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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In the race to become the most economic superpower, China has generally outperformed India, and with exception of telecom & IT, India has had trouble slaying the Chinese dragon. But now we can add another sector to the Indian success story, i.e., Cement. In last ten years, this sector has recorded a CAGR of 8%, against the world cement industry average of 3.5% and Chinas cement industry growth rate of 7.2%. Today this industry not only outshines that of developed countries such as US and Japan but also has become the second largest cement producer in the world after China.
The cement industry has continued its growth trajectory over the past ten years. Domestic cement demand growth has surpassed the economic growth rate for the past three years. Cement demand in the country grows at roughly 1.5 times the GDP growth rate. The industry had a turnover of around US$ 7.8 billion in 2003-04 and according to CRISIL is expected to grow at a CAGR of around 7 per cent in the next five years. The key drivers for cement demand are real estate sector, infrastructure and industry expansion projects. Among these real estate sector is the key driver of cement demand. The demand for cement is closely related to the growth in the construction sector. Consequently, cement demand has been posting a healthy growth rate of around 8 per cent since 1997-98, propelled by the increased thrust on infrastructure development, and the higher demand from the housing sector and industrial projects.
Cement is bulky commodity and cannot be easily transported over long distances making it a regional market place, with the nation being divided into five regions. Each region is characterized by its own demand-supply dynamics. Over the past few years the cost of cement production has grown at a CAGR of 8.4%.
With increase in infrastructure development activity with projects such as state and national highways, and global demand has led Indian cement industry to increase their production capacity. This inturn has attracted the top cement companies in the world to enter the Indian market and take the advantage of growth in demand.
The cement sector continues to emphasize on cost cutting through enhanced productivity, reduction in energy costs and logistic expenses.
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The government has considered spending more than US $500 billion on infrastructure in the 11th five year plan. Apart from this railways, urban infrastructure, ports, airports, IT sector, organized retailing, malls and multiplexes will be the main sectors driving the demand of cement in the country. So we can see that cement industry is moving towards both challenges and opportunities poised by the presence of domestic and global players in the Indian market. This trend is likely to continue in the coming years.
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With a view to strengthening the sector, building infrastructure for handling, transportation, and storage of food grains has been granted "infrastructure status" and will be eligible for a tax holiday. Further, processors of food and vegetables are exempt from excise duty. Manufacturing Sector After a decade of reforms, the manufacturing sector is now gearing up to meet challenges for the new millennium. Investment in Indian companies reached record levels by 1994 and many multinationals decided to set up shop in India to take advantage of the improved financial climate. In an effort to provide a further boost to the industrial manufacturing sector, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been permitted through the automatic route for almost all the industries with certain restrictions. Structural reforms have been undertaken in the excise duty regime with a view to introduce a single rate and simplify the procedures and rules. Indian subsidiaries of multinationals have been permitted to pay royalty to the parent company for license of international brands, etc. Over the period 1992-93 to 1999-2000, the manufacturing sector has recorded an average annual growth rate of 6.3 per cent and in 200102; it recorded a growth of 2.8 per cent. Companies in the manufacturing sector have consolidated around their area of core competence by tying up with foreign companies to acquire new technologies, management expertise, and access to foreign markets. The cost benefits associated with manufacturing in India, has positioned India as a preferred destination for manufacturing and sourcing for global markets. Financial Sector An extensive financial and banking sector supports the rapidly expanding Indian Economy. India boasts of a wide and sophisticated banking network. The sector also has a number of national and state level financial institutions. These include foreign and institutional investors, investment funds, equipment leasing companies, venture capital funds, etc. Further, the Country has a well-established stock market, comprising 23 stock exchanges, with over 9,000 listed companies. Total market capitalization, on the two dominant stock exchanges, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE), stood at Rs. 6,926 billion and Rs. 7,604 billion respectively, at the end of December 2000. The Indian capital markets are rapidly moving towards a market that is modern in terms of infrastructure as well as international best practices such as derivative trading with stock index futures,
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addition to the list of compulsory Demat trading and rolling settlement in certain specified shares, commencement of internet based trading, etc. The last year witnessed several Indian companies, mobilizing resources by tapping the world market through the ADR/GDR route. So as to improve the liquidity in the ADR/GDR market and to give opportunity to Indian shareholders to divest their shareholding in the ADR/GDR market abroad, measures such as two-way fungibility in ADR/GDR issues of Indian companies has been introduced and sponsorship of ADR/ GDR offerings against existing shareholding. In addition to the above, 26 per cent foreign equity has been allowed in the insurance sector and investment and divestment by venture capital funds and companies registered with SEBI has been simplified. FII inflows were USD 2.34 billion (January 2001 to June 2001) compared to USD 1.5 billion for 2000, showing an upward trend despite depressed stock market indices. Net cumulative FII inflows crossed USD 14 billion (June 2001). Services Sector The main thrust to industrial growth has come from the services sector. Services contribute to 41 per cent of the GDP. Rapidly, the quality and complexity of the type of services being marketed is on the rise to match worldwide standards. Whether it is financial services, software services or accounting services, this sector is highly professional and provides a major impetus to the Economy . Interestingly, this sector is populated with a range of players who cater to a niche market. India is fast becoming a major force in the Information Technology sector. According to the National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM), over 185 Fortune 500 companies use Indian software services. The world's software giants such as Microsoft, Hughes and Computer Associates who have made substantial investments in India are increasingly tapping this potential. A number of multi-nationals have leveraged the relative cost advantage and highly skilled manpower base available in India, and have established shared services and call centers in India to cater to their worldwide needs. The software industry was one of the fastest growing sectors in the last decade with a compound annual growth rate exceeding 50 per cent. Software service exports increased from US$ 4.02 billion in 1999-2000 to US$ 6.3 billion in 2000-01, thereby registering a growth of 57 per cent. India's success in the software sector can be largely attributed to the industry's
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ability to cultivate superior knowledge through intensive R&D efforts and the expertise in applying the knowledge in commercially viable technologies.
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39.61 million Establishments under private ownership. 26.96 million Units were own establishments, without hired workers. 35.75 million Non-agricultural establishments engaged 89.99 million workers, while agriculture sectors 6.08 million units had 10.91 million workers. Employment growth rate at 2.78 percent between 1998 and 2005. Males accounted for 78.3 million of the workforce; women accounted for 20.2 million, children 2.4 million. Manufacturing sector was the largest employer (25.5 million people); the retail sector came next (25.1 million people); farming was third (9.2 million people). 95 percent establishments had 1-5 workers; 3.42 percent had 6-9 workers; only 1.51 percent employed 10 or more workers.
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Post Independence The growth rate of cement was slow around the period after independence due to various factors like low prices, slow growth in additional capacity and rising cost. The government intervened several times to boost the industry, by increasing prices and providing financial incentives. But it had little impact on the industry. In 1956, the price and distribution control system was set up to ensure fair prices for both the manufacturers and consumers across the country and to reduce regional imbalances and reach self sufficiency.
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Period of Restriction (1969-1982) The cement industry in India was severely restrained by the government during this period. Government hold over the industry was through both direct and indirect means. Government intervened directly by exercising authority over production, capacity and distribution of cement and it intervened indirectly through price control. In 1977 the government authorized higher prices for cement manufactured by new units or through capacity increase in existing units. But still the growth rate was below par. In 1979 the government introduced a three tier price system. Prices were different for cement produced in low, medium and high cost plants. However the price control did not have the desired effect. Rise in input cost, reduced profit margins meant the manufacturers could not allocate funds for increase in capacity. Partial Control (1982-1989) To give impetus to the cement industry, the Government of India introduced a quota system in 1982.A quota of 66.60% was imposed for sales to Government and small real estate developers. For new units and sick units a lower quota at 50% was affected. The remaining 33.40% was allowed to be sold in the open market. These changes had a desired effect on the industry. Profitability of the manufacturers increased substantially, but the rising input cost was a cause for concern. Post Liberalization In 1989 the cement industry was given complete freedom, to gear it up to meet the challenges of free market competition due to the impending policy of liberalization. In 1991 the industry was de licensed. This resulted in an accelerated growth for the industry and availability of state of the art technology for modernization. Most of the major players invested heavily for capacity expansion. To maximize the opportunity available in the form of global markets, the industry laid greater focus on exports. The role of the government has been extremely crucial in the growth of the industry.
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Cement is one of the core industries which plays a vital role in the growth and expansion of a nation. It is basically a mixture of compounds, consisting mainly of silicates and aluminates of calcium, formed out of calcium oxide, silica, aluminium oxide and iron oxide. The demand for cement depends primarily on the pace of activities in the business, financial, real estate and infrastructure sectors of the economy. Cement is considered preferred building material and is used worldwide for all construction works such as housing and industrial construction, as well as for creation of infrastructures like ports, roads, power plants, etc. Indian cement industry is globally competitive because the industry has witnessed healthy trends such as cost control and continuous technology upgradation.
2.2 CURRENT SCENARIO The Indian cement industry is the second largest producer of quality cement. Indian Cement Industry is engaged in the production of several varieties of cement such as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement (PBFS), Oil Well Cement, Rapid Hardening Portland Cement, Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement, White Cement, etc. They are produced strictly as per the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specifications and their quality is comparable with the best in the world. The Indian cement industry is the second largest in the world. It comprises of 140 large and more than 365 mini cement plants. The industry's capacity at the beginning of the year 200910 was 217.80 million tonnes. During 2008-09, total cement consumption in India stood at 178 million tonnes while exports of cement and clinker amounted to around 3 million tonnes. The industry occupies an important place in the national economy because of its strong linkages to other sectors such as construction, transportation, coal and power. The cement industry is also one of the major contributors to the exchequer by way of indirect taxes. Cement production during April to January 2009-10 was 130.67 million tonnes as compared to 115.52 million tonnes during the same period for the year 2008-09. Despatches were estimated at 129.97 million tonnes during April to January 2009-10 whereas during the same period for the year 2008-09, it stood at 115.07 million tonnes. Over the last few years, the Indian cement industry witnessed strong growth, with demand reporting a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.3% and capacity addition a CAGR
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of 5.6% between 2004-05 and 2008-09. The main factors prompting this growth in demand include the real estate boom during 2004-08, increased investments in infrastructure by both the private sector and Government, and higher Governmental spending under various social programmes. With demand growth being buoyant and capacity addition limited, the industry posted capacity utilisation levels of around 93% during the last five years. Improved prices in conjunction with volume growth led to the domestic cement industry reporting robust growth in turnover and profitability during the period 2005-09.
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Buoyant real estate market Increase in infrastructure spending Various governmental programmes like National Rural Employment Guarantee Low-cost housing in urban and rural areas under schemes like Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) and Indira Aawas Yojana
Heidelberg Cement - Indorama Cement Ltd. Heidelberg Cement Company entered into an agreement for a 50% joint venture with the Indorama Cement Ltd., situated in Mumbai, originally possessed by the Indorama S P Lohia Group. Heidelberg Cement Company is the leading German cement manufacturing company. The Heidelberg Cement was set up in 1873 and has a long and prosperous history. Being one of the
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best in the world the Heidelberg Cement Company has its bases in different countries. The Heidelberg Cement Company has two manufacturing units in India. A grinding plant in Mumbai and a cement terminal near Mumbai harbor. A clinker plant is coming up in the state on Gujarat
Holcim Cement - Gujarat Ambuja Cements (GACL) Holcim Cement signed an agreement of 14.8% take over with the Gujarat Ambuja Cements (GACL). With new products, skilled personnel, superb management, and a outstanding market strategy gives this tie up good edge over the other competitors. Holcim Cement Company is among the leading cement manufacturing and supplying companies in the world. It is one of the major employers in the world; having a work force of 90,000.The Holcim Cement Company has units in excess of 70 countries all over the world.
Italcementi cement - Zuari Cement Limited Italcementi Cement Company with the help of the Ciments Franais, a subsidiary for its global activities, has acquired shares of the famous Indian cement manufacturer - Zuari Cement Limited. The acquisition was of 50% shareholding and the deal was of about 100 million Euros. Italcementi Cement is the 5th largest cement manufacturing company in the world. The production capacity of the Italcementi cement company is about 70 million tons in a year. With the construction boom in India the company looks for a stable future. In 2001 the Italcementi cement entered the Indian market scenario. It took over the plant of the Zuari Cement Limited in Andhra Pradesh in southern India. The joint venture earned revenues of around 100 million Euros and an operating profit of 4 million Euros.
Lafarge India is the subsidiary of the Lafarge Cement Company of France. It was established in 1999 in India with the acquisition of the Tisco and the Raymond cement plants. Lafarge Cement presently has three cement manufacturing units in India. One of them is in Jharkhand which is used for the purpose of grinding and the other two are in Chhattisgarh used for manufacturing. The Lafarge Cement Company was set up in the year 1833 by Leon Pavin. Lafarge Cement Company situated in France is the leading cement producing company in the world. It has plans for increasing the cement production through technological innovations and
maximization of the capacity of the plant. It has a large network of distributors in the
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eastern part of India. The Lafarge Cement Company is presently producing nearly 5.5 million tons of cement for the Indian cement market.
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Technological changes: The Cement industry has made tremendous strides in technological up gradation and assimilation of latest technology. At present ninety three per cent of the total capacity in the industry is based on modern and environment-friendly dry process technology and only seven per cent of the capacity is based on old wet and semi-dry process technology. The induction of advanced technology has helped the industry immensely to conserve energy and fuel and to save materials substantially and hence reduce the cost of production. d) Threats: Imports from Pakistan affecting markets in Northern India: In 2007, 130000 tonnes in 2008, 173000 Metric tones of cement was exported to India. This was done to keep the price of cement under check. Excess overcapacity can hurt margins, as well as prices.
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Where, H = Herfindahl Index. si = Contribution of each individual firm to Industry sales. n = Number of firms Here %S stands for the percentages of the market owned by each of the larger companies, so that %S1 is the percentage owned by the largest company, %S2 by the second, and so on. n stands for the total number of firms you are counting. It can range from 0 to 10,000, moving from a huge number of very small firms to a single monopolistic producer. Increases in the Herfindahl index generally indicate a decrease in competition and an increase of market power, whereas decreases indicate the opposite. A HHI index below 0.01 (or 100) indicates a highly competitive index. A HHI index below 0.1 (or 1,000) indicates an unconcentrated index. A HHI index between 0.1 to 0.18 (or 1,000 to 1,800) indicates moderate concentration. A HHI index above 0.18 (above 1,800) indicates high concentration
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MAJOR PLAYERS IN THE NORTH: TOTAL SALES for the year 2009 = Rs. 33589.02 Cr Name of the Company ACC Ambuja Cem. Birla Corpn. J K Cements JK Lakshmi Cem. Shree Cement UltraTech Cem. Net Sales in Percentage Cr. (2009) 7,942.66 7,040.70 1,790.19 1,664.42 1,223.90 2,716.46 6,385.50
TABLE 4.1
Market Share
ACC Ambuja Cem. UltraTech Cem., 19.01 Ambuja Cem., 20.96 Birla Corpn. J K Cements JK Lakshmi Cem. Shree Cement UltraTech Cem. Shree Cement, 8.09 JK Lakshmi Cem., 3.64 J K Cements, 4.96 Birla Corpn., 5.33 others
others, 14.37
ACC, 23.65
GRAPH 4.2
HHI = 0.149173 HHI indicates moderate concentration that implies the size of the firm in relationship to the overall cement industry in North is medium.
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MAJOR PLAYERS IN SOUTH: TOTAL SALES for the year 2009 = Rs. 11266.01 Cr Name of the company Andhra Cements Chettinad Cement Dalmia Cement India Cements Madras Cement Rain Commodities zuari Cements Net Sales in Cr.(2009) 369.36 1,137.67 1,758.68 3,358.34 2,530.90 1,111.01 438.72
TABLE 4.2
Percentage (%)
Market Share
zuari Cements, 3.89 Rain Commodities, 9.86 Andhra Cements, others, 4.98 3.28 Chettinad Cement, 10.09 Andhra Cements Dalmia Cement, 15.61 Chettinad Cement Dalmia Cement India Cements India Cements, 29.81 Madras Cement Rain Commodities zuari Cements others
GRAPH 4.2
HHI = 0.186167 HHI indicates moderate concentration that implies the size of the firm in relationship to the overall cement industry in South is medium.
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COMPOSITION OF CEMENT Cement is a mixture of limestone, clay, silica and gypsum. It is a fine powder which when mixed with water sets to a hard mass as a result of hydration of the constituent compounds. It is the most commonly used construction material.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CEMENT There are different varieties of cement based on different compositions according to specific end uses namely Ordinary Portland Cement, Portland Pozolona Cement, Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement, White Cement and Specialized Cement. The basic difference lies in the percentage of clinker used.
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): OPC, popularly known as grey cement, has 95% clinker and 5% of gypsum and other materials. It accounts for 70% of the total consumption. White cement is a variation of OPC and is used for decorative purposes like rendering of walls, flooring etc. It contains a very low proportion of iron oxide.
Portland Pozolona Cement (PPC): PPC has 80% clinker, 15% pozolona and 5% gypsum and accounts for 18% of the total cement consumption. Pozolona has siliceous and aluminous materials that do not possess cementing properties but develop these properties in the presence of water. It
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is cheaply manufactured because it uses fly ash/burnt clay/coal waste as the main ingredient. It has a lower heat of hydration, which helps in preventing cracks where large volumes are being cast. Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement (PBFSC): PBFSC consists of 45% clinker, 50% blast furnace slag and 5% gypsum and accounts for 10% of the total cement consumed. It has a heat of hydration even lower than PPC and is generally used in construction of dams and similar massive constructions. White Cement: Basically, it is OPC: clinker using fuel oil (instead of coal) and with iron oxide content below 0.4% to ensure whiteness. Special cooling technique is used. It is used to enhance aesthetic value, in tiles and for flooring. White cement is much more expensive than grey cement. Specialized Cement: Oil Well Cement: is made from clinker with special additives to prevent any porosity. Rapid Hardening Portland cement: It is similar to OPC, except that it is ground much finer, so that on casting, the compressible strength increases rapidly. Water Proof Cement: OPC, with small portion of calcium stearate or non-saponifibale oil to impart waterproofing properties.
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typically larger, with capacities in India ranging from 300- 8,000 tonnes per day or tpd (average of 2,880 tpd). While capacities in semi-dry kilns range from 600-1,200 tpd (average 521tpd), capacities in wet process kilns range from 200-750 tpd (average 425 tpd).
FIG 4.3
DRY PROCESS In dry process production, limestone is crushed to a uniform and usable size, blended with certain additives (such as iron ore and bauxite) and discharged on to a vertical roller mill where the raw materials are ground to fine powder. An electrostatic precipitator dedusts the raw mill gases and collects the raw meal for a series of further stages of blending. The homogenized raw meal thus extracted is pumped to the top of a preheater by air lift pumps. In the preheaters the material is heated to 750C. Subsequently, the raw meal undergoes a process of 25alcinations in a precalcinator (in which the carbonates present are reduced fed to the kiln. The remaining 25alcinations and clinkerization reactions are completed in the kiln where the temperature is raised to 1,450-1,500C. The clinker formed is cooled and conveyed
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to the clinker silo from where it is extracted and transported to the cement mills for producing cement. For producing OPC, clinker and gypsum are used and for producing PPC, clinker, gypsum and fly ash are used.
WET PROCESS The wet process differs mainly in the preparation of raw meal where water is added to raw materials to produce slurry. The chemical composition is corrected and the slurry is then pumped to the kiln where evaporation of moisture, preheating, calcinations and sintering reaction takes place. The clinker is cooled and transported, as in the case of other plants, with suitable conveyors to cement mills for grinding. The wet process is more energy intensive, and thus becomes expensive when power and energy prices are high.
GRAPH 4.4
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GOVERNMENT CONTROLS The prices that primarily control the price of cement are coal, power tariffs, railway, freight, royalty and cess on limestone. Interestingly, government controls all of these prices.
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TAX STRUCTURE The Indian Cement industry is one of the highest taxed one. At the price level of Rs. 200 per bag, total tax burden, as a percentage of ex-factory realization works out to 45%. The cement industry has been continuously representing to the Government for more rational tax regime. The Central Government in its budget presented on 28th February 2007, for the first time, announced a dual excise duty structure for cement industry. Excise duty was increased to Rs. 600 per MT on cement with Retail Sale Price (RSP) exceeding Rs. 190. per bag and Rs. 350 per MT for cement with RSP of Rs.190 per bag and below as against specific excise duty of Rs. 400 per MT so far. This dual structure not only enhanced taxation burden further on the industry but also complicated its effective implementation. Government, however, having realized difficulty of the industry and the consequent burden to the consumer, has subsequently revised the structure w.e.f. 31st May 2007. It has now levied an advalorem duty of 12% on cement with. RSP exceeding Rs. 190 per bag while retaining specific duty of Rs. 350 per MT on cement sold Rs. 190 per bag and below.
CAPACITY CLUSTERS Cement and its raw materials namely coal and limestone, are all bulky items that make transportation difficult and uneconomical. Given this, cement plants are located close to both, sources of raw materials and markets. Most of limestone deposits in India are located in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat, leading to concentration of cement units in these states. This has resulted in clusters. There are eight such clusters in the country and account for 81% of the cement capacity. There is a trade-off
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between proximity to markets and proximity to raw materials due to which some cement plants have been set up near big markets despite lack of raw materials.
GRAPH 4.5
GRAPH 4.6
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GRAPH 4.7
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COAL Coal is an important input in cement manufacture and accounts for 15-20% of the total cost. Coal serves a dual role in cement manufacture. Firstly, the heat value in coal provides the thermal energy required for the operation of the kiln. Secondly, the mineral content in coal (basically, silica content) acts as a constituent in clinker. Cement accounts for around 4.5% of India's coal demand. Consumption of coal for production of cement has not increased proportionately with cement production because of the switch to the dry process; efficiency improvements in cement kilns and the increased use of fly ash produced in power plants and granulated slag produced in blast furnaces of steel plants in the production of cement. However, over the years, there has been deterioration in the quality of coal. In particular, the ash content has increased implying lower calorific values for coal, and improper and inefficient burning, etc. Therefore, coal consumption has started to increase, resulting in higher fuel and transportation costs. In order to reduce these problems, the cement industry started implementing coal washeries, which reduce the ash content of the coal at the mine itself. Cement companies are also resorting to importing coal, or using alternative fuel such as lignite or petcoke.
POWER Cement is a power intensive industry requiring on an average 90-105 units of power in the wet process, and 100-110 units of power in the dry process to produce one tonne of cement produced. Significantly power accounts for 15-20% of the variable cost of cement manufacturing. Cement manufacturing consumes power mainly for three purposes: raw meal grinding, kiln rotation and clinker grinding. Each stage accounts for roughly one third of the total power consumption. A dry process plant typically has an average connected load of 15 MW. Based on the present installed capacity of 172 mtpa of cement, the total industry requirement is roughly 2520 MW. This is just around 2% of India's total current power generating capacity. However, with the increase in the frequency of power cuts and rising power tariffs, many cement companies are meeting 60-100% of their power requirement through captive facilities. The captive power generation capacity of cement plants is presently estimated at around 1,800 MW. During FY2005, roughly 43% of the total domestic cement production was undertaken using captive power as against only 21% in FY1995. Thus, the share of cement production using captive power has only increased over the years.
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TRANSPORTATION Outward freight on cement is an important element in the operating cost of a cement plant. It accounts for around one third of the total variable costs. Most of the cement plants in India are located in and around the limestone clusters. These clusters are distant from the collieries and the markets for cement. Cement has an average lead of around 535 km. Thus, cement companies have to rely on extensive transportation for moving coal from the coal pitheads to the cement plants and for dispatching cement from the plant to the markets. Both coal and cement are of low value and bulky in nature, freight costs are considerably high for cement plants. Cement companies use both road and rail transport to transport cement and to receive coal. Although rail transportation is more economical for distances beyond 250-300 km, cement companies have started preferring road transportation even for longer distances because of insufficient wagon supply to the cement industry. Presently, Rail dispatches amount for about 33% while roads carry the balance 66%. The balance 1% is accounted by Sea transportation. The share of road over rail has only gone up over the years. For coal transportation, the dependence on rail network is still very high and accounts for around 70% of coal movement. Over the past 12-15 months freight cost on cement has jumped more than 20%. This was largely because of the Supreme Court ruling that banned overloading of cement trucks. Further increasing diesel havent helped the cause. This has induced many cement companies to shift a portion of their cargo to rail. However, with Indian Railways facing shortage of wagons, we do expect that it will gradually increase freight charges, which in turn could push up the freight cost again.
RAW MATERIALS Cement is usually used in mortar or concrete. It is mixed with inert material (called aggregate), like sand and coarse rock. Portland cement consists of compounds of lime mixed with oxides like silica, alumina and iron oxide. There are three major raw materials for cement. A) LIMESTONE Limestone is the main raw material and is the source of calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is burnt to obtain calcium oxide (CaO). Limestone is the most abundant source of CaO. Cement is the biggest limestone user in India accounting for over 75-80% of limestone produced in India. The composition of limestone used by the various sectors varies. For
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cement, the CaO content of limestone should be a minimum of 44%. Typically, 1.4-1.5 tonnes of limestone are required per tonne of clinker. Thus, for a 1 million tone cement plant, assured availability of cement grade limestone reserves of the order of 50-60 mt in the close vicinity is important. As on 31 March 2006, the country's estimated gross reserves of cement grade limestone stand at 97430 mn.t. Out of total limestone reserves, over 45% of the inventory of cement grade limestone is in the Southern region, followed by the Northern region with 21.84%, the Western region with 12.34% and the Eastern region with 15.82% and rest 3.64% with central region. Andhra Pradesh has the privilege of possessing about 31% of the country's total proved equilanet reserves of limestone.
GRAPH 4.8
B) GYPSUM Gypsum is used as a retarding agent. Ground clinker, on contact with water, tends to set instantaneously because of the very fast reaction between tri-calcium alluminate and water. In the presence of gypsum, the desired setting time can be achieved. Gypsum is added to the extent of 5% during the clinker grinding stage. Gypsum is naturally available in abundance in Rajasthan, Gujarat and Tamilnadu.
C) GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG (GBFS) The other raw materials that are also used in the manufacture of cement are blast furnace slag (a waste product obtained from iron-smelting furnaces) and flyash (leftover ash from a thermal power station). Limestone contains about 52% of lime and about 80% of this lime is
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lost during ignition of the raw materials. Similarly, Clay contributes about 57% silica of which about 25% is lost during ignition. GBFS is obtained by granulation of slag obtained as a by-product during the manufacture of steel. It is a complex calcium aluminum silicate and has latent hydraulic properties. That is why it is used in the manufacture of Portland blast furnace slag cement.
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Kiln Capacity and Size The economic unit capacity for cement plants in India till early sixties was about 300 TPD. In mid sixties this was standardized at around 600 TPD for both wet and dry process plants. About a decade later, i.e. from mid seventies, the new plants installed were of 1200 TPD capacity. The advent of precalciner technology in mid eighties provided an opportunity to the industry to modernize and increase the capacity of existing dry process plants, to convert plants from wet to dry process as well as to set up large capacity plants incorporating the latest technological advancements. This led to installation of single line kilns of 3000 TPD (1 MTPA) capacity and more. The present trend indicates the preference of still larger kilns of about 6000 TPD capacity and above. Already there are nine kilns of 8000 tpd capacity in operation and three kilns of capacity 10000 12000 TPD are under installation. The greenfield plants being installed now are based on most advanced and the best available technology. Average annual installed capacity per plant in India is about 1.2 MTPA as against more than 2.1 MTPA in Japan. This is due to blend of small and large plants coming up at various stages and still operating in India as against smaller plants having been decommissioned in Japan. Present Status of Technology A comparison of the status of the modernization in equipment and also the technologies absorbed or implemented by the Indian cement industry along with status of Global Technology is as under:
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Low Technology Plants Mining Material Handling Crushing Two stage & Conventional
Single stage
In-pit
crushing
&
conveying Conveying of Limestone Grinding Ball Mills with / without VRMs Roll Presses VRMs, Roll Presses, with classifier Pyro Processing Wet Semi Dry Dry - 4 stage preheater - Conventional cooler - Single channel burner Dry - 5/6 stage preheater High dynamic Horo Mills with Dumpers/Ropeway/ Tippers Belt conveyors Pipe conveyors, Belt
conveyors
conventional classifier
Efficiency - High Efficiency Cooler - Multi Channel Burner Channel - Co-processing of WDF Co-generation of
Cooler Multi
Burner
emission technologies Blending & Batch-Blending Silos Storage Continuous Blending - Continuous Blending silos - Multi-Chamber Silos - Dome silos Packing & Bag Despatch - Bag - Bulk - Bulk - Palletizing & Shrink Wrapping Process Control Relay Logic / Hard Wired / PLC - DDC - DDC Neurofuzzy expert
system 6000-12000
3000-6000
TABLE 4.3
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The directions in which the modernization activities are proceeding are as illustrated below: Mining For rational exploitation of the raw material source, a systematic mine plan is developed by cement plants. Computer-aided techniques for raw material deposit assessment to arrive at proper extraction sequence of mining blocks, keeping in view the blending operational requirements, are envisaged and put to use in number of units. Crushing Mobile crushers have come in use in some of the newer plants, keeping in view the split location of limestone deposits and long conveying distances. The mobile crushing plant is stationed at the mine itself and raw material is crushed at the recovery site. Grinding Vertical Roller Mills (VRM) has given the real breakthrough in the area of grinding. The VRM draws 20-30 % less electrical energy as compared to the corresponding ball mill system, apart from its ability to give much higher drying capacity. These mills can accept larger feed size and hence mostly be used with single stage crushing. VRMs are now being used in clinker and slag grinding and also as pre-grinder to existing grinding installations. Another breakthrough that has come with the application of high pressure grinding rolls (HPGR) has been widely adopted in Indian cement industry. The HPGR is being used as pregrinder for upgrading the existing ball mill systems. Such installations could achieve an increase in capacity upto 200% and savings in power consumption to the extent of 30 to 40% as compared to ball mills. High efficiency separators are now widely used for better classification of product and help in increasing the mill capacity besides reducing the specific power consumption. The new classifier designs include two stage separation integrating primary and secondary separation. High efficiency separators are also used now with VRMs for further improvement in their performance. A new mill system called Horizontal roller mill has been developed which is capable of producing uniform raw meal and have advantages in processing raw materials containing higher percentage of quartz.
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Use of Industrial Wastes Cement plants in India utilized about 19% of flyash generated by power plants and 100% of granulated slag generated by steel plants (year 2005-06), as compared to almost 100% flyash and 84% of granulated slag in the Japanese cement industry. Recycling of Industrial wastes in manufacture of cement is highest in Japan followed by India.
Use of Alternate Fuels Use of hazardous and refuse derived combustibles and Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as fuel is common in countries like Canada, EU, Japan and Korea, but regulations do not yet permit in India. CPCB is actively engaged in plant level trials in respect of wastes viz. used tyres, refinery sludge, paint sludge, Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) sludge and Toluene DiIsocyanite (TDI) tar waste from petroleum industries and in formulation of guidelines for use of these wastes as fuel by cement industry.
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Energy Management The industrys average consumption in 2005-06 was 725 kcal/kg clinker thermal energy and 82 kWh/t cement electrical energy. It is expected that the industrys average thermal energy consumption by the end of Year 2011-12 will come down to about 710 kcal/kg clinker and the average electrical energy consumption will come down to 78 kWh/t cement. The improvements in energy performance of cement plants in the recent past have been possible largely due to: Retrofitting and adoption of energy efficient equipment Better operational control and Optimization Upgradation of process control and instrumentation facilities Better monitoring and Management Information System
GRAPH 4.9
DEMAND FROM RESIDENTIAL HOUSING SECTOR Housing demand accounts for 60% of total cement demand and 90% of total real estate demand. Housing demand has supported the cement industry even in times of low infrastructure or industrial demand.
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The growth in the residential real estate market in India has been largely driven by rising disposable incomes, a rapidly growing middle class, low interest rates, fiscal incentives on both interest and principal payments for housing loans and heightened customer expectations, as well as increased urbanisation and nuclearisation. A large proportion of the demand for houses, especially in urban centres such as Mumbai, Bangalore, Delhi (Gurgaon, Noida) and Pune, is likely to come from high-rise residential buildings. Since this is a fairly new segment, the growth of the highrise segment will be faster as compared to the growth of the urban housing segment. The reasons for the construction of high rise apartment buildings are the lack of space in cities and proximity to offices and IT parks.
Growth Drivers o Favourable demography and higher disposable income o Nuclear families and urbanization
DEMAND FROM INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL SECTOR Commercial construction comprises construction of office space, hotels, hospitals, schools, stadiums etc. In India, most of the investment in this segment is driven by office space construction. Within office space construction activity, almost 70-75 per cent of the demand comes from IT/BPO/call centres. The other key demand drivers include banking and financial services, FMCG and telecom. This dependency on IT/ITES is expected to continue due to Indias emergence as a preferred outsourcing destination, despite China and Russia also emerging as strong contenders. The industrial and commercial sector comprises of all the major industrial set ups, commercial offices, IT & ITES parks and organized retail formats. The growth in the sector will translate into substantially higher demand for commercial space, adding to the overall investment in construction activities. CRIS INFAC, believes the growth in IT/ITES is likely to translate into construction investments of Rs 148 billion (118 million sq ft) by 2007-08 as compared with investments of Rs 74 billion (61 million sq ft) in the last 3 years. The investments are based on the manpower/workspace requirement in the sector. Retail boom to result in construction investments of Rs 112 billion over the next 5 years CRIS INFAC, estimates that retail spending in India in fiscal 2005 was Rs. 9.9 trillion, of which organised retail accounted for Rs. 349 billion, or approximately 3.5%. The organised
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retail segment in India is expected to grow at a rate of 25% to 30% over the next five fiscal years. The growth of organised retail is expected to be driven by demographic factors, increasing disposable incomes, changes in shopping habits, the entry of international retailers into the market and the growing number of retail malls. CRIS INFAC, believes the current spark in mall construction activity across India will result in around 105 million sq ft of mall space by 2010. This would translate into construction investment of Rs 112 billion over the next 5 years. The increase in disposable incomes, demographic changes (such as the increasing number of working women, who spend more, the rising number of nuclear families and higher income levels within the urban population), the change in the perception of branded products, the growth in retail malls, the entry of international players and the availability of cheap finance will drive the growth in organized retail. We expect cement consumption from this sector to register a CAGR of 9-10% driven by large-scale construction activities.
DEMAND FROM INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR The Indian economy is all set to grow at a pace of over 7% in the current fiscal. Increased emphasis on infrastructure development made it achievable. Infrastructure has been witnessing extraordinary growth across all sectors such as roads, railways, irrigation, power, water supply urban infrastructure, ports and airports. However, in order to achieve this kind of growth on a sustainable basis, a further impetus is required to be given to the Infrastructure development in the country. GOI, recognizing this fact has planned to spend around Rs. 13.2 trillion on infrastructure development for the next five year. However, this figure has been revised upwards to Rs.19.2 trillion. Out of total proposed expenditure, a construction activity are expected to account for more than 50% of total investment and is expected to be the biggest beneficiary of the surge in infrastructure investment over the next five years. Planning commission projected that the total spending by the central government, state government, PSUs and through the Public-Private partnership (PPP) would be around Rs19.3 trillion ($470 billion) for the next 5 years as against Rs. 7.7 trillion spend during Xth Five Year Plan, a jump of over 150%. This would imply a construction opportunity of over Rs.11.2 trillion for the next 5 years. In light of such huge expenditure on construction activities, the demand for cement from infrastructure sector is expected to grow at a CAGR of 24-25%.
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Overall Demand Driven by a strong residential housing demand, growing industrial and commercial activities and the continued momentum in infrastructure investment, the cement consumption is expected to witness a CAGR of more than 12% in line with the economic growth because of the strong co-relation with GDP and the increased activity in the construction sector. We further believe that due to huge expenditure by GOI on infrastructure the proportionate demand from infrastructure sector will move northwards and we expect the total share of cement demand from infrastructure to be close to 25% in 2010. However, proportionate demand from housing sector will move southwards and will come down to around 55% while remaining 20% will be from commercial sector.
DEMAND-SUPPLY MISMATCH Though India is the second largest cement manufacturer, it is among the lowest cement consuming countries. In India per capita cement consumption is 122 kg, which is far below the world average of approximately 320 kg. Hence, the cement industry has been in a surplus position since a long time. There exist regional surplus/shortages in the Indian cement industry. The oversupply is largely in the Southern and Northern regions. By contrast, there is a supply shortage in Eastern and Western regions. There is significant inter-regional movement of cement, which plays a crucial role in the regional demand-supply dynamics. Most of the cement movement across regions takes place from North to Central (3.35 mt), South to West (5.20 mt), Central to North (2.45 mt), and Central to East (2.51 mt).
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GRAPH 4.10
TRANSPORTATION COST Rising fuel cost resulting in higher road and rail transportation cost.
2) Lower than expected growth in demand Any lower than anticipated cement demand growth will result in overcapacity in the industry, thereby prices may head southwards. This will significantly affect earnings of cements manufacturers.
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3) Large scale capacities addition in gulf countries Indias major cement exporting destination, Middle East, is adding huge cement capacities that are estimated to be around 70 mtpa. This will significantly affect Indias cement exports to gulf countries.
4) MRTPC alleges on 14 cement manufacturers India's trade practices regulator MRTPC had ordered a probe into the business practices of 14 leading cement manufacturers. The companies that are to be investigated include all the big guns like ACC, Ambuja Cement, India Cement, Ultra tech cement, Grasim and other smaller players like Sanghi Industries, Birla Corporation, Zuari Cement, Binani Industries, NCL Industries, Saurashtra Cement and JK Cement. The Director General of Investigation and Registration (DGIR) which is MRTPC's investigative wing submitted its preliminary report alleging that these manufacturers colluded to hike cement prices. The companies have time till October 25 2007 to reply to these charges.
5) Access to Finance Cement is a capital-intensive industry; Rs.3500/tonne is required for capacity addition. Cement industry has planned huge capex in the coming years, for which they will require huge capital. However, rising interest rates have created concern for the industry.
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ACC LIMITED:
ACC Limited is India's foremost manufacturer of cement and concrete. ACC's operations are spread throughout the country with 16 modern cement factories, more than 40 Ready mix concrete plants, 20 sales offices, and several zonal offices. It has a workforce of about 10,000 persons and a countrywide distribution network of over 9,000 dealers. Since inception in 1936, the company has been a trendsetter and important benchmark for the cement industry in many areas of cement and concrete technology. ACC has a unique track record of innovative research, product development and specialized consultancy services. The company's various manufacturing units are backed by a central technology support services centre - the only one of its kind in the Indian cement industry. ACC has rich experience in mining, being the largest user of limestone. As the largest cement producer in India, it is one of the biggest customers of the domestic coal industry, of Indian Railways, and a considerable user of the countrys road transport network services for inward and outward movement of materials and products. Among the first companies in India to include commitment to environmental protection as one of its corporate objectives, the company installed sophisticated pollution control equipment as far back as 1966, long before pollution control laws came into existence. Today each of its cement plants has state-of-the art pollution control equipment and devices. ACC plants, mines and townships visibly demonstrate successful endeavours in quarry rehabilitation, water management techniques and greening activities. The company actively promotes the use of alternative fuels and raw materials and offers total solutions for waste management including testing, suggestions for reuse, recycling and co-processing. ACC has taken purposeful steps in knowledge building. We run two institutes that offer professional technical courses for engineering graduates and diploma holders which are relevant to manufacturing sectors such as cement. The main beneficiaries are youth from remote and backward areas of the country. ACC has made significant contributions to the nation building process by way of quality products, services and sharing expertise. Its commitment to sustainable development, its high ethical standards in business dealings and its on-going efforts in community welfare programmes have won it acclaim as a responsible corporate citizen. ACCs brand name is
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synonymous with cement and enjoys a high level of equity in the Indian market. It is the only cement company that figures in the list of Consumer SuperBrands of India. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The importance of Corporate Governance has always been recognised in ACC. Much before Corporate Governance guidelines became applicable and mandatory for listed companies; ACC had systems in place for effective strategic planning and processes, risk management, human resources development and succession planning. The Audit Committee in ACC was constituted as far back as in 1986. The Shareholders-Investors Grievance Committee was formed way back in 1962 and the Compensation Committee was convened since 1993. The Companys core values are based on integrity, respect for the law and strict compliance thereof, emphasis on product quality and a caring spirit. Corporate Governance therefore in ACC is a way of life. ACC is a professionally managed Company with a majority of its Directors being Independent Directors. The Board of Directors has always consisted of persons who are professionals in their respective fields and with unquestionable integrity and reputation. The role, responsibility and accountability of the Board of Directors is clearly defined. Members of the Board have full freedom to express their views on matters placed before them for deliberation and consideration. It is the continuous endeavour of the Board of Directors to achieve the highest standards of Corporate Governance through the adoption of a strategic planning process, succession planning for attracting, motivating and energizing human resources, identification of major risks and the way and means to manage such risks, an effective communication policy and integrity of Companys internal control systems. The Board of Directors are also constantly looking at ways and means to ensure that the most effective use is made of the scarce resources at its disposal and that the management and employees have the freedom to take the Company forward within the framework of effective accountability. The Annual Reports, press releases and other communication have always made full disclosures on various facets of importance to the stakeholders, particularly with regard to information relating to financial matters, companys operations/performance, stock movements etc.
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company got necessary approvals for setting up another cement plant with 1 million tonne capacity per annum at Himachal Pradesh in the year 1991. The Company undertook bulk cement transportation, by sea, to the major markets of Mumbai, Surat and other deficit zones on the West Coast. Transportation was to be carried out by three specially designed ships during the year 1992. During the year 1994, the company's Muller location 1.5 million tonne cement project with clinkeriation facility at site in H.P and grinding facility both at Suli & Ropar in Punjab was bespoken. In 1997, Kodinar plant of the company was originated its commercial production with an enhanced capacity. Ambuja Cements had set up a $20 million clinker Grinding unit in Sri Lanka in the year 1998. In the year of 2000 cement giants Larsen & Tubro (L&T) and Gujarat Ambuja Cements entered a unique agreement to reduce transportation costs in dispatching bulk cement in Gujarat and also in the same year the company has entered into an annual contract with a Soinhalese firm, Mahaveli Marine Cement, to supply around 2.5 lakh tonnes of cement. The company has kick started its operations in Sri Lanka with help of a cement terminal in the port of Galle, in the south of the island country, which was started by the company. The commercial production of Maratha Cement Works plant of the company was started in the year 2002, a new 2-million tonne Greenfield cement plant at Chandrapur, Maharashtra has started its commercial production on June of the year and the merger of Ambuja Cement Rajasthan with the company was happened in the same year. Again in the year 2004, the company merged Ambuja Cement Rajasthan with itself. In the last decade the company has grown tenfold. The first company in India introduced the concept of bulk cement movement by the sea transport. The company's most distinctive attribute, however, is its approach to the business. Ambuja follows a unique homegrown philosophy for successful survival. Ambuja is the most profitable cement company in India, and one of the lowest cost producers of cement in the world. The company's most distinctive attribute, however, is its approach to the business. Ambuja follows a unique homegrown philosophy of giving people the authority to set their own targets, and the freedom to achieve their goals. This simple vision has created an environment where there are no limits to excellence, no limits to efficiency, and has proved to be a powerful engine of growth for the company. As a result, Ambuja is the most profitable cement company in India, and one of the lowest cost producer of cement in the world.
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JK CEMENTS J K Cement Limited (JK Cement) is one of the largest cement manufacturers in Northern India and also the second largest white cement manufacturer in India by production capacity. It is an affiliate of the J.K. Organization, which was founded by Lala Kamlapat Singhania in the year 1994. The Company produces 53-grade, 43-grade and 33-grade Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) grey cement, Portland Pozzolana Cement ('PPC') under grey and white cement. JK Water proof is another product from JK Cements used for flooring, wall application and other specialized applications. The products are marketed under the brand names J.K. Cement and Sarvashaktiman for OPC products, J.K. Super for PPC products and J.K. White and Camel for white cement products. Jaykaycem Limited became a wholly owned subsidiary of the company in the year 2006 and acquired land to set up a Greenfield Grey Cement plant at Mudhol, Karnataka. In the year of 2006-07, the company had sanctioned enhancement in working capital Facility (both funded and non-funded) to Rs. 105 crores from Rs.65 crores. Started all the captive power projects i.e. 10MW turbine, 20MW Petcoke based Captive Power Plant & Waste Heat Recovery power plant. The Company had acquired from IDBI the assets of Nihon Nirmaan Ltd at Gotan during the year 2007, for Rs.42 crores and decided to utilize this facility to produce Grey cement. From enhancing the domestic footprint, the company had taken steps to go beyond national boundaries. Entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Fujairah Municipality during November of the year 2007 in the United Arab Emirates, through the subsidiary J K Cement Works (Fujairah) FZC, to set up a 2.25 MTPA grey cement plant to service the steadily increasing demand in the GCC region. During the year 2007-08, the company formed a wholly owned subsidiary under the name and style of J.K.Cement (Fujairah) FZ to undertake the business of cement and investment in the state of UAE. This Company has formed another subsidiary company under the name and style of J.K.Cement Works (Fujairah) FZC under which it is proposed to set up a green field cement plant at Fujairah, UAE. The 10 MW of the Waste Heat Recovery Power Plant of the company was commissioned at Nimbahera in March of the year 2008.
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Company Strengths J K Cement enjoys certain vital advantages that have helped them in becoming one of the leading names in the field of cement manufacturing in India and abroad. First the company has proximity to huge reserves of premium quality limestone, as essential ingredient for cement manufacturing. Based on certain studies undertaken, it is estimated that the limestone reserves of the company are sufficient to support the planned production capacity for approximately 40 years. Second the company has an extensive marketing network for grey and white cement both within and outside India. The company's distribution network for grey cement consist of more than 40 feeder depots, serviced by seven regional sales office located at Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. J K cement's white cement distribution network comprises of 20 feeder depots and 13 regional offices. Besides, the company also has a total of more than 4000 retail stores, 22 sales promoters and four handling agents. J K Cement Production Plants The company has three major production plants located in the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat. The first plant of J K Cement was set up in Nimbahera, Rajasthan in the year 1975 with an initial capacity of 0.3 million ton per annum. With the incorporation of newer technology and modern equipment, the production capacity was enhanced to 2.8 million ton per annum. The Gotan unit located at Gujarat which manufacturers white cement started production commercially in 1984 with a production capacity of 0.05 million ton per annum. Currently the unit has a capacity utilization of around 75% and an operating profit of 30% consistently. The unit has ISO-9001:2000 QMS, ISO-14001:1998 EMS and OHSAS18001:2005 recognition. J K Cement Products The major products of J K Cement are grey and white cement. The grey cement produced by the company Ordinary Portland cement or OPC and Portland Pozzolana Cement or PCC. The OPC range of products has three grades which are differentiated by their compressive strength, they consist of 43-grade, 53-grade and 33-grade OPC. The cement products are marketed and sold under the brand names of J.K. Cement and Sarvashaktiman for OPC
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products, J.K. Super for PPC products and J.K. White and Camel for white cement products. Some other products manufactured by the company consist of:
J K Cement's manufacturing unit at Nimbahera was chosen by the World Bank and the Danish International Development Agency as one of the four training centers in India to serve as the Regional Training Center in North India. The operation of the training center gives the company access to state of art training aids, live working models, and technical expertise developed by well known national and international cement producers.
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power being the major cost contributors. Use of alternative fuels auctioned, while over Rs.600 crores has been committed for the installation of captive power plants throughout the year 2004-05. Narmada Cement Company Limited (NCCL) was amalgamated with the company in May of the year 2006. With an eye on the growing Ready Mix Concrete business, the Company has commenced setting up Ready Mix Concrete plants in various places in the country during the year 2007. The Captive Power Plants being set up at your Company's Units in Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Gujarat, are on track. It may be to go on stream between FY08 and FY09. UltraTechs subsidiaries are Dakshin Cement Limited and UltraTechCeylinco (P) Limited. As part of the eighth biggest cement manufacturer in the world, UltraTech Cement has five integrated plants, five grinding units as well as three terminals of its own (one overseas, in Colombo, Sri Lanka). These facilities gradually came up over the years, as indicated below: 2006 :: Narmada Cement Company Limited amalgamated with UltraTech pursuant to a Scheme of Amalgamation being approved by the Board for Industrial & Financial Reconstruction (BIFR) in terms of the provision of Sick Industrial Companies Act (Special Provisions) 2004 :: Completion of the implementation process to demerge the cement business of L&T and completion of open offer by Grasim, with the latter acquiring controlling stake in the newly formed company UltraTech 2003 :: The board of Larsen & Toubro Ltd (L&T) decides to demerge its cement business into a separate cement company (CemCo). Grasim decides to acquire an 8.5 per cent equity stake from L&T and then make an open offer for 30 per cent of the equity of CemCo, to acquire management control of the company.
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INDIA CEMENTS
The India Cements Ltd was established in 1946 and the first plant was setup at Sankarnagar in Tamilnadu in 1949. Since then it has grown in stature to seven plants spread over Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh. The capacities as on March 2002 have increased multifold to 9 million tons per annum. The Founders Shri Sankaralinga Iyer was a pioneer of heavy industry in the South. Primarily a banker, he ventured into the field of industry with a rare devotion and confidence with the prime objective of developing major industries in the state. With his banking experience and interest in exploring the mineral potential of South India, he went ahead boldly with his scheme of building a cement plant in the vicinity of Thalaiyuthu, where extensive deposits of limestone were assuredly available. Shri Sankaralinga Iyer with his energy and drive gave the cement project a realistic form and content. Company Highlights
The Company is the largest producer of cement in South India. The Company's plants are well spread with three in Tamilnadu and four in Andhra Pradesh which cater to all major markets in South India and Maharashtra.
The Company is the market leader with a market share of 28% in the South. It aims to achieve a 35% market share in the near future. The Company has access to huge limestone resources and plans to expand capacity by de-bottlenecking and optimisation of existing plants as well as by acquisitions.
The Company has a strong distribution network with over 10,000 stockists of whom 25% are dedicated.
The Company has well established brands- Sankar Super Power, Coromandel Super Power and Raasi Super Power.
Regional offices in all southern states and Maharasthra offices/representative in every district.
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10.68
TABLE 6.1
7.81
14.00
ANALYSIS: RETURN ON EQUITY RATIO The ROE of the company decreased considerably from 2007 to 2008. This shows that company is unable to satisfy its shareholders by proper utilization of funds. The ratio increased in the financial year 2009. This means that the company was in a better position to satisfy its shareholders compared to the previous financial year 2008. CURRENT RATIO The current ratio in 2007 was 0.93 and it gradually decreased to 0.88 in 2008 and 0.78 in 2009. Since the ideal ratio is 2:1 so it signifies that the company is in a better position to pay the current debts with a margin of safety in current assets.
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DEBT-EQUITY RATIO: In 2007, the debt equity ratio was 0.16 and by 2008 it was 0.08 and by 2009 it is 0.10. So the debt equity ratio shows a decrease in the financial year 2008. This shows that the companys debt is decreasing, thereby making the company unfavourable in the view of the lenders i.e. the amount of debt used effectively by the company is declining from 2007 to 2008. But in the FY 2009, we can see that this ratio has increased to 0.10. INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO: In 2007, the interest coverage ratio is 24.28 which increased to 39.20 in 2008. This means that the companys debt burden got decreased to a great extent. But in 2009 it got decreased to 22.93. In the FY 2009, the companys performance declined considerably and the company is not generating enough profit to pay the interest to the debts. Consequently, the financial position of the company is growing weak. DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO: The debtors turnover ratio was 31.19 in 2007 and it decreased to 27.47 by the financial year 2008 and then it again increased to 33.96 in the FY 2009. As we know that the debtors turnover ratio explains the number of times the debtors turned over a period of a financial year. Thus, by looking at the ratio in the FY 2009 we can say that the efficiency of management of debtors of the firm is growing high in comparison to the previous years. INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO: The inventory turnover ratio was 11.58 in 2007, 10.80 in 2008 and then a slight increase to 11.10 in 2009. The inventory turnover ratio measures the velocity of conversion of stock into sales. In the FY 2007, the firm was managing its inventories efficiently which was then reduced in the FY 2008. But again in FY 2009 the company is able to control its inventories. FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER: This ratio indicates the companys ability to generate net sales revenue from fixed assets of the company, such as property, building and other equipments. The higher the ratio, the better it is for the company. The above table indicates that the fixed assets turnover ratio of 1.53 in 2007 declined to 1.46 in the FY 2008 and consequently declined to 1.38 in the FY 2009 which shows the
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companys inability to generate revenue from fixed assets in the consequent years of its operations. The company, thus, has to utilise its fixed assets in order to maintain efficiency in revenue generation. PRICE/EARNINGS RATIO: Higher the P/E ratio, the more the market is willing to pay for each rupee of annual earnings. Companies with high P/E ratios are more likely to be considered risky investments than those with low P/E ratios, since a high P/E ratio signifies high expectation. From the above table, we know that the ratio has decreased considerably from the FY 2007 to the FY 2008. The reason for this decline was the economic downturn in the FY 2008. But in the FY 2009, the company recorded a rise in the ratio i.e. from 7.81 to 10.68 meaning that the company was in a better position as compared to the previous year.
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ROE ROA CURRENT RATIO DEBT-EQUITY RATIO INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO INVENTORY TURNOVER PERIOD FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO P/E RATIO
20.04 0.156784 1.06 0.04 67.16 40.98 8.91 9.52 38.34 1.29 13.66
TABLE 6.2
22.72 0.19387 1.15 0.06 37.33 38.22 9.55 9.31 39.21 1.29 7.88
29.02 0.316693 1.05 0.15 26.14 54.29 6.72 12.92 28.25 1.31 13.32
ANALYSIS: RETURN ON EQUITY Return on equity is net profits to equity share capital. The ratio is decreasing each year which shows the company is unable to increase profits in accordance to the increase in shareholders funds. RETURN ON ASSETS It is always said that higher the ratio the better it is. When looking at the previous three years ROA has been decreasing. The reason for this is that the operating profit has been decreasing continuously though there has been increase in the total assets for past three years.
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CURRENT RATIO The current ratio of company, though declining from the year 2008, but it is still able to sustain the ratio above 1, which shows company is able to pay its liabilities. If the ratio slips down below 1, then company may face problems to pay its liabilities. The liabilities of the company are increasing every year, so company should take measures to reduce liabilities. DEBT-EQUITY RATIO The debt equity ratio shows a positive trend for FY07, FY08 & FY09. The ratio also below 1 for all the three years, which reflects companys dependence on the debt finance, is very low. The main reason behind decrease in ratio is, increase in total shareholders funds. The majority of financing of the company is done by equity, and at the same time risk factor is also reducing because they dont have to pay interest to the debenture holders. INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO Interest coverage ratio shows how much revenue is being earned in relation to its finance cost. Ambuja Cements were unable to decrease the coverage period but on the contrary coverage period increased every year, which is not a healthy sign for companys growth. DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO The debtors turnover ratio indicates the efficiency of the company to collect debts. The efficiency of the company decreased in FY08 & it increased in FY09. This shows the companys efficiency was increasing but due to economic downturn in FY08, companys efficiency declined. AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD In 2009, the ratio has gone down which shows that the collection period has become more powerful and company is able to collect its money from debtors more efficiently when compared to the previous year where it was 9 days. INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO The ratio shows how many times a company's stock is sold and replaced over a period of time. There is a difference in the percentage of ratio for FY08 as compared to FY07, but the ratio increased in FY09. A low turnover implies poor sales and, therefore, excess inventory.
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The net sales of the company increased considerably in the year 2009. So, accordingly there was an increase in the inventory turnover. INVENTORY TURNOVER PERIOD The ratio has gone down which shows that demand for the product in the market has increased which is a good sign for the company. FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO This ratio indicates the companys ability to generate net sales revenue from fixed assets of the company, such as property, building and other equipments. A higher fixed asset turnover ratio shows that the company has been more effective in utilizing the revenue invested in fixed assets for generating net sales. The above table indicates that the change in the fixed assets turnover from FY07 to FY08 was just .02 but there was no decrease in FY09 as compared to FY08. So the utilization of fixed assets in FY09 was same as compared to FY08. P/E RATIO From the data above, we can see that in 2009 the ratio has increased significantly because of the increase in market price and earnings per share which is good for the company.
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JK CEMENTS
RATIOS Year 2009 ROE CURRENT RATIO DEBT-EQUITY RATIO INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO FIXED RATIO P/E RATIO 2.01
TABLE 6.3
Year 2008
Year 2007
ASSETS
TURNOVER 1.77
4.40
5.80
ANALYSIS RETURN ON EQUITY RATIO The ROE of the company was same for the year 2007 and 2008 and it was at 0.34. But it has declined in the year 2009 and came to 0.16. The decline may be due to the economic slowdown which has affected almost all the companies. CURRENT RATIO Net working capital should always be positive. In short, the higher the net working capital, the greater is the degree of overall short-term liquidity. Means current ratio indicates the liquidity of the enterprise. Min. Expected even for a new unit in India is 1.33:1 therefore we can see that the ratios in all the years are well over 1.33 which ensures us that the company is in a good condition and has ample liquidity.
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INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO: The interest coverage ratio was 15.77 in 2007 which rose to 16.15 in 2008 so this proves that the companys debt burden got decreased to some extent. But in 2009 it decreased to 14.97. The performance of the company got declined in 2009 and the companys debt burden was increasing. DEBT EQUITY RATIO Debt equity ratio should not exceed 3:1 and it has not in the case of JK Cements. This means that the company has fewer debts which is good for the company. There is a sharp deterioration in this ratio so; we have to be on guard, as the financial risk for the company increases to that extent. DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO: The debtors turnover ratio is increasing in from the past three years as it can be seen from the table. It was at 28.25 in 2007 and it increased to 30.36 in 2008 and then it gradually increased to 34.02 in 2009. The debtors turnover ratio is growing higher which implies that the efficiency of the company is increasing. AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD: In 2007 the debtors velocity was only 10 days, but there was an increase of 1 day i.e. it became 11 days in the year 2008 and remained the same in 2009, which is good for the company. INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO This should not be less than 9:1 and should if possible be higher and we can see that the ratios are well above 9 which clearly state that the company is doing good and is in a good condition and has converted its inventory into sales in a very efficient manner. FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER: In 2007, the fixed assets turnover was 2.24, but it decreased to 2.15 in 2008. It again declined to 1.77 in 2009. As the companys fixed asset was increasing year on year hence its turnover was decreasing and also sales were not increasing in the same proportion.
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P/E RATIO The P/E ratio is gradually declining for all the 3 years i.e. from 5.80 in 2007 to 4.40 in 2008 and then to 2.01 in 2009. This shows that the performance of the company is declining and the management should look into the causes that have resulted into the fall of this ratio.
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RATIOS
Year 2009
Year 2008
Year 2007
ROE ROA CURRENT RATIO DEBT-EQUITY RATIO INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO INVENTORY TURNOVER PERIOD FIXED RATIO P/E RATIO ASSETS
TURNOVER 1.16
7.1
TABLE 6.4
9.74
12.37
ANALYSIS RETURN ON EQUITY RATIO The ROE of the company decreased each year from 2007 to 2009. This shows that company is unable to satisfy its shareholders by proper utilization of funds. The decline in return on equity ratio in FY09 was comparatively higher than that of FY08 because economic downturn also affected the profits of the company.
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RETURN ON ASSETS RATIO In 2008, the assets and the profit of the company increased showing a consistent return of 0.23 as in 2007. But by 2009 it got declined to 0.17. Since there is a tremendous increase in total assets, the return on assets got declined. CURRENT RATIO The current ratio in 2007 is 0.7 and it gradually decreased to 0.65 in 2008 and 0.61 in 2009. Since the ideal ratio is 2:1 so it signifies that the company is in comfort to pay the current debts with a margin of safety for possible in current assets. DEBT-EQUITY RATIO: In 2007, the debt equity ratio was 1.08 and by 2008 it was 0.74 and by 2009 it is 0.62. So the debt equity ratio is decreasing constantly and it shows that the companys debt is decreasing, and so the company is not in a favourable position in the view point of the lenders i.e. the amount of debt used effectively by the company is declining from 2007 to 2009. INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO: In 2007, the interest coverage ratio is 14.43 which raised to 19.31 in 2008 so this proves that the companys debt burden got decreased to some extent and by 2009 it got decreased to 11.84. So the companys performance got declined by 2009 and the companys debt burden is increasing i.e the company is not generating enough profit to pay the interest to the debts and the financial position of the company is growing weak. DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO: The debtors turnover ratio was 30.8 in 2007 and it slightly increased to 31.42 by 2008 and then it gradually increased to 35.55 by 2009. Generally debtors turnover ratio explains the number of times the debtors turned over a period of a financial year. The debtors turnover ratio is growing higher which implies that the efficiency of management of debtors of the firm is growing high when compared to the previous years.
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AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD: In 2007 and 2009 the debtors velocity was only 9 days and it was favourable to the company and the bargaining power of the company was high when compared to 2009 were the debtors velocity was 10 days. INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO: The inventory turnover ratio was 14.43 in 2007 and it got gradually increased to 19.31 in 2008 and then a steep decrease to 11.84 in 2009. Generally the inventory turnover ratio measures the velocity of conversion of stock into sales. Here from 2007 to 2008 the firm was managing efficiently the inventories and by 2009 the company is overstocking the finished goods intended for sale. FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER: The fixed assets turnover was 1.17 in 2007 and it is increased to 1.29 by 2008 and by 2009 it got declined to 1.16. In 2008 there is a decrease in fixed assets and so the turnover gradually increased because the company effectively utilised the fixed assets while 1n 2009 the company had increased the fixed assets to 50% than the previous year but the sales revenue was not in tandem with the increase in fixed assets so the fixed assets turnover got declined to 1.54. PRICE/EARNINGS RATIO: The P/E ratio is gradually declining for all the 3 years i.e. from 12.37 in 2009 to 9.74 in 2008 and then to 7.1 in 2007. This shows that the performance of the company is declining and the management should look into the causes that have resulted into the fall of this ratio.
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RATIOS ROE ROA CURRENT RATIO DEBT EQUITY RATIO INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD (days) INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO TAX BURDEN RATIO P/E RATIO
Year 2009 0.14 0.135 1.42 0.68 7.49 11.55 34 10.35 0.89 0.67 8.34
TABLE 6.5
Year 2008 0.20 0.185 1.88 0.96 8.69 12.44 32 11.87 1.01 0.75 10.51
Year 2007 0.21 0.15 2.20 1.55 4.28 10.43 36 11.29 1 0 9.66
ANALYSIS RETURN ON EQUITY RATIO Return on equity is net profits to equity share capital. The ratio is decreasing each year which shows the company is unable to increase profits in accordance to the increase in shareholders funds. RETURN ON ASSETS RATIO Though in FY08 there is an increase in net income of the company but in FY09 there is a decline on the net income so that also affects the ROA, because lesser the income there will be lesser rate of return on assets and also shows company inefficiency in utilization of assets.
ALLIANCE BUSINESS SCHOOL
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CURRENT RATIO The current assets of the company increased by 25% in the FY08 but still there was decline the current ratio because of increase in its liabilities by 127%. In FY09 the assets decreased by 1% but the liabilities increased by 17%, so there is a decline in current ratio. The current ratio of company, though declining every year from the year 2007, but it is still able to sustain the ratio above 1, which shows company is able to pay its liabilities. If the ratio slips down below 1, then company may face problems to pay its liabilities. The liabilities of the company are increasing every year, so company should take measures to reduce liabilities. DEBT EQUITY RATIO The debt equity ratio shows a positive trend for FY07, FY08 & FY09. The ratio also slips below 1, which reflects companys dependence on the debt finance has decreased. The main reason behind decrease in ratio is, increase in total shareholders funds. The majority of financing of the company is done by equity, and at the same time risk factor is also reducing because they dont have to pay interest to the debenture holders. The increase in shareholders funds in FY08 was about 50% while in the FY09 it was only 15%, so the decrease in ratio in FY09 was comparatively low. INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO Interest coverage ratio shows how much revenue is being earned in relation to its finance cost. India cements were unable to decrease the coverage period but on the contrary coverage period increased in the FY08. But in the FY09 the coverage period decreased to 7.49 from 8.6 which show a healthy sign for companys growth. DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO The debtors turnover ratio indicates the efficiency of the company to collect debts. The efficiency of the company increased in FY08 by 19.27% & it decreased in FY09 by 7.15%. This shows the companys efficiency was increasing but due to economic downturn in FY09, companys efficiency declined. AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD The average collection period of the company reduced from 36 days to 32 days in FY08. This indicates the improvement in liquidity of the company. The average collection period of
ALLIANCE BUSINESS SCHOOL
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the company increased in the year 2009 by 5%. But the trend has not deviated and the change is nominal. INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO The ratio shows how many times a company's stock is sold and replaced over a period of time. There is a slight difference in the percentage of ratio for FY08, but the ratio decreased by 14% in FY09. A low turnover implies poor sales and, therefore, excess inventory. The net sales of the company increased considerably in the year 2008. So, accordingly there was an increase in the inventory turnover. In the FY09 there was increase in net sales but the increase in inventory was also considerably higher due to which the ratio decreased to 10.35 from 11.87. FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO This ratio indicates the companys ability to generate net sales revenue from fixed assets of the company, such as property, building and other equipments. A higher fixed asset turnover ratio shows that the company has been more effective in utilizing the revenue invested in fixed assets for generating net sales. The above table indicates that the change in the fixed assets turnover from FY07 to FY08 was just .01 but there was a decrease in FY09. So the utilization of fixed assets in FY09 was lower as compared to FY07 & FY08. TAX BURDEN RATIO There is no tax paid by the company in FY07 because during the previous year company made a loss of 262.53crores. In FY07 company had a profit of 46.57crores so company paid tax of 14.8crores in FY08. The tax paid by the company substantially increased in the year 2009, because there was a major rise in the profits of the company in FY08. P/E RATIO The dividend paid by the company in the year 2007 was 26.04crores. The dividend given by the company in the year 2008 was 56.37crores which is 116% higher than the latter year. So the share prices also increased. Though in the year 2009 the dividend paid by the company was at par, the share prices tumbled down because of economic downturn in the country.
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ROE
0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 ACC Ambuja J K Cements UltraTech India Cements
GRAPH 7.1
It is always said that higher the ROE is better for the company and when looked at the investors point of view. When compared with the industry average only ACC ltd and Ultratech Cement ltd is performing well. But in case of Ambuja Cements ltd this decrease is because of the decrease in profit after tax in the year 2009 when compared with the year 2008, though there was increase in sales in 2009. Similar is the case with both the other companies. This was because to keep up with the competition in the market the three companies had to reduce their prices by increasig the sales.
ALLIANCE BUSINESS SCHOOL
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RETURN ON ASSETS It shows how profitable a companys assets are in generating revenue. It gives an indication of the capital intensity of the company. Industry Aggr. = 0.178 COMPANY ACC ltd Ambuja Cements ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd
TABLE 7.2
ROA
0.2 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 ACC Ambuja J K Cements UltraTech India Cements
GRAPH 7.2
Here we can see that only ACC ltd could go in par with the industry average. And UltraTech is in close range with the industry average. Whereas in case other three companies though their total assets has been increasin gyear after year there was decrease in operating profit in the year 2009 when compared with 2008. Hence we can say as per investors point of view companies ACC ltd and UltraTech Cement ltd are the best companies to invest right now out of all the five companies.
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CURRENT RATIO Current ratio indicates the extent to which a company can pay back its current and short term liabilities using its current assets. It is merely an index. Industry Aggr. = 0.85 COMPANY ACC LTD Ambuja Cements ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd
TABLE 7.3
CURRENT RATIO
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 ACC Ambuja J K Cements UltraTech India Cements
GRAPH 7.3
The current ratio of companies ACC ltd and UltraTech Cement ltd is below the industry average that is because the current assets of the companies has gone down when compared to previous year, i.e., 2008. But for the other companies it is above the industry average. Even having higher current ratio is not good for the company.
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DEBT-EQUITY RATIO Debt Equity ratio indicates the component of debt to the component of equity of a company. Higher the ratio, higher is the debt for the company and vice versa. It is merely an index. Industry Aggr. = 1.60 COMPANY ACC LTD Ambuja Cements ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd
TABLE 7.4
D/E RATIO
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Category 1 Ambuja J K Cements UltraTech India Cements
GRAPH 7.4
Here we can see that the debt equity ratio is less than the industry average which is good for the company as the percentage of debt component with respect to increase in percentage of equity component is decreasing for all the companies when compared with the previous year. But one point what needs to be taken into consieration is tax component as we know that debt acts as a tax shield to the company.
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INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO Interest Coverage ratio indicates the number of times interest is covered by the profits available to pay interest charges. It is an index of the financial strength of an enterprise. It is merely an index. Industry Aggr. = 6.29 COMPANY ACC LTD Ambuja Cements ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd
TABLE 7.5
GRAPH 7.5
When comparing with the industry average, all the companies are having a higher interest coverage ratio. This shows that all the five companies are having enough cash to payoff their interests. ACC and Ambuja are having almost three and ten times more than the industry avrage respectively. This shows that the financial strength of both the companies. That is why both are still the major two players in this sector.
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DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO This indicates the efficiency of collection of receivables and contributes to the liquidity of the system. but this depends upon so many factors such as, type of industry like capital goods, consumer goods capital goods, this would be less and consumer goods, this would be significantly higher. Conditions of the market monopolistic or competitive monopolistic, this would be higher and competitive it would be less as you are forced to give credit. Whether new enterprise or established new enterprise would be required to give higher credit in the initial stages while an existing business would have a more fixed credit policy evolved over the years of business. Industry Aggr. = 29.57 COMPANY ACC LTD Ambuja Cements ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd
TABLE 7.6
GRAPH 7.6
This basically shows the quality of debtors the company holds. Except India cements the debtors turnover ratio is higher for all the companies when compared with the industry average. This indicates the speed with which debtors repay back their debt to the company. When looking at ratios of all the companies the speed with which their debotrs repay back their debt is high.
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AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD Average collection period is inversely related to debtors turnover ratio. Formula for average collection period = 360/receivables turnover ratio. Industry aggr. = 13
COMPANY ACC LTD Ambuja Cements ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd
GRAPH 7.7
This basically shows the number of days the debtors takes to pay back their debt. Except India Cements ltd all the other four companies reduced the number of days when compared with the industry average, i.e., 13 days. Out of which Ambuja brouth down their average collectio period to 9 days w.r.t industry. This also depends on each companys policies.
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INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO Inventory Turnover ratio is a measure of how efficiently a company is able to manage its inventory and how it impacts the revenue for the firm. It is merely an index. Industry Aggr. = 10.94 COMPANY ACC LTD Ambuja Cement ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd
TABLE 7.8
GRAPH 7.8
This shows how efficiently the company could turnover the inventory into sales. Ambuja and India Cements are having inventory turnover ratio less than the industry average which is 10.94. While other three companies ACC, J K cements, and UltraTech Cement ltd are having ratios greater than the industry average which shows that these three companies are able to efficiently manage their inventories.
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FIXED ASSET TURNOVER RATIO Fixed Asset Turnover ratio indicates how well a company utilizes its fixed assets in generating the revenue. It is merely an index. Industry Aggr. = 1.06 COMPANY ACC LTD Ambuja Cements ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd
TABLE 7.9
GRAPH 7.9
All the four cement companies except India Cements ltd fixed turnover ratio is higher comopared to the industry average. In case of India cements ltd fixed turnover ratio is 0.89, i.e., 16% decrease when compared with the industry average. This shows that India Cements is not able to utilize their fixed assets efficiently. Whle comparing beetween the other four companies J K Cements ltd is having higher ratio of 1.77 which shows how efficiently the company is utilizing their fixed assets.
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PRICE EARNING RATIO This indicates investors judgement or expectations about the firms performance. This shows the relationship between market value of the share and the EPS. The higher the PE the stronger is the recommendation to sell the share and the lower the PE, the stronger is the recommendation to buy the share. COMPANY ACC LTD Ambuja Cements ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd
TABLE 7.10
P/E RATIO
15 10 5 0 ACC Ambuja J K Cements UltraTech India Cements
GRAPH 7.10
For the investors to get a higher return on the shares they have actually invested, is better to sell when the P/E ratio is high and buy when it is less. We can see that ACC, Ambuja and India Cementsltd are having a higher P/E ratio when compared with other two, i.e., J K Cements and UltraTech Cement ltd. It is now the best time to buy the shares of J K Cements and UltraTech Cement ltd as their performance when compared to last year is increasing. And hence the P/E ratio will increase in the near future.
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The trend in terms of percentage in profit of the companies are considered and analyzed over the period of study.
ACC LTD: 2009 Net Sales PAT Profitability Trend (%) 7942.66 1606.73 20.22912
TABLE 7.11
PROFITABILITY TREND
25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% 2007 2008 2009
GRAPH 7.11
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AMBUJA CEMENTS LTD: 2009 Net Sales PAT Profitability Trend (%) 7040.7 1218.37 17.30467
TABLE 7.12
Profitability Trend
35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% 2007 2008 2009
GRAPH 7.12
J K CEMENTS LTD: 2009 Net Sales PAT Profitability Trend (%) 1664.42 142.34 8.551928
TABLE 7.13
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Profitability Trend
18.00% 16.00% 14.00% 12.00% 10.00% 8.00% 6.00% 4.00% 2.00% 0.00% 2007 2008 2009
GRAPH 7.13
ULTRATECH CEMENT LTD: 2009 Net Sales PAT Profitability Trend (%) 6385.5 977.02 15.3006
TABLE 7.14
Profitability Trend
19 18.5 18 17.5 17 16.5 16 15.5 15 14.5 14 13.5 2007 2008 2009
GRAPH 7.14
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INDIA CEMENTS LTD: 2009 Net Sales PAT Profitability Trend (%) 3358.34 432.18 12.86886
TABLE 7.15
Profitability Trend
25 20 15 10 5 0 2007 2008 2009
GRAPH 7.15
If we look at all the five companies, we can see that ACC ltd is performing well in comparison with other four companies. There is an increase in profitability trend when compared with the profits in the year 2009 and 2008. Whereas there is a decrease in profitability trend for all the other four companies when compared with the profits in the year 2009 and 2008.
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In House R&D: This ratio provides an insight to the companys interest in developing new technology. R&D Focus (%) = R&D Expense / Net Sales ACC Ltd: 2009 R & D Expenses Net Sales R & D Focus (%) 3.25 7942.66 0.040918 2008 3.29 7165.79 0.045913
TABLE 7.16
R & D Focus
0.047 0.046 0.045 0.044 0.043 0.042 0.041 0.04 0.039 0.038 2007 2008 2009
GRAPH 7.16
Ambuja Cement Ltd: 2009 R & D Expenses Net Sales R & D Focus (%) 1.29 7040.7 0.018322 2007 0.25 6167.71 0.004053 2008 0.24 5597.91 0.004287
TABLE 7.17
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R & D Focus
0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 2007 2008 2009
GRAPH 7.17
If we look at the above two graphs we can see that both ACC and Ambuja cements gives importance to R&D. For the last three years Ambuja cements has been constantly spending more money on R&D of the company whereas ACC reduced their R&D expenses in 2009 compared to the last year ,i.e., 2008. When we look at other companies, i.e., UltraTech cement ltd., India cements ltd, J K cements ltd they doesnt focus towards the R&D of their company and hence their R&D Expense is zero.
GROWTH ANALYSIS The growth of the companies in a particular industry is calculated and analyzed on the basis of the industries sales growth rate, i.e., compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). Sn = S0 (1 + r) n Where, Sn = Net Sales during Year n or the last year considered for analysis. S0 = Net Sales during Year 0 or the starting year considered for analysis. r = Compounded Annual Growth Rate. n = Number of years the company is analyzed
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ACC Ltd: For the year, 2009 20.11% 2008 25.74% 2007 29.37%
GROWTH ANALYSIS
35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% 2007 2008 2009
GRAPH 7.18
Ambuja Cements Ltd: For the year, 2009 22.06% 2008 24.13% 2007 29.16%
GROWTH ANALYSIS
35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% 2007 2008 2009
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J K Cements Ltd: For the year, 2009 36.21% 2008 45.61% 2007 55.85%
GROWTH ANALYSIS
60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% 2007 2008 2009
GRAPH 7.20
UltraTech Cement ltd: For the year, 2009 19.65% 2008 20.61% 2007 23.53%
GROWTH ANALYSIS
24.00% 23.00% 22.00% 21.00% 20.00% 19.00% 18.00% 17.00% 2007 2008 2009
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India Cements ltd: For the year, 2009 23.64% 2008 27.22% 2007 24.73%
GROWTH ANALYSIS
28.00% 27.00% 26.00% 25.00% 24.00% 23.00% 22.00% 21.00% 2007 2008 2009
GRAPH 7.22
If we look at the growth of each company under the cement industry which is taken into consideration for the analysis, there is a decline in the percentage in growth. Though there is always an increase in sales for each company every year but the change in percentage of sales for a particular year compared to the previous year is always less.
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8.3 CONCLUSION
In the present scenario of hectic competition it has been seen that the biggest player in the market remains big and does not allow other companies to rise. The cement industry is expected to grow steadily in 2009-2010 and increase capacity by another 50 million tons in spite of the recession and decrease in demand from the housing sector. In the analysis it has been seen that the ACC LTD is over shadowing all other companies in terms of performance. During Financial year 2007 inflationary conditions enabled all to perform well and generate profits resulting in boom in share prices. In 2008 all companies underperformed comparatively due to economic downturn. During this period investors have an opportunity to gain by paying lower prices for shares and receiving high dividends in future. The effect of recession in 2008 could be seen in the year 2009 where the growth of the company has been decreased. But now slowly all the companies are picking up. So recommendations to other companies will include increasing their customer base and decrease their cost of productions and improve their performance with respect to credit sales, financial prudence and capacity utilization.
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REFERENCES
http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/industry-infrastructure/industrial-sectors/Cement.htm http://www.ibef.org/industry/cement.aspx http://business.mapsofindia.com/cement/ http://www.icra.in/Files/PDF/SpecialComments/2010-January-Cement-Industry.pdf http://india.mapsofindia.com/indian-economy/major-economic-sectors.html http://capitaline.com/ http://www.jkcement.com/ http://www.indiacements.co.in/ http://www.ultratechcement.com/ http://www.gujaratambuja.com/ http://www.acclimited.com/ http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/manufacturing-sector-is-indias-largestemployer-census_10054253.html http://www.rrfinance.com/Research/Fundamental%20Research/Cement%20Industry.html http://www.emt-india.net/cement_code/2007/Chapter_2.html http://www.equitymaster.com/research-it/sector-info/cement/ http://www.tradechakra.com/indian-economy/industries/cement-industry.html
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