t vn Trong nhng nm qua, cng vi s pht trin nh v bo ca khoa hc k thut, ngnh cng ngh thng tin cng bin

n i khng ngng p ng vi mi nhu cu mi ca con ngi. Trong s nhng pht minh v i nht ca th k trc, mng my tnh ( Computer Network) l mt h thng em li nhiu li ch to ln nht cho nhn loi. Mng my tnh ngy nay cho php hng t my tnh trn tri t v ang kt ni v lm vic vic vi nhau vi tc cao ( t vi chc n hng nghn kbps). iu k diu trn tr thnh hin thc v ngy cng pht trin mnh m hn na ch khi c mt nhn t quan trng lm nn tng c s l thuyt cho chng c nghin cu. chnh l nhng l thuyt nghin cu lin quan n h phn tn. Nh c l thuyt h phn tn, m cc vi x l n l - nm trn cc my tnh n l (km theo l cc thit b ngoi vi v cc thit b u cui lm vic t xa)- m chng vn thng c gi l cc h thng tp trung (Centralized Systems) c kt ni li, lm vic trn nhiu giao thc, nhiu kiu kt ni v trn nhiu lnh th khc nhau. V khi cc h thng tp trung c kt ni li theo nhiu nhm, nhiu cch thc khc nhau v lm vic da trn nhng nguyn l c bn ca h phn tn th chng s c gi l cc h thng phn tn (Distributed Systems), in hnh nht ca cc h phn tn chnh l mng my tnh m chng a ang s dng ngy nay. Trong bo co ny chng ta s tm hiu v vn chia s ti nguyn trong h phn tn. Bo co s cp n chia s ti nguyn trong kin trc v nguyn l ca h phn tn.

Ni dung chnh 1. Tng quan v h phn tn : Trc khi i vo tm hiu cc nguyn l v h phn tn, chng ta cn tm hiu tng quan v h phn tn. C nhiu nh ngha khc nhau v h phn tn, di y l ba nh ngha c nhiu ngi chp nhn nht: nh ngha 1: H phn tn l mt h thng c chc nng v d liu phn tn trn cc trm (my tnh) c kt ni vi nhau qua mt mng my tnh. nh ngha 2: H phn tn l mt tp cc my tnh t tr c kt ni vi nhau bi mt mng my tnh v c ci t phn mm h phn tn. Nh vy: H phn tn = Mng my tnh (+) Phn mm h phn tn. ( Distributed System = Computer Network (+) Distributed System Software) nh ngha 3: H phn tn l mt tp cc my tnh c lp giao tip vi ngi s dng nh mt h thng thng nht v ton vn ( A single coherent system). V c bn, nh ngha 3 cng tng ng vi nh ngha 2. Bi v mt tp hp cc my tnh c lp mun tr thnh mt h thng thng nht v ton vn th n phi c kt ni thnh mt mng my tnh, trn ci t phn mm h phn tn ( chng hn h iu hnh phn tn Distributed Operating System) Bn thn mt mng my tnh cng l mt h phn tn. Bi v trn c cc phn mm ci t cc giao thc truyn thng l cc phn mm h phn tn. Mt s v d khc v cc h phn tn: Cc h iu hnh phn tn : Dng h iu hnh phn tn xut pht t Unix l Unix Berkeley Software Distribution ( hay Unix BSD). Network File System (NFS) ca Sun pht trin da vo dng Unix BSD. Ngoi ra c cc h iu hnh phn tn nh Amoeba, Chorus, Mach,dnh cho cc cng ti, cc vin, trung tm nghin cu. Cc dch v thng tin trn mng nh Email, E-commerce, E-learning, Ehealt, H thng t v my bay: cc nc pht trin,h thng ny c a vo s dng t lu. Cn Vit Nam mi ch ang trong giai on th nghim. Chng hn cch y vi thng VietNam AirLine th nghim
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hnh thc t v my bay qua mng internet, khuyn mi gim gi v, kt qu rt kh quan. Mc tiu ca h phn tn: Mc tiu chnh ca h phn tn l gii quyt bi ton chia s ti nguyn ( Resource Sharing). Ni dung bi ton nh sau: C mt tp hu hn cc ti nguyn ( gm cc my tnh, ng truyn, thit b mng, phn mm, d liu trn cc my). V c mt tp hu hn nhng ngi s dng cc v tr khc nhau v c th gia tng nhanh v s lng ngi. Vn t ra: Cc gii php chia s ti u nhng ti nguyn trn gia nhng ngi s dng l g?

2.

Khi nim phn cng trong h phn tn :

a. Phn loi my tnh. C hai loi my tnh: Cc loi my tnh c chia s b nh (Shared memory): cc loi my a x l (multiproccessor). Cc my tnh khng chia s b nh (Private memory): cc h thng multicomputors Trong mi loi li chia tip theo mng kt ni bus based ch c mt ng kt ni v switch base c nhiu dng kt ni t my ny sang my khc

Hnh 1: Hai cch t chc vi x l v b nh trong h my tnh phn tn. a. H thun nht / h khng thun nht : H thng thun nht: mng my tnh cng s dng mt cng ngh, cc b x l l nh nhau, truy cp n cng mt b nh ging nhau. Thng dng trong h thng c tnh ton song song. H khng thun nht: nhng my tnh khc nhau kt ni vi nhau. 1. Khi nim phn mm trong h phn tn : a. DOS ( distributed operating system ) : L h iu hnh cho cc h multiproccessor v cc h homogenous multicomputer. Mc tiu l n giu v cung cp cc dch v qun tr ti nguyn. c im l cc dch v c th c thc hin bi cc li triu gi t xa.

Hnh 2. Cu trc chung ca DOS a. NOS ( network operaring system) : L h iu hnh cho cc h thng heterogenous multicomputer (LAN, WAN). Mc tiu ca NOS l cung cp cc dch v t xa.

Hnh 3 . Cu trc chung ca NOS

a. Middleware : L tng ph nm gia tng dch v ca NOS v tng ng dng phn tn.

Hnh 4. Cu trc chung ca mt h middleware 1. ng b nhng tin trnh khi truy cp cng mt lc mt ti nguyn Nguyn tc c bn ca h phn tn l s ng thi v cng tc ca nhng a tin trnh. Trong nhiu trng hp , iu ny c ngha l nhng tin trnh cn truy cp cng mt lc cng mt ti nguyn. trnh iu ny gii php l cho php x l truy cp theo kiu lai tr ln nhau. Thut ton phn tn loi tr ln nhau c th c phn lp thnh 2 gii php khc nhau: 1.1. Phng php th nht t c bng cch a ra mt thng ip c bit gia cc tin trnh ,c gi l biu tng token. Ch c 1 token sn sng v ai l ngi c token ny c php truy cp n ti nguyn chia s.Phng php ny c mt s c tnh quan trng u tin l n ph thuc vo cch lm th no t chc cc tin trnh ,nhng c tnh ny d dng bo m cho mi tin trnh c mt s thay i trong truy cp ti nguyn. Ni cch khc ,nhng c tnh ny trnh s thiu ti nguyn.
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1.1.

Do deadlock ,tin trnh phi i nhng tin trnh khc c x l, c th trnh deadlock mt cch d dng bng cch ng gp vo s n gin ca cc tin trnh. Khng may l tr ngi chnh ca token-base solution li nghim trng hn, mt chng trnh con phc tp c phn phi cn c chy chc chn rng mt token mi oc to ra nhng ci chnh l token phi token duy nht . Phng php th hai : mt tin trnh mun truy cp vo ti nguyn th phi c s cho php ca tin trnh khc.C cc cch c s cho php v c ch ra di y : a. Thut ton tp trung : Cch d hiu nht t c s loi tr ln nhau trong h thng phn tn l gi lp cch n thc hin trong h thng mt B x l. Mt tin trinh c bu nh mt b iu phi. Bt c lc no mt tin trnh mun truy cp nhng ti nguyn chia s, n gi mt thng ip yu cu ti b iu phi ang thng k xem loi ti nguyn no m tin trnh mun truy cp v xin php truy cp. Nu nh khng c tin trnh no ang truy cp to nguyn, b iu phi s gi li tin trnh xin php mt thng ip cho php truy cp h thng.

a. Thut ton khng tp trung : Gii php l m rng nhng b phn phi tp trung theo cch sau: Mi ti nguyn c gn mt bn sao n ln. Mi bn sao
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c b phn phi ca n iu khin vic truy nhp bi nhng tin trnh thc thi ng thi. D vy, mi khi mt tin trnh mun truy cp ti nguyn n phi c s cho php ca m >= n/2 b iu phi. Khng ging nh gii php tp trung c a ra trn(trong trng hp b ca v d), khi mt b iu phi khng a ra s ng truy cp ti nguyn, n s cho tin trnh yu cu ti nguyn bit. Khi mt b iu phi b hng, n nhanh chng c khi phc nhng li khng nh c s vote m n c trc ., hay ni cch khc l b iu phi t khi ng li thi im bt k m li xy ra. Nu nh yu cu truy cp ti nguyn b t chi th n s c tr li mt bin thi gian ch chn ngu nhin v c thc hin ln sau.

a. Thut ton phn tn : Khi mt tin trnh mun truy cp vo mt ti nguyn chia s, n to mt thng ip bao gm tn ca ti nguyn, s x l ca n v thi gian(theo logic) hin ti. Sau n gi thng ip ny ti cc tin trnh khc v chnh n. Vic gi cc thng ip i l ng tin cy v khng c thng ip no b mt. Khi tin trnh nhn mt thng ip yu cu t tin trnh khc, ng x ca n ph thuc vo trng thi ca n vi ti nguyn c t tn trong thng ip. C 3 trng hp khc nhau c phn bit r rng: 1. Nu bn nhn ang khng hoc khng mun truy nhp vo ti nguyn, n s gi li thng ip l OK ti bn gi. 2. Nu bn nhn va truy cp ti nguyn, n n gin l khng phn hi li thng ip yu cu, thay vo , n xp hng thng ip yu cu . 3. Nu bn nhn cng mun truy cp ti nguyn nhng cha c php ,n s so snh nhn thi gian ( timestamp ) ca thng ip gi n vi timestamp cha trong thng ip m n gi i cho nhng tin trnh khc. Nu thng ip n c timestamp thp hn,bn nhn s gi thng ip OK,nu khng th n khng gi g c.

 Sau khi gi cc gi tin yu cu cho php, mt tin trnh i n khi cc tin trnh khc cho php v ngay sau khi cc tin trnh cho php, tin trnh ny truy cp ti nguyn. Khi n kt thc, n gi 1 thng ip OK n tt c cc tin trnh khc trong hng i ca n v xa ni dung hng i .

a. Gii thut vng vi th bi ( Tokenring Algorithm) Gi thit tt c cc tin trnh c sp xp trn mt vng trn logic, cc tin trnh u c nh s v u bit n cc tin trnh cnh n.

V d theo gii thut vng th bi

Bt u qu trnh truyn, tin trnh 0 s c trao mt th bi. Th bi ny c th lu hnh xung quanh vng trn logic. N c chuyn t tin trnh k n tin trnh (k+1) bng cch truyn thng ip im im. Khi mt tin trnh ginh c th bi t tin trnh bn cnh n s kim tra xem c th

vo vng ti hn hay khng. Nu khng c tin trnh khc trong vng ti hn n s vo vng ti hn. Sau khi hon thnh phn vic ca mnh n s nh th bi ra, th bi c th di chuyn t do trong vng trn. Nu 1 tin trnh mun vo vng ti hn th n s gi ly th bi, nu khng n s cho th bi truyn qua. 1. M hnh nht qun : M hnh nht qun c s dng rng ri nht l m hnh ly d liu lm trung tm. Trong m hnh ny, bt k ngi s dng no truy cp vo kho d liu cng s nhn thy cc thao tc c sp xp theo m hnh. iu ny tri ngc vi cc m hnh ly client lm trung tm ni client c yu cu mt m hnh nht qun c th v cc client khc nhau s nhn thy cc thao tc theo nhng trt t khc nhau. Kho d liu c th c c hay ghi bi bt c tin trnh no trong mt h phn tn. Tuy nhin d liu ghi vo mt bn sao cc b phi m bo cng c truyn ti tt c cc bn sao xa. V nguyn nhn ny m cc m hnh nht qun ra i, mc ch l gip chng ta c th hiu r v cc c ch khc nhau c s dng thc hin phn vic ny. Mt m hnh nht qun c th c coi l mt bn hp ng gia mt kho d liu ca h phn tn vi cc cc tin trnh ca n. Nu cc tin trnh ng vi cc iu khon ca hp ng th kho d liu s hot ng ng nh tin trnh mong mun.

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