Metabolism of

protein

&

amino acids

A. The physiological & nutritious function of proteins

2

B. nitrogen balance & protein requirement

1. nitrogen balance a. concept

b. experiment

c. 3 conditions
nitrogen equilibrium negative nitrogen balance positive nitrogen balance
5

2. minimal requirements of

protein
3.essential amino acids and

their biological value

6

an indicator to valuate the

nutritional value of the proteins

biological value
N 100 N

4. Complementary function

of proteins
B. Digestion ,absorption,&

putrefaction of proteins
9

a. digestion

digestion diet protein amino acids

Proteolytic
enzyme
10

b. absorption site mechanism characteristics

11

12

c. putrefaction

concept

14

,
large intestine

bacterias Decarboxylation deamination

amine ,H2S indole

other CO2,CH4

Nutriment

hydroxybenzene ammoniaNH3) Absorption in intestine

blood

Fatty acidvit

excrete

15

liver

 decarboxylation reductive & deamination

16

17

18

 the sources of ammonia in the intestine

19

blood

infiltrate

intestine

kidney

NH2-CO-NH2
(25%)7g liver

NH2-CONH2
urease (bacterias) 2NH3+CO24g

excrete20g NH3

importance sources of blood ammonia----- absorpted from intestine

20

C. general metabolism

of amino acids 1. Sketch plan

21

decarboxylation
Dietary protein Amino acid degradation Tissue protein Synthesis 85% deamination metabolic pool

amines

amination of keto acids

Non essential A.A urea

other substances

NH3

keto acids
Glucose, fats N.EAA
23

oxidation

2. deamination of amino acids a.oxidative deamination

1) reaction

24

25

2 ) enzymes L-amino acid oxidase D-amino acid oxidase

L-glutamate dehydrogenase
26

27

 characteristics b . transamination

1) reaction

28

29

2) important transamination system.

30

glutamic pyruvic transamination system glutamic pyruvic transaminase,GPT alanine transaminase,ALT

glutamic oxaloacetic transamination systen: glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, ,GOT

aspartate transaminase,AST)

31

ALT
COOH-(CH2)2-CH-COOH + CH3-C-COOH NH2 Glu O

COOH-(CH2)2-C-COOH+CH3-CH-COOH O Ala NH2

AST
COOH-(CH2)2-CH-COOH + CH2COOH
NH2 CO-COOH COOH-(CH2)2-C-COOH+CH2-COOH O CH-COOH NH2 Glu ASP

32

2) enzyme & coenzyme

33

35

3) biological significance &

characteristics

36

c. combined deamination

1) reaction

37

38

39

40

2) biological significance & characteristics

41

d. purine nucleotide cycle

1) site
2) reaction
42

43

3)

characteristics

44

d. nonoxidative

deamination

dehydrate deamination
direct

deamination
45

46

3. Metabolism of ammonia a. the sources of ammonia

47

the detail about the sources

of ammonia

48

sources of blood ammonia

oxidation of amine ) protein putrefaction Absorption in intestine Blood ammonia Gln

deamination

Urea cycle in liver&intestine

Ala (liver)
49

* protein putrefaction

50

*Urea cycle in liver & intestine

blood

infiltrate

intestine

kidney

NH2-CO-NH2
(25%)7g liver

NH2-CONH2
urease 2NH3+CO24g

excrete20g NH3

excrete from feces importance sources of blood ammonia----NH4

- absorpted from intestine

51

According to the pH in intestine pH NH3 + H+ NH 4+ excrete

pH absorpted to venous blood

52

sources of blood ammonia

oxidation of amine ) protein putrefaction Absorption in intestine Blood ammonia Gln

deamination

Urea cycle in liver&intestine

Ala (liver)
53

* hydrolysis of Gln

54

the fates of ammonia produced in renal cell

excrete to the kidney reabsorption to vein blood
55

According to renal tube pH pH

pH

NH3 + H+

NH4+ excrete

absorpted to venous blood

56

oxidation of amines
Putrefaction in small intestine Absorption In small intestine Intestine-liver cycle of urea Ala in liver deamination of A.A

Ammonia
in blood GLn

57

*Ala

58

b. The transportation of

ammonia synthesis & utilize of Gln

materials : Glu , NH3
59

energy: ATP
enzyme: Gln synthetase reaction:

60

61

product: ,Gln
Biological significances

62

 glucose-alanine cycle
process

63

64

biological significance

65

oxidation of amines
Putrefaction in small intestine Absorption In small intestine Intestine-liver cycle of urea Ala in liver deamination of A.A

Ammonia
in blood GLn

66

c. the fates of ammonia

67

urea

Synthesis of non essential A.A or other nitrogen compounds muscle or other tissues NH3 Gln

liver

muscle Ala
68

1) synthesis of urea---main outlet of ammonia

a. site b. process (ornithine cycle )

69

*
70

72

This cycle included: 1 overall reaction 2 materials

3 stages 4 steps
5 enzymes
73

a.

materials

15NH

4Cl

15NH

Feed
dogs
NaH14CO3

14C=O
15NH 2

74

b. 3 stages
2ATP

ornithine+ NH3+ CO2

1ATP

citrulline+H20
arginine+ H20 urea+ ornithine

citrulline+ NH3 arginine+ H20

75

NH2
(CH2)3

NH2 C=O

2ATP
NH + H2O (CH2)3 NH2

+ NH3+ CO2 CH

COOH CH ornithine COOH citrulline

77

NH2

NH2 C=O 1ATP NH + NH3

NH2

C=NH
NH + H 2O

(CH2)3

(CH2)3

CH-NH2
COOH Citrullinc

CH-NH2
COOH Arginine

78

NH2
C=NH NH +H2O NH2 + NH2 (CH2)3

(CH2)3
CH-NH2 COOH Arginine

C=O
NH2

CH-NH2
COOH

urea

Orrnithine 79

materials

NH3 2 molecules
CO2 1 molecules urea

products H2O Ornithine intermediates Citrulline arginine

80

c. Intermediate process

( 4 steps, 5 enzymes )

1) synthesis of carbomoyl

phosphate (mitochondria)
81

82

NH3+CO2+H2O+2ATP
carbomoyl phosphate synthetase 1

NH2-CO-O~PO32-+Pi

83

 enzyme

carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

84

carbomoyl phosphate synthetase

carbomoyl phosphate synthetase II cytosol Gln -

Site mitochondria source of NH3 nitrogen Activator AGA (N-Acetylglutamic acid )

Final Product

urea

pyrimidine
85

2)

synthesis of citrulline

(mitochondria)
enzyme

ornithine transcarbomoylase

86

87

3) synthesis of arginine (cytosol)

enzyme Argininosuccinate synthetase,ASAS Argininosuccinate lyase ASAL ASAS------ Key enzyme
88

89

4) cleavage of arginine (cytosol)

90

91

93

d. Overall reaction
3ATP+CO2+2NH3 +H2O NH2-CO-NH2

f. summarize
94

c. Regulation of urea synthesis

food

enzymes (AGA) intermediates

95

96

d. biological significant of urea synthesis

97

urea

Synthesis of non essential A.A or other nitrogen compounds muscle or other tissues NH3 Gln

liver

muscle Ala
98

4. Metabolism of -keto acids

Ala Gln NH3 Amino acid -keto acids Conversion of fat,glucose Amination or transamination To form non E.A.A. Via TCA cycle oxidized to CO2 & 99 H2O

urea
Amination of aketo acids

1) Amination or transamination To form non E.A.A. - ketoglutarate Pyruvate oxaloacetate Glu Ala Asp
100

Glu - ketoglutarate
TCA cycle

oxaloacetate Asp
101

2) Conversion to lipids or carbohydrates

glycogenic amino acid, such as : AlaArgAsp etc13 ketogenic amino acid such as:
leu lys (2)

glycogenic & ketogenic amino

acids such as : Ilu,Phe,Trp,Tye
102

TCA cycle is the hinge

of metabolism of lipids ,
carbohydrates, proteins
103

* *

*
*

*
*
104

3) oxidation & provide energy 3. decarboxylation

105

Non E.A.A -keto acids amines TCA cycle Conversion to lipids, carbohydrates

Amino acids

106

Enzymes & coenzyme some important amines

107

a.-amino butyric acid (GABA

formation

108

enzyme
function

metabolic fate

109

b. 5-hydroxy tryptamine or

( serotonin
formation

110

function

c. taurine formation

111

d. histamine

formation
function

112

e. polyamines formation

113

114

D. metabolism of individual

amino acids
1. one carbon units
115

Concept
kinds

116

117

the carrier of one carbon unites --------------THF

118

the sources & conversion

NH2-CHCOOH +FH4

NH2-CHCH22+N5-CH3-FH4

CH22

COOH

SH

CH3
120

121

122

function

one carbon units &

medicine
123

2. metabolism of sulfur-

containing amono acids types

124

Met

cystine

cysteine,Cys

125

a.Met and Transfer of methyl group

S-adenosylmethionine
(SAM)
126

Structure of SAM

127

Function of SAM

methionine cycle B12 & methionine cycle

128

B12

129

3. metabolism of cystein &

cystine structure & characteristics

130

Formation of GSH

131

Catabolism of Cys
Cys

-NH2
pyruvate NH3 H2S

H2S

SO42-

Excrete in uria

PAPSactive sulfate

132

The structure & function

of PAPS ( 3-phosphoadenosine-

5phosphosulfate
133

134

4. metabolism of side

chain amino acids

Type: Val,Ile,Leu

Catabolic process
(extrahepatic tissue )
135

ValIleLeu

-ketoacids

-ketoglutarate
Ala

Glu
pyruvate

NH3

Gln

Blood
liver

glyconeogenesis

urea

136

5. metabolism of

aromatic amino acids

Type: Phe,Tyr,Trp

Catabolic process
(hepatic tissue)
137

Catabolic process of Phe

138

139

Albinism,

Phenylketonuria, (PKU) Alkaptonuria

BCAA/AAA 3:1
140