: .

: . , .

, 2011

: .
: . , .

..

, 2011

.......................................................

...

Copyright
. All rights reserved.
, ,
, . ,
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.

.


.

............................................................................................................... iii
....................................................................................................... iii
Abstract ................................................................................................................... iv
Key Words .............................................................................................................. iv
.................................................................................................................. v
1 - ......................................................................................... 1
1.1

.............................................................................................. 1

1.2

......................................................................... 6

1.3

.............................................................................. 7

1.4

..................................................................................... 15

1.5

............................................................................... 18

1.6

.................................................. 20

1.7

- ............................................. 23

1.8

....................................................... 31

2 - ......................................................... 38
2.1

............................................................................... 38

2.2

.......................... 39

2.3

...................................................... 44

2.4

............................................. 47

3 - ....................................................... 49
3.1

.............................................................................. 49

3.2

............................................... 51

ii

4 - ........................................................................... 57
4.1

........................................................... 57

4.2

....................... 61

4.3

............................... 66

4.4

..................................................................... 67

4.5

....................... 70

5 - ........................................................................ 72
5.1

............................................................ 72

5.2

........................................................................ 77

6 - - ......... 82
6.1

................................................................ 82

6.2

CYMGrd ................................................. 87

6.3

.......................................................... 100

7 - - ............................................... 129
137
.142

iii

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6 :
.

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,
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CYMGrd, .

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iv

Abstract
Ground enhancing compounds are widely used today to maintain the grounding
resistance value in low levels. However the performance of these compounds does not
remain the same throughout the year, because of changes in environmental factors. In
this diploma thesis measurements of 6 different grounding systems (five of which
surrounded by ground enhancing compounds, and one surrounded by natural soil)
were carried out on an almost daily basis. Therefore not only can we observe the
ability of the ground enhancing compounds to reduce the ground resistance value, but
also examine whether this ability justifies the, quite high in some cases, cost of these
compounds. Since the safety provided by a grounding system depends both on a low
grounding resistance value and on the values of the developing touch and step
voltages, measurements of the soil resistivity were carried out as well, which, after
being processed with the program CYMGrd, give the maximum permissible value of
these voltages. Thus we can observe how the maximum permissible values of the
step and touch voltage vary over the year and under the influence of some
environmental factors.

Key Words
Ground enhancing compounds, ground resistance, maximum permissible safety
values, resistivity, step voltage, touch voltage.

,
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1.

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2.

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vi
3.

.
4.
.

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.
5.
.
,
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6.


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,
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7.
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vii

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IEEE Std 811983 [1]
ANSI/IEEE Std 80-2000 [2]
Std 80-1986 [3].

1.1
:

.

, ,
.
/

(Grounding

system):

. ,
[2].
(Ground electrode) :

[2].

[2].

2

, , ,
[2].
:
.
.
5-10
[2].
:
( Volts),
,
( Amperes), R =V/ .

[4].

, A
h .

.
1 1 5
(Ground Potential Rise (GPR))
:
,
. , GPR,

[2]:

GPR Z I

(1.1)

Z ,
.
Z

.
,

3
.
,
.
(Ground current): ,
.
(PE):

, , :
, , ,

[2].
(Mesh voltage):
[2,3].

1.1: , , [2].

(Touch voltage):
(GPR)
,
. 1.1 b
. V2
.

4
1m,
.
,
[2].
(Step voltage):
,
1m, .
1.1 a .
V1
1m.

, ,
,
[ 2].
(Metal-to-metal touch voltage):


-- --.
,
, . ,


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,
,
[2].
(Transferred voltage): E
,
. 1.1
c

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5
, V3
. V4 U3.
d

(ground potential gradient).
,
,
[2].
(surface material):
, , , .
, ,

[2].
(effective length):

.

, ,
. [5]:

le 1,4 ( T )

(1.2)

m
T sec


,
.

1.2
T .

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,
[6].
,

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( ),
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,
[2,7].
,
[6]:
1.
.
2.
.
3. ,

.
ANSI/IEEE Std 80-2000 [6],
,
,
.

7
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,

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1.3

. ,
, . 1.2
V, V G
.
10
G(max).
.
1.2 , 1m
,
1m .
,
.

0,5m,
. ,
. 30%
. , (,
), .

1.2: .

1.3.1
,
.

[8]

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,
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9
,
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[8].
,
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, ,

.

,
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E.Hallen [9]:

C 1 1,22741 2,17353 11,0360

...
L
4 2
8 3
16 4

(1.3)

= ln(2L/)
2L = ( cm)
= ( cm)
C = ( F)
,

. :

1 1
0,17753 0,5519

0,306852

...
2
C L

(1.4)

[10]
[11],
.

10
[12]

. ,

. ,

.


,
.
,
( L/r1 >10,
L r1 ) [8]:
R1

2 4L
1
ln
2 L r1

(1.5)

2 .

[13, 14], :
R2

1 4 L 1 4 L 2 4 L
1
1
1
ln
ln
ln
2 L r1
2 L r2
2 L r2

(1.6)

(1.6) :

r2, 2

r2,
r1.

, (1.6) :

R2

ln r2 ln r1 2 ln 4L 1 ln r2
2 L
2 L

(1.7)

11

1.3:
.

1.3
, r2/r1 ,
2 /1 100. ,
,
r2 /r1 2/1 100.

1.3.2

, .

.. [15,16],
.. ,
..


[17].

,

12
. ,

VDE 0413 ( [18] section 61.1).

IEC 61557-1:2007 [19]. ,
,
:
IEC 61557-5:2007 Equipment for measuring resistance to earth [20].
IEC 61557-6:2007 Equipment for testing, measuring or monitoring
protective measures involving residual current devices [21].
IEC 61557-10:2007 Combined measuring equipment [22].
, ,

VDE 0413, [17].
,
,
, , ,
.
(..

),
([18] section 61.1.3).
(sections 3.1 4.1).
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. ,
(..
),
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.

13
,
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[23].
,

,
(
) , R=U/I.

, ,
().
,
,
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3 . ( E),
, 1.4.
.

1.4: .

14
,
( C),
, .. 128Hz.

(50-60-400Hz). (DC)
,
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,

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() ,
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,
. 40k.


4k 20k. ,
.
1,
500. ,

. , ,
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( )
.
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100m 1X1mm2,

15
1,8. ,
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(, ,
. ..).
.

,
.., .., .,
, .

1.4

,
. :
1.4.1

.

(.
,
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, .)

[24].

16

,
,
( 1.5).
,
,
.

62305-3.

1.5: [24].

1.4.2 ()

,
( 1.5).
(
1.6), ,
.

17

.
,
,
[25].

1.6: [25].

1.4.3

.
,
,

[26].

18

, ,
.

,
, .

,
.
.

1.5

:
,
( , , .)
1.7.

1.7: .

19
,
.

.
,
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,
.

.

1.8: ,
.

5sec,
50V.

20

1.6
,

.

.
IEC 60364 [27]
, -: TN, TT, .

( ):

()

- :

1.6.1

1.9:

21

TN,
,
.
.

(PE Protective Earth).
1.6.2
TT,
,
.
TT

. TT
, .

1.10:

22

,
.
, , TT

( TN).
, , ,
, TT .

1.6.3
,
.
,
.

1.11:

23

1.7 -
()
542.2.1 HD 384
[28],
( 1.12, 1.13).

1.12: [29, 30, 31].

24

1.13:

,
.

, ,
U, L, - ( 1.14).

1.14: .

25
, ,
:

RA1

4l

ln( eff )
2 leff
d

(1.8)

leff l 0.5 m

RA

(1.9)

leff

,
HD 384, VDE 0100, Teil 540, DIN 57100
:

(
70m )

78mm2 =10

50mm2
35mm2

35mm2

[24].
(.. 20 0)
, 2,5m ,
, Rod driver.

26
( 25cm) ,
( 1.15)
.
, ,
,
( HD 384-542.3.2 [32]). ,
,
.

1.15:

1.16
, l eff .
(1.8)
.
.
,
,
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, 542.2.2 HD 384 [27],
,
.

, . H
HD 384, 548.5
.

27

1.16: ,
leff.

1.7.1

1.17: .

,
250m,
50164-2 [33],
,
.
12mm 1,2 3m .

. ,

28
,
, ,

1.18.

,

.

1.18: .

1.19: .

50m ,
50164-2 [33],

.
20mm, 1 2,5m.

29

1.20: .

,
50164-2.
,
.
1.7.2

1.21: .

50m.
.
5cm 1,5m, 2m 2,5m. ,
, 3mm.

30
,
, .
1.7.3

1.22: .

(Chemically Activated Grounding

Electrode-CAGE)
. ,
,
.

( ),
.
( 1.22)
:

,
63,5mm 2,4m.

,
11kg.

31

, .

,
.

1.23: .

1.8

( 1.24)
.

32

1.24: .

1.7.4
,
( : 1.25).
.
,
50mm 2 . ,
10mm.

.

33

1.25:

1.7.5 ( )
( 500x500x2mm)
,
2mm. ,
50cm.

( 1.26). 3m.

50mm2 , 10mm
.
,

.
.

34

1.26: .

1.7.6 E
: o
( 1.27).
- 8 2.

.
.
.

1.27: E

35
To

,

.

1.7.7

.
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o 2m,
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,
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-
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1.7.8

,
( 541.3.1 D 60364-5-54).
1.28 [34].

,
, .

,
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36
,
.

1.28: .

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HD 384-542.2.1 1424 [35] .

37
EN 62305-3,


.
[36].
HD 60364-5-54

, [37].

38

2



.

.

2.1
()
.
, ,

.
()
(1x1x1m3 ),
( 2.1).

2.1:

39

2.2

. :
, , , , , , .
, .
, m,
.

[7].
,
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, (),
(CaCl2 ), (CuSO 4 ),
(MgSO4).

, .

[5, 38].

[39]:
1) :

.
.
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40
,
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.

(m)
30
100
200
500
1000
3000

2.1: .
27 ... [40].

2)

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40%.
2.1

, 2.2
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41

(% )
0.0

10000103

10000103

2.5

2500

1500

5.0

1650

430

10.0

530

220

15.0

210

130

20.0

120

100

30.0

100

80

2.2
[39].

2.2:
[1].

, 10%
( ) 30
20%.

3)

42
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.

.
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2.3:
[1].

4)


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0 oC
. 2.3
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43

(C)

(m)

20

72

10

99

0 ()

138

0 ()

300

-5

790

-15

3300

2.1:

.
(0,51m)
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[5].
,
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5)
,
,
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44


.
6)
,
10m, .
.
.

7) (voltage gradient)
,
.
,
kV/cm. ,
,
. T

,

[2].

2.3
[1, 41, 42]
. :
4 (Four point method)
3 (Three point method Variation of Depth
Method)
2 (Two Point Method).

45
4 :

2.4:
:

. ,
U.


:
1) Wenner
2) Schlumberger - Palmer
3)
4) Lee
5) -
6)

Wenner
.
Wenner
, b,
, 2.5.

46

2.5: Wenner [6].

,
. R.
,
. ,
. ,

. V/I
.


.
[2,5,42]:

(2.1)
R ( ),
b
.
>>b :
= 2Ra

(2.2)

47

2.4

, .. ,
.
,
,
.

. ,
(
).


[5,1,43].

,
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.

.
(1 , 2
h1
) Fg:

(2.3)

i-

i- .

48

(2.4-2.6)

(2.4)

49

3


.

.

3.1

.
,
,

.
,
,
.
,

.

,
,
. 3.1


(.. ) .
[44].

50

.

3.1: .

.

, .


, , ,
,
.
, .

[44].
1m
1000m. NaCl ,
,
.
,

51
,
,
.
.
, ,
[45].

.

3.2

. 1967 Kutter and Lange [46] Mc Gowan [47]
,

,
.
80, Warren R. Jones [48]
, .

, ,
( ,
, ,
).

36%,
.
.
,
, 1999 Kostic et al [49],
,
, .
,

52
675m.

. ,
.
,

.

Martin et al.,
[50].
.
2008 Nuwan [51]

.
,
. .


.
Eduful and Cole [52] (Palm
Kernel Oil Cake-PKOC),
, ,
.
1 300 . T
50%
.
PKOC ,
.


(30th International Conference on Lightning Protection - ICLP )
2010. :

53
J. Jasni et al [53]
. ,
, . 4

.
,
.
138 3.1.
,
,

, .
60
:
,
.


.
. ,


,
.

54

3.1: [53]

W. F. Wan Ahmad et al [54]

6 :

.
(NaCl), (Na2S2O3),
(MgCl2), (CuSO4), (NH4Cl),
,
. 141
, 3.2
, NaCl
67%, Na2S2O3 59,58%, MgCl2 58,74%,
CuSO4 7,88% NH4Cl
15,64%. , NaCl

.

55

3.2:
2009 2010 [54]

,
( NaCl MgCl2),
, ,
.
Chandima Gomes [55]
, ,
. ,
(
)
, .


.

( ), ,

.

.
1% .

56

.
,
, ,
,
.

57

4


.

.
, ,
.

4.1
,

. 4.1
.
,

,
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.

4.1: ,
[2].

58

:

.
,

.
,
.
, ,
,
i iii.
,
,
,
.

.

,
. :
1) :
50Hz 60Hz. ,
0.1A .

.
2) : 1mA
. 1-6mA,
,
,

. 9-25mA ,

59

.
,
.
,
.
60-100mA , ,

.
,
60mA.
T ,
, 0.03-3.0sec
[2]:
2

S B I B t s

(4.1)

IB

rms ,

ts

, sec

SB

3) .
,
(4.1),
, :

.

60
,

, backup.
, (4.1)
backup.
,
50Hz 60Hz

. (4.1)

, 50Hz 60Hz.
(4.1) [2]:
IB k

ts

(4.2)

k SB

(4.3)

99.5% 50kg
SB = 0.0135. kB = 0.116

[2]:
I B 0.116

ts

(4.4)

(3.4) = 116mA ts = 1sec =

367mA ts = 0.1sec. 70kg
SB = 0.0246 k = 0.157, [2]
I B 0.157

ts

(4.5)

(4.4) (4.5)
70kg.
,
, 50kg.

61

4.2.

4.2: , [2].

4.2
,
, 50Hz 60Hz.

,
, ,
.
300,
500 3000.

.
,

62

1000 [2]:

RB 1000

(4.6)

,
,
,
.
,

,
:

, , .
.
,
( )
( ).
4.2.1

, 4.3.

4.3:

63

f Ig Ib
RB.
F.
4.4 . Rg
Rf .

4.4:

Thevenin, Thevenin, Vth,

F ( 4.5).
Thevenin, Zth,
F . Ib
:
Ib

VTh

Z Th RB

4.5: Thevenin

(4.7)

64

Thevenin
:
Z Th

Rf

(4.8)

Rf , ,
, .
,
. ,
, .
b [m]
[m] [2]:
Rf

4b

(4.9)

, ,
0.08m, (4.8) :
Z Th 1.5

(4.10)

Ib
:
E touch I B R B 1.5

(4.11)

4.2.1

, 4.6.

4.6:

65

Thevenin 4.7.
, VTh , F1
F2, .
F.

4.7: Thevenin

Thevenin ,
F1 F2.
:
Ib

V Th

Z Th R B

Thevenin :

Z Th 2 R f

(4.12)

(4.9) b=0,08m :

Z Th 6.0

(4.13)

Ib
:
E step I B R B 6.0

(4.14)

66

4.3

. ,
, 0.08m0.15m , . ,
,
.
,

. ,
, .

,
,
. ,
,
.

, .

,
.
, . ,
, ,
,
.
.

67
,
[2]:
R f

C
4 b s

(4.15)

C s 1 16 b k n Rm2nhs
s

(4.16)

(4.17)

Cs

hs

Rm(2nhs) ,
, , 2nhs,
, s, m.
Cs, 5%
[2]
0.09 1
s

C s 1

2 hs 0.09

(4.18)

4.4
4.8
.
, 4.7,
s ( ).

68
4.8, U Et ( ), Em ( mesh)
Etrrd ( ).
,

.
U.

4.8: , , , ,

, ,
, 4.9 U
, Emm.
,


. , rails,
,
, .
,

69

.
, ,
.

4.9: GIS

( 4.10)
,
,
.
,
GPR
. (
, , )
, , ,
.

4.10: .

70

4.5

,
.
(4.14):

E step R B 2 R f I B

50kg:
E step50

1000 6 C s s 0.116

ts

(4.19)

70kg:
E step70

1000 6 C s s 0.157

ts

(4.20)

(4.11) :
E touch

RB R f

IB

50kg:
E touch50

1000 1.5 C s s 0.116

ts

(4.21)

70kg:
E touch70

1000 1.5 C s s 0.157

ts

0.09 1
s

C s 1

Estep

2 hs 0.09

Etouch V
s

ts

, sec.

, Cs=1 s=

(4.22)

71
s=0
:
50kg:
E mm touch50 116

ts

(4.23)

70kg:
mm touch70 157

ts

Emm

V.

(4.24)

72

5



. ,
.

5.1

. [56].
5.1.1

5.1: [56]

73

,
, parking
( 5.1).

:




, (

,
)
,
,
.

. , ,
[57]

:
54,78%
39,47%
5,74%.

AASTHO [58]. ,
,
.

74
5.1.2
St/e-Cu
17x1500mm, 254m, 10m
,
( 5.1) , :

G1:

G2:

G3:

G4:

G5:

G6: C

D
D

5.1: [56]

, (15)
, , 0,5m,
R.

75
5.2

G6
G5
G1

10m

G3,40

8m

A8

20m

4m

G4

A12

G3,20

A16

10m

A20

G4,40

G4,20

A24
G5,20
G6,20

G3

A32
A36
G2

A40
G1,40
G2,20

G2,40

A48
G6,40

G5,40

G
A

Grounding Electrode
Auxiliary Electrode

Place

National Technical
University of Athens

5.2: [56]

76

5.2:

5.3:

. ,
.

77

5.2
5.2.1

MEGGER DET2/2
( 5.4),
(/).
128Hz.

5.4:

, in situ, - OMEGAETTE HH314 HumidityTemperature Meter ( 5.5),
( ).

ESLON 100m,
ALGOSYSTEMS ( 5.6).

78

5.5: -

5.6: ESLON 100m

79

5.2.2

5.7: ..

on

line

( 5.7),

.
Meteonet,
(HOA).
CS616-L Water Content Reflectometer Campbell Scientific Inc
ARG-100 Campbell Scientific Inc.

80
5.2.3
4
Wenner
2.3. , (
G1), ,
5.2.

=2m, =4m, =8m, =12m =16m.

1.3.3.
20m 40m
, 5.2

17/2/2011-16/9/2011

,
,

, 1,5
.
,
, .

,
,
.
,
.

,

. :

.

81
,
.

.
,
.


.

.
:
[59],
[53], 3.2.

82

6
-

CYMGrd
.

6.1
17/2/2011
16/9/2011, 5 ,
:

17/2/2011
18/2/2011
21/2/2011
22/2/2011
28/2/2011
1/3/2011
3/3/2011
4/3/2011
8/3/2011
10/3/2011
11/3/2011
13/3/2011
15/3/2011
17/3/2011
18/3/2011
21/3/2011
22/3/2011
23/3/2011
24/3/2011

2
(m)
14,11
13,97
13,58
13,32
13,14
13,30
13,16
13,15
13,43
13,64
13,54
13,49
13,29
13,30
13,32
13,54
13,79
14,02
14,11

4
(m)
5,55
5,52
5,37
5,32
5,15
5,19
5,14
5,15
5,18
5,11
5,16
5,67
5,17
5,17
5,16
5,16
5,20
5,23
5,26

8
(m)

12
(m)

16
(m)

(mm)

2,43
2,43
2,40
2,40
2,33
2,33
2,32
2,32
2,35
2,29
2,30
2,31
2,31
2,30
2,30
2,30
2,30
2,30
2,26

1,876
1,876
1,874
1,872
1,834
1,830
1,820
1,820
1,816
1,814
1,808
1,808
1,810
1,808
1,810
1,816
1,814
1,816
1,788

1,622
1,616
1,604
1,600
1,564
1,564
1,554
1,556
1,546
1,554
1,552
1,554
1,554
1,556
1,556
1,572
1,578
1,582
1,584

0,00
0,00
0,20
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00

83

28/3/2011
29/3/2011
30/3/2011
1/4/2011
4/4/2011
5/4/2011
6/4/2011
7/4/2011
8/4/2011
13/4/2011
14/4/2011
15/4/2011
18/4/2011
19/4/2011
20/4/2011
29/4/2011
2/5/2011
3/5/2011
4/5/2011
6/5/2011
9/5/2011
10/5/2011
11/5/2011
12/5/2011
13/5/2011
16/5/2011
17/5/2011
18/5/2011
19/5/2011
20/5/2011
23/5/2011
24/5/2011
25/5/2011
27/5/2011
30/5/2011
31/5/2011
1/6/2011
2/6/2011
3/6/2011
6/6/2011
7/6/2011
8/6/2011
9/6/2011
15/6/2011

14,01
13,92
13,96
13,54
13,57
13,53
13,42
13,55
13,64
13,73
13,64
13,77
14,08
14,22
14,31
13,08
13,12
12,88
13,00
13,18
13,36
13,37
13,47
13,54
13,75
13,87
13,57
13,40
13,59
13,81
13,81
13,73
13,75
13,85
14,12
14,13
14,17
14,08
14,19
13,34
14,34
14,36
14,36
14,02

5,29
5,28
5,13
5,70
5,13
5,14
5,28
5,16
5,17
5,21
5,21
5,24
5,28
5,31
5,33
5,13
5,09
5,08
5,06
5,06
5,10
5,17
5,19
5,21
5,23
5,25
5,27
5,28
5,27
5,32
5,37
5,41
5,40
5,43
5,48
5,48
5,49
5,55
5,55
5,61
5,62
5,63
5,64
5,37

2,30
2,31
2,30
2,29
2,26
2,28
2,28
2,27
2,27
2,27
2,27
2,27
2,27
2,27
2,27
2,25
2,24
2,23
2,24
2,25
2,24
2,24
2,24
2,24
2,24
2,24
2,24
2,31
2,28
2,32
2,32
2,34
2,33
2,31
2,28
2,28
2,28
2,29
2,28
2,28
2,28
2,27
2,27
2,25

1,822
1,822
1,822
1,594
1,788
1,816
1,816
1,818
1,818
1,826
1,826
1,830
1,820
1,820
1,820
1,818
1,824
1,812
1,828
1,832
1,832
1,834
1,828
1,836
1,838
1,842
1,846
1,890
1,870
1,880
1,880
1,890
1,890
1,868
1,864
1,866
1,868
1,866
1,864
1,872
1,872
1,876
1,879
1,846

1,598
1,602
1,606
1,574
1,586
1,588
1,688
1,596
1,600
1,632
1,638
1,646
1,630
1,630
1,631
1,614
1,620
1,624
1,632
1,638
1,666
1,676
1,688
1,692
1,704
1,731
1,742
1,780
1,790
1,860
1,890
1,930
1,940
1,770
1,786
1,798
1,802
1,808
1,816
1,842
1,838
1,850
1,851
1,708

0,20
0,00
0,00
0,20
0,00
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,20
0,00
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,20
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,2
0,00
0,00
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,20

84

16/6/2011
17/6/2011
20/6/2011
21/6/2011
22/6/2011
23/6/2011
24/6/2011
27/6/2011
30/6/2011
1/7/2011
4/7/2011
5/7/2011
8/7/2011
11/7/2011
12/7/2011
15/7/2011
19/7/2011
20/7/2011
22/7/2011
25/7/2011
26/7/2011
29/7/2011
1/8/2011
3/8/2011
5/8/2011
8/8/2011
10/8/2011
12/8/2011
17/8/2011
19/8/2011
22/8/2011
24/8/2011
26/8/2011
29/8/2011
2/9/2011
5/9/2011
7/9/2011
9/9/2011
14/9/2011
16/9/2011

14,05
14,07
14,22
14,25
14,30
14,36
14,38
14,71
15,21
15,24
15,37
15,54
15,83
16,05
16,17
16,55
16,94
17,02
17,28
17,46
17,67
18,28
18,29
18,31
18,72
19,12
19,46
19,66
21,28
21,40
21,54
21,60
21,77
21,90
22,00
23,00
23,10
23,40
24,10
24,40

5,41
5,44
5,48
5,50
5,53
5,57
5,59
5,69
5,78
5,80
5,88
5,92
6,02
6,12
6,16
6,29
6,40
6,44
6,53
6,59
6,63
6,72
6,75
6,79
6,84
6,97
7,26
7,42
7,56
7,61
7,68
7,69
7,71
7,72
5,53
7,90
7,97
8,08
8,24
8,30

2,24
2,25
2,25
2,24
2,25
2,26
2,26
2,27
2,27
2,27
2,28
2,28
2,29
2,31
2,31
2,32
2,33
2,33
2,33
2,34
2,34
2,34
2,35
2,35
2,35
2,35
2,37
2,37
2,37
2,38
2,38
2,39
2,39
2,39
2,38
2,38
2,39
2,40
2,40
2,40

1,848
1,852
1,863
1,868
1,871
1,876
1,880
1,892
1,898
1,903
1,910
1,914
1,920
1,928
1,926
1,934
1,940
1,934
1,936
1,939
1,942
1,946
1,945
1,946
1,944
1,943
1,947
1,946
1,938
1,930
1,920
1,918
1,912
1,898
1,890
1,900
1,888
1,898
1,878
1,894

1,718
1,720
1,781
1,786
1,792
1,826
1,832
1,872
1,892
1,898
1,920
1,926
1,928
1,980
1,968
1,966
1,998
1,970
1,980
2,020
2,000
2,040
2,042
2,044
2,042
2,038
2,032
2,025
2,010
2,080
2,010
1,956
1,842
1,708
1,686
1,682
1,674
1,702
1,660
1,668

0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00

6.1: =2,4,8,12,16,
.

85

R1()

R2()

R3()

R4()

R5()

R6()

17/2/2011
178,2
18/2/2011
176,0
21/2/2011
156,6
22/2/2011
154,3
28/2/2011
134,7
1/3/2011
135,4
3/3/2011
131,3
4/3/2011
132,0
8/3/2011
130,4
10/3/2011
136,3
11/3/2011
135,9
13/3/2011
138,6
15/3/2011
136,9
17/3/2011
137,0
18/3/2011
137,4
21/3/2011
138,7
22/3/2011
141,9
23/3/2011
142,3
24/3/2011
142,4
28/3/2011
146,6
29/3/2011
143,5
30/3/2011
144,3
1/4/2011
109,6
4/4/2011
119,5
5/4/2011
121,9
6/4/2011
121,7
7/4/2011
125,2
8/4/2011
128,1
13/4/2011
132,5
14/4/2011 134,10
15/4/2011
133,0
18/4/2011
109,2
19/4/2011
92,4
20/4/2011
93,6
29/4/2011
106,5
2/5/2011
112,5
3/5/2011
112,3
4/5/2011
109,5
6/5/2011
110,5
9/5/2011
114,9
10/5/2011
115,4
11/5/2011
115,9

40,1
39,3
36,9
35,4
34,2
34,7
34,0
34,1
35,0
36,3
36,1
36,3
35,8
36,1
36,1
37,5
38,2
38,5
38,6
38,6
38,4
38,5
34,0
36,2
36,7
36,7
37,3
37,6
38,5
38,7
38,7
37,9
38,1
38,1
36,8
38,2
37,5
38,1
38,6
42,4
40,6
40,0

39,1
39,1
36,4
36,0
31,7
31,9
31,4
31,6
31,3
31,7
31,9
32,1
31,8
31,9
32,0
32,2
32,6
32,7
32,8
33,4
33,3
33,2
32,0
31,2
31,4
31,6
32,0
32,0
32,1
32,4
32,1
30,9
30,9
31,1
29,1
29,9
29,7
30,0
30,3
29,8
30,0
30,2

64,6
64,1
59,8
58,4
56,6
57,2
55,7
56,3
55,8
57,6
57,5
57,6
57,5
57,5
57,6
57,3
57,9
58,6
58,8
57,8
57,4
57,6
51,2
53,4
54,1
53,9
54,4
54,8
54,1
53,6
54,0
51,3
51,3
51,4
51,9
51,8
51,0
51,4
50,7
51,8
51,9
52,2

37,3
36,5
34,7
34,2
33,1
33,4
33,3
33,3
33,4
34,5
34,6
35,1
34,7
34,8
34,7
33,5
35,2
35,6
35,7
35,9
35,6
35,7
33,2
33,5
34,0
33,7
33,7
34,0
37,5
33,8
33,7
32,6
32,7
32,7
31,1
31,2
30,1
31,0
34,5
31,3
31,1
31,2

75,0
62,3
58,3
57,1
54,7
55,6
55,4
54,2
53,9
55,8
56,5
57,5
57,0
57,1
56,9
58,1
58,3
58,9
59,2
60,1
60,0
60,0
57,3
57,0
58,2
57,9
57,6
57,8
58,6
58,6
59,0
58,5
58,5
58,6
55,9
55,6
55,0
54,9
55,3
56,6
56,3
56,2

86

12/5/2011 118,00
13/5/2011
120,0
16/5/2011
121,4
17/5/2011
122,3
18/5/2011
117,8
19/5/2011
120,1
20/5/2011
121,1
23/5/2011
121,6
24/5/2011
121,4
25/5/2011
122,2
27/5/2011
101,6
30/5/2011
106,4
31/5/2011
110,2
1/6/2011
115,4
2/6/2011
113,5
3/6/2011
115,3
6/6/2011 118,50
7/6/2011
119,3
8/6/2011
120,5
9/6/2011
120,9
15/6/2011
94,3
16/6/2011
96,7
17/6/2011
98,3
20/6/2011
102,2
21/6/2011
104,6
22/6/2011
106,0
23/6/2011
107,4
24/6/2011
109,2
27/6/2011
112,3
30/6/2011
118,5
1/7/2011
119,8
4/7/2011
123,7
5/7/2011
125,3
8/7/2011
130,1
11/7/2011
138,6
12/7/2011
141,4
15/7/2011
148,3
19/7/2011
157,7
20/7/2011
160,7
22/7/2011
169,1
25/7/2011
177,2
26/7/2011
183,7
29/7/2011
195,6
1/8/2011
206,3

40,5
41,4
41,8
42,0
42,1
41,9
43,8
44,9
46,7
45,3
41,3
43,0
43,7
44,3
45,0
45,6
47,8
48,3
49,0
49,2
40,8
41,3
41,6
43,1
43,6
45,1
47,2
48,4
51,7
55,8
56,0
61,0
62,1
66,3
70,5
71,9
76,5
82,1
83,2
85,6
88,5
89,8
93,2
95,4

30,2
30,6
30,8
30,8
30,4
30,6
30,7
32,0
32,1
32,3
32,0
32,6
32,8
32,6
32,8
33,0
34,2
34,4
34,6
34,7
29,2
29,8
30,2
32,2
32,4
32,6
33,2
34,0
36,4
37,9
38,8
41,9
42,6
45,6
48,8
49,8
53,6
57,8
58,6
61,3
64,9
66,6
70,4
76,1

52,6
53,0
52,1
52,3
51,5
51,4
52,4
52,4
51,9
52,1
48,8
49,6
50,5
51,1
51,7
52,1
52,6
53,1
53,3
53,5
46,5
46,9
47,3
51,2
51,7
52,2
52,9
52,2
56,8
64,1
66,2
71,9
74,5
81,7
87,3
89,6
96,0
102,4
104,1
106,5
109,6
111,0
114,7
117,3

31,3
31,6
31,3
31,4
30,9
31,1
31,4
31,1
31,0
30,9
29,7
30,3
30,5
30,6
30,5
30,7
30,7
30,7
30,6
30,6
25,9
26,2
26,5
26,8
26,9
27,1
27,4
27,5
27,7
28,6
28,8
29,1
29,0
29,2
29,4
29,5
29,8
30,3
30,4
30,9
31,7
31,7
32,0
33,1

56,4
57,1
58,1
58,4
57,7
58,0
58,9
59,6
59,8
60,0
60,6
62,4
63,2
63,9
64,4
64,9
66,4
67,0
67,6
67,8
66,7
67,5
67,8
70,4
70,9
71,6
72,3
73,8
76,5
81,3
82,2
84,9
86,2
90,3
95,2
97,8
108,7
126,7
136,1
171,2
210,0
233,0
288,0
312,0

87

3/8/2011
5/8/2011
8/8/2011
10/8/2011
12/8/2011
17/8/2011
19/8/2011
22/8/2011
24/8/2011
26/8/2011
29/8/2011
2/9/2011
5/9/2011
7/9/2011
9/9/2011
14/9/2011
16/9/2011

214,2
223,6
247,4
263,9
275,1
317,2
326,8
332,0
337,3
339,5
343,0
355,0
360,0
372,0
379,0
384,0
390,0

97,1
97,6
98,3
98,9
99,8
111,6
112,2
112,7
112,7
112,8
113,0
117,1
118,2
118,7
120,3
123,4
124,5

80,4
85,0
92,3
97,6
101,8
118,4
121,3
125,5
127,2
127,9
129,4
140,5
148,6
153,6
157,4
173,7
187,1

119,8
121,6
123,2
124,9
126,4
130,7
131,3
133,1
133,6
133,9
134,6
138,6
140,0
140,8
142,2
144,8
146,4

34,3
34,9
36,2
37,0
38,8
45,6
46,2
46,9
47,3
47,7
48,1
55,2
63,5
68,6
61,1
101,0
112,8

326,1
340,0
372,4
388,0
396,5
441,0
449,4
458,0
463,8
471,2
477,0
496,0
498,0
486,0
510,0
508,0
514,0

6.2: G1-G6.

6.2 CYMGrd


2.4.
(2.4-2.7)
1 ,
2 , h
, CYMGrd .
CYMGrd
.

(4.19 - 4.22) 4.5.

, ,
.
,

88

.
:
CYMGrd :
Start Programs CYME CYMGrd ( 6.1)

6.1

File New

(1) (3)
(2).

89

6.2:

SoilMeasurements
Resistance ( 6.3), Wenner
.

6.3

SoilParameters
6.4
.

90

6.4:

6.4
:
1. .
(Two-Layer)

2. To
.
Std. 80-2000 [2]
4.5 .

91
3. .
4.1
, 50kg
4. .

0,2m
5. .
2500m.
6. H t s. t s=0,5s.
( 6.5)
6.1. .. 17/3/2011,
, ,
:
2
13,30

4
5,17

8
2,30

6.5:

12
1,808

16
1,556

92
1-5 (

0,2m).
6.6

( 6.7)

6.6

6.7

93
6.7:

Upper Layer Thickness h

Upper Layer Resistivity 1

Lower Layer Resistivity 2

Maximum Permissible Touch

touch.

Maximum Permissible Step

Estep.

RMS

error

RMS

.
,
6.7, :
Upper
Layer
Thickness
2m

Upper
Layer
Resistivity
159,35m

Lower
Layer
Resistivity
127,73m

Maximum
Permissible
Touch
673,44V

Maximum RMS
Permissible error
Step
2201,62V
11,82%

,
Soil Model.cht,
:

94

6.8

hs=0,2m s=2500m ( 6.9).

6.9

17/2/2011
18/2/2011
21/2/2011
22/2/2011
28/2/2011
1/3/2011
3/3/2011
4/3/2011
8/3/2011

h(m) P1(-m)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

172
169,9
163,06
159,25
156,08
158,77
156,7
156,76
160,45

P2(-m)
133,7
133,77
133,06
133,36
129,69
129,35
128,78
128,86
128,9

RMS
error
(%)
(%)
11,16
18,85
11,02
18,53
11,27
22,75
11,10
23,82
11,60
22,35
11,61
21,90
11,56
24,38
11,54
23,29
11,21
26,48

95

10/3/2011
11/3/2011
13/3/2011
15/3/2011
17/3/2011
18/3/2011
21/3/2011
22/3/2011
23/3/2011
24/3/2011
28/3/2011
29/3/2011
30/3/2011
1/4/2011
4/4/2011
5/4/2011
6/4/2011
7/4/2011
8/4/2011
13/4/2011
14/4/2011
15/4/2011
18/4/2011
19/4/2011
20/4/2011
29/4/2011
2/5/2011
3/5/2011
4/5/2011
6/5/2011
9/5/2011
10/5/2011
11/5/2011
12/5/2011
13/5/2011
16/5/2011
17/5/2011
18/5/2011
19/5/2011
20/5/2011
23/5/2011
24/5/2011
25/5/2011
27/5/2011

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

161,84
161,9
170,76
159,12
159,35
159,32
161,33
164,9
167,99
170,88
168,78
167,34
164,43
177,03
163,03
160,75
162,09
161,35
162,5
163,64
162,54
164,42
169,27
171,51
172,95
155,43
154,94
152,39
152,69
154,34
156,9
158,33
159,84
160,81
163,37
164,69
161,49
157,15
159,88
161,7
162,41
161,35
161,44
165,99

126,82
127,19
128,58
128,05
127,73
127,73
127,79
127,47
127,25
125,31
127,82
128,33
127,74
122,06
125,85
127,48
129,37
127,37
127,3
127,95
128,21
128,26
127,26
127,08
126,98
127,93
127,72
127,63
128,21
128,37
128,2
128,5
128,36
128,52
128,37
128,63
129,5
133,95
132,09
134,19
134,61
136,25
135,93
132,53

12,49
12,03
10,73
11,67
11,82
11,88
12,38
12,57
12,76
13,15
12,82
12,71
13,45
11,43
13,19
12,92
14,03
13,13
13,24
13,72
13,73
13,89
13,77
13,80
13,83
13,31
13,71
13,65
13,88
14,03
14,61
14,58
14,76
14,86
15,16
15,60
15,48
15,09
15,73
16,26
16,54
16,70
16,98
14,90

23,46
22,64
21,40
20,88
20,38
20,46
19,45
19,04
18,71
18,41
17,36
17,22
17,03
25,79
21,08
20,19
19,56
18,74
18,02
15,66
15,35
14,99
19,62
18,60
17,96
21,31
18,27
17,56
16,94
16,49
15,72
15,27
14,89
14,63
14,31
13,51
13,25
13,11
12,84
12,69
12,49
12,51
12,28
20,32

96

30/5/2011
31/5/2011
1/6/2011
2/6/2011
3/6/2011
6/6/2011
7/6/2011
8/6/2011
9/6/2011
15/6/2011
16/6/2011
17/6/2011
20/6/2011
21/6/2011
22/6/2011
23/6/2011
24/6/2011
27/6/2011
30/6/2011
1/7/2011
4/7/2011
5/7/2011
8/7/2011
11/7/2011
12/7/2011
15/7/2011
19/7/2011
20/7/2011
22/7/2011
25/7/2011
26/7/2011
29/7/2011
1/8/2011
3/8/2011
5/8/2011
8/8/2011
10/8/2011
12/8/2011
17/8/2011
19/8/2011
22/8/2011
24/8/2011
26/8/2011
29/8/2011

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

170,51
170,43
171
170,96
172,38
162,77
175,1
175,49
175,6
169,03
170,2
170,76
178,69
179,07
179,7
174,74
175,21
180,24
187,69
188,28
190,88
193,59
198,93
202,36
204,8
211,69
218,09
220,29
225,21
228,02
231,58
240,75
241,24
242,24
248,6
256,43
265,91
271,58
296,53
298,55
302,66
303,97
308,14
312,52

131,18
131,36
131,4
132,04
131,52
133,86
131,81
131,67
131,77
128,7
128,57
129,05
130,33
130,27
130,78
130,96
131,12
131,76
131,38
131,54
132,19
132,13
132,34
133,54
133,29
133,49
133,87
133,48
133,41
133,98
133,71
133,44
133,48
133,92
133,45
133,17
134,07
134,05
132,39
132,92
132,28
132,19
131,02
129,21

15,60
15,77
15,84
15,62
15,93
15,70
16,23
16,53
16,54
14,99
15,21
15,07
16,07
16,27
16,21
16,44
16,52
16,99
17,42
17,50
17,63
17,76
17,69
18,08
17,94
17,84
18,18
17,82
17,98
18,36
18,17
18,80
18,67
18,68
18,74
18,74
18,40
18,34
18,43
19,10
18,27
17,48
16,00
14,08

18,88
17,86
17,15
16,59
16,03
14,82
14,52
14,19
13,91
24,39
22,85
21,71
19,13
18,56
17,97
17,64
17,16
16,47
15,60
15,56
15,22
14,98
14,55
14,21
13,74
13,55
13,12
13,03
12,76
12,45
12,33
12,02
11,97
11,60
11,54
11,38
11,33
10,90
10,77
10,70
10,50
10,33
10,22
9,97

97

2/9/2011
5/9/2011
7/9/2011
9/9/2011
14/9/2011
16/9/2011

2
2
2
2
2
2

310,83
331,66
334,7
339,96
354,15
358,85

128,09
128,07
128,05
128,86
127,66
127,99

13,95
14,03
13,72
14,07
13,47
13,70

9,69
9,48
9,50
9,40
9,24
9,10

6.3: , ,
RMS error .

Etouch(V)

Estep(V)

Etouch(V)

Estep(V)

(mm)

17/2/2011
18/2/2011
21/2/2011
22/2/2011
28/2/2011
1/3/2011
3/3/2011

674,00
673,92
673,61
673,44
673,29
673,41
673,32

2203,90
2203,53
2202,29
2201,60
2201,03
2201,51
2201,14

206,37
205,86
204,17
203,24
202,46
203,12
202,61

333,34
331,28
324,55
320,80
317,68
320,32
318,29

0,00
0,00
0,20
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,00

4/3/2011
8/3/2011
10/3/2011
11/3/2011
13/3/2011
15/3/2011
17/3/2011
18/3/2011
21/3/2011
22/3/2011
23/3/2011
24/3/2011
28/3/2011
29/3/2011
30/3/2011
1/4/2011
4/4/2011
5/4/2011
6/4/2011
7/4/2011
8/4/2011
13/4/2011
14/4/2011

673,32
673,49
673,55
673,56
673,96
673,43
673,44
673,44
673,53
673,69
673,83
673,96
673,87
673,80
673,67
673,64
673,61
673,50
673,56
673,53
673,58
673,63
673,59

2201,15
2201,82
2202,07
2202,08
2203,68
2201,58
2201,62
2201,61
2201,98
2202,62
2203,18
2203,70
2203,32
2203,06
2202,54
2203,10
2202,28
2201,87
2202,11
2201,98
2202,19
2202,39
2202,19

202,62
203,53
203,87
203,89
206,07
203,20
203,26
203,25
203,75
204,63
205,39
206,10
205,58
205,23
204,51
207,61
203,90
203,61
203,62
203,75
204,04
204,32
204,05

318,35
321,98
323,35
323,41
332,13
320,67
320,90
320,87
322,84
326,36
329,40
332,24
330,18
328,76
325,90
338,30
323,44
322,27
322,35
322,86
324,00
325,12
324,04

0,00
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,20
0,00
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00

98

15/4/2011
18/4/2011
19/4/2011
20/4/2011
29/4/2011
2/5/2011
3/5/2011
4/5/2011
6/5/2011
9/5/2011
10/5/2011
11/5/2011
12/5/2011
13/5/2011
16/5/2011
17/5/2011
18/5/2011
19/5/2011
20/5/2011
23/5/2011
24/5/2011
25/5/2011
27/5/2011
30/5/2011
31/5/2011
1/6/2011
2/6/2011
3/6/2011
6/6/2011
7/6/2011
8/6/2011
9/6/2011
15/6/2011
16/6/2011
17/6/2011
20/6/2011
21/6/2011
22/6/2011
23/6/2011
24/6/2011
27/6/2011
30/6/2011
1/7/2011
4/7/2011

673,67
673,89
673,99
674,06
673,26
673,24
673,13
673,14
673,21
673,33
673,39
673,46
673,51
673,62
673,68
673,54
673,34
673,47
673,55
673,58
673,53
673,54
673,74
673,95
673,94
673,97
673,97
674,03
673,60
674,15
674,17
674,18
673,88
673,93
673,96
674,32
674,33
674,36
674,14
674,16
674,39
674,72
674,75
674,87

2202,53
2203,41
2203,82
2204,08
2200,91
2200,82
2200,36
2200,41
2200,71
2201,17
2201,43
2201,71
2201,88
2202,34
2202,58
2202,00
2201,22
2201,71
2202,04
2202,17
2201,96
2202,00
2202,84
2203,64
2203,62
2203,72
2203,72
2203,97
2202,24
2204,47
2204,54
2204,56
2203,37
2203,58
2203,68
2205,11
2205,18
2205,30
2204,40
2204,49
2205,39
2206,74
2206,85
2207,32

204,51
205,70
206,25
206,61
202,30
202,18
201,55
201,62
202,03
202,66
203,01
203,38
203,62
204,25
204,57
203,79
202,72
203,39
203,84
204,01
203,75
203,77
204,89
206,01
205,99
206,13
206,12
206,47
204,10
207,14
207,23
207,26
205,64
205,93
206,07
208,02
208,11
208,27
207,05
207,16
208,40
210,23
210,38
211,02

325,89
330,66
332,86
334,28
317,04
316,56
314,05
314,34
315,96
318,48
319,89
321,38
322,33
324,85
326,15
323,00
318,73
321,42
323,21
323,91
322,86
322,95
327,43
331,88
331,80
332,36
332,32
333,72
324,26
336,40
336,78
336,89
330,42
331,58
332,13
339,93
340,31
340,93
336,04
336,51
341,46
348,79
349,37
351,93

0,00
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,20
0,00
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,20
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,2
0,00
0,00
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00

99

5/7/2011
8/7/2011
11/7/2011
12/7/2011
15/7/2011
19/7/2011
20/7/2011
22/7/2011
25/7/2011
26/7/2011
29/7/2011
1/8/2011
3/8/2011
5/8/2011
8/8/2011
10/8/2011
12/8/2011
17/8/2011
19/8/2011
22/8/2011
24/8/2011
26/8/2011
29/8/2011
2/9/2011
5/9/2011
7/9/2011
9/9/2011
14/9/2011
16/9/2011

674,99
675,23
675,38
675,50
675,81
676,10
676,20
676,42
676,54
676,71
677,12
677,12
677,19
677,47
677,63
678,26
678,51
679,64
679,73
679,92
679,98
680,17
680,36
680,29
681,23
681,37
681,6
682,25
682,46

2207,81
2208,77
2209,39
2209,83
2211,08
2212,24
2212,64
385,72
388,49
391,99
401,02
401,50
402,48
408,74
416,45
425,78
431,36
455,92
457,91
461,95
463,24
467,35
471,66
470,00
490,50
493,49
498,67
512,64
517,26

211,69
213,00
213,84
214,44
216,14
217,71
218,26
219,47
220,16
221,03
223,29
223,41
223,66
225,22
227,15
229,48
230,88
237,02
237,51
238,53
238,85
239,87
240,95
240,54
245,66
246,41
247,70
251,20
252,35

354,60
359,85
363,23
365,63
372,41
378,71
380,88
2213,52
2214,03
2214,68
2216,33
2216,42
2216,6
2217,75
2219,17
2220,88
2221,91
2226,42
226,78
2227,53
2227,76
2228,52
2229,31
2229
2232,77
2233,32
2234,27
2236,84
2237,69

0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00

6.4: ,
, .

100

6.3
6.3.1

6.3 6.4

.
.

P1(-m)

P2(-m)
140
138

340

136

290

132
130

240

128

2 (-m)

1 (-m)

134

126
190

124
122

140

120
6/2

28/3

17/5

6/7

25/8

6.1: 1 2

6.1,

.

,
.
.
6.2 1
,
.1, (
1).

101

1(-m)

80

390

70

1(-m)

50
40

290

30
20

240

10

60

340

190

-10
140

6/2

28/3

17/5

6/7

25/8

-20
14/10

6.2: 1

1 . 1
: 17/2/2011
17/6/2011, , 1
164m.
.

:
17/2 28/2
, 9,25%,
. 29/2
13/3

. 1 8,92%
2/3
( ) 1 1,3%.
14/3 6,82%. 1
14/3-27/3,
,
.

102
28/3 1/4.

, 4 ,
31/3.
28/3

.
( 31/3), ,
, 1/4,

.
1 .

17/6:
,
,
( 17/4 27/4
10% 10 ).
6.2, 18/6
,
1 .
12/6-16/6, ,
3,7%.
, , ,
110,15%.
2, 6.3,
.
4,45% 31/3, ,
10/5 24/5,
5,2%.
8/7 26/8
2 133 m, 29/8

103
2,3%.
.
48 5.2 ,
=16m,
6.2 .
2.
2 1
2 ,
. ,
48 ,
2 .

140

50

135

40

130

30

125

20

120

10

115

110

7/1

26/2

17/4

6/6

26/7

14/9

2(-m)

P2(-m)

-10
3/11

6.3: 2

1 2,
, .
in situ,

...,
.

. 6.4 1

104
.
.

(. .2).
1
,
29/4-18/5 15/615/7.
1: 29/4-18/5
42,6% 1
6%, 15/6-15/7 1 25%,
43%.

.
1
.

1(-m)

(%)
85
75

305

65

255

55
45

205

35
155

25

105

(%)

1(-m)

355

15

55
6/2

28/3

17/5

6/7

25/8

5
14/10

6.4: 1

1 2 ,

touch Estep .

105
6.5 touch
Estep, .
Etouch

550

260

500

250

450

240

400

230

350

220

300

210

250

200

200
6/2

28/3

17/5

6/7

25/8

Etouch(V)

Estep(V)

Estep

190
14/10

6.5: touch Estep

,
:

.
4,7%
, 5% 18/4-3/5
56,5% 15/6 .
4.19:
E step50

1000 6 C s s 0.116

ts

Estep50 6 1 0.116

ts

Estep50
116 / t s

1000 6 1 0.116
ts

(6.1)

Estep 1 ts
1.

106
Estep 1
( 6.6).

530

59

480

49

430

39

380

29

330

19

280

230
16/2

step (V)

Estep(V)

-1
7/4

27/5

16/7

4/9

6.6 : E step

,
17/2-28/2
4,7%,
. (6,8%)
14/3,
17/4-5/5 5%.

16/6
.
Estep , 17/6
55,7%.
Estep
1,
.

107
. touch
1 (4.21):
E touch50

1000 1.5 C s s 0.116

ts

Etouch50

Etouch50 1.5 1 0.116

ts

1000 1.5 1 0.116

ts

116 / t s

(6.2)

(6.1) (6.2)
.
: 116/ t s 1.
4 .
1

, 6.7

touch(V)

260

59

250

Etouvh (V)

230

39

220
29

210
200

49

240

19

190
9
180
170
6/2

28/3

17/5

6/7

25/8

-1
14/10

6.7: touch

, .
17/4-5/5 2%,
(17/6-16/9) touch

108
22,46%,
.


.

CYMGrd, 20cm,
(p s=2500m).

touch Estep

6.8.

Estep

Etouch

2240
692

2235
2230

Estep(V)

2220

682

2215

Etouch(V)

687

2225

2210
677

2205
2200
2195
6/2

28/3

17/5

6/7

25/8

672
14/10

6.8: touch Estep

(4.19) (4.21)
, :

109

0.09 1 1
s

Cs 1

2 hs 0.09

0.09 1 1

2500

Cs 1

Cs 0.816 (0.184 1 )

0.49

2500

(4.19):
Estep50

1000 6 Cs s 0.116
ts

Estep50 116 / 0.707

6 Cs 2500 0.116
0.5

Estep50 164,045 6 410,122 Cs

Estep50 164,045 6 410,122 (0.816 (0.184 1 )

Estep50 164,045 6 335 6 0,03 1

)
2500
(6.3)

, 2174,045V,
1

1 .
, (4.21):

E touch50

1000 1.5 C s s 0.116

ts

Etouch50 164,045 1,5 335 1,5 0,03 1

(6.4)

, 666,545V,
1 0,045

1 .

,
6.9 6.10,
.

110

683

260
681
250
240

677

230

675
673

220

671

210

669

679

200
6/2

28/3

17/5

6/7

25/8

6.9:

400
390

2210

380

360
350

2200

340
330

2195

320
310

2190

300
6/2

26/2

18/3

7/4

27/4

17/5

6/6

26/6

6.10:

16/7

5/8

370
2205

111
1
,

. 6.11 6.12 .
Etouch(V)

50

676

45
40

675

35
30

674

25
20

673

15
10

672

5
671

0
6/2

26/2

18/3

7/4

27/4

17/5

6/6

26/6

16/7

5/8

6.11: step ,

Estep(V)

50,0
2210

40,0

2205

30,0

2200

20,0

2195

10,0

2190

0,0

2185

-10,0
6/2

26/2

18/3

7/4

27/4

17/5

6/6

26/6

16/7

6.12: touch ,

5/8

112
6.11 6.12
Estep touch .

.

: 17/6-16/9 Estep
1,54%, touch 1,26%

,
, .
6.3.2


.
6.13
(
).

R1
450
400

350

R1()

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
6/2

28/3

17/5

6.13. R1

6/7

25/8

113


.

.

.

.
,

6.2.
.
5.2,
,
.


.

Rx/R1.
:
x(%) = (

( ))

(6.5)

.

. 6.14
2 .
2 ().
,
47,94 77,67%.

114

80

2(%)

75
70
65
60

55
50
45
40
6/2

28/3

17/5

6/7

25/8

14/10

6.14: 2 .

6.14
28/3-1/4 13/4-19/4.
, 6.18,
25,24% 30,26%
. ,

,
. 6.2

11,92% 1,04%.

30/5- 18/7, R1
.
2,
.
.
19/7-16/9 , R1
,

115
,
. ,
,
68% (
).
,
, ,
.
3 ,
. 6.15 ,

( 30/6 66,5%,
78,06%),
.

3(%)

80
75
70
65
60
55
50
6/2

28/3

17/5

6/7

25/8

14/10

6.15: 3 .

28/3-1/4 13/4-19/4,
3 .

116
,
6.2
3 4,2%.

23/5-27/5. 6.13
,

, 6.2.

6.10: .

, ,
30/5-18/7. 20/7-26/8 ,
, ( 62%).

26/8
, 6.10.
52,03%.

117

70
4(%)

65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
6/2

28/3

17/5

6/7

25/8

14/10

6.16: 4 .

,
,
.
1 ( 4) 6.16.
35,07 63,75%.
,
:
23/5-27/5, 28/3-1/4

13/4-19/4

4,
30/5-18/7 .
, ,
62%.
6,
6.17.

118

6(%)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
6/2

26/2

18/3

7/4

27/4

17/5

6/6

26/6

16/7

5/8

6.17: 6 .

64,6%, 11/7

6.2. ,
( 6.11),
. 22/7
6
( 1),
6
.

119

6.11: 6 11/7.

,
,
.
,
6 ( 6.12)
. 6
515, ( 6.13)
491.
393,
1 ( ).
, 1
: 6.2
1 2
.
6
1 , 6
, .

120

6.12: 6 .

6.13: 6 .

121
4 6,
, 5.
( 6.18).
64,61% 85,98%.
,
15/6 ( 6.14) .
19/7-29/7
,
R1, 5 ,
6.2.

5(%)

90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
6/2

28/3

17/5

6/7

25/8

6.18: 5 .

14/10

122

6.14:
5 .

8/8 26/8
( 85,5%),
,
, 6.13.

, .
6.19
. 6
11/7,
( 22/7
).
5
.

123
: 20/7 2
,
4 6 . 22/7
, 8/8
.
,
.

6.15,
.
100
90
80
70
2

60

50

40

30

20
10
0
6/2

28/3

17/5

6/7

25/8

14/10

6.19:

4 , 6.16,
.
,
,
.

,
.

124

6.15: 2
.

6.16: 4 .

125

19/4 5
.
23/5,
5.
19/4 23/5
.
.
6.20-6.24 ,
, 5,
.
48
43
80

38
33

70

28
60

23
18

50

2(%)

90

13
8

40

3
30
6/2

28/3

17/5

6/7

25/8

-2
14/10

6.20: 2

6.20
. ,
,
, .

: .. 28/3-2/4

126
13/4-19/4 , 10
.
,
,
,
.

,
: 19/7
,

90

48

85

43

80

38

75

33

70

28

65

23

60

18

55

13

50

45

40
6/2

28/3

17/5

6/7

25/8

3(%)

68%!

-2
14/10

6.21: 3

,
, :

,
, .

127
17/6

90

48

80

43

70

38
33

60

28

50

23
40

18

30

4(%)

25 .

13

20

10

0
6/2

28/3

17/5

6/7

25/8

-2
14/10

90

48

80

43

70

38
33

60

28

50

23
40

18

30

13

20

10

0
6/2

28/3

17/5

6/7

25/8

6.23: 6

-2
14/10

6(%)

6.22: 4

128
4 6 ( 6.22 6.23)
,
, ,
.
5,
,
73,5%, ,
, .
5
,

90

48

85

43

80

38

75

33

70

28

65

23

60

18

55

13

50

45

40
6/2

28/3

17/5

6/7

25/8

6.24: 5

-2
14/10

5(%)

129

7
-

.

. ,
,
, ,
.
212 ,
Wenner =2,4,8,12 16m.
CYMGrd

(1 2
),
.
1
,
. 1

.
,
.
, 370V
,
50 Volts ,
.

, .
, ,
. 20

130
,
565% ,
227%.
.
.

, ,
.
,

.

3 .

.

,
.

, ,
: 4,5 6.
6.24-6.28
,
.
, ,
5.
, ( 6)
() .

( ),
,
,
.

131

, ,
.
,
.
, 12/6-16/6
(
12/6 ).

.

( 5), ().
,
5, 5
.
, ,

,
.
,
.
, ,
. 7.1

.

13,48

13,48

13,48

13,48

13,48

13,48

20

120

115

115

100

100

19,12

42,75

14,54

224,0

325,20

33,48

152,60

171,23

143,02

337,48

438,68

7.1: .

132
4 ,
, 6,
. 4
6. 6,
, ,

.
, ,
.
,
.
6
.
, ,

. 4 6,
, , ,
.
,
, .
,
.

5. ,
. :
,
184,88. 5
121,15% .


, 1.8,
.
,

133
. ,
,
.
(.. ),
, ,
,
,
.
,
,
.


7 .

. , ,
,
2-3 ,
,
, , .
.
6 ,
,
5 ,
. ,
, (
),

.

134
. ,

,
.

.

in situ .
,

.
, .

in situ,
,
, .
,
.
in situ,

.
.

Trnsys 16 Kusuda [60]

.
, (
,
)
. ,
.

135
, , , ,


,
.
[58]
, ,
.
2007

. ,
,
.

,
.
,
.

.
[51]
.

.
, , ,
Na2S2O3, MgCl2, CuSO4 NH4Cl,
.
,
( 5) .
,
...
.
,

136
,
.

137

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[3]

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HD

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142

,
, ,

:

- - (mm)
(mm)
(mm)
15/2/2011
0,2
18/3/2011
0,0
18/4/2011
0,2
16/2/2011
0,0
19/3/2011
0,2
19/4/2011
0,0
17/2/2011
0,0
20/3/2011
1,0
20/4/2011
0,0
18/2/2011
7,4
21/3/2011
3,4
21/4/2011
0,0
19/2/2011
7,2
22/3/2011
0,0
22/4/2011
0,0
20/2/2011
0,8
23/3/2011
0,0
23/4/2011
0,0
21/2/2011
1,4
24/3/2011
0,0
24/4/2011
0,0
22/2/2011
5,8
25/3/2011
0,0
25/4/2011
0,0
23/2/2011
0,0
26/3/2011
0,0
26/4/2011
12,2
24/2/2011
18,2
27/3/2011
0,0
27/4/2011
19,0
25/2/2011
8,2
28/3/2011
0,2
28/4/2011
0,0
26/2/2011
0,0
29/3/2011
0,2
29/4/2011
0,0
27/2/2011
0,0
30/3/2011
0,0
30/4/2011
0,0
28/2/2011
0,0
31/3/2011
13,8
1/5/2011
0,4
1/3/2011
0,0
1/4/2011
4,8
2/5/2011
0,0
2/3/2011
9,6
2/4/2011
2,0
3/5/2011
1,4
3/3/2011
0,0
3/4/2011
0,0
4/5/2011
0,2
4/3/2011
0,0
4/4/2011
0,0
5/5/2011
5,4
5/3/2011
0,0
5/4/2011
0,2
6/5/2011
0,2
6/3/2011
2,2
6/4/2011
0,0
7/5/2011
0,0
7/3/2011
9,0
7/4/2011
0,0
8/5/2011
0,0
8/3/2011
6,4
8/4/2011
0,0
9/5/2011
0,0
9/3/2011
1,4
9/4/2011
0,0
10/5/2011
0,0
10/3/2011
0,0
10/4/2011
0,0
11/5/2011
0,0
11/3/2011
0,0
11/4/2011
0,0
12/5/2011
0,0
12/3/2011
0,0
12/4/2011
0,0
13/5/2011
0,0
13/3/2011
0,0
13/4/2011
0,0
14/5/2011
0,0
14/3/2011
17,6
14/4/2011
0,0
15/5/2011
0,0
15/3/2011
0,0
15/4/2011
0,0
16/5/2011
0,0
16/3/2011
0,4
16/4/2011
2,8
17/5/2011
0,0
17/3/2011
1,0
17/4/2011
14,8
18/5/2011
0,6

143

19/5/2011
20/5/2011
21/5/2011
22/5/2011
23/5/2011
24/5/2011
25/5/2011
26/5/2011
27/5/2011
28/5/2011
29/5/2011
30/5/2011
31/5/2011
1/6/2011
2/6/2011
3/6/2011
4/6/2011
5/6/2011
6/6/2011
7/6/2011
8/6/2011
9/6/2011
10/6/2011
11/6/2011
12/6/2011
13/6/2011
14/6/2011
15/6/2011
16/6/2011
17/6/2011
18/6/2011

- - (mm)
(mm)
(mm)
1,6
19/6/2011
0,0
20/7/2011
0,0
0,0
20/6/2011
0,0
21/7/2011
0,0
0,0
21/6/2011
0,0
22/7/2011
0,0
0,0
22/6/2011
0,0
23/7/2011
0,0
0,0
23/6/2011
0,0
24/7/2011
0,0
0,0
24/6/2011
0,0
25/7/2011
0,0
0,6
25/6/2011
0,0
26/7/2011
0,0
7,6
26/6/2011
0,0
27/7/2011
0,0
9,2
27/6/2011
0,0
28/7/2011
0,0
0,0
28/6/2011
0,0
29/7/2011
0,0
0,0
29/6/2011
0,0
30/7/2011
0,0
0,0
30/6/2011
0,0
31/7/2011
0,0
0,4
1/7/2011
0,0
1/8/2011
0,0
1,0
2/7/2011
0,0
2/8/2011
1,4
0,0
3/7/2011
0,0
3/8/2011
0,0
0,0
4/7/2011
0,0
4/8/2011
0,0
1,0
5/7/2011
0,0
5/8/2011
0,0
0,2
6/7/2011
0,0
6/8/2011
0,0
0,0
7/7/2011
0,0
7/8/2011
0,0
0,0
8/7/2011
0,0
8/8/2011
0,0
0,0
9/7/2011
0,0
9/8/2011
0,0
0,0
10/7/2011
0,0
10/8/2011
0,0
0,0
11/7/2011
0,0
11/8/2011
0,0
0,0
12/7/2011
0,0
12/8/2011
0,0
44,2
13/7/2011
0,0
13/8/2011
0,0
0,0
14/7/2011
0,0
14/8/2011
0,0
7,8
15/7/2011
0,0
15/8/2011
0,0
0,2
16/7/2011
0,0
16/8/2011
0,0
0,4
17/7/2011
0,0
17/8/2011
0,0
0,0
18/7/2011
0,0
18/8/2011
0,0
0,0
19/7/2011
0,0
19/8/2011
0,0

144

- - (mm)
(mm)
(mm)
20/8/2011
0,00
30/8/2011
0,00
9/9/2011
0,00
21/8/2011
0,00
31/8/2011
0,00
10/9/2011
0,00
22/8/2011
0,00
1/9/2011
0,00
11/9/2011
0,00
23/8/2011
0,00
2/9/2011
0,00
12/9/2011
0,00
24/8/2011
0,00
3/9/2011
0,00
13/9/2011
0,00
25/8/2011
0,00
4/9/2011
0,00
14/9/2011
0,00
26/8/2011
0,00
5/9/2011
0,00
15/9/2011
0,00
27/8/2011
0,00
6/9/2011
0,00
16/9/2011
0,00
28/8/2011
0,00
7/9/2011
0,00
29/8/2011
0,00
8/9/2011
0,00
.1: 15/2-16/9.

(%)

16/2/2011
17/2/2011
18/2/2011
19/2/2011
20/2/2011
21/2/2011
22/2/2011
23/2/2011
24/2/2011
25/2/2011
26/2/2011
27/2/2011
28/2/2011

18,88
18,71
18,59
23,48
23,28
22,74
23,54
23,76
25,16
27,30
24,17
23,04
22,40

(%)

(%)

1/3/2011
2/3/2011
3/3/2011
4/3/2011
5/3/2011
6/3/2011
7/3/2011
8/3/2011
9/3/2011
10/3/2011
11/3/2011
12/3/2011
13/3/2011

21,96
22,51
24,63
23,47
22,54
22,06
22,15
26,54
24,72
23,56
22,76
22,08
21,50

14/3/2011
15/3/2011
16/3/2011
17/3/2011
18/3/2011
19/3/2011
20/3/2011
21/3/2011
22/3/2011
23/3/2011
24/3/2011
25/3/2011
26/3/2011

21,12
20,91
20,57
20,33
20,37
20,12
19,83
19,53
19,13
18,76
18,46
18,23
18,01

145

28/3/2011
29/3/2011
30/3/2011
31/3/2011
1/4/2011
2/4/2011
3/4/2011
4/4/2011
5/4/2011
6/4/2011
7/4/2011
8/4/2011
9/4/2011
10/4/2011
11/4/2011
12/4/2011
13/4/2011
14/4/2011
15/4/2011
16/4/2011
17/4/2011
18/4/2011
19/4/2011
20/4/2011
21/4/2011
22/4/2011
23/4/2011
24/4/2011
25/4/2011
26/4/2011
27/4/2011

(%)
(%)
(%)
17,77
28/4/2011
26,24
29/5/2011
23,08
17,46
29/4/2011
23,28
30/5/2011
20,38
17,25
30/4/2011
21,47
31/5/2011
18,91
17,11
1/5/2011
20,13
1/6/2011
17,90
23,54
2/5/2011
19,17
2/6/2011
17,15
25,96
3/5/2011
18,29
3/6/2011
16,59
23,31
4/5/2011
17,58
4/6/2011
16,08
22,14
5/5/2011
16,93
5/6/2011
15,63
21,14
6/5/2011
16,57
6/6/2011
15,26
20,29
7/5/2011
16,55
7/6/2011
14,93
19,63
8/5/2011
16,39
8/6/2011
14,61
18,82
9/5/2011
16,17
9/6/2011
14,28
18,11
10/5/2011
15,80
10/6/2011
14,03
17,68
11/5/2011
15,36
11/6/2011
13,88
17,11
12/5/2011
14,86
12/6/2011
13,69
16,53
13/5/2011
14,64
13/6/2011
23,17
16,01
14/5/2011
14,40
14/6/2011
25,20
15,72
15/5/2011
14,11
15/6/2011
24,40
15,40
16/5/2011
13,83
16/6/2011
24,33
15,01
17/5/2011
13,58
17/6/2011
22,90
14,80
18/5/2011
13,37
18/6/2011
21,72
17,56
19/5/2011
13,09
19/6/2011
20,77
19,89
20/5/2011
12,84
20/6/2011
19,97
18,75
21/5/2011
12,75
21/6/2011
19,25
18,06
22/5/2011
12,75
22/6/2011
18,67
17,51
23/5/2011
12,69
23/6/2011
18,14
16,91
24/5/2011
12,62
24/6/2011
17,72
16,31
25/5/2011
12,53
25/6/2011
17,39
15,76
26/5/2011
12,38
26/6/2011
17,11
15,26
27/5/2011
16,64
27/6/2011
16,84
15,53
28/5/2011
24,23
28/6/2011
16,50

146

29/6/2011
30/6/2011
1/7/2011
2/7/2011
3/7/2011
4/7/2011
5/7/2011
6/7/2011
7/7/2011
8/7/2011
9/7/2011
10/7/2011
11/7/2011
12/7/2011
13/7/2011
14/7/2011
15/7/2011
16/7/2011
17/7/2011
18/7/2011
19/7/2011
20/7/2011
21/7/2011
22/7/2011
23/7/2011
24/7/2011
25/7/2011
26/7/2011

(%)
(%)
(%)
16,18
27/7/2011
12,51
24/8/2011
10,40
15,85
28/7/2011
12,42
25/8/2011
10,36
15,78
29/7/2011
12,33
26/8/2011
10,30
15,81
30/7/2011
12,24
27/8/2011
10,23
15,74
31/7/2011
12,16
28/8/2011
10,15
15,62
1/8/2011
12,07
29/8/2011
10,07
15,40
2/8/2011
11,99
30/8/2011
10,01
15,20
3/8/2011
11,79
31/8/2011
9,95
15,09
4/8/2011
11,59
1/9/2011
9,93
14,93
5/8/2011
11,58
2/9/2011
9,92
14,78
6/8/2011
11,55
3/9/2011
9,88
14,68
7/8/2011
11,51
4/9/2011
9,81
14,55
8/8/2011
11,43
5/9/2011
9,74
14,40
9/8/2011
11,38
6/9/2011
9,67
14,21
10/8/2011
11,36
7/9/2011
9,68
14,04
11/8/2011
11,32
8/9/2011
9,62
13,92
12/8/2011
11,20
9/9/2011
9,53
13,79
13/8/2011
11,05
10/9/2011
9,53
13,67
14/8/2011
10,95
11/9/2011
9,52
13,59
15/8/2011
10,90
12/9/2011
9,48
13,48
16/8/2011
10,88
13/9/2011
9,46
13,36
17/8/2011
10,85
14/9/2011
9,39
13,26
18/8/2011
10,79
15/9/2011
9,34
13,14
19/8/2011
10,75
16/9/2011
9,30
12,99
20/8/2011
10,69
12,86
21/8/2011
10,59
12,73
22/8/2011
10,53
12,62
23/8/2011
10,48

.2: 16/2-16/9.