WELCOME

N - 100

MS. EDERLIE E. PITIQUEN

NURSING as a PROFESSION
Nursing is often identified as an emerging profession .It is striving to attain professionalism to meet certain criteria.
It has evolved over centuries
.

TRADITIONAL NURSING ROLE

humanistic caring supporting nurturing comforting

WEBSTERS DEFINES:
Occupation as what occupies or engages, ones time, business and employment. Vocation is the work that a person regularly performs or the work that especially suits him or her. Profession is a vocation requiring advanced training usually involving mental rather manual work, as teaching, engineering, especially medicine, law or theology.

PROFESSION:
An occupation that requires advanced know ledged and skills and that is an outgrowth of societys needs for special services

Five Function for the Preservation and Development of a Profession :( STYLES 1983
Professional definition and regulation through the setting and enforcing of standards of education and practice for the generalist and the specialist. Development of the knowledge base for practice in its broadest and narrowest components. Transmission of values, norms, knowledge and skill to neophytes ands members of the profession for application in practice. Communication and advocacy of the values and contributions of the field to several publics and constituencies. Attendance to the social and general welfare of their members.

Six Elements of a Profession: (Moore and Rosenblum 1970)

Have a systematic theory Exert authority Command prestige Have a code of ethics Have a professional culture Be the major source of income of those who practice it.

Critical attributes of professionalism in nursing (Miller)

Gaining a body of knowledge in a university setting and a science orientation at the graduate level in nursing Attaining competencies derived from the theoretical base. Delineating and specifying the skills and competencies that are the boundaries of expertise.

Criteria of a Profession
Specialized education Body of knowledge Service orientation Ongoing research

Growth of Professionalism:
Specialized education Knowledge based Ethics Autonomy Code of Ethics Caring

Education
A profession requires an extended education of its members as well as basic liberal foundation.

Theory
A profession has a theoretical body of knowledge leading to defined skills, abilities and norms.

Service
A profession provides basic services.

Code of Ethics
The profession as a whole has a code of ethics for practice. A profession has sufficient self-impelling power to retain its members throughout life. It must not be a mere stepping stone to other occupations.

Autonomy
Members of a profession have autonomy in decision making and in practice.

Caring
The most unique characteristic

Professional Nursing
Is an art and a science dominated by an ideal of service in which certain principles are applied in the skillful care of the well and the ill, and through relationship with client/patient, significant others and other members of the health team.

Professional Nurse
Is one who has acquired the art and science of nursing through her basic education who interprets her role in nursing in terms of the social ends for which it exists the health and welfare of society and who continues to add to her knowledge, skills and attitudes through continuing education and scientific inquiry (research) or the use of the results of such inquiry.

Qualification and abilities of a Professional Nurse:

1. Has faith in the fundamental values that underlie the democratic way of life. Ex. A) respect for human dignity B) self sacrifice for the common good C) strong sense of responsibility for sharing in the solution of the problems of the society

2. Has a sense of responsibility for understanding those with whom he/she works or associates with through the use of the following skills; - utilizing relevant basic concept of psychology - working effectively through therapeutic relationship 3. Has faith in the reality of spiritual and aesthetic value and awareness of the value and the pleasure of selfdevelopment through the pursuit of some aesthetic interests

4. Has the basic knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary to address present-day social problems, realistic, incisive (direct) and well organized thoughts through the use of critical thinking. Critical thinking is securing, appraising, and organizing evidence. 5. Has skill in using written and spoken language, both to develop own thoughts and communicate them to others.

6. Appreciates and understand the importance of good health. 7. Has emotional balance. Is able to maintain poise and composure in trying situation. 8. Take hard work and possesses a capacity for it. 9. Appreciates high standards of workmanship.

10.Accept and tries to understand people of all sorts, regardless of race, religion, color and economic status. 11.Knows nursing so thoroughly that every client will receive excellent care

Personal qualification of a Nurse:

Philosophy of life Good personality

Philosophy of life
It is concerned with those basic truths that contribute to personal growth in a systematic fashion and with those principles that relate to the moral values that shape the facets of the character Every person must develop a personal philosophy of life and plan for expanding his personal life

 Theories of nursing can be taught, but not a philosophy of life or a philosophy of service.

Good Personality
Personality consists of distinctive individual qualities that differentiates one person from another. It refers to the impression one makes on others which will include more than that which meets the eye.

 It consists of deeper traits which come from the heart and which infiltrate the real person if one wishes to exert a magnetic influence on others. It is a result of integrating ones abilities, desires, impulses, habits and physical characteristic into a harmonious whole.

How to develop ones personality:

Warmth of manner, a ready smile, sincere laugh, genuine interest in others. Complete sincerity Sympathetic grooming: Neat hair style, appropriate dress, sufficient make-up and expressive hands, being ever mindful of the people who see you.

Components of Good Personality: Personal appearance Character Attitude Charm

Personal appearance
Your appearance often reveals more about the real you than any words you may say. Self-respect is the basis upon which personal appearance is established. It includes a healthy body motivated by unselfishness and expressing graciousness.

Components of personal appearance: Posture Grooming Dress and uniform

Posture
It refers to the habitual or assumed positions of your body in standing, sitting or moving about. Posture presents some clues to your personality. As a nurse, you must be responsible for practicing a physical regimen that helps to develop and maintain good posture and physical fitness.

Grooming
Your hair should truly crown the features of your face in an attractive manner. Your hair should be neat, clean and well arranged It also includes personal hygiene and cleanliness

Dress and Uniform

Just as self-respect is evident in good posture and personal hygiene, so as it is reflected in the care you exercise with regards to dressing.

Basic guides for Personal Dress:

Undergarments must be clean and properly fitted for body support. All articles of clothing should be neat, personable and trim especially the give away article such as the bra straps, the slip, the heels of the shoes. Street attire is expected to be appropriate and to give you a sense of security in official and social situation

 Your wardrobe may be limited but planning it in basic colors and using contrasting or blending hues can add greatly to its extensiveness. Accessories should match the attire and should be suitable to the occasion and to your personality. Current fads and style may have to be disregarded to accommodate your budget on your body structure.

The Nursing Uniform

They come in different colors, but irrespective of color, the nurse distinctive uniform identifies you as a nurse to your patient and his family as well as to your coworkers. You must respect the uniform. It is part of the nurses public image. Wear the uniform only during working hours. It should not be worn with jewelry except a school pin or name plate.

The Nurses Cap

The style of the cap remains usually the same for a particular school. Like the uniform wear it with respect and dignity

Points to remember in wearing the nurses uniform:

Every item comprising the uniform must be spotlessly clean, well fitting and in good repair. Shoes and hosiery worn with the uniform should provide for maximum comfort. Uniform designated for use in a given hospital area is worn only in the line of duty and not to be worn outside the specified department.

 Modification of any authorized uniform to suit your individual preference is not permitted by the dictates of both good taste and integrity.

Attitude
A manner of acting, thinking or feeling that is indicated by ones response toward another person situation or experience. Personality is shaped by ones attitude. It is a part of a pattern of personal behavior

Character
Refers to the moral values and beliefs that are used as guide to personal behavior and actions. It is what a person is inside. It is the development in proportion to emotional and intellectual growth and involves the degree to which you understand, direct and channel your feelings.

 The practice of nursing utilizes ones love for fellowman. Charity is the greatest virtue and serves as the foundation for a sense of values and the development of human character. The nurse is basically a good person.

Attributes of Character
Honesty Loyalty Tolerance Judgment Reliability Motivation Resourcefulness Moderation

Honesty
Being truthful, trustworthy and upright in ones dealing with others as well as refraining from lying, cheating and stealing.

It is demonstrated in terms of:

Truthfulness Honor Integrity

Truthfulness
The quality of being in agreement with facts, reality and experience

Honor
Making good on commitment.

Integrity
Adhering to ones set of moral values

Evidences of Honesty can be observed in the following: Care of materials Recognition of authority Obedience to rules, regulations and authority Use of time in terms of punctuality in performing activities

Loyalty
The feeling of confidence, trust and affection you have towards your family and friends and towards those who have helped, guided and stood by you as you proceeded towards your goals. Ex. Speaking well about co-workers and the institution where you work.

Tolerance
It allows you to respect and accept others as fellow human beings entitled to enjoy the same basic rights and privileges that you claim for yourself. It manifest itself in your recognition of the rights of others.

 It is demonstrated in the practice of patience, a sense of humor, sympathy, understanding, and unselfishness. Ex. Allowing an angry relative to verbalize his/her feelings.

Judgment
Sometimes referred to as good sense, it indicates ones ability to use ones intellectual capacity to form sound opinions. Qualities involved in the use of judgment are wisdom, discretion and tact. Ex. Questioning an unclear doctors order before acting.

Reliability
It is dependability and involves ones use of sound judgment based upon careful observation and an understanding of any given situation in which one is required to act. Ex. Performing ones responsibilities thoroughly even beyond time of duty as necessary, reporting on duty even during holidays, floods, typhoon and etc.

Motivation
Something that moves one to plan and accomplish specific things; it is a positive force that directs ones personal actions to the fulfillment of desires or drives that are referred to as basic human needs. Ex. Aiming to give the best quality of patient care at all times.

Resourcefulness
Involves a persons ability to recognize and deal promptly and effectively with difficulties or problems that arise. It requires the utilization of information available about a given situation and using it courageously, sensibly and constructively in dealing with situation.

Moderation
Allows one to maintain harmony and balance among all the elements of ones character and in ones relationships with others by encouraging one to develop perspective and a sense of objectivity. Ex. Indulging in food, material goods and other factors that provides pleasure or enjoyment to the senses in controlled manner.

 It is based on opinions, viewpoints of feelings. It is a result of responses to specific experiences. It changes from time to time as additional knowledge is gained and ones understanding is broadened.

 A change in attitude results to a change in behavior. It develops from awareness of oneself in relation to individuals and situations.

Eight Be-Attitudes of a Nurse:

Acceptance Helpfulness Friendliness Firmness Permissiveness Limit setting Sincerity Competence

Acceptance
Acceptance of others is indicative of self maturity. Facing known and meeting the unknown of life with maximum comfort. Changing what can be changed within ones self. Ex. The nurse accepts the client as an individual and respecting his/her culture.

Helpfulness
Strong feelings towards helping others; giving others attention, reassurance and a protective security in the storms of daily living. Ex. A nurse assist a weak client in feeding and performing hygienic measures.

Friendliness
May be active or passive, warmth of manner, pleasant interaction with others. Ex. The nurse establishes rapport with the client and his/her family.

Firmness
Being alert to the actions of others in a positive, confident way; uses firm, kind and immediate methods of approach. Ex. The nurse implements hospital rules and policies regarding visiting hours, number of visitors at a time, use of telephone.

Permissiveness
Understanding of motives and the feelings expressed in behavior whether they are or not capable; loosening or tightening the reign of authority in the interaction; flexibility in responses. Ex. The nurse allows the adolescent to wear his own clothing as he/she requests instead of hospital gown.

Limit setting
Knowing the value of her influence; offering of praise or blame; limiting what others may say or do. Ex. The nurse tells the client who keeps on throwing things that this behavior is unacceptable.

Sincerity
Acting naturally, recognizing ones anger, fears and other feelings. Ex. The nurse tells the client who is crying because she lost her baby that she understands how she feels at this time. And the nurse holds the clients hand and stay with her.

Competence
Approaching problems intellectually rather than emotionally, displaying knowledge and ability to deal with situations. Ex. The nurse stays with the client whose wound on the abdomen has disrupted and reassures the client that help from a physician is being sought for.

Charm
To influence the senses or the mind by some quality or attraction delight. Innate in one who has a depth of feeling and an outgoing manner. Maybe cultivated by a desire to serve and a deep love for fellow human beings.

To acquire charm, one needs to cultivate the following: Voice modulated with clear enunciation. Manner courteous, attentive, patient, receptive. Heart attempt never to show indifference or a calloused manner. Be empathetic, understanding and tolerant. Remember to say Thank you as this works miracles in social harmony.

Requirements for development of poise are as follows:

1. 2. Calmness and composure -face reality -avoid emotional flare-ups Control of temper Think before acting Avoid verbal and physical aggressiveness

 Intelligence keeps an active mind, recognize beauty, accept new ideas from others, read and exchange opinions with others. Poise equanimity, calmness, composure, evenness of temper, self-control.

NURSING
the word NURSE originated from word NUTRIX meaning to nourish.

Definition of Nursing
Florence Nightingale  the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery. Harmer  It is rooted in the needs of humanity. Shaw  Nursing is an art.

Harmer & Henderson  Service to an individual that helps him to attain or maintain a healthy state of mind or body.

Definition of Nursing
Mother Olivia Gowan  It is both a science and art involving the total patient. Hildagard E. Paplau  It is a significant,therapeutic,int erpersonal process.

Virginia Henderson  The unique function of the nurse is t assist the individual, sick or well.

Faye Glen Abdellah  It is a helping Profession.

Definition of Nursing
Dorothea Orem  It is the giving of direct assistance to a person. Ida Jean Orlando  Is to conceptualized that finding out and meeting the patients immediate need for help. Myra Estrin Levine  It is a human interaction.

Lydia Hall  Nursing can and should be professional.

Definition of Nursing
Imogene King  It is an interpersonal process of action,reaction,interaction and transaction. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse  It is a human science Betty Neumen  It is a unique profession.

Helen C. Erickson  It is a holistic helping of a person with their self care activities in relation to their health.

1987 Canadian Nurses Association (CNA)

Described nursing practice as a dynamic, caring, helping relationship which the nurse assists the client to achieve, obtained optimal health.

 They describe what nursing is and the interrelationship among nurses, nursing the client, the environment and the intended client outcome.

Characteristics of Nursing:
Nursing is caring. Nursing is an art. Nursing is a science. Nursing is client centered. Nursing is holistic. Nursing is adaptive. Nursing is concerned with health promotion, health maintenance, and health restoration. Nursing is a helping profession

1973-ANA (American Nurses Association)

described nursing practice as direct goal oriented and adaptable to the needs of the individual, the family and the community during health and illness.

 1980 ANA changed the definition into nursing diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems. 1995-ANA-recognized the influence and contribution of the science of caring to nursing, philosophy and practice.

American Nurses Association

It is a helping profession and as such provides services which contributes to the health and well being of a person.

In 1980, The congress of Nursing Practice defined Nursing as the" the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems.

Characteristics of Nursing:
related to Nursing Process)

Phenomena they are the human responses to actual or potential health problems. Theory application the nurse applies nursing theory to understanding theses human responses. Nursing action the nurse takes action to resolve actual or potential health problems. Evaluation the nurse evaluates the effects of the actions on the clients responses.

Three Essential Components of a Professional Nursing

Care Cure Coordination

Goals of Nursing:
Maintenance of health Promotion of wellness/health Restoration of health Prevention of illness Facilitate coping Care of dying

Their most recent definition of nursing acknowledges 4 essential features of contemporary nursing practice: Attention to the full range of human experiences and responses to health and illness without restrictions to a problem focused orientation. Integration of objective data with knowledge gained from an understanding of the client or groups subjective
experience

 Application of scientific knowledge to the process of diagnosis and treatment. Provision of a caring relationship that facilitates health and healing.

Historical Development of Nursing

Nursing has undergone dramatic changes in response to societal needs and influences.

Womens role
Traditional female roles of wife, mother, daughter and sister. From the beginning of time, women have cared for infants and children thus nursing could be said to have its roots in the home.

Religion
had a significant impact on the development of Western nursing

During the 3rd and 4th centuries

Several wealthy matrons of the Roman empire such as FABIOLA converted to Christianity and used their wealth to provide houses of care and healing (the forerunner of hospitals) for the poor, the sick and the homeless.

The Crusades
Saw the formation of several orders of knights, including the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem, the Teutonic Knights and the Knights of Saint Lazarus (dedicated themselves in the care of people with leprosy, syphilis and skin chronic skin diseases.)

 The Western churches suppressed the deaconess group which had their origins in the Roman Empire of the 3rd and 4th centuries, during the Middle Ages. However, these group of nursing providers resurfaced occasionally throughout the centuries, most notably in 1836.

Theodore Fliedner
Reinstituted the Order of Deaconess' and open a small hospital and training school in Kaiserwerth, Germany.

War
Throughout the century, wars have accentuated the need for nurses. During the Crimean war (18541856) the inadequacy of care give to soldiers led to a public outcry in Great Britain.

Historical Development of Nursing:

Period of Intuitive Nursing

It was practiced since prehistoric times among primitive tribes lasted through the early Christian era. Nursing was untaught and instinctive

A. Beliefs and practices of Prehistoric Man

Nomad, philosophy in life the best for the most, ruled by law of self preservation Nursing function belonged to women Believed illness was caused by invasion of victims body & evil spirit through the use of black magic or voodoo

 shaman-medicine man or witch doctor heals by using white magic trephining-drilling a hole in the skull with a rock or stone to drive away evil spirit from the body.

Nursing in Near East

Nomadic style to urban community life Beginning of a body of scientific knowledge Care of sick was closely related to religion, superstition and magic

Contributions to Medicine and Nursing Babylonia

Code of Hammurabi law that covers medical practice regulation fees; discouraged experimentation, recommends patient to choose between the use of charms, medications, surgical procedure to cure disease. No mention of nurses.

Egypt
Introduce art of embalming Recorded 250 recognized diseases through observation

Israel
Moses father of sanitation wrote 5 books of old testaments Promulgated law of control on the spread of CD and actual circumcision Referred nurses as midwives, wet nurses or child nurses

Nursing in Far East

China
Materia medica- pharmacology,
prescribed methods of treating wounds and infection

India
Built hospitals, practice intuitive form of asepsis, proficient in practice of medicine and surgery. Sushurutu-made a list of function and qualifications of nurses. For the 1st time in recorded history, there was reference to the nurses taking care of patients; these nurses were described as combination of physical therapist and cook.

Nursing in Ancient Greece

Nursing was the task of untrained slaves. Introduced caduceus-insignia of the medical profession today Hippocrates father of scientific medicine

Rome
Maintain vigorous health because illness was a sign of weakness. Care of the ill was left to slaves or Greek physicians. FABIOLA she made her home the first hospital in Christian world.

Period of Apprentice Nursing

This period extends from the founding of religious nursing orders in the crusades, which began in the 11th century and ended in 1836. It is called the period of on the job training.

 Religious orders of the Christian Church were responsible for the development of this kind of nursing.

Military Religious Orders and their works

Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem Established an organization of ranks and advocated principles of complete and unquestioned devotion to duty and traditional obedience to superiors. Teutonic Knights Established tent hospitals for the wounded. Knights of St. Lazarus
Was founded primarily for the nursing care of lepers in Jerusalem after the Christians had conquered the city.

Important Nursing Personages

St. Clare founder of the second order of St Francis of Assisi. St. Elizabeth of Hungary known as the Patroness of Nurses. St. Catherine of Sienna the first Lady with a Lamp.

The Dark Period of Nursing

Period of reformation from 17th to 19th century until the U.S.Civil War Several Leaders sought to bring about reforms: - John Howard - Mother Mary Aikenhand - Pastor Theodor Fliedner and Frederika Munster Fliedner

 Nursing in America - people began to settle in North American continent, to seek for adventure, new quests and new trade routes 1. Pre-Civil War Nursing 2. American Reforms in Nursing 3. Nursing during the Civil War

 Important Personages at this time:

Dorothea Lynde Dix Clara Barton

Period of Educated Nursing

This period began on June 15, 1860 when the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London

Facts about Florence Nightingale

Recognized as the: Mother of Modern Nursing, she was also known as the Lady with a Lamp. Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence Italy. Self appointed goal: To change the profile of nursing

 Upgraded the practice of Nursing and made an honorable profession. Led the nurses that took care of the wounded during Crimean War. Put down her ideas in the two published books: Notes on Nursing and Notes on Hospitals.

Other important Persons/Groups/Events during Period of Educated Nursing: Linda Richards first graduate nurse Dr. William Halsted design the first rubber gloves Caroline Hampton Robb the first nurse to wear rubber gloves while working as an operating room nurse Establishments of Nursing Organizations; the American Nurses Association and the National League for Nursing Education; contributed to the uplift of the nursing profession

Isabel Hampton Robb the first principal of the John Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing Clara Louise Maas engaged in medical research on yellow fever during the SpanishAmerican War. Development of private duty nursing, settlement house nursing, school nursing, government service of nurses and prenatal and maternal health nursing (1900-1912). Age of specialization began in the first decade of the 20th century. Preparation of a standard curriculum based on educational objectives for schools of nursing (1913-1937). Edith Cavell known as Mata Hari, served the wounded soldiers during World War I.

Period of Contemporary Nursing

This covers of the World War II to the present. Scientific and technological developments as well as social changes mark this period.

Events and Trends

Establishment of the World Health Organization by the United Nations to assist in fighting disease. Use of atomic/nuclear energy for medical diagnosis and treatment. Utilization of computers for collecting data, teaching, establishing diagnosis, maintaining inventory, making payrolls, record keeping and billing.

 Use of sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy. Colonel Pearl Tucker developed a comprehensive one-year course to prepare nurses for aerospace nursing at Cape Kennedy. Health is perceived as fundamental human right. Nursing involvement in community health is greatly intensified. Technological advances relieved the nurse from numerous tasks. Development of the expanded role of the nurse.

History of Nursing in the Philippines:

Early Beliefs and Practices

Diseases and their causes and treatment were shrouded with mysticism and superstitions.

Belief about causation of disease. People believed that evil spirits could be driven away by persons with powers to expel demons. People believed in special gods of healing, with the priest-physician as intermediary. If they used leaves and roots, they were called herb doctors.

Early Care of the sick

Early Filipinos subscribed to superstitious beliefs and practices in relation to health and sickness.

 Herb men were called HERBICHEROS meaning one who practiced witchcraft. Person suffering from diseases without any identified cause were believed to be bewitched by MANGKUKULAM or MANGAGAWAY Difficult childbirth and some diseases (called PAMAO) were attributed to NONOS. During labor, the MABUTING HILOT was called in. If the birth became difficult WITCHES were supposed to be the caused.

Health Care during Spanish Regimen

The religious orders exerted their efforts to care for the sick by building hospitals in the different parts of the Philippines.

Earliest Hospitals established were the following

Hospital Real de Manila (1577) San Lazaro Hospital (1578) Hospital de Indio (1586) Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590) San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596)

Nursing during the Philippine Revolution

The prominent people involved in nursing works were Josephine Bracken Rosa Sevilla de Alvero Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo Dona Maria de Aguinaldo

 Melchora Aquino Capitan Salome Agueda Kahabagan Trinidad Tecson

Filipino Red Cross

Malolos,Bulacan was the location of the national headquarters

Functions of Filipino Red Cross:

Collection of war funds and materials through concerts, charity, bazaars and voluntary contributions. Provision of nursing care to wounded Filipino soldiers

Requirements for membership:

At least 14 years old, age requirement for officer was 25 years old. Of sound reputation.

Hospitals and Schools of Nursing

Iloilo Mission Hospital of Nursing (Iloilo City, 1906). St. Pauls Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907). Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (1907). St. Lukes Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907

 Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila, 1907). Philippine Christian Mission Institute Schools of Nursing. San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1913). Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz, 1913). Southern Island School of Nursing (Cebu, 1918).

The First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines:

University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing (1946). Manila Central University College of Nursing (1947). University of the Philippines College of Nursing (1948).

Nursing Leaders in the Philippines

Anastacia Giron-Tupas first Filipino nurse to hold the position Chief Nurse Superintendent; founder of the Philippine Nurses Association. Cesaria Tan first Filipino to receive a masters degree in Nursing abroad. Socorro Sirilan pioneered in Hospital Social Service in San Lazaro Hospital where she was the Chief Nurse.

 Rosa Militar a pioneer in school health education. Socorro Diaz first editor of the PNA magazine called The Message. Sor Ricarda Mendoza a pioneer in nursing education. Conchita Ruiz first full-time editor of the newly named PNA magazine The Filipino Nurse. Loreto Tupaz Dean of the Philippine Nursing, Florence Nightingale of Iloilo.

Health and Nursing Organizations

Early Institutions for Child Welfare

Hospicio de San Jose (Manila 1782) Asylum of San Jose (Cebu) Asylum of Looban (Manila) Colegio de Santa Isabel (Naga City

 Gota de Leche (Manila, 1907) Liga Nacional Filipiniana para la Protection dela Primera Infancia. Public Welfare Board.

Nursing Organizations:
Philippine Nurses Association National League of Nurses Catholic Nurses Guild of the Philippines Others: ORNAP,MCNAP,IRNOP etc.