Protist, Vol. 151, 181189, August 2000 Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.

de/journals/protist

Protist

FROM THE ARCHIVES

Professor W. T. Schewiakoff: Life and Science

Sergei I. Fokin1
Biological Research Institute of St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198904, Russia

It is a great thing, science. There is everything: pleasure, relaxation and away from reality... Prof. Schewiakoff, 1917. Just recently, on October 29, 1999, we marked the 140th birthday of Wladimir Timopheevich Schewiakoff (18591930), the great Russian and worldrenowned protistologist (abroad he used the German spelling of his name, but in Russian it should be written, Vladimir Sheviakov). Until now it has only been possible to find a very few short notes on his life in the Russian literature and apparently none in western countries, except for the praise-filled recollections by Goldschmidt, Hoare, and Corliss2. The Russian notes were mainly made before 1917, so they do not reflect the last part of Schewiakoffs life at all: most of the previously known data on his life end when Professor W. T. Schewiakoff left the University of St. Petersburg in 1911. We want to provide readers, who are interested in the history of protistology, with some information about this remarkable life and to present a summary of the main protistological studies of this outstanding person.
1 fax 7-812 325 63 37 (Natalia Alekseeva) e-mail fokin@peterlink.ru 2 See R. B. Goldschmidt (1956) Portraits from Memory: Recollections of a Zoologist. University of Washington Press, Seattle; C. A. Hoare (1927) Schewiakoffs keys from the determination of the holotrichous ciliates. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1927, pp. 399418; J. O. Corliss (19781979) A salute to fiftyfour great microscopists of the past: a pictorial footnote to the history of protozoology. Parts I and II. Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc., 97: 419458; 98: 2658; and J. O. Corliss (1992) Historically important events, discoveries and works in protozoology from the mid-17th to the mid-20th century. Rev. Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat., 42 (year 1991): 4581.

Schewiakoff was born in St. Petersburg, Russia. Practically nothing is known about his parents. Elizabeth Christine Sievers, his mother was born in Tuckum, close to Riga, which is now the capital of Latvia. Apparently, she was from a well-known Prussian family. His father Timophey Phedorovich (Pheodoseivich?) Schewiakoff was a merchant. Although the family was not rich, Wladimir graduated (1877) from the Reformat Church School which gave him the possibility, as would a gymnasium, to get a higher education. As a young schoolboy, Wladimir was not an excellent pupil, but he apparently became interested in biology. His school certificate was not adequate to allow him to go to a university; so he first spent two years at the St. Petersburg Mining Academy. However, living nature was much more attractive to Schewiakoff than stones. In 1880, he became a Corresponding Member of the Imperial Entomological Society and made a society-sponsored research expedition to the Caucasian region by himself. There, he collected a number of insect species and completed a very interesting daily journal in which he described this journey. Apparently, this expedition was a last straw in his decision to change the direction of his education. Wladimir Schewiakoff left the Mining Academy for the University of St. Petersburg (thanks to the special permission of the Ministry of Public Education), where he became a student in the Naturalistic Department of the Physical-Mathematical faculty (1881). At that time, the quality of zoological education in the Zootomical Cabinet where Schewiakoff chose to
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study (now the Department of Invertebrate Zoology) was not very high. After three years, Schewiakoff decided to continue his education outside Russia. He chose the University of Heidelberg, one of the best universities in Europe. Other Russians had graduated from this university before Schewiakoff, and had studied for the preparation for the professor degree. He, of course, knew it to be one of the best places to study invertebrate zoology. The key element in this was that the head of the Zoological Institute in Heidelberg at that time was the famous protozoologist, the eminent world authority, Professor Otto Btschli (18481920). From the beginning of his education there (1885), Schewiakoff became a student of this remarkable person. Wladimir Timopheevich was a very good student and in 1888, he received a gold medal from the Philosophical faculty of the University of Heidelberg for his study, Man wnscht eine genaue anatomische und histologische Untersuchung der Randkrper der Meduse Charybdea mit besonderer Rcksicht auf die Augenbildungen und womglich unter Bercksichtigung der Augen verwandter Medusen. Beitrge zur Kenntniss des Acalephenauges. In 1889, after being examined and having written a dissertation on the same subject, Beitrge zur Kenntniss des Acalephenauges, Schewiakoff (Fig. 1) received the highest degree (summa cum laude) of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) from the faculty. After his graduation, he took in autumn 1890, an assistant position at the Zoological Institute of the High Polytechnic School, Karlsruhe (Baden). For a short time in the spring of 1889, Wladimir returned to Russia, where he tried to find some support for his plan to make an around-the-world journey. Eventually, he received support from the Imperial Society of Naturalists (Moscow) and from the Imperial Geographical Society (St. Petersburg). Under the supervision of these societies, Dr. W. Schewiakoff began his trip in May 1889, with his friend Dr. C. Lauterbach. The travelers visited the USA, the Sandwich Islands, New Zealand, Tasmania, Australia and some of the Sunda Islands. During this trip, Schewiakoff concentrated on the freshwater protists. The main idea was to find out the rules of protist geographical distribution first of all for ciliate fauna. He wrote on that occasion: During my trip I have used any possibilities, as the time and forces could allow me, to study Protozoa in all freshwater bodies rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, puddles and so on... As a result of this investigation in about 50 places in non-Europe countries, 130 species of different protozoa were found, including several new genera and a number of newly described species.

Scientific results of this voyage became the basis for two large publications which were prepared by Schewiakoff, the first of which Ueber die Geographische Verbreitung der Ssswasser-Protozoen, was published in St. Petersburg in 1893 and was awarded the academic Brandts Prize in 1896. The main conclusions of the monograph were as follows. Generally, freshwater Protozoa should be considered as cosmopolitan, not strongly connected to climate peculiarities. The distribution of unicellular organisms is mainly due to a passive way of spreading by cysts. The means of distribution are air- and water-streams, actively moving animals and, most of all, bird migration. A large part of these conclusions continue to appear to be true still today. Later on, parts of this study were also used by him in his Masters degree work (M.Sc.), On biology of Protozoa at St. Petersburg University, published in St. Petersburg in 1894. This dissertation was published as a very large article consisting of three chapters. The first chapters, On the movement of Gregarinae, discussed an experimental investigation of the reasons and mechanisms of the movement of these protists (namely, Clepsidrina munieri, C. blattarum, C. polimorpha and Stylorhynchus longicollis). Schewiakoff suggested that movement is achieved by the build-up and solidification of mucus behind the gregarine, which was then pushed forward passively. He also gave a precise description of the cell wall structure of gregarines. The second chapter, On the contractile elements of Ciliates, was dedicated to the morphology of contractile elements of some ciliates (Holophrya, Prorodon, Epistylis, Carchesium and Stentor). In the third chapter, On the geographical distribution of freshwater Protozoa, he discussed material on the geographical distribution of Protozoa. At the end of his around-the-world trip, Schewiakoff visited the Zoological Station of Naples (Italy), which was already known to him. As a result of this lucky decision, he made the acquaintance of the great Russian zoologist and embryologist Professor A. O. Kowalevsky (18401901), who was living at that time in Naples with his family. This meeting determined, in some respects, the rest of Dr. W. Schewiakoffs life. When Kowalevsky learned that Wladimir worked in Germany he began to persuade him to return to Russia. After this meeting they communicated by mail until eventually Kowalevsky persuaded Schewiakoff to return to the motherland. Meantime, after Naples, Schewiakoff went to Karlsruhe where for a short time he was an assistant at the Zoological Institute and eventually was pro-

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moted to the job of head of the institute. Having worked admirably, he received special thanks from the rector for the honest treatment in his duties and for putting into model shape the zoological collections of the institute. In the spring of 1891, he was invited by Professor Btschli to take the position of

assistant at the University of Heidelberg. Schewiakoff moved back to Btschlis Institute. There he supervised the practical work of students and, during the winter semester 1892/93, he temporarily acted as the head of the Zoological Institute, because of Btschlis illness at the time.

Figure 1. W. T. Schewiakoff in 1889. Heidelberg, Germany. Figure 2. L. A. Kowalevsky in 1889. Odessa, Russia. Figure 3. Prof. W. T. Schewiakoff in 1897 (?). Odessa, Russia. Figure 4. Prof. W. T. Schewiakoff (first row, second from the right) with a number of his former students and colleagues. St. Petersburg, 1901. First row from the left: Prof. V. A. Wagner, Prof. V. M. Shimkevich, and Prof A. N. Severtsov (fourth). Second row from the left: P. P. Ivanov (second), S. V. Awerinzew (third), K. M. Derugin (seventh). Third row from the left: Prof. I. I. Poljansky (father of Prof. Y. I. Poljansky second), K. N. Davydoff and P. J. Schmidt. Figure 5. Prof. W. T. Schewiakoff in 1928 (?) Irkutsk, Russia (?).

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In February 1893, after the special work Ueber einen neuen bacterienhnlichen Organismus des Ssswassers, an examination, and two test-lectures, Dr. Schewiakoff received the title of Privatdozent. By now, he already had eight publications. As well as the practical courses, he also gave lectures on zoology (vertebrate and invertebrate) and human parasitology, and in addition took part in examination of the students. Among Schewiakoffs students at the time were several Russians. One of them was Lydia Kowalevsky (18731942), the youngest daughter of Prof. A. O. Kowalevsky (Fig. 2). Having met her three years before, he courted her and they soon fell in love. Meantime, Prof. Kowalevsky, who still did not know the unintended result of his daughters visit to Heidelberg, was making efforts to find a position for Schewiakoff in St. Petersburg. Under the supervision of Kowalevsky, who then held the title of Member of the Academy, a new department, namely the Special Zoological Laboratory, was founded in the Imperial Academy of Science. Schewiakoff could get a working position there, but according to the Russian rules, he had to have a M.Sc. degree. He had not graduated from the University of St. Petersburg and the foreign Ph.D. could not be accepted as a reason for receiving a similar degree in Russia. Therefore, because he had not graduated from any Russian university, he was prevented from doing his Masters. Fortunately, thanks to the help of Kowalevsky and some other professors on the faculty, Wladimir Schewiakoff obtained permission to pass through a special exam and to defend a dissertation. Having completed the defense in the spring of 1894, he returned to Heidelberg, as Btschli had fallen ill again, and Schewiakoff had to carry out the duties of his mentor as a full professor and head of the Institute. Meanwhile, Dr. Schewiakoff applied for and got a position in the Special Zoological Laboratory of the Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, in the summer of 1894. He also was given the opportunity to lecture as a private-docent at the Physical-Mathematical faculty at the University of St. Petersburg starting in autumn 1894. At that point, Wladimir Timopheevich returned to Russia for good, only to leave for relatively short visits abroad (see below). Shortly after his arrival in St. Petersburg, Professor N. P. Vagner (18271907), the head of the Zootomical Cabinet, left the university. A. O. Kowalevsky and V. M. Shimkevich (18581923), two professors of the faculty, proposed W. T. Schewiakoff for the position. They wrote to the minister of the public education, ... Schewiakoff is known in Europe by his special investigations in protozoology,

which solved some very important general questions. Moreover, Schewiakoff is known as an experienced teacher, sometimes even as the laboratory supervisor in a first-class European university... Included with this letter were recommendations from professors Btschli and Metchnikoff (18451916). The latter a very famous Russian scientist, wrote about Schewiakoff, ...Every one of his investigations is very original, deep and outstandingly careful. Everywhere in his works an independent and, at the same time, an excellent scientific school is visible.... Unfortunately, because of the actions of some opponents in the faculty, Schewiakoff was not awarded the position of the head of the Zootomical Cabinet until two years later. Officially, he took this position just after receiving his Doctor of Zoology degree in May 1896; but, in actual fact, he had already started as head of the cabinet in 1895. At the beginning of this year, W. T. Schewiakoff married Lydia, his former student in Heidelberg, the second daughter of Prof. A. O. Kowalevsky. The doctoral dissertation of Schewiakoff, which was presented publicly on February 18, 1896, was titled The Organization and Systematics of the Infusoria Aspirotricha (Holotricha auctorum). At that time it was the most serious study on this topic; and it filled a gap left by Friedrich Stein, of Prague, who had published great monographs (much admired by Schewiakoff) on the flagellates and all ciliate groups except the holotrichs during the period 18541883. Official opponents were Professors V. M. Shimkevich (see Fig. 4) and A. S. Dogiel (18521922) (father of V. A. Dogiel who would become a student of Schewiakoff in 1900). His presentation was executed perfectly and in May 20, 1896, W. T. Schewiakoff became a Doctor of Zoology. The material of his dissertation was published in the same year as a monograph in Mmoires de lAcadmie Impriale des Sciences de St.-Ptersbourg. In the study he gave a complete review on the morphology and taxonomy of his ciliates (see Fig. 7 A, B, D, E) with some implications on their biology and distribution. At the end of 1896, he took the position of extraordinary professor and received his first Russian order St. Stanislav, III. degree (all together he got seven orders). With this recognition began a new part of the life of Prof. W. T. Schewiakoff (Fig. 3). The significant pedagogical and administrative experiences acquired during his years in Germany proved very useful for the new head of the Zootomical Cabinet. Prof. Schewiakoff began a complete reorganization of student education and renovation of the bulk of the departments equipment. A lot of the demonstrative preparations for lectures, tables and

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equipment were ordered from abroad (mainly from Germany). Wladimir Timopheevich made an excellent collection of microscopical preparations on Protozoa. A number of them, still in existence, were in fact made by the professor himself. Even furniture for the department, some of which is still in use today, was ordered for Schewiakoffs projects. Contemporaries assumed that the Zootomical Cabinet of the University of St. Petersburg had become the best such institution in Russia. Schewiakoff was an excellent lecturer. His lectures were visited not only by biology students but also by many other students of the university as well. He had an excellent ability to sketch, and often during his courses he made many schematic drawings by using colored chalk, sometimes working with both hands simultaneously. Also he used color tables, fixed preparations, diapositives (slides) and microprojection, which was, at that time, very unusual. Using this last-mentioned technique, the professor was able to show living protozoa on a special screen. In the general course of invertebrate zoology (1907), Schewiakoff (apparently first in Russia) paid some attention to modern heredity and mutation theories. Later, the first course in genetics and then a Department of Genetics in Russian universities were founded by Schewiakoffs former student Prof. J. A. Philipchenko (18821930), who died before the rise of Lysenko. Schewiakoffs greatest innovation was the establishment of practical lessons. These were always well attended by students. For those students who studied the invertebrates Schewiakoffs large special practicum played a valuable role in their personal education. During his studies, a student would go through the main groups of invertebrates, learning several model objects in each of the groups in living and fixed conditions. In parallel, the main technical methods fixation, staining, making a total preparation, embedding and cutting with microtomes, and so on were learned. At same time, the student had to draw the main morphological and anatomical details of an animal. This course was necessary to begin any real scientific work. After several years, Prof. Schewiakoff with some of his colleagues made up a very potent scientific group (Figs. 4, 6). Many members of that Zootomical Cabinet later became well-known scientists. However, just a few of them S. V. Awerinzew, A. V. Schweyer, A. K. Linko and V. A. Dogiel (see Figs. 4, 6) worked in protozoology, the main scientific love of Schewiakoff. In this sense, he did not found a real protistological scientific school. But, Prof. V. A. Dogiel (18821955), who was the best and most loved student of Wladimir Timopheevich, filled this gap.

Since he took charge of the Zootomical Cabinet after Schewiakoff (in 1913), he educated a number of Russian protistologists. The brighter of them Professors Y. I. Poljansky (19041993), A. A. Strelkov (19031977), E. M. Cheissin (19071968), I. B. Raikov (19321998) and L. N. Seravin (1931) were teachers of the hundreds of todays active protistologists in Russia and some other countries. In this respect, Russian classical protozoology has a very strong and direct relationship with the German approach, to mention just a few names, steps between the past and the present: Btschli (18481920), Schewiakoff (18591930), Dogiel (18821955) and Poljansky (19041993). How great every one of these names is! Thanks to his organizational and administrative activities and abilities, Prof. Schewiakoff became a well-known figure at the University. In 1899, he became a full (ordinary) professor and in August 1900, he was appointed dean of the Physical-Mathematical faculty for four years. He was also involved in many university committees and commissions. Despite his numerous commitments, he continued to be active in science as well. During this period, Prof. Schewiakoff (Fig. 4) reviewed a number of dissertations on the subject of invertebrate zoology and he published several articles on Protozoa. He also became an editor of the biological sciences division in the famous multi-volume dictionary of Brokgaus and Ephron (1897) and trying his hand on behalf of the IV International Zoological Congress, he began to work on his Radiolaria monograph. For this purpose, he visited the Biological Station in Naples three times (1899, 1902, 1905). In addition, Wladimir Timopheevich received the title of honorary doctor of law (1906) from Aberdeen University (Scotland). In 1903, he also took part in the commission for the organization of the Imperial Womens Pedagogical Institute (in 1903) where he would be a professor until 1918. Life for him was going well. Schewiakoffs family lived in a large apartment close to the University. Four children were growing up in the family Alexander (born in 1896), Tatiana (1897), George (1900), and Vladimir (1904). Later (1908), one more son Boris was born. His administrative duties began to take up more and more of his time. Very often, his closest coworkers, V. A. Dogiel and M. N. Rimsky-Korsakov (18731951) (Fig. 6), elder son of the famous Russian composer N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov (18441908), helped him in the department. In 1908, he was elected as a Corresponding Member of the Imperial Academy of Science. It looked as if this was the highest point of his career; but, two years later

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Figure 6. Staff and students of the Zootomical Cabinet, St. Petersburg University, 1908. First row from the left (staff): P. P. Ivanov, V. D. Zelenskij, A. V. Schweyer, W. T. Schewiakoff, M. N. Rimsky-Korsakov, V. A. Dogiel. and A. S. Schepotev. Students - the second row: V. M. Isaev (fourth); the third row: I. N. Philipev (third), D. M. Fedotov (fourth); the fourth row: I. I. Sokolov (second), A. A. Ljubishchev (fifth). All mentioned students later became wellknown scientists.

Schewiakoff received a proposal from the Ministry of Public Education to become the head of the industrial colleges division of the ministry. After 11 months he became vice-minister in January 1911. For six years, Schewiakoff abandoned his scientific work and left the university forever; but he kept the position of professor in the Womens Pedagogical Institute. Keeping this position proved to be a wise decision as after the 1917 revolution it saved his life. During those six years in the Ministry of Public Education, Schewiakoff did much for higher education: a new project of the status of Russian universities, new staffing proposals for veterinary institutes, a project on womens education and some others. Due to his great efforts, several new universities were opened. Wladimir Timopheevich visited and in-

spected many institutions of the ministry around Russia and helped a number of people personally. He also made several business trips abroad, mainly to Germany. There he reached agreement with several universities (Berlin, Stuttgart, Karlsruhe, Tbingen, Dresden) to open some positions for the preparation for the professor degree for future young Russian scientists. He kept his vice-minister position during the time of two ministers. At the end of 1916, he left the position because of illness and because of changes in the working strategy of the ministry under its third leader. In the edict of the ministry on January 1917, which was approved of by Tzar Nikolay II, it was written ... Recognizing his great efforts, high working activity, and excellent scientific and teaching

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occupations over a long time, W. T. Schewiakoff is appointed to the Governmental Senate as a senator, while keeping him also at a full professor position in the Imperial Institute of Womens Education. He had reached the highest social level of Russia, but it was too late. The revolutionary 1917 year had already started. His elder son, Alexander, was fighting in the First World War, and his daughter Tatiana was working as a nurse in a hospital. Schewiakoff and his wife, Lydia Alexandrovna, also took part in the organization of the special soldier hospital in Petrograd, under supervision of the Ministry of Public Education. At the end of 1916, Schewiakoff became ill and had to have an operation. Petrograd (the name was changed from St. Petersburg at the beginning of the war) started to be an unquiet and starving place. On December 20, 1917, Schewiakoff wrote to his son: ... We are living so-so if it is possible to call this thing a life, because all interest is just in eating... From the time of my illness, I have tried to continue my scientific work (Radiolaria-Acantharia), which was started in 1899, with a break of seven years because of my administrative activity... At first, I was simply in shock: forgot everything, even that which I had written myself... After two weeks it was getting better, then, after another week and a half I came into the study indeed and now my scientific business is going perfectly... It is a great thing science. There is everything: pleasure, relaxation and away from reality... The illness lead me to my scientific work and gave me the opportunity to think about science intensively for a long time.... The revolution in October 1917 distorted all previous life. In the spring of 1918, Schewiakoff in the company of his elder sons went to Perm city (Ural) for a scientific purpose and could not return: Civil War had started inside Russia. Apparently, he did not wish to return to Petrograd (his wife and two other children had moved to Ural before him) because of political repression (Red terror), which had started in the capital. He moved to Siberia, first to Omsk (the Institute of Agriculture). The territory at that time was under the authority of vice-admiral A .B. Kolchak (18741920). At the beginning of 1920, already under Soviet power, Wladimir Timopheevich got a professorship at the University of Irkutsk (East Siberia). There, he took part in organization of the new medical faculty, was appointed a dean, and taught zoology. His last great work the monograph on the Acantharia appeared in Italy 27 years after the beginning of this research. It was really an extraordinary study. The field work alone (at the Zoological Station of Naples) took more than three years. Dur-

ing this investigation, Schewiakoff described a number of new species, genera, families and even orders of these protozoa (see Fig. 7 C). He built up a new taxonomic system for the group and made a careful description of the morphology, physiology and ecology of the Acantharea. Schewiakoffs classification in this monograph is still usable, although a number of modifications are needed. The book was dedicated to the memory of A. O. Kowalevsky, his father-in-law. Later in 1928 this study was awarded a governmental prize. Fortunately, Prof. Schewiakoff avoided any political repression. It was some kind of miracle because of his vice-minister past and the actions of two of his elder sons (Alexander and George), who were in the White Army and fighting against the bolsheviks. At that time, Prof. Schewiakoff did not indicate in his curriculum vitae his position in the Ministry of Public Education. Years of this job, luckily, were covered as well by his work in the Imperial Institute of Womens Education. In 1923, in Irkutsk, he celebrated 30 years of teaching. To finish his work on Acantharea he visited the Zoological Station in Naples three times, but every time he came back to Russia. I want to live and to work in my homeland, he said to Prof. I. I. Sokolov (18851972), one of Schewiakoffs former students (see Fig. 6), who visited Wladimir Timopheevich in Irkutsk in 1927. This was three years before he died. He was elected the head of the Biological-Geographical Research Institute of Irkutsk University and continued to investigate radiolaria and marine ciliates of the Gulf of Naples. He also did some investigations on the Rhizopodea of Lake Baikal. Within a short time, thanks to Prof. V. A. Dogiel and other former students and colleagues in St. Petersburg and other places in the European part of Russia, Prof. Schewiakoff built up a very good Zootomical Cabinet at the University of Irkutsk. However, it was getting more and more difficult to work in the provinces. In July 1927, Wladimir Timopheevich wrote to Prof. V. A. Dogiel, The working trip abroad this year became to be a non-realized dream. I could not get permission I am afraid that in the next year it will be not allowed as well. It is the reason that I have a sad condition of my spirit. Here it is simply impossible to do a scientific work now the literature is absent completely Fortunately, very soon after in September 1927, he got permission to attend the 5th International Congress of Genetics in Berlin and could visit Naples as well. There he received a proposal from the Zoological Station to study marine ciliates of the Gulf of Naples. Thanks to this agreement, Prof. Schewiakoff worked again on the Station in

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Figure 7. Drawings of holotrich ciliates and an acantharean sarcodinid by Schewiakoff [Figs. A, B, D, E and Fig. C: from, respectively, Schewiakoff (1896) and Schewiakoff (1926)]. A Coleps hirtus; B Cyclidium citrullus; C Phyllostaurus cuspidatus ; D Acropisthium (called Dinophrya lieberkhnii by Schewiakoff); E Paramecium bursaria, with its endosymbiotic zoochlorellae.

1928 (JulyDecember). It was his last visit abroad (Fig. 5). No memoriam was published on his death (October 1930) in the Russian biological press maintaining the memory of a vice-minister in the Tzars government was dangerous in the Soviet Russia of the 1930s. The announcement of his death (just three lines) was published in the Zoologischer Anzeiger in 1931. None of his students published

Schewiakoffs biography or even an article about him. Only a short one was published in Russia, in 1960, by Prof. B. N. Mazurmovich ( a former aspirant of V. A. Dogiel). I have tried to fill this gap with my present publication. Until now, not many Russian protistologists have been world-renowned and world-beloved. Prof. W. T. Schewiakoff will, undoubtedly, remain for a long time in first position on such a list.

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List of the main publications of Prof. Dr. W. T. Schewiakoff:

(1889) Beitrge zur Kenntniss des Acalephenauges. Morphol Jahrb 15: 2160 (1893) Ueber die Geographische Verbreitung der Ssswasser-Protozoen. Mm Acad Impr Sci de St.-Petersbourg, VII sr, 41 : 1201 (in German) (1894) On biology of Protozoa. Mm Acad Impr Sci de St.-Petersbourg 75, Suppl.1: 196 (in Russian) (1896) The Organization and Systematics of the Infusoria Aspirotricha (Holotricha auctorum). Mm Acad Impr Sci de St.-Petersbourg, VIII sr, 4 : 1395 (in Russian) (1926) Acantharia. Fauna e Flora del golfo di Napoli. 2 vols. Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, monogr. No. 37:1 755 (in German)

Acknowledgements
I am most appreciative of my wife Natalia Alekseeva, who has helped me a lot.

I would like to thank Dr. Renate Radek (Heidelberg University, Germany) for her extraordinary help. I am grateful to Ms. Oksana Vachromeeva and Dr. Andrew Dobrovolsky (St. Petersburg State University), Dr. Natalia Dobrovolsky, Ms. Marina Frolova and Dr. Daniel Alexandrov (St. Petersburg), Drs. Tatiana Sitnikova, Nikita Maier and Oleg Timoshkin (Irkutsk State University) and Dr. Christiane Groeben (Zoological Station of Naples, Italy) who helped me collect some material for the article. I am grateful to Drs. Vera Kowalevsky (Moscow) and Rick Sheviakov (San Anselmo, USA) for some important information about their ancestors and for critical comments on the manuscript. I would like to extend special thanks to Dr. Sergei Chivilev (St. Petersburg State University) for technical assistance and to Ms. Alexandra Pawlova for her translation from German. I would like to thank Dr. John Corliss for critical reading of the manuscript and encouragement. Materials from the following archives and institutions were used: the Department of Invertebrate Zoology and the Museum of St. Petersburg State University, Governmental Historical Archive (St. Petersburg), the Irkutsk State Archive, the Archive of Heidelberg University, Germany, the archive of Zoological Station Anton Dohrn, Italy. I am very grateful to the staff of all these institutions.