(Voltage dips or sags)

.
. /

-

-



2

 ?
rms

: rms
:
90%

10
8
6

Voltage in kV

4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Time in ms
4


: rms

: ()
rms

1159, 50160 : 0.5 1 min

( 1159): 90% - 10%
( 50160) : 90% - 1%


1.
,

2.
,

3. ()
,

-->
-->

 ( )

11.5

RMS voltage in kV

11
10.5
10
9.5
9
8.5

10
Time in Cycles

15

20
10


(Developing or multistage dips)

300

Phase Voltage in V

200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
0

0.05

0.1
0.15
Time in Seconds

0.2

0.25
11

1.
260

2.

1.2

240

Voltage RMS (pu)

Phase Voltage in V

220
200
180
160
140
120

0.8

0.6

100
80

0.4

60
0

0
0.05

0.1
0.15
Time in Seconds

0.2

0.25

100

200

300
400
Time(msec)

500

600

700

12

rms

M

13

14


220

RMS voltage in V

215

210

205

200

195

6
Time in Cycles

10

12
15

16


11
10.9

RMS voltage in kV

10.8
10.7
10.6
10.5
10.4
10.3
10.2
10.1
10
0

10

15
Time in Cycles

20

25

30
17

18


( )
0.225

0.215
0.21
0.205
0.2

0.195
0.19

6
8
Time in Cycles

10

12

14
19

( )
1.05
1
0.95
voltage magnitude in pu

RMS voltage in kV

0.22

0.9

0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65

0.6
0.55

10
time in cycles

15

20
20

10


1.
(phase-angle jump)
1
0.8
0.6
Voltage in pu

0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0

2
3
Time in cycles

5
21

2.
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350
22

11


1.5
1

Voltage

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0

50

100

150
200
Time in degrees

250

300

350

23

1
-

2
B
3

C

5

4
24

12

1.

Vsag

ZF

fault

ZS
load
pcc

Vsag =

ZF
E
ZS + ZF

E = 1pu
Z F = zl
Vsag =

zl
ZS + zl
25

( )
1
0.9

750 MVA

Sag magnitude in pu

0.8

200 MVA

0.7

75 MVA

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

10

20
30
Distance to the fault in km

40

50
26

13

 ( mm2)
( )
1
0.9

50
150
300

Sag magnitude in pu

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

10
15
Distance to the fault in km

20

25
27

1
0.9

132 kV, 3GVA

33 kV, 0.9GVA

Sag magnitude in pu

pcc

faults at 33 kV

0.8
0.7

faults at 132 kV

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

20

40
60
80
Distance to the fault in km

100

:

28

14

/ .
, /
/

DY

II

DY
III

29

2.

ZS1

ZF1

E1

U1
ZS2

ZF2
U2

ZS0

ZF0

U0

30

15

31

50%

0%

80%

100%

0.1 s

& /

1 sec

32

16


1.


-

( )


( ,
)


: ,

33

+ (..)
=


,
( ,
)




34

17