ISSN 1749-3889 (print), 1749-3897 (online)

International Journal of Nonlinear Science

Vol.4(2007) No.3,pp.163-170
The Attractor on Viscosity Peakon b-Family of Equations
Lixin Tian

, Jinling Fan, Ruihua Tian
Nonlinear Scientic Research Center, Jiangsu University
Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P.R. China
(Received 26 July 2007, accepted 18 September 2007)
Abstract: We establish the existence of global solution to viscosity peakon b-Family of equations in L
2
un-
der the periodical boundary condition and get the existence of the global attractor of semi-group to solution
on viscosity peakon b-Family of equations in H
2
.
Keywords: Camassa-Holm equation, Degasperis-Procesi equation, peakon b-Family of equations, Global
solution, attractor, viscosity
1 Introduction
Holm and Staley[1,21] studied a one-dimensional version of active uid transport that is described by the
following family of 1+1 evolutionary equations
m
t
+ um
x
..
convection
+ bu
x
m
. .
stretching
= m
..
vis cos ity
, u = g m (1.1)
where the uid velocity u(t, x) is dened on the real line vanishing at spatial innity and u = g m denote
the convolution (or ltering)
u(x) =
_

g(x y)m(y)dy
which relates velocity u to momentum density m by integration against kernel g(x) over the real line.Here
the kernel g is chosen to be the Greens function for the Helmholtz operator on the line, that is, g(x) =
1
2
e
|x|
. This means m = u u
xx
. The family of equations (1.1) is characterized by the kernel g and
the real dimensionless constant b, which is the ratio of stretching to convective transport. The parameter b
is also the number of covariant dimensions associated with the momentum density m. The function g(x)
will determine the traveling wave shape and length scale for Eq.(1.1), while the constant b will provide
a balance or bifurcation parameter for the nonlinear solution behavior. The quadratic term in Eq.(1.1)
represent the competition, or balance, in uid convection between nonlinear transport and amplication due
to b-dimensional stretching. On the other hand, in a recent study of soliton equations, it is found that Eq.(1.1)
for any b = 1 is included in the family of shallow water equations at quadratic order accuracy that are
asymptotically equivalent under Kodama transformations[22].
If b = 2, Eq.(1.1) becomes the Camassa-Holm(CH) equation of the form
u
t
u
txx
+ 3uu
x
= 2u
x
u
xx
+ uu
xxx
t > 0 , x R (1.2)
Eq.(1.2) has a bi-Hamiltionian structure[23] and is completely integrable([2][6]). In [11] Danping Ding,
Lixin Tian researched the solution of 1D Navier-Stokes-alpha model,or, viscosity Camassa-Holm equation
and got the existence of the global attractor of viscosity Camassa-Holm equation.
If b = 3, Eq.(1.1) becomes the Degasperis-Procesi(DP) equation of the form

Corresponding author. E-mail address: tianlx@ujs.edu.cn

Copyright c World Academic Press, World Academic Union
IJNS.2007.12.15/108
164 International Journal of Nonlinear Science,Vol.4(2007),No.3,pp. 163-170
u
t
u
txx
+ 4uu
x
= 3u
x
u
xx
+ uu
xxx
, t > 0 , x R (1.3)
It is completely integrable [13-18]. Despite the similarities to the Camassa-Holm equation, we would
like to point out that these two equations are truly different. One of the important features of Eq.(1.3) is
that it has not only peaked solitons u(t, x) = ce
|xct|
, c > 0 but also shock peakons [19,20] of the form
u(t, x) =
1
t+k
sgn(x) e
|x|
, k > 0. On the other hand, the Lax pair and conservation laws of the two
equations are also different [12]. The existence of the global attractor of the viscosity Degasperis-Procesi
equation under the periodic boundary condition has been studied[5].
We have found it is convenient to rewrite Eq.(1.1) as the following form
u
t
u
txx
+ (b + 1)uu
x
= bu
x
u
xx
+ uu
xxx
, t > 0, x R (1.4)
for a real parameter b, which includes both the Camassa-Holm equation(1.2)(b=2) and the Degasperis-
Procesi equation(1.4) (b=3) as special cases. Since it arises from (1.1) when the peakon kernel g (x) =
1
2
e
|x|
is chosen, we refer to (1.4) as the peakon b-family of equations.
It is shown in [14] that all these equations in the peakon b-family have not only the peakon solutions
u(x, t) = ce
|xct|
, c > 0, but also multipeakon solutions u(x, t) =
N

k=1
p
k
(t) e
|xq
k
|
. For an arbitrary
constant b, p
k
and q
k
are not canonical variables but satisfy the dynamical system p
k
= (b 1)
G
N
q
k
, q
k
=
G
N
p
k
, where the generating function G
N
is given by G
N
=
1
2
N

j,k=1
P
k
p
j
e
|q
j
q
k
|
The goal of the present paper is to study the existence of the global attractor of the viscosity b-Family
of equations. The equation is as following:
_
u
t
u
xxt
(u u
xx
)
xx
+ k (u u
xx
)
x
+ (b + 1) uu
x
= bu
x
u
xx
+ uu
xxx
u(x, 0) = u
0
(x)
(1.5)
where t > 0, x , = [0, L]
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we introduce the main denitions.
Section 3 establishes the global solution to Eq.(1.5). The global attractor of Eq.(1.5) is studied in section 4.
2 Denitions
In this paper, we denote (, ) the L
2
inner product and by . the corresponding L
2
norm, u
H
m
()
=
D
m
u
L
2
()
where D is the rst-order operator. The inner product here is equivalent to the nature inner
product in H
m
() when mes () < +. In this paper, we denote u
L
2
()
|u| , Du
L
2
()
u ,
D
m
u
L
2
()
|D
m
u| . Denote B (u, v) = uv, where is the Hamilton operator. Here we only study
the one dimensional equation, and then u = u
x
. Denote b (u, v, w) = (B (u, v) , w) =
_

(uv)wdx.
Noticing that in the case of periodic boundary condition, we have
(B (u, v) , w) = (B (u, w) , v) (B (w, u) , v) ,
(B (v, u) , w) = (B (w, v) , u) (B (v, w) , u) ,
Then
(B (u, v) , u) = 2 (B (u, u) , v) , (B (u, v) , u) = 2 (B (v, u) , u)
(B (u, u) , v) = (B (v, u) , u) , (B (u, u) , u) = 0
Denote A = , is the Laplace operator, v = u + Au.
In the case of periodic boundary condition, Eq.(1.5) can be denoted as
dv
dt
+ Av + kv + B (u, v) + bB (v, u) = 0 (2.1)
u(x, 0) = u
0
(2.2)
IJNS email for contribution: editor@nonlinearscience.org.uk
L. Tian, J. Fan, R. Tian: The Attractor on Viscosity Peakon b-Family of Equations 165
u(0, t) = u(L, t) , u

(0, t) = u

(L, t) , u

(0, t) = u

(L, t) (2.3)
where A is a self-adjoint positive operator with compact inverse. The characteristic value of A is
j
, 0 <

1

2
,
j
when j ,Aw
j
=
j
w
j
, w
j
is the corresponding characteristic vector of A.
3 Global solution
Theorem 3.1 With u
0
H
l
(R) , l 2, Eq.(2.1)-(2.3) has a global solution.
In this section, we use the Galerkin procedure to prove the existence of global solution.
Let {
j
}

j=1
be an orthonormal basis of H consisting of eigenfunctions of the operator A. The Galerkin
procedure for Eq.(2.1)-(2.3) is the ordinary differential system,
dv
m
dt
+ Av
m
+ kv
m
+ p
m
B (u
m
, v
m
) + p
m
bB (v
m
, u
m
) = 0 (3.1)
u
m
(0) = p
m
u(0) (3.2)
where v
m
= u
m
+ Au
m
. Since the nonlinear term is quadratic in u
m
, then based on the classical theory of
ordinary differential equations, the system (3.1) has a unique solution for a short interval of time (0, T
m
).
Our purpose is to show that the solution of (3.1) remains nite for all positive times which implies that
T
m
= .
We take the inner product of (3.1) with u
m
in to obtain,
1
2
d
dt
_
|u
m
|
2
+u
m

2
_
+
_
u
m

2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+ p
m
(b 2) (B (u
m
, u
m
) , Au
m
) = 0 (3.3)
We get inequalities from (3.3)
1
2
d
dt
_
|u
m
|
2
+u
m

2
_
+
_
u
m

2
+|Au
m
|
2
_

(b2)
2
_
u
m

2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+
k
2
2
(b2)
2
_
|u
m
|
2
+u
m

2
_
2
(3.4)
where k
1
, k
2
are constants.
Similar to [5], we know |u
m
|
2
+u
m

2
r
1
, where r
1
is a constant.
Integrating (3.4) over the interval [t, t + r]
_
t+r
t
_
u
m
(s)
2
+|Au
m
(s)|
2
_
ds
(b2)k
2
2

r
2
1
r + r
1
4 b
r
2
(3.5)
Now, take the inner product of (3.1) with Au
m
in to obtain,
1
2
d
dt
_
u
m

2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+
_
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+ p
m
(B (u
m
, v
m
) , Au
m
) +
bp
m
(B (v
m
, u
m
) , Au
m
) + k (v
m
, Au
m
) = 0
Based on Y oung inequality, we have
1
2
d
dt
_
u
m

2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+
_
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_

1
_
u
m

2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+ c
5
u
m
|Au
m
|
_
u
m

2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
(3.6)
From Y oung inequality, Poincare inequality |Au
m
|
2
>
1
u
m

2
, |Au
m
|
2
>
1
|Au
m
|
2
and (3.6)
we get
d
dt
_
u
m

2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
c
5
_
u
m

2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
2
(3.7)
From Gronwall

s inequality we have
_
u
m

2
+|Au
m
|
2
_

r
2
r
exp (r
2
c
5
) r
3
, t > t
0
+ r (3.8)
IJNS homepage:http://www.nonlinearscience.org.uk/
166 International Journal of Nonlinear Science,Vol.4(2007),No.3,pp. 163-170
where r, r
2
, c
5
are nonnegative constants. Integrating (3.5) over the interval [t, t + r], we have

_
t+r
t
_
|Au
m
(s)|
2
+|Au
m
(s)|
2
_
ds
_

1
r
3
+
c
5
r
2
3
2
_
r + r
3
r
4
(3.9)
Take the inner product of (3.1) with A
2
u
m
in to obtain
1
2
d
dt
_
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+
_
|Au
m
|
2
+

A
2
u
m

2
_
+ p
m
_
B (u
m
, v
m
) , A
2
u
m
_
+
bp
m
_
B (v
m
, u
m
) , A
2
u
m
_
+ k
_
v
m
, A
2
u
m
_
= 0
Through Y oung inequality, we have
1
2
d
dt
_
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+
_
|Au
m
|
2
+

A
2
u
m

2
_

1
_
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+ c
6
u
m
|Au
m
|
_
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
(3.10)
According to Poincare inequality and Y oung inequality, we have
d
dt
_
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
c
6
u
m
|Au
m
|
_
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_

c
6
2
_
u
m

2
+|Au
m
|
2
__
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
Through Gronwall

s inequality we have
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2

r
4
r
exp
c
6
r
2
2
r
5
, t > t
0
(3.11)
Integrating (3.10) over the interval [t, t + r], we get

_
t+r
t
_
|Au
m
(s)|
2
+

A
2
u
m
(s)

2
_
ds
_

1
r
5
+
c
6
r
3
r
5
2
_
r + r
5
r
6
(3.12)
Take the inner product of (3.1) with A
3
u
m
in to obtain,
|Au
m
|
2
+

A
2
u
m

2
r
7
(3.13)
Now we get: |u
m
| , u
m
, |Au
m
| , |Au
m
| and

A
2
u
m

which are bounded, i.e. |v

m
| , v
m
and |Av
m
|
are bounded. Then we get

du
m
dt

and

dv
m
dt

which are also bounded. Through Aubin

s compactness Theo-
rem, we conclude that there is a subsequence u

m
, so u

m
u, or equivalently v

m
v. Let us relabel u

m
and v

m
by u
m
and v
m
. Now we prove that u, v satisfy equation (2.1).
Let w D(A). |w| is nite from the above discussion, and through ordinary differential equations (3.1)
we get,
(v
m
(t) , w) +
_
t
t
0
(v
m
(s) , p
m
Aw)ds + b
_
t
t
0
(B (v
m
(s) , u
m
(s)) , p
m
w)ds+
_
t
t
0
(B (u
m
(s) , v
m
(s)) , p
m
w)ds + k
_
t
t
0
(v
m
(s) , p
m
w)ds = (v
m
(t
0
) , w)
(v
m
(t) , w) (v (t) , w) ,
_
t
t
0
(v
m
(s) , p
m
Aw)ds
_
t
t
0
(v (s) , Aw)ds m
On the other hand

_
t
t
0
(v
m
(s) , p
m
w) ds
_
t
t
0
(v (s) , w) ds

_
t
t
0
(v
m
(s) , p
m
w w) ds

_
t
t
0
(v
m
(s) v (s) , w) ds

v
m
|p
m
w w| +v
m
v |w| 0

_
t
t
0
(B (v
m
(s) , u
m
(s)) , p
m
w) ds
_
t
t
0
(B (v (s) , u(s)) , w) ds

I
1
m
+ I
2
m
+ I
3
m
IJNS email for contribution: editor@nonlinearscience.org.uk
L. Tian, J. Fan, R. Tian: The Attractor on Viscosity Peakon b-Family of Equations 167
From the above discussion we get
lim
m
_
t
t
0
(B (v
m
(s) , u
m
(s)) , p
m
w) ds =
_
t
t
0
(B (v (s) , u(s)) , w) ds
Similarity,
lim
m
_
t
t
0
(B (u
m
(s) , v
m
(s)) , p
m
w) ds =
_
t
t
0
(B (u(s) , v (s)) , w) ds, w D(A) ,
we have:
(v (t) , w) +
_
t
t
0
(v (s) , Aw)ds + b
_
t
t
0
(B (v (s) , u(s)) , w) ds+
_
t
t
0
(B (u(s) , v (s)) , w) ds + k
_
t
t
0
(v (s) , w) ds = (v (t
0
) , w)
Above all, we can conclude that the global solution to Eq.(2.1)-(2.3) exist.
4 Global Attractor
Lemma 4.1 With u
0
H
l
(R) , l 2, let S (t) denote the semi-group of the solution operator to Eq.(2.1)-
(2.3), i.e. S (t) : H
2
() H
2
() , u(t) = S (t) u
0
. Then S (t) has absorbing set.
Proof. We take the inner product of (3.1) with u in to obtain,
_
dv
dt
, u
_
+ (Av, u) + (B (u, v) , u) + b (B (v, u) , u) + k (v, u) = 0
We get,
1
2
d
dt
_
|u|
2
+u
2
_
+
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
+ (b 2) (B (u, u) , Au) = 0 (4.1)
Similarly, we have
|u|
2
+u
2
r
8
, (4.2)
where r
8
is a constant.
From (4.2) we can see that |u(x, t)| and u(x, t) are uniformly bounded. In other words, the semi-
group of the solution operator S (t) are uniformly bounded in L
2
() and H
1
().
We get inequalities from(4.1)
1
2
d
dt
_
|u|
2
+u
2
_
+
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_

(b 2)
2
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
+
(b 2) k
2
4
2
_
|u|
2
+u
2
_
2
(4.3)
where k
3
, k
4
are constants.
Integrating (4.3) over the interval[t, t + r], we get
_
t+r
t
_
u(x, s)
2
+|Au(x, s)|
2
_
ds (4.4)
Let B (0, ) be an open ball in L
2
() and H
1
(), with radius . By simple computing we know
S (t) u
0
B (0, ) for all t > t
0
.
We will obtain the uniform estimate of Eq.(2.1)-(2.3) in H
2
() as follows.
We take the inner product of (3.1) with Au in to obtain,
IJNS homepage:http://www.nonlinearscience.org.uk/
168 International Journal of Nonlinear Science,Vol.4(2007),No.3,pp. 163-170
_
dv
dt
, Au
_
+ (Av, Au) + (B (u, v) , Au) + b (B (v, u) , Au) + k (v, Au) = 0 (4.5)
Denote G(u, Au) = (B (u, v) , Au) + b (B (v, u) , Au) .We have
1
2
d
dt
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
+
_
|Au|
2
+|Au|
2
_
+ G(u, Au) = 0 (4.6)
By Y oung inequality ,Poincare inequality |Au|
2
>
1
u
2
, |Au|
2
>
1
|Au|
2
and (4.6) we get
d
dt
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
c
11
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
2
Letting y = u(s)
2
+|Au(s)|
2
, g = c
11
_
u(s)
2
+|Au(s)|
2
_
2
, we have
_
t+r
t
g (s)ds c
11
c
11

1
,
_
t+r
t
y (s)ds
1
By Gronwall

s inequality we have
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_


1
r
exp (c
11

1
) , t > t
0
+ r
where r, c
11
,
1
are nonnegative constants. Let
1
=

1
r
exp (c
11

1
), and then |Au|
2

1
is the attracting
set of S (t) in H
2
(). This completes the proof of Lemma 4.1.
Now we only need to prove that S (t) is an impact operator, thus we can prove the existence of the global
attractor.
Taking the inner product of (3.1) with t
2
Au in to obtain
_
dv
dt
, t
2
Au
_
+
_
Av, t
2
Au
_
+
_
B (u, v) , t
2
Au
_
+b
_
B (v, u) , t
2
Au
_
+k
_
v, t
2
Au
_
= 0 (4.7)
By Agmon inequality and Poincare inequality, we get

_
B (u, v) , t
2
Au
_
+ b
_
B (v, u) , t
2
Au
_

2b + 1
2
_

t
2
u
x
u
2
xxx
dx +
5(b + 1)
2
_

t
2
u
x
u
2
xx
dx

5(b + 1)
2
c
12
u
1
2
|Au|
1
2
_
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2
_
,
|tAu|
2
>
1
|tAu|
2
, |tAu|
2
> |tAu|
2
From the above inequality and (4.7), we get
d
dt
_
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2
_
+ 2
1
_
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2
_
(5b + 5) c
12
u
1
2
|Au|
1
2
_
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2
_
+ 4
_
t |Au|
2
+ t |Au|
2
_
2
1
_
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2
_
+ c
13
u |Au|
_
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2
_
+ c
14
_
|Au|
2
+|Au|
2
_
(4.8)
where c
13
=
(5b+5)
2
c
2
12
2
1
, c
14
=
16

1
We have
1
2
d
dt
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
+
_
|Au|
2
+|Au|
2
_

1
2

1
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
+
c
11
2
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
2
Integrating the above inequality over the interval [t, t + r], we have
IJNS email for contribution: editor@nonlinearscience.org.uk
L. Tian, J. Fan, R. Tian: The Attractor on Viscosity Peakon b-Family of Equations 169
_
t+r
t
_
|Au(x, s)|
2
+|Au(x, s)|
2
_
ds
_
1
2

1
+
c
11
2

2
1
_
r +

1

(4.9)
We denote (4.8) as follows
d
dt
_
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2
_
c
13
u |Au|
_
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2
_
+ c
14
_
|Au|
2
+|Au|
2
_
(4.10)
Let
_
1
2

1
+
c
11
2

2
1
_
r +

1

=
2
(
1
,
1
, ), we get
_
t+r
t
c
13
(u(x, s) |Au(x, s)|)ds c
15
_
t+r
t
_
u(x, s)
2
+|Au(x, s)|
2
_
ds c
15

Let c
15

0
=
3
(, )
_
t+r
t
_
|sAu(x, s)|
2
+|sAu(x, s)|
2
_
ds (t + r)
2

2
=
4
By Gronwall

s inequality we have
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2

4
r
+ c
14

2
_
exp (
3
)
Let
_

4
r
+ c
14

2
_
exp (
3
) = E
2
(
1
, , , t). From the above discussion, we nally get |Au| <
E(
1
,,,t)
t
.
We can say that S (t) is equality continuous. From Ascoli Arzela

s Theorem, we know that S (t) is

a compact operator. So S (t) has the global attractor in H
2
(). We get Theorem 4.1
Theorem 4.1 With u
0
H
l
(R) , l 2, the semi-group of the solution operator S (t) to Eq.(2.1)-(2.3) has
global attractor in H
2
().
Acknowledge
Research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No:10771088) and the
Nature Science Foundation of Jiangsu(No:2007098) and Outstanding Personnel Program in Six Fields of
Jiangsu(No:6-A-029).
References
[1] D.D.Holm and M.F.Staley: Wave structure and nonlinear balance in a family of 1+1 evolutionary PDEs.
SIAM J.Appl Dyn. Syst.(electronic). 2,323-380(2003)
[2] R.Camassa, D.Holm: An integrable shallow water equation with peaked solitions.
Phy.Rev.Letters.71:1661-1664(1993)
[3] C.Foias, D.D.Holm, E.S.Titi: The three dimentional viscous Camassa-Holm equation and their rela-
tion to the Navier-Stokes equation and turbulence theory. J.Dynamics and Differential Equation.14:1-
36(2002)
[4] Danping Ding, Lixin Tian: The study of solution of dissipative Camassa-Holm equation on total
space.International Journal of Nonlinear Science. 1(1):37-42(2006)
[5] Lixin Tian,Jinling Fan: The Attractor on viscosity Degasperis-Procesi Equation.Nonlinear Analysis. In
press.
[6] A.Constantin: On the scattering problem foe the Camassa-Holm equation. Proc.Roy.Soc. London A.
457,953-970(2001)
IJNS homepage:http://www.nonlinearscience.org.uk/
170 International Journal of Nonlinear Science,Vol.4(2007),No.3,pp. 163-170
[7] Y.Li , P.Olver: Well-posedness and blow-up solutions for an integrable nonlinearly dispersive model
wave equation. J.Differential Equations.162,27-63 (2000).
[8] A. Constantin: Global existence of solutions and breaking waves for a shallow water equation:a geo-
metric approach. Ann.Inst.Fourier(Grenoble).50,321-362(2000).
[9] A.Constantin , H.P.McKean: A shallow water equation on the circle. Comm,Pure Appl.Math. 52,949-
982(1999).
[10] Sevdzhan Hakkaev ,Kiril Kirchev: On the Well-posedness and stability of peakons for a generalized
Camassa-Holm equation. International Journal of Nonlinear Science. 1(3), 139-148(2006)
[11] Danping Ding, Lixin Tian: The attractor in dissipative Camassa-Holm equation. Acta Mathematic
Applicate Sinica.27(3),536-54592004).
[12] A.Degasperis,D.D.Holm,and A.N.W.Hone: A new integral equation with peakon Solutions. Theoreti-
cal andMathematical Physics.133,1463-1474(2002).
[13] H.R.Dullin,G.A.Gottwald, D.D.Holm:Camassa-Holm,Korteweg-de Veris-5 and other asymptotically
equivalent equations for shallow water waves.Fluid Dynamics Research. 33,73-79(2003).
[14] V.O.Vakhnenko , E.J.Parkes: Periodic and solitary-wave solutions of the Degasperis-Procesi Equa-
tion.Chaos Solitons Fractals.20,1059-1073(2004).
[15] Z.Yin: On the Cauchy problem for an integrable equation with peakon solutions.Illinois J.Math.
47,649-666(2003).
[16] Z.Yin: Global weak solutions to a new periodic integrable equation with peakon solutions.
J.Funct.Anal.212(2004),182-194.
[17] Z.Yin: Global solutions to a new integrable equation with peakons.Indiana Univ.Math.J. 53,1189-
1210(2004).
[18] J.Lenells: Traveling wave solutions of the Degasperis-Procesiequation. J.Math.Anal.Appl. 306,72-
82(2005).
[19] G.M.Coclite , K.H.Karlsen ,N.H.Risebro: Numerical schemes for computing discontinuous solutions
of the Degasperis-Procesi equation. Pure Mathematics.6,1-23(2006).
[20] H.Lundmark: Formation and dynamics of shock waves in the Degasperis-Procesi equation. The Royal
Swedish Academy of Science.preprint.
[21] D.D.Holm and M.F.Staley: Nonlinear balances and exchange of stability in dynamics of solitons,
peakons,ramp/cliffs and leftons in a 1+1 nonlinear evolutionary PDE. Phy.Lett.A. 308,437-444(2003).
[22] H.R.Dullin, G.A.Gottald, and D.D.Holm: An integrable shallow water equation with linear and non-
linear dispersion. Phys. Rev. Letters. 87,4501-4504(2001).
[23] A.Fokas and B.Fuchssteiner: Sympletic structures, their Backlund transformation and hereditary sym-
metries. Physica D. 4,47-66(1981).
[24] Liqin Yu, Lixin Tian, Xuedi Wang: The bifurcation and peakon for Degasperis-Procesi Equation.
Chaos, Soliton & Fractals.30(4), 956-966(2007).
[25] Lixin Tian, Lu Sun: Singular solitons of generalized Camassa-Holm models. Chaos, Soliton & Frac-
tals. 32(2),780-779(2006).
[26] Danping Ding, Lixin Tian: The study on solution of Camassa-Holm equation with weak Dissipa-
tion.Communications on Pure and Apply Analysis. 5(3), 483-493(2006).
IJNS email for contribution: editor@nonlinearscience.org.uk