zero Time Offset Weak Correlation at Other Time Offsets
0

0 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Auto-Correlation Versus Time Offset

10

15

20

25

30

Chip Offset
50 10001542.ppt rev: 8/98

Short Code Correlation

Short Codes are Designed to Have:
Strong Auto-Correlation at Zero Time Offset Weak Auto-Correlation at Other Offsets Good Auto-Correlation in Very Poor Signal-to-Noise Ratio Environments
Auto-Correlation Versus Time Offset With 17 dB Noise Added

10

15

20

25

30

Chip Offset

Allows Fast Acquisition in Real World Environment

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Forward Link Channel Format

Walsh Code 0
Pilot Channel All 0s 1228.8 kbps Convert to I/Q & PN Spreading I Data Q Data FIR LP Filter & D/A Conversion

Walsh Code 32
Sync Channel 4.8 kbps 1228.8 kbps Convert to I/Q & PN Spreading I Data Q Data FIR LP Filter & D/A Conversion

Walsh Codes 1 to 7
Paging Channels 19.2 kbps
1 up to 7 Channels

1228.8 kbps

Convert to I/Q & PN Spreading

I Data Q Data

FIR LP Filter & D/A Conversion

Walsh Codes 8-31,33-63

Traffic Channels 19.2 kbps
1 up to 55 Channels

7
FIR LP Filter & D/A Conversion

1228.8 kbps

Convert to I/Q & PN Spreading

I Data Q Data

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Pilot Channel Physical Layer

1.2288 Mbps Walsh Modulator All 0 Inputs 19.2 kbps 1.228 8 Mbps I Short Code

sedoC t rohS eh t tsu j s i lennahC to l iP s '0 l la e ro fe rehT s i ro ta ludoM hs laW fo tup tuO 0 s i ro ta ludoM hs laW o tn i a taD l lA

:0 edoC hs laW sesU

0 e ra s t ib 46 l lA

FIR Short Code Scrambler FIR

1.228 8 Mbps Walsh Code Generator Walsh Code 0

Q Short Code 1.2288 Mbps

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Sync Channel Physical Layer

Sync Channel Message Data Convolutional Encoder Symbol Repetition Interleaver

1.2288 Mbps

Walsh 32 Cover
1.2288 Mbps

I Short Code

1/2 Rate
1.2 kbps 2.4 kbps

2x
4.8 kbps 4.8 kbps 1.2288 Mbps Walsh Code Generator

FIR

Short Code Scrambler FIR

Q Short Code 1.2288 Mbps

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Paging Channel Physical Layer

Sync Channel Message Data Convolutional Encoder Interleaver Long Code Scrambling Symbol Repetition Walsh 1 to 7 Cover
1.2288 Mbps 19.2 kbps 19.2 kbps 19.2 kbps 1.2288 Mbps I Short Code

4.8 kbps

1/2 Rate

2x
9.6 kbps

FIR

Short Code Scrambler FIR

Paging Channel Long Code 19.2 kbps

1.2288 Mbps Walsh Code Generator

I Short Code 1.2288 Mbps

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Reverse Link Traffic Channel Physical Layer

Convolutional Encoder Vocoded Speech Data
9.6 kbps

Interleaver 1/3 28.8 Rate kbps

28.8 kbps

64-ary Modulator 1 of 64 Walsh Codes

Walsh Code 63 Walsh Code 62 Walsh Code 61

1.2288 Mbps I Short Code

Long Code Modulator

1.2288 Mbps 307.2 kbps

FIR Short Code Scrambler

14.4 kbps 20 msec blocks

1/2 Rate 28.8

kbps
Walsh Code 2 Walsh Code 1 Walsh Code 0

t/ 2

FIR

1/2 Chip Delay I Short Code 1.2288 Mbps 1.2288 Mbps

Long Code

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Reverse Error Protection

Uses Third-Rate Convolutional Encoder Outputs Three Bits for Every Input Bit
Data Out 9600 bps

+
Data In 9600 kbps


+ +
57

Data Out 9600 bps Data Out 9600 bps

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14.4 Traffic Channel Reverse Link Modifications

Replaces 8 kbps Vocoder with a 13 kbps Vocoder (both Variable Rate) Effects:
Provides Toll Quality Speech Uses a 1/2 Rate Encoder Reduces Processing Gain 1.76 dB Results in Reduced Capacity or Smaller Cell Sizes
58

Vocoded Speech Data Convolutional Encoder

1/2 Rate
14.4 kbps 28.8 kbps

20 msec blocks

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64-ary Modulation
Every 6 Encoded Voice Data Bits Points to one of 28.8 kbps the 64 Walsh Codes " Spreads Data from 28.8 kbps to 307.2 kbps
(28.8 kbps * 64 bits) / 6 bits = 307.2 kbps)
Walsh Code 63 Walsh Code 62 Walsh Code 61

307.2 kbps
Walsh Code 2 Walsh Code 1 Walsh Code 0

Is Not the Channelization for the Reverse Link

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Why Arent Walsh Codes Used for Reverse Channelization ?

All Walsh Codes Arrive Together in Time to All Mobiles From the Base Station However, Transmissions from Mobiles DO NOT Arrive at the Same Time at the Base Station

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Reverse Channel Long Code Spreading

Long Code Spreading Provides Unique Mobile Channelization Mobiles are Uncorrelated but not Orthogonal with Each Other
XOR Walsh Modulated Voice Data
307.2 kbps 1.2288 kbps

Long Code Generator

1.2288 kbps

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Reverse Channel Short Sequence Spreading

Same PN Short Codes Are Used by Mobiles Short Sequence spreading Aids Base Station Signal Acquisition Extra 1/2 Chip Delay is Inserted into Q Path to Produce OQPSK Modulation to Simplify Power Amplifier Design
1.2288 Mbps I Short Code

FIR
1.2288 Mbps

Short Code Scrambler

t/ 2

FIR

1/2 Chip Delay I Short Code 1.2288 Mbps

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OQPSK Modulation
QPSK Makes one Symbol Change Every Period OQPSK Makes two Symbol Changes Every Period if Q Data Changes Example Symbol Pattern is: - 00,10,01,11
I
00

01

Q
10 

 11

I
00

01

Q
10 

 11

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KSPQ tes f fO de re t l i F

Q XT no i ta tS e l iboM

CDMA Modulation Formats

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KSPQ de re t l i F

XT lennahC to l iP no i ta tS esaB

Channelization Summary
Function Forward Link (Base to Mobile) 1/2 Rate (9600 in 19200 out) 3/4 Rate (14400 in 19200 out) Channelization Reverse Link (Mobile to Base) 1/3 Rate (9600 in 28800 out) 1/2 Rate (14400 in 28800 out) 64-ary Modulation Channelization

9.6 kbps Convolutional Encoder 14.4 kbps Convolutional Encoder Walsh Coding

Long Code Spreading Short Code Spreading

Voice Privacy

Base Station Identification

Aid Base Station Searching

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65

Forward & Reverse Link Advantages & Disadvantages

Forward Link
(Base to Mobile) -High

Reverse Link
(Mobile to Base)

Power Transmitter -Pilot Channel -Added Time Diversity -Orthogonal Code Channels -Complexity of Soft Handoff

-Wide Range Power Control -Diversity Reception at Base

-Non-Coherent Demodulation -Limited Power -Uncorrelated Code Channels

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CDMA Multiplex Sublayer

Layer 3
Call Processing & Control

Layer 2
Primary Traffic

Layer 2
Signaling

Layer 2
Link Layer Paging & Access Channels

Multiplex Sublayer
Traffic Channel

Layer 1
Physical Layer Channel Data - 9600 bps or 14400 bps

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CDMA Service Options

Service Options Are:
1- Voice Using 9600 bps IS-96-A Vocoder 2- Rate Set 1 Loopback (9600 bps) 3- Voice Using 9600 bps (EVRC) 4- Asynchronous Data Service (circuit switched) 5- Group 3 Fax 6- Short Message Service (9600 bps) 7- Internet Standard PPP Packet Data 8- CDPD Over PPP Packet Data 9- Rate Set 2 Loopback (14400 bps) 14-Short Message Service (14400 bps) 32,768- Voice Using 14400 bps (CDG)

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CDMA Protocol Stacks

EIA/TIA-95 Rev B
Combines TSB-74 & J-STD-008 for a Universal Protocol

J-STD-008
Not Backwards Compatible, PCS only Protocol

TBS- 74
Cellular Protocol that adds 14400 Channel Support

IS -95 Rev A
Backwards compatible with IS-95. First Deployed Protocol

ARIB T53 Japan CDMA System Cellular Protocol

IS -95 Rev 0
Original System-never actually deployed

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Ten Minutes in the Life of a CDMA Mobile Phone

Turn-on
System Access

Travel
Idle State Hand-Off

Initiate Call System Access Continue Travel

Initiate Soft Handoff Terminate Soft Handoff

End Call
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CDMA Turn On Process

Find All Receivable Pilot Signals
Choose Strongest One

Establish Frequency and PN Time Reference (Base Station I.D.) Demodulate Sync Channel Establish System Time Determine Paging Channel Long Code Mask

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Sync Channel Message

Contains the Following Data:
Base Station Protocol Revision Min Protocol Revision Supported SID, NID of Cellular System Pilot PN Offset of Base Station Long Code State System Time Leap Seconds From Start of System Time Local Time Offset from System Time Daylight Savings Time Flag Paging Channel Data Rate Channel Number
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Read the Paging Channel

Demodulate the Paging Channel:
Use Long Code Mask Derived from the Pilot PN Offset Given in Sync Channel Message

Decode Messages Register, if Required by Base Station Monitor Paging Channel

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Paging Channel Messages

J-STD-008 Paging Messages Overhead Messages
System Parameters Access Parameters CDMA Channel List Extended System Parameters Extended Neighbor List

More Messages
Authentication SSD Update Feature Notification Status Request Service Redirection General Page Global Service Redirection TMSI Assignment

Other Messages
Order Channel Assignment Data Burst
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CDMA Idle State Handoff

No Call In Progress Mobile Listens to New Cell Move Registration Location if Entering a New Zone

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CDMA Call Initiation

Dial Numbers, Then Press Send Mobile Transmits on a Special Channel Called the Access Channel The Access Probe Uses a Long Code Mask Based On:
Access & Paging Channel Numbers Base Station ID Pilot PN Offset

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Reverse Link Access Channel Physical Layer

Convolutional Encoder Symbol Interleaver Repetition 1/3 Rate 64-ary Modulator 1 of 64 Walsh Codes
Walsh Code 63 Walsh Code 62 Walsh Code 61

1.2288 Mbps I Short Code

Long Code Modulator

1.2288 Mbps

2x
4.8 kbps 14.4 kbps 28.8 kbps 28.8 kbps

FIR

307.2 kbps
Walsh Code 2

Short Code Scrambler

t/2
1/2 Chip Delay

FIR

Access Channel Message Data

Walsh Code 1 Walsh Code 0

I Short Code 1.2288 Mbps 1.2288 Mbps

Access Channel Long Code

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CDMA Call Completion

Base Answers Access Probe using the Channel Assignment Message Mobile Goes to A Traffic Channel Based on the Channel Assignment Message Information Base Station Begins to Transmit and Receive Traffic Channel

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CDMA Soft Handoff Initiation

Mobile Finds Second Pilot of Sufficient Power (exceeds T_add Threshold) Mobile Sends Pilot Strength Message to First Base Station Base Station Notifies MTSO MTSO Requests New Walsh Assignment from Second Base Station If Available, New Walsh Channel Info is Relayed to First Base Station

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CDMA Soft Handoff Completion

First Base Station Orders Soft Handoff with new Walsh Assignment MTSO Sends Land Link to Second Base Station Mobile Receives Power from Two Base Stations MTSO Chooses Better Quality Frame Every 20 Milliseconds

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Ending CDMA Soft Handoff

First BS Pilot Power Goes Low at Mobile Station (drops below T_drop) Mobile Sends Pilot Strength Message First Base Station Stops Transmitting and Frees up Channel Traffic Channel Continues on Base Station Two

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CDMA End of Call

Mobile or Land Initiated Mobile and Base Stop Transmission Land Connection Broken

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CDMA Conclusions
New Access Method
Code Based

Designed for Use in Interfering Environment Uses Multipath to Improve Reception in Fading Conditions Has High Capacity
6 Times Analog for 14.4 kbps Voice 20 Times Analog for 9.6kbps Voice

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