ဦးခင္ေအာင္ - ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းကုိ ဘယ္သူသတ္သလဲ

Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk
b,f o l o wf o vJ
wwd , t}ud r f
ðyjyifwnf;jzwfxw
k af 0jcif;
1 2
1 2
Adv
© rlyidk f= OD;cifatmif ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Ö rsufESmzHk; tjyiftqif
cifOD;atmifESihf xGef;vSatmif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk Ö uGeyf sLwm

&efEkdifpkd;
b,f o l o wf o vJ Ö jrefrmbmom (wwd,t}udrf)

2004 jynfhESpf/ atmufwkdbmv
pma&;ol
Ö xkwfa0ol
OD;cifatmif a':cifrsKd;at;/ ‘acwfòydif’ *sme,f?
The New Era Journal
P.O Box (115)
jref r mbmomjyef o l Raminthra P.O
a'guf w mwif h a 0 Bangkhen, Bangkok 10220
E-mail : newera@ksc.th.com
a'guf w mat;ausmf
Printed in Thailand
Ö pmwnf;jzwfol
jr0wD&Jacgif
Ô ISBN 974-87617-4-6
á *sme,fwu
kd rf S xkwaf 0onf?
3 4
3 4
Adv
19/ 7/ 47
Ô jynfjrefrm a&$tdrfwGif;rSmjzihf
rowDp&m ayGvdrfwJh tcif;&,fa-umifh
(Adv
k cf sKyfa&æ)
a&wdrftwGif;rSmrS epf&onf? ?
Ô a=omfætcif;ppfvkdufjyefawmh
twGi;f wESprf mS avsmu f efwehJ nf;awGe‹J
awmfveS tf +yD;rSm jrefjynfvwG &f efz‹kd
}uHpnfrc|wfoaemf tm;tifoHk;vdk‹&,f
ykef;vsufppfcsDæ? ?
Ô ±kdif;vdkufav rsKd;rppfwJh tcif;ayxifh

*dk%f;rdkufawG qdk;npfwJh tcsif;&,feJ‹
rsKd;cspfwoif;udkawmh owfcJh+yDæ?
wyfzŒJG ZmenfawGrmS awmh
ajcmufewf&Gmodk‹ jref;ºuG+yDwum;æ?
jrwfwhJ omuDawG[mrd‹k
aemufxyfvmzdk‹ wrf;wonftrsm;æ? ?
Ô jzpfa=umif;i,f!¸ef
ESpaf [mif;uG,v f eG af yr,fh
q,fu h ;kd ˜cGe˜f av;cGe-f ESpu
f akd wmh
zefcgcg jyefumppfygv#ijf zifh
t+rJwdkif oJqdkifepfvdk‹&,f
arhypfroGm;æ? ?
jr0wD&Jacgif
(vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if yxrqifh)
1959=ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv
5 6
5 6
Adv
rmwdum tu,fI ,cktcsdeftxd OD;atmifqef;omtoufraobJ&SifaecJhaomf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 255

Oa,smZOf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
11 ed*kH;csKyf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 263
pma&;ol.ed'gef; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
17 pmwGJ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 273
bmomjyefo. l trSm ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 21 vkyf}uHr+ESihf ±Hk;wifw&m;pGJqdkr+wdk‹ESifhywfoufaom a-u;eef;pmtcsKdŒ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 273
Zmwfvrf;0ify*k Kd~ vfrsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 25 &nf!¸ef;csufrsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 303
tmZmenfrsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 25 jrefrmpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 303
vlowform;rsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
26 t*Fvdyfpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 304
Oya'qkdif&myk*~dKvfrsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 28 t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh tpdk;&xkwfjyefjcif; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 306
EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
30 rSwfcsufrsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 307
ukdvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 34 Zmwfvrf;0ifyk*~dKvfrsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 307
olwdk‹b,folawGvJ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
36 vlowform;rsm;ESifhOya'qkdif&myk*~dKvfrsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 307
jrefrmtrnfrsm;ESihf ywfoufaom rSwfcsuf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 37 tcef; (1) AdkvfcsKyfvkyf}uHcH&jcif; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 307
tcef; (1) Akv
d cf sKyfvyk }f uHc&H jcif; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 41 tcef; (2) t"duacgif;aqmifrsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 311
tcef; (2) t"duacgif;aqmifrsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
63 tcef; (3) w&m;qkdifjcif; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 322
tcef; (3) w&m;qdik jf cif; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 107 tcef; (4) v#KdŒ0Sufqef;-u,fjcif; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 325
tcef; (4) v#KdŒ0Suq f ef;-u,fjcif; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
131 tcef; (5) tajzr&ao;aomar;cGef;rsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 332
tcef; (5) tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 153 tcef; (6) t-urf;zufr+tarG ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 337
tcef; (6) t-urf;zufrt + arG ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
181 tcef; (7) &v'f ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 351
tcef; (7) &v'f ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
205 pmwGJ (vkyf}uHr+ESihf ywfoufaom a-u;eef;pmtcsKdŒ) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 358
aumvm[vaygif;ac|;cH ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
206
tjrifxufykdxl; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
214
okcZmwfa-umif;jyef ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
222
pyfpHxGef;.om; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 227
OD;b0if;.om; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 229
a-u;rHkOD;aomif;xkwfazmfajymqdk_yD ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
234
wuUokdvfae0if; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
240
pufqkyfzG,fvlrsKd;a&;vlowfr+avm ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 246
7 8
7 8
Adv
&efukefòrd›awmf= 1947
-opa-w;vsjynf/ uifbm&mòrd›/ trsKd;om;wuUodkvf/ ajryHkqGJynm okawoe,lepf/
ypdzdwf=tm&S avhvmr+qdkif&mXmerS a&;qGJay;onf?
9 10
10
9 10
Adv
p tcsdeu f qdyk gv#if vGwv f yfonfEh ikd if aH wmf ay:aygufvm&ef taetxm;rsm;pGm

Oa,smZOf aumif;rGecf o hJ nf? xdt k csdeu f tjcm;tm&SEikd if rH sm;ESihf Edi+ ;f ,SO-f unfyh gu jrefrmEdik f
iH. vlaer+tqift h wef;rSm jrifrh m;vSonf? {&m0wDjrpfa-umif;wav#muf jrpf0
u|e;f ay:w0S r;f qefa&pyg; oD;ESrH sm; wd;k wufpnfyif0ajymvSonf? xdrk w S yg; ayg
1951 ckESpftwGif;wGif yxrOD;qHk; -opa-w;vsoHwref udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ
rsm;onfrqdkEdkifaomfjim;vnf; a&eHESifh ajratmufo,HZmwwdrk‹ Smvnf; tawmf
±Hk;zGifhvSpfay;&ef u|efawmf &efukefòrdo › dk‹ qdkufa&mufcJhygonf? xdktcsdefonf wdkif;
toif&h ydS g.? jrefrmjynfow l .‹kd ynma&;tqift h wef;onfvnf; usef tm&Swu kd f
jynfudk *syefvufatmufrS jyefvnfu,fwifcJh_yD; _Adwdo#wdx k‹ HrS udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf
0ef;usifwcdkwGif pmaywwfu|rf;r+E+ef;xm; tjrifhrm;qHk;pHcsdefrsm;wGif yg0ifyg.?
a&; &,laqmif&u G af y;Edik cf o
hJ nfh acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; vky}f uHc&H _yD;p wwdik ;f jynf
'kw,
d urBmppfwiG f ‚if;.tusKd;quftjzpf vlom;taygif; 'kuo Q uk Q awmf
vH;k wxdww f vefE‹ iS hf ,lóuH;r&cHpm;ae&onfh tcsed v f nf;jzpfayonf? 1947 ckEpS /f
awmfcpH m;cJ-h u&onft h avsmuf jrefrmjynfonfvnf; _Adwo d #/ w±kwEf iS hf *syefppf
Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹ tpdk;&tzGJŒ tpnf;ta0;wGif OD;atmifqef;ESifhtwl ol.
wyfrsm; ppfwvif;cif;usif;&mwGif ajrpmyifjzpfc&hJ onf? udv k ekd eD ,fcsJa› cwfrS tp
vkyfazmfudkifzuf tukefeD;yg;r# pufaoewfajymif;0wGif toufpaw;cHcJh&onf?
ysKd;cJah om aoG;cGt J yk cf sKyfa&;pepfa-umifh 'kw, d urBmppf}uD;t_yD; vGwv f yfa&;&p
þod‹k jzifh &Jabmfo;kH usdypf pfacgif;aqmifEiS hf jynforl sm;tay: qGaJ qmifr+ xufjrufvS
tcsdef jynfwGif;ppfjzpfvmum rD;[kef;[kef;awmufygavawmhonf?þodk‹ jzpf&onf
onfh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;wOD; qHk;±+H;cJh&onf? xdt k‹ jyif _Adwdo# udkvdkeD u|ef
rSm tjcm;tjcm;aom t&if;&Sief ,fcsJp› epfrsm;uJo h y‹kd if _Adwo d #wdo ‹k nfvnf; aoG;cJG
oayguf vufatmufcHb0rS vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHawmfb0odk‹ ul;ajymif;aeonfh
tkyfcsKyfa&; rl0g'udk usifhoHk;cJhjcif;a-umifh jzpfonf? vufeufudkifppfwyfrsm;wGif
pyful;rwful;umvwGif a&S›wef;tcef;u¾rS yg0ifacgif;aqmifr+ ay;Edkifonfh
Armr[kwaf om wkid ;f &if;om;tkypf rk sm;udo k m t"duxm; ppfoifwef;ay;_yD; yg0if
tjcm;^m%fynm t&Sdeft0g xufjrufvSonfh acgif;aqmifajcmufOD;yg qHk;±+H;cJh&
apcJ±h rkH u ‚if;ppfom;rsm;jzifh wkid ;f jynfukd xde;f xm;cJo h nf? Armrsm;u rausreyf
ayonf?
jzpfonfrmS vnf; rqef;-u,fvyS g? jrefrmjynfrS _Aw d o d #wyfw‹kd qkwcf mG cgeD;pJpw J iG f
OD;apmESifh taygif;tyg ig;OD;wdk‹tm; acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; vkyf}uHr+twGuf
ArmESifh &S rf;/ u&if/ ucsifwdk‹ oabmuGJvGJr+ jyif;xefvmygawmhonf?
aemufydkif;wGif w&m;pD&ifonfhtcg tjypfxif&Sm;awGŒ&Sdr+a-umifh tjypf'%fcsrSwf
topfjyefvnfwnfaqmufonfh jrefrmEdik if t H aejzifh trsK;d om;acgif;aqmif
ay;tyfcjhJ im;vnf; tqdyk gvky}f uHr}+ uD;onf v#KdŒ0u S q f ef;-u,frt + wdjzifh ¹yGr;f wD;
}uD;rsm;udk qHk;±+H;cJh&aomfvnf; 1950 ckESpfwGif 'Drdkua&pDjzifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf
vsuf &Sad eygao;onf? OD;cifatmif. pmtkyo f nf vky}f uHrZ+ mwfvrf;tjynft h pHk
aom tpdk;&tm; wnfaxmifEdkifcJhygonf? rajyrvnf&SdcJhonfh vlrsKd;pkrsm;twGif;
udk azmfxw k af y;&ef ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm pdw&f n S &f n
S jf zifh óud;yrf;cJjh cif;jzpfI rsm;pGm pdwf
wGiv f nf; twwfEidk q f ;kH jyefvnfaygif;pnf;a&;udk tm;xkwEf ikd cf yhJ gonf? &Sr;f vlrsK;d
0ifpm;zG,f&m aumif;vSygonf? _Adwdo#tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&; aemufqHk;ae‹rsm;
pkrsm;ESihf txl;ojzifh yl;aygif;Edik cf _hJ yD; &S r;f ud, k pf m;vS,f awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSmvnf;
ta-umif; OD;cifatmifrS xifxif&Sm;&Sm; rD;armif;xdk;jyonfhtvm; r_idrfrouf &Sd
jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &twGi;f ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾wGif yg0ifc-hJ uonf? wkid ;f jynf
vSonfh tqdkygae‹&ufrsm;twGif; v+yf&Sm;cJh-uaom t"duZmwfaumifrsm;. yif
pD;yGm;a&;udk jyefvnfjr‡ifhwifum tbufbufrS jyefvnfxlaxmifI tm&Swdkuf
udk,fp±dkufESifh pdwf&if;&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk twGif;usus *Ce% azmfxkwfwifjy
w0S r;f pHcsdet f jrifrh m;qH;k qefpyg;udk a&mif;csjzef‹ jzL;Edik cf o hJ nf? wdik ;f jynfuv kd nf;
xm;onf?
urBmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm;twGuf jyefvnfvrf;zGifhay;cJhonf? omarmzG,f&m awm
tu,fIom OD;atmifqef;ESihf a&mif;&if;ajcmufO;D wd‹k rusq;kH cJyh gv#if aemuf
vufaus;&Gma'orsm;/ jrefrmh,Ofaus;r+ tcsut f csmXmersm;/ yk*òH rda› [mif;&Sd ordik ;f
ydik ;f jzpfay:vmrnfh jrefrmhordik ;f onf rsm;pGm jcm;em;uGjJ ym;oGm;ayvdrrhf nf? ppf_yD;
11 12
11 12
Oa,smZOf Adv
0ifxif&Sm;onfh bk&m;ykxdk; taqmufttHkæponfrsm;tm; urBmvSnfhc&D;onf iHwumrS vlrsK;d pHyk *k Kd~ vfrsm;uyg a':atmifqef;pk-unftm; axmufct H m;ay;vsuf
rsm; avhvmEdkif&ef tpDtpOfrsm;udkvnf; aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf? &Syd gonf?þpmtkyaf &;ol OD;cifatmifonf jrefrmjynfow l .‹kd vlrt + cGit hf a&;twGuf
oda‹k omf 1962 ckEpS w f iG f Advk cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;onf jynfow l ‹kd a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ uf -opa-w;vsjynfwGif;rS wufwufºuGºuG wdkufyGJ0ifaeolrsm;wGif twufºuGqHk;
cJo
h nfh 'Dru kd a&pDtpd;k &udk ðzwfcs_yD; Edik if aH wmftm; ppftm%m&Sipf epfjzifh jyefvnf yk*~dKvfwOD;jzpfygonf? ‚if;onf jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;
wnfaqmufvdkufonfhtcgwGifrl tqdkygpGrf;aqmifcsufwdrk‹ Sm &p&mr&Sdatmif t aumfrwD/ -opa-w;vstzGJŒwGif 1988 rS 1992 ckESpftxd OuU@wm0efESifh EdkifiH
bufbufY ysujf y,fc&hJ onf? xda‹k -umifh 1947 ckEpS f vky}f uHrt + wGi;f Edik if aH &;acgif; wumqdik &f m aumfrwD. 'k=OuU@wm0efukd xrf;aqmifcyhJ gonf? 1991 ckEpS w f iG f
aqmif}uD;rsm; usqH;k cJ&h jcif;onf tem*wfumvY ppfwyf. t"rR t-urf;zufr+ vnf; jynfya&muf jrefrmtpdk;&tzGJŒ jzpfaom trsKd;om;!Gefa‹ ygif;tpdk;&. -op
atmifjrifa&;twGuf vrf;cif;ay;ouJhodk‹ ta&;ygaom tcsufwcsuf jzpfvm a-w;vsEdkifiHqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,fvnf; jzpfcJhygonf?
onfrSm ,HkrSm;oHo,jzpf&ef rvdkawmhacs? tjcm;tcsufwcsufrSmrl jynfwGif;ppf OD;cifatmifEiS hf ZeD; yufx&pf&mS wdo ‹k nf jrefrmhordik ;f wGif xif&mS ;cJo h nfh rsKd;
udk trSDo[JðyI jrefrmEdkifiHY ppftm%m&Sif vlwef;pm;w&yf aygufzGm;vmcJhjcif; ±dk;pOfqufrS aygufzGm;vm-uolrsm;jzpf-uI OD;cifatmif.zcifrSm uG,fvGefol &J
jzpfygonf? ppfAv kd cf sKyf}uD;wd‹k tm%m,pfr;l rd_yDqv kd #if xkt d m%mudk tvG,w f ul Adv
k cf sKyf OD;xGe;f vSatmifjzpfvsuf olZ‹ eD;. zcifrmS vGwv f yfa&;&_yD;acwf/ w&m;
vufv$wfay;±dk; xHk;pHr&Sdyg? ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;onf tcsdef-umjrifhvmonfESifhtr# ±H;k csKyf w&m;ol}uD;vnf;jzpfum tdE, Nd òrdj› ytkycf sKyfa&; yËdnmOfc0H efxrf; ICS t
tcGifhxl;cHvlwef;pm;rsm; jzpfoGm;vsuf rdrdwdk‹ udk,fudkvnf; txufwef;v$m vl zGŒJ 0ifwOD;vnf; jzpfco hJ nfh OD;aomif;pdejf zpfygonf? OD;cifatmifonf Armhvw G v
f yf
wef;pm;w&yftjzpf ,HkrSwfvm-uaomfvnf; ppfAdkvfcsKyf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSmrl a&;wyfrawmfEiS hf Armha&wyfrawmfww ‹kd iG f wm0efxrf;aqmifc_hJ yD; ppf_yD;acwfwiG f
ynmt&nftcsif;tm;jzifh !Hzh sif;olrsm; jzpfjcif;a-umihf acwfopfurBm}uD;wGif 0if yifv,fu;l oabFmukr% ` w D ckY xl;c|efatmifjrifpmG tr+xrf;cJo h nf? olEiS hf olZ‹ eD;
qHhEdkifonfh tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr+qdkif&m ±+yfaxG;eufeJ cufcJr+rsm;. twdrfteufudk wdk‹onf tar&duefEdkifiHwGif (12) ESpf-um aexdkifcJh-u_yD; -opa-w;vsEdkifiH/ uif
óudwifodjrif qifjcifem;vnfEdkifpGrf;&Sdolrsm; r[kwfacs/ odk‹ESifhyif ppfAdkvfcsKyfwdk‹ bm&mòrdY› 1983 ckEpS rf pS I tajccs aexdik v f mcJ-h uolrsm; jzpfygonf?
onf vG,&f mvrf;udk vdu k -f uawmhonf? ‚if;rSm wkid ;f jynfukd jyifyurBmESihf tquf pma&;olOD;cifatmifrSm OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHr+}uD;wGif yg0ifcJholtcsKdŒESifh
toG,jf zwfawmufvu kd jf cif;yif jzpfygonf? ‚if;tjyif jynfow l .‹kd 'Dru
kd a&pDpepf ywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ xdktcsdefu tjzpftysuf tajctaet&yf&yfwEdk‹ Sifh ywf
wnfaqmufa&;qENwu kd‹ dkvnf; acszsufvdkufavawmhonf? oufIvnf;aumif; udk,fwdkif tawGt ‹ óuH&SdcJh±Hkru a&S;a[mif;ordkif; taxmuf
oda‹k omfjim;vnf; jrefrmjynfow l .
‹kd arG;&myg &ydik cf iG rhf sm;jzpfaom vlt ‹ cGihf txm; pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;udv k nf; _Adwo d #armfueG ;f wdu
k rf S ud,k w f ikd f okawoeðy
ta&;wdo ‹k nf xm0& jiif;y,fc&H rnfum; r[kwyf gacs? OD;atmifqef;.orD; a': cJhojzifh þacwfopfjrefrmhordkif;Y ta&;ygvSaom jzpfysufr+tpOfudk jyefajymif;
atmifqef;pk-unfonf jynfwGif;'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdka&; v+yf&Sm;r+}uD;udk acgif; ajym&ef toifhawmfqHk;yk*~dKvfwOD; jzpfcJhygonf? od&k‹ mwGif vlrodao;bJ usef&pf
aqmifr+ay;aeygonf?þpma&;aecsdefwGif olronf ppftm%m&Sifwkd‹. tdrfwGif; aeonfh tcsKŒdtcsKŒdaom v#KŒd0u S q
f ef;-u,fr+ uGi;f qufrsm;um; use&f adS umif; usef
tcsKyf ðyvkyfjcif;udk cHae&jim;vnf; pdwf"mwfrus/ vlxkw&yfvHk; awmifhwae &Sad eygOD;rnf? Oyrm þTr#-urf;ñuwfvaS om vlowfr}+ uD;udk OD;apmusL;vGe&f mY
onfh taESmiftzGrJ‹ S vGwfajrmufa&; ar#mfrSef;csufudk wdkufyGJ0ifum &yfwnfvsuf rnfonfhta-umif;tcsufwu dk‹ v+aH‹ qmftm;ay;wkdufwGef;cJh-uoenf; qdkonfudk
yif &Sdygonf? jynfya&muf jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;tjyif urBmw0S rf;vHk;&Sd ppftm%m ,ckwdkif em;vnf&efcufcJvSonfhtajc &SdaeqJyif jzpfygonf? odk‹&mwGif Tpm
&Sipf epfukd pufqyk I f vlt ‹ cGit hf a&; csKd;azmufonfh rormr+rsm;udk &GrH ek ;f aom Edik f tkyfonf ppf_yD;acwfaemufydkif; jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;udk twGif;usus avhvmvdkuf
13 14
13 14
Oa,smZOf Adv
pm;vdkol okawoDynm&Sifwdk‹twGuf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifatmif taxmuftulðyyg (35) ESpfwkdifwkdif xrf;aqmifcJh_yD; t_idrf;pm;,lcJh&m (ruG,fvGefrD) tESpf (20)
vdrrhf nf? umvtwGif; “uifbm&mwkdif;pf” owif;pmwGif tywfpOf -oZmanmif;aom
*syefacwf t"dywd a'gufwmbarmfa&;om;_y;D ppf_y;D acwfwiG f xkwaf 0onfh aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;cJhonfhtjyif “aemufqkH;uufzJcsyf” ac: pmtkyfvnf; a&;om;
‘jrefrmjynfwiG ;f atmifjrifr}+ uD;’ trnf&pdS mtkyw f iG f pma&;olu jrefrmjynfEiS yhf wf cJhonf? rmvfuGefESifh a&mufZmemwkt d‹ m; EkdifiHjcm;a&muf jrefrmrdwfaqGrsm;pGmwkd‹
oufaom ordkif;qdkif&mtrSefw&m;rsm;onf jrefrmvlrsKd;wdk‹ udk,fwdkif jyefrajym u t_rcJ spcf ifpmG owd&-uvsu&f rdS nf? txl;tm;jzihf 'Dru dk a&pD jyefvnfxal xmif
jyor# umvywfvHk; rnfonhftcgr# ±kyfvHk;yDjyifpGm ay:vGifvmrnfr[kwfacs[k &ef ¯ud;yrf;vsu&f odS rl sm;onf olwE‹dk pS Of ;D ckid rf mpGm tqufrjywf axmufctH m;ay;cJh
a&;om;cJhygonf? ‚if;uyif qufvufI 'kwd,urBmppfESifh ppfóudacwf jrefrmh -ujcif;ukd aus;Zl;wifowd&-urnfjzpfygonf?
ordkif;udk xdkacwfwGifyg0ifaom jrefrmwdu k‹ dk,fwdkif ra&;om;&ao;a-umif; 0efcH
cJh_yD; ta-umif;t&m cdkifcdkifvHkvHkudk twGif;ususodxm;aom yk*d~Kvfwdk‹u ra&;
om;ao;or# jrefrmjynfwiG jf zpfymG ;cJah om ta-umif;&if;rsm;. trSew f &m;udk od
&Sed m;vnfEikd rf nfr[kwaf cs[k a&;om;cJyh gonf? acwfwacwf. ta&;ygvSonfh
tjzpftysufrsm;udk euf±+dif;pGm od&Sdem;vnfap&ef a'gufwmbarmf a&;om;azmf Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô
jyouJhodk‹ OD;cifatmif. pmtkyfrSmvnf; tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom taxmuftulwck

jzpfayawmhonf?
rmvfuGef bGwfum; ·
uif b m&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vs
Ed k 0 if b mv/ 1992 ck E S p f ?
· rpPwmþrmvfueG þf bGwu
f m; (Mr. Malcolm Booker) onf 1998 ckEpS /f Zlvidk f
v (15) &ufae‹/ touf (82) ESpfwGif rdrdaetdrf uifbm&m-rdY› uG,fvGefcJhonf?
ol‹ZeD; a&mufZmem (Roxana) rSmvnf; xkdae‹wGifyif aq;±kHY a&m*ga0'em -um
&Snpf mG cHpm;&_yD; em&Dom apmIaoqk;H oGm;&Smonf?
olwE‹dk pS Of ;D pvk;H rSm oHwref0efxrf;rsm;jzpf-uonf? rmvfueG f bGwu f m;onf
1951 ckrS 1953 cktxd jrefrmjynfqidk &f m oHtrwftjzpf ceft ‹ yfjcif;cH&I yxrOD;qk;H
-opa-w;vsoH±;Hk ukd (88) urf;em;vrf; (Strand Hotel Annex) wGif zGiv hf pS cf ahJ om
a-umifh xkdtaqmufttkHY ,ae‹wkdif wnf&Sdvsuf&Sdonf? xkdaemuf tDwvD/
,l*pdk vm;AD;,m;/ ±kad r;eD;,m;ESihf blvaf *;&D;,m;jynfrsm;wGif oHtrwf}uD;wm0ef
aqmif&u G cf ohJ nf? 1976 ckEpS w f iG f uifbm&m-rdo
› ‹dk jyefvm-u_y;D Ekid if jH cm;a&;oHwref
15 16
15 16
Adv
ppfwyf’ yHkpHjzifh zGJŒpnf;xm;aom jynfol‹&JabmftzGJŒ0iftcsKd‹wdk‹ apmifh-uyfaeonfh

ppfaq;a&;pcef;rsm;pGmwdk‹udk jzwfoef;&avh&Sdonf? xdktcsdefu jynfol‹&Jabmf
pma&;ol. ed'gef; tzGŒJrmS vnf; OD;atmifqef;r&So d nfah emuf (tjzL/ t0g) ESpzf ŒJGuaJG e_y;D rnfonft h zGŒJ
u rnfol‹vufatmufY opPmcHxm;onfudk twdtusrod&ao;acs? odk‹ESifhyif
u|efawmfhZeD;. uG,fvGefav_yD;aomzcif}uD; w&m;ol}uD;a[mif; OD; 1947 ckESpfaemufydkif;/ wnaewGif ‚if;wdu k‹ m;udk &yfwefa‹ p&ef ppfaq;a&;pcef;
aomif;pdefonf ‚if;aexdkif&m rJvfbkef;òrdr› S uGsefawmfwrdk‹ dom;pk. uifbm&mtdrf wckrS cyfxefxef trdea‹f y;wm;qD;vdu k u
f m a&mifpakH jymufusm;ppf0wfpkH 0wfqif
odk‹ 1989 ck/ Zlvdkifv oluG,fvGefcsdeftxd wESpfwacgufcef‹ vma&mufvnfywf xm;onfh &JabmftcsKŒd/ ±dik zf ,faoewfajymif;rsm;jzifh csed x f m;vsuf olwx ‹kd aH jy;vm
avh&ydS gonf? touf&pS q f ,fausm_f yD qdak omfjim;vnf; zswv f wf-unfvif trSwf -uonf? xdt k cg u|eaf wmfzh cif OD;xGe;f vSatmifonf um;armif;ae&mrS &yfI qif;
onmaumif;onfh OD;aomif;pdeo f nf olb ‹ 0oufwrf;wav#muf tr+xrf;cJo h nfh oufvdkuf_yD; ‚if;wdrk‹ nfolrnf0gjzpfa-umif; ajymjyvsuf ,if;aoewfudkifvlwpk
tawGŒtóuH taxGaxGukd jyefajymif; pm;òrHj› yefwwfonf? xdt k xJY acwfopf jref . acgif;aqmifvufxJrS aoewfudk ykwfcsvdkufonf? ‚if;aemuf olwdk‹ a-umif
rmhordkif;wGif ta&;ygonfh tjzpftysufrsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfaponfh ta-umif; trf;trf;-unfah eqJrmS yif um;ay:jyefwufI armif;xGuv f mcJo h nf?
t&mrsm;pGmwdk‹vnf; ygwwfonf? OD;aomif;pdefonf ,cifwcsdefu vlwef;pm; tqdkygtjzpftysufrsm;ta-umif; jyefajymif;ajymqdkor#udk u|efawmf-um;
tv$mwckjzpfaom tdENd, òr›djytkyfcsKyfa&; yËdnmOfcH0efxrf;tzGJŒ0if (I.C.S) wOD; od&_yD;aemuf xdt k csurf sm;. v+a‹H qmfra+ -umifh xdt k csed uf tuif;raoao;aom
jzpfonft h jyif w&m;a&;Xme twGi;f 0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tusOf;axmifrsm; OD; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;Zmwfvrf;tzHkzHkudk u|efawmf pwif pdwf0ifpm;rdawmhonf? wEdkifiH
pD;csKyf (axmifrif;}uD;) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1947 ckESpfwGif wòydifwnf; wm0ef vHk; vdkufemusifhoHk;-u&rnfh _Adwdo#bk&ifhOya'ESifh acwfay:vufeufudkif a'o
xrf;aqmifcJh&ygonf? _Adwdo#wdk‹xHrS 1948 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; cHrsm;. Oya'rJhjzpfaer+rsm; a&maxG;,Sufwif v+yf&Sm;aer+udk u|efawmf txl;
csdewf iG f w&m;±H;k csKyf w&m;ol}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ aemufyikd ;f wGif Edik if yH ikd f odr;f owdðy avhvmrSwo f m;&awmhonf? xdt k cgu tajctaet& jynfwiG ;f Edik if aH &;
ydkufa&;aumfr&SifESifh a&G;aumufyGJ t,lcHaumfr&SiftzGJŒwdk‹. OuU@tjzpfvnf; orm;rsm;. ud, k yf ikd pf pfwyfrsm;twGi;f tm%mudt k a-umif;ðyI xGuaf y:vmaom
aumif; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzGJŒu txl;a&G;cs,fI wm0efay;tyfjcif; cHcJh&onf? tusKd;pD;yGm; yÉdyuQrsm; r-umc%ay:aygufvmavh&Sdonf? tqdkyg ta-umif;
OD;aomif;pde. f trSww f &tawGŒtóuHrsm;xJrS ol ESpEf pS òf cduòf cduf ajymjyavh t&mrsm;xJwiG f *VKefwyftjzpf (0g;&if;wkwu f Akd ef;jyvsuf) v#KdŒ0u S v
f ufeufuikd f
&Sdaom tjzpftysufwckrSmrl uG,fvGefol u|efawmhfzcif AdkvfcsKyf (&Jwyf) OD;xGef; wyfzGJŒxm;aom emrnfqdk;jzifhausmf-um;vSonfh *VKefOD;apmudkrl u|efawmf pdwf
vSatmifEiS hf wdu k ±f u kd yf wfoufaeygonf? xdt k csed u
f u|eaf wmhzf cifrmS &mZ0wfr+ t0ifpm;qH;k jzpf&ygonf?
pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;Xme t}uD;tuJ ( Dy. Inspector General ) jzpfonft h jyif t&Sed t
f u|eaf wmfEiS t hf wl u|eaf wmf. om;i,fEpS Of ;D jzpfaom cifO;D atmifEiS hf xGe;f vS
0g}uD;vSonfh t*Fvef bk&ifh&Jwyfrawmf}uD;. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;tjzpfvnf; 1940 ck atmifav; (*sLeD,m) wdu ‹k vnf; tbd;k jzpfot l m; tqdyk gZmwfvrf;rsm; jyefajymif;
aESmif;ydkif;wGif wm0efxrf;cJh&oljzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ‚if;.0ef}uD; qufvufajymqdk&ef r-umc% wdkufwGef;-uavh&Sdonf? trsKd;om; acgif;aqmif
tzGJŒ0ifrsm;tm; 1947 ck/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhr+a-umifh }uD;rsm; vky}f uHc&H r+EiS hf ywfoufI OD;apmESihf ‚if;.taygif;ygwdt ‹k wGi;f pum;0Suf
OD;apmtm; tif;pdet f usO;f axmifwiG f xde;f odr;f xm;csed Yf 'k=&JcsKyf OD;xGe;f vSatmif ESihf a&;aompmrsm;udk ae&mowfrw S I f v#KŒd0uS pf mG vJv, S cf jhJ cif;rsm;ta-umif; ajym
ESifh w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdefwdk‹tm; OD;apm. vHkòcHa&;twGuf yl;wGJwm0ef jyonft h cg u|efawmfwt ‹kd m;vH;k rde;f armawGa0oGm;rdawmhonf? xdt k a-umif;t
ay;cJhygonf? xdka-umifhvnf; ‚if;wdk‹ESpfOD;onf ae‹pOfvdkvdk &efukefrS tif;pdef &mrsm;udk wpGef;wp azmfjy&aomf ‘ajcqGHŒaeonfh raumif;qdk;0g;}uD;’/ ‘iSufaysm
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17 18
17 18
ed'gef; Adv
vl}uD;’æponfæponfjzifæ h ? (t&yfjrihjf rihv f ol nf rnfoel nf;qdok nfrmS ya[Vd) touf&iS af ecJyh gv#if u|efawmfw‹kd ,ckcpH m;ae-u&onfh uH-urRmqd;k wdu ‹k kd a&Smif
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ajrmufqJ/ vGwfajrmufoGm;-uaom tjcm;tr+tcif;rsm;qdkif&m tcsKdŒ yk*~dKvfrsm; cJah om (45) ESpw f mumvu Ekid if AhH o d uk m}uD; usqH;k oGm;_yD;aemufyikd ;f / xdw k acwf
vnf; &Sdaumif;&SdavOD;rnf[k u|efawmf oHo,ruif; jzpfvmrdawmhonf? xdk‹ . tarGtESpt f jzpf usef&pfco
hJ nfh Ekid if aH &; a&pD;a-umif;wav#muf }uD;pk;d cJo h nfh
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k yf 0JG ifaeolrsm;twGuf Tpmtkyu f kd &nf&, G af &;om;
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h nf? &jcif;jzpfygonf?
u|efawmfu, kd wf ikd v
f nf; xdo k ‹kd tke;f tke;f u|ufu|uf ±ke;f &if;qefcwf jzpfymG ;aecsdef
tcgu xdkvkyf}uHr+}uD; jzpfyGm;cJh&m twGif;0ef±Hk;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif wbufjcrf; armif c if a tmif
&Sd a&wyf (urf;em;XmecsKyf) ðyvkyx f m;aom pdea‹f ygvfausmif;0if;twGi;f Y vli,f uif b m&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vs
a&wyft&m&Sw d OD;tjzpf wm0efusaeqJjzpfonf? Ek d 0 if b mv/ 1992 ck E S p f ?
xd‹k jyif u|efawmht f m; þta-umif;t&mrsm;udk a&;om;&ef v+a‹H qmfay;cJo h nfh
tjcm;ta-umif;w&yfrSmrl u|efawmf. OD;av;awmfol OD;a&$abmfjzpfonf? ‚if;
rSm tdENd,òrdj› ytkyfcsKyfa&; yËdnmOfcH0efxrf; tzGJŒ0if (I.C.S) wOD;jzpfvsuf vGwf
vyfa&;r&ao;rD ,m,Dtpd;k &tzGŒJ . twGi;f 0efwOD;jzpf_yD; vky}f uHrj+ zpfymG ;pOfu
OD;atmifqef;. vuf0b J ufwiG f uyfvsufxikd af ecJ&h mrS th-H ozG,af umif;avmuf Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô
atmif usnfqefu a&Smifxu G o f mG ;jcif;a-umifh ab;roD&efrcbJ vGwaf jrmufc&hJ

olwOD;jzpfygonf? OD;a&$abmfudk,fwdkif xdka-uuGJbG,f&m tjzpftysuf/ ol‹ rsuf
jrifu, kd af wGŒZmwfa-umif;udk u|efawmft h m; jyefvnfajymjycJyh gonf?
xda‹k -umifh Tpmtkyo f nf vky}f uHr}+ uD;ESiyhf wfoufI tajzwpHw k &may;&ef
xuf OD;apmaemufrmS b,foal wG&ydS gvdr[ hf al om tawG;ESithf wl oda‹k vmoda‹k vm
ar;cGef;rsm;om xyfrH ay:aygufaumif; ay:aygufvmapygvdrfhrnf? u|efawmf.
&nf&G,fcsufrSmrl OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHr+ESifhywfoufI v#KdŒ0Sufr+tcsKdŒudk óud;pm;
ajz&Sif;vsuf u|efawmfwdk‹EdkifiH. uH-urRmudk 0rf;enf;zG,f&m ajymif;vJoGm;apcJh
onfh þjzpf&yfqdk;}uD;udk topfwzefjyefvnfI tao;pdwfavhvm&efjzpfygonf?
u|efawmfESifhtwl jrefrmjynfoltrsm;pktaejzifh ,cktcsdefom OD;atmifqef;
19 20
19 20
Adv
ua&pDusihfoHk;aom tpdk;&toD;oD;tm; csOf;uyfvsuf jrefrmppftpkd;&udk,fwdkif

OD;pD;usif;yay;cJhaom 1990=ck/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif tEkdif&&SdcJhonfh
trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGŒJ csKyftm; olwu ‹kd wdtwkid ;f tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;&ef zdtm;
bmomjyefo.
l trSm ay;a&;twGuf óud;yrf;cJ-h uonfrmS ordik ;f rSww f ikd w
f ck jzpfvmonf? -opa-w;vs
&Sd jynfwGif;v+yf&Sm;cJh-uonfh jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;twGif; OD;cifatmifrSm a&SŒwef;rS
"Who Killed Aung San ?" (atmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ) pmtkyfa&; yg0ifcyhJ gonf?
om;ðypkol OD;cifatmiftm; vGefcJhaom (13) ESpf/ 1986 ck/ pufwifbmvwGif OD;cifatmif. ‘atmifqef;udk b,foo l wfovJ’ t*Fvyd b f momjzifh pmtkyf
rdwaf qGwOD;u rdwzf ŒJGay;pOf uifbm&mòrda› wmf/ jrefrmtdrw f ckY yxrOD;qH;k t}udrf ðypkaecsdefwGif -opa-w;vsjynfwGif twlwuG EkdifiHa&;v+yf&Sm;ae-uonfjzpfI
awGŒqHkcGihf&cJhygonf? aqmif;tukef/ aEGtul;rdk‹ &moDomarmonfh TvwGif u|eaf wmfEiS fh r-umc% pmtkyyf g ta-umif;t&mrsm;udk aqG;aEG;wdik yf ifc-hJ uonf?
‘uifbm&m’ Y yef;yGaJ wmf usi;f y_rjJ zpfojzihf t&yf&yfrS vma&mufvnfywf-uaom Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;ESifh acgif;aqmifrsm; usq;kH onft h csed u
f OD;cifatmif. zcifrmS
{nfo h nfrsm;jzihf pnfum;avh&o dS nf? u|efawmfrh w d af qGu OD;cifatmiftm; jrefrm jrefrmjynf. 'k=&JcsKyfjzpfaeIvnf;aumif;/ OD;cifatmifZeD;. zcifrmS vnf; w&m;
ppftm%m&Sif Akv d af e0if;tpd;k &udk ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm awmfveS af eolwOD;tjzpfvnf; a&;Xme. twGif;0efwOD;taejzifh vnf;aumif;/ axmifrsm;udk }uD;-uyftkyfcsKyf
aumif;/ ‘The Canberra Times’ (uifbm&mwkid ;f pfowif;pm}uD;) . t,f'w D mxH &onfh OD;pD;csKyftaejzifv h nf;aumif; aqmif&u G af e-u&aoma-umihf OD;cifatmif
ay;pmrsm; tcef;u¾wGif jrefrmppftpkd;&. vSnfhuGufjy±kyfrsm;udk azmfxkwf_yD; onf xdyk *k Kd~ vf}uD;ESpOf ;D xHrS OD;apmESifh taygif;tygrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom ta-umif;
ppftm%m&Sifpepfqdk;}uD;udk uavmifjzifh rSefrSefxdk;ESufwHk‹ jyefaeolwOD;tjzpf t&mrsm;tm; twGif;usus owif;tcsuftvufrsm; wkduf±dkufod&SdcGifh&cJhonf?
vnf;aumif; rdwq f ufay;cJyh gonf? OD;cifatmif. t*Fvyd pf may Edik ef if;u|r;f usif xkd‹a-umihf OD;cifatmif. xdktcsdefu udk,fawGŒrsufjriftjzpftysufrsm;udk ESpf
r+/ [mo^m%fºuG,0f r+/ tm0Z…e;f &$irf w + o ‹kd nf ol. xufjrufaom ^m%fynmudk aygif;rsm;pGm pepfwus okawoeðypkxm;onfrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfvu kd af omtcg ckid f
a&mifjyef[yfaeonf[k u|efawmfrw S cf sufcsrdonf? aemufaemif olEiS fh &if;ES;D vm vHkaom orkdif;taxmuftxm;wcktaejzihf ydkrdkwdusjywfom;vmygawmhonf?
aomtcg AkdvfcsKyfae0if; wdkif;jynf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk twif;t"rR odrf; Tae&mwGif OD;cifatmifonf ta-umif;jcif;&m trSeu f o kd m wifjy_yD;/ ta-umif;
yduk cf ahJ om 1962=ckEpS Of ;D umvtcsderf pS I ,ae‹xufwikd f worwfwnf; ppftm tusKd; qufEG,fr+rsm;udk pmzwfy&dowfrsm;uom qufvufI pl;prf; qifjcif
%m&Sipf epfukd awmfveS af eol rsKd;cspfwOD;tjzpf ydI k av;pm;vmcJyh gonf? awG;ac:Ekdif&ef csefvSyfxm;cJhonf? ta-umif;jcif;&m trSeftuef wifjyr+Y
xdak‹ emuf 1988=ckESpf/ jrefrmjynfwGif; vlxktHkºuGr+}uD;ay:aygufvmaom OD;cifatmifonf twGif;pnf;rS teD;uyfavhvmcJholjzpfI ol. tcsuftvuf
tcg ppftpk;d &. &ufpufpmG ESyd u f yG of wfjzwfra+ -umifh jrefrmjynfol toufaygif; rsm;onf w&m;Oya'tjrifwGif yDjyifwdusvSygonf? orkdif;okawoDrsm; quf
axmifEiS cfh sDI qH;k ±+;H cJ&h onf? vufavhvm&ef tajccHtw k jf rpfcsay;cJo h nfEiS vfh nf; wlygonf?
jrefrmhvwG vf yfa&; Adou k m}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. orD; a':atmifqef; OD;cifatmif. pmtkyft*Fvdyfrl&if;onf tqifhtwef;jrihfvSonf? odak‹ omf
pk-unf. wnf-unfajzmifhrwfaom acgif;aqmifr+atmufwGif jynfolwdk‹ wnD jrefrmjynfot l rsm;twGuf &nfp;l I jrefrmbmomjyef&ef vH;k yef;aomtcg tcuf
w!Gwfwnf; pkpnf;I jrefrmjynf. 'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;udk awmif;qdkcJh-uonf? tcJrsm;awGŒ I aESmifah ES;cJ&h onf? u|eaf wmfonfvnf; jrefrmpmayESifh uif;a0;ae
ppftpkd;&onf a':atmifqef;pk-unftm; (6) ESpfwdkifwdkif tdrfwGif;tusOf;csxm; onfrSm ESpftwef-umcJh_yDjzpfonfhtjyif ,cifu bmomjyefqdkonfh tawGŒtóuH
cJh_yD;/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESihf ppftpkd;&udk qefu ‹ sifolrsm;tm; vnf; r&SdcJhygacs? OD;cifatmifudk (pDtm'DbD) jrefrmjynf'Drdkua&pD jyefvnfwnf
pepfwus acsr+ef;cJhygonf? TonfhumvwGif jynfya&muf jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;u aqmufa&; OD;pD;aumfrwD (tjynfjynfqkdif&mESifh -opa-w;vs) . em,u}uD;
vnf; EkdifiHt&yf&yfwGif ppftpkd;&qef‹usifa&; qENjyyGJrsm; usif;ycJh-uonf? 'Drkd tjzpf av;pm;vsuf/ ol. ta&;ygvSaom Tpmtkyfudk jrefjrefqefqef jrefrm
21 22
21 22
trSm Adv
bmomjzifh xkwaf 0vdak oma-umihf bmomjyeftjzpf wm0ef,rl yd gonf? uHaumif;

onfrSm jr0wDOD;&Jacgif -opa-w;vsodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmojzifh pmwnf;jzwfay;&ef
OD;&JacgifrS wm0ef,_l y;D / tcef;vdu k f txl;óud;pm;wnf;jzwfay;jcif;twGuf aus;Zl;
wifz, G &f mjzpfygonf?
txl;ojzifh rar#mv f ifb h J u|eaf wmf. vkyif ef;qkid &f mtykid ;f wGif wm0efyv
d m
onfhtcgrsm;Yvnf; u|efawmfhnD a'gufwmat;ausmf (atmifoef‹ausmf) tm;
tultnDawmif;_yD; olESihftwl tcsKdŒtcef;rsm;udk bmomjyefygonf? tcsKdŒtcef;
rsm;rSm a'gufwm at;ausmfbmomjyefqkd_yD;/ u|efawmfu wcsKdŒae&mY jyifqif
jznfph u G vf suf OD;&JacgifrS xyfrw H nf;jzwfygonf?
bmomjyefq&kd mYvnf; t*Fvyd pf mrS wdu k ±f udk b
f momjyefqrkd u + kd ta&;xm;
I trsm;qk;H tok;H ðyaomfvnf; tcsKdt ‹ csuftvufrsm;wGif jrefrmpmzwfy&dowf
ESifh ydkrdkqDavsmfap&ef jr0wDOD;&Jacgif. t}uHðycsuft& pma&;ol OD;cifatmif.
oabmwlnrD j+ zifh tenf;tusOf; ðyjyifa&;om;cJo h nfrsm; &Scd o
hJ nf?
odk‹ jzpfI yl;wGJbmomjyefol a'gufwmat;ausmfESifh u|rf;usifpGm pmwnf;
jzwfol jr0wDO;D &Jacgifwt ‹kd m; txl;aus;Zl;wif&ydS gonf? bmomjyefq&kd mY trSm;
t,Gi;f &Scd yhJ gv#if u|efawmfw h iG of m wm0ef&ydS gonf?
a'guf w mwif h a 0
qpf ' eD ò rŒ/ =opa=w;vs
(9/ 9/ 99)
yl ; wG J b momjyef o l
a'guf w mat;ausmf
qpf ' eD ò rŒ/ =opa=w;vs
23 24
23 24
Adv
pyfpx
H eG ;f (40) ESp/f &S r;f jynfe,frS rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;}uD;/ e,fjcm;a'oqdik &f m twdik f
yifcH0ef}uD;/ OD;acgif;wGif '%f&m (2) csuf&&Sd_yD; (20) &ufae‹ rGef;wnfhcsdefwGif
1
Zmwfvrf;0if yk*Kd~ vfrsm; &efuek °f rd/› jynfoa‹l q;±H}k uD;Y aoqH;k oGm;onf?
OD;tke;f armif (34) ESpf/ o,f,lyadk‹ qmifa&;ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;Xme/ 'kwd,

tmZmenf r sm; twGi;f 0ef (I.C.S)/ tpD&ifcpH mwckukd vma&mufwifoiG ;f aepOf vlowform;rsm;.
usnfqefrsm; xdreS o f mG ;jcif;cH&onf? ae&mwGiyf if yGcJ sif;_yD;aoqH;k onf?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; (c) Adv k af wZ (32) ESp/f jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+y&f mS ;r+. acgif;
aqmif}uD;/ bk&ifcHtr+aqmifaumifpD. 'k=OuU@ (odk‹ ) wu,fhvufawGŒtm;jzihf udak xG; (18) ESpf/ OD;&mZwf.oufawmfapmifh/ rEœav;teD;&Sd awmifjyif odyH̀&yfrS
vGwfvyfa&;r&rD 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ. 0ef}uD;csKyf/ ‚if;tjyif xdktpdk;&tzGJŒ. umuG,f rlqvifvil ,fwOD;jzpfonf? tpnf;ta0;cef;rwGi;f rS aoewforH sm;-um;&ojzifh
a&;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/ usnfqef (13) csufoifhaom '%f&mjzifh ae&mwGif teD;&Sd±Hk;cef;rS ajy;xGufvmpOf qkwfcGmajy;oGm;aeaom vlowform;rsm;.
yif yGcJ sif;_yD;aoqH;k cJ&h onf? ypfcwfjcif;udkcH&onf? '%f&m (4) csuf&&Sd_yD; aq;±HkwGif aoqHk;onf?
'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd (54) ESp/f pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&mESihf 'D;'kw*f sme,f. t,f'w D m/

jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;/ olt ‹ ouft&G,fESifh OD;aESmufxJ0ifoGm;aom usnfqef tyg vl o wf o rm;rsm;
t0if usnq f ef (5) csu&f &So d nfw
h ikd f ae‹v,fyikd ;f txd &efuek jf ynfoa‹l q;±H}k uD;wGif
touf&iS v f suf &Sad eao;onf? OD;apm/ 1900=jynfEh pS w f iG f om,m0wD°rdY› arG;zGm;onf? vlowform;rsm;. acgif;
aqmif[k tpGyfpGJcH&ol/ orBm&ifh vufsmEdkifiHa&;orm;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;.
ocifjr (49) ESp/f vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;-um;wGif touft&G,}f uD;&ifah om Edik if H t"du°ydifbufjzpfonf? ol&d,owif;pmudk pwifxlaxmifolESifh rsKd;cspfygwD
acgif;aqmif/ b¾ma&;0ef}uD;/ tqkwfudk xGif;azmufoGm;aom aoewf'%f acgif;aqmifjzpfonf? 1940=ckESpf/ pufwifbmvrS 1942=ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvtxd
&mjzifh ae&mwGif yGcJ sif;_yD;aoqH;k onf? eef;&if;0ef/ 1942=rS 1946=txd ,l*E<mjynfwiG f txde;f odr;f cHc&hJ onf? 1947=ck
ESp/f Zefe0g&DvwGicf sKyfqakd om atmifqef;=tufwvD pmcsKyfukd todtrSw«f y&ef
OD;tAŠ'&l mZwf (49) ESpf/ rEœav;°rd› rlqvifacgif;aqmif/ ynma&;ESifh trsKd;om; jiif;qefcohJ jl zpfI OD;atmifqef;ESihf olt
‹ r+aqmifaumifpD vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufrsm;tm;
pDrHudef;0ef}uD;/ '%f&m (6) csuf&&Sd_yD; ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf? owfjzwfr+jzifh 1947=ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufwGif tzrf;cH&vsuf/ pGJqdkxm;onfh
twdkif; tjypfay;cH&_yD;/ 1948=ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGif tif;pdefaxmifY
OD;b0if; (46) ESpf/ OD;atmifqef;.tudk/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh axmufyHha&; ¯ud;ay;cH&onf?
0ef}uD;/ usnfqef'%f&m (8) csuf&&Sd_yD; ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf?
armifp;dk / aoewform;/ rif;vS-rd›rS *VKefwyfzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpf_yD; OD;apm. teD;uyf
ref;bcdik f (43) ESpf/ [oFmwrS u&ifvlrsKd;wOD;jzpf_yD; *syefodrf;ydkufxm;pOfu aemufvkdufjzpfI ol‹ _cHtwGif;Y apmpD;pGmuyif aexkdifcJholjzpfonf? ao'%fay;
jyefvnfcck aH wmfveS &f mY yg0ifco
hJ nf? pufrv
+ ufrX+ meESihf tvkyo f rm;Xme0ef}uD;/ cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGifyif tif;pdefaxmifY ao'%ftpD
usnfqef (15) csufxrd eS cf o hJ nf? ae&mwGiyf if yGcJ sif;_yD;aoqH;k onf? &ifc&H onf?
25 26
25 26
Zmwfvrf;0ify*k Kd~ vfrsm; Adv
oufESif;/ aoewform;/ usKdufvwf-rd›rS *VKefwyfzGJŒ0ifa[mif;jzpf_yD; ,if;-rd› xGuftajy;wGif vGwfajrmufEkdif&ef tultnDay;a&;twGuf ajcmufvkH;jyL;ao

rsKd;cspfygwD. twGif;a&;rª;jzpfonf? OD;apmukd txl;-unfndK_yD; vkH;0O\kH,kH ewfwvufjzifh twGif;0efrsm;±kH; txGuf*dwfaygufrS apmifhaecJh&onf? ao'%f
-unfukd;pm;oljzpfonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf arv (8) &ufae‹wGif tay;cH&aomfvnf; tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd‹ av#mhcsjcif;cH&_yD;
yif tif;pdeaf xmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc&H onf? ,if;owif;ukd okcESiw
hf -ydief ufwnf; today;cHc&hJ onf?
armifped /f aoewform;/ ¯udŒyifaumuf-rdr› jS zpfI ppftwGi;f u Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;. r_e}f u;D / }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGŒJ EiS hf vku
d yf goGm;cJo
h nf? tkwzf -dk rdt
› eD;rS aus;
Armhwyfrawmfom;jzpfc_hJ y;D aemuf jynfo&‹l aJ bmftzGŒJo‹dk 0ifa&mufco hJ nf? olr‹ b
d rsm; &Gmom;jzpf_yD; tvkyf-urf;orm;wOD;jzpfonf? OD;apmu ol‹ukd tapcHwOD;uJhokd‹
rSm rsKd;cspfygwDukd vkdvm;ESpfoufolrsm;jzpfI olu ‹ kd OD;apm. aemufvkdufjzpf&ef ckdif;cJhonf? 0ef}uD;tzGJŒpnf;a0;aea-umif; vlowform;rsm;ukd olu tcsufjycJh
odr;f oGi;f qGaJ qmifc-hJ uonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckEpS /f arv (8) &ufae‹ &onf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGif tif;pdefaxmifY
wGif &efuek t f usOf;axmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc&H onf? ao'%ftpD&ifc&H onf?
&ef}u;D atmif/ touf (18) ESpo

f m&S.d ? toufti,fq;Hk aoewform;jzpfonf? b!Ge‹f / }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGŒJ wiG f yg0ifonf? OD;apm.vl,aHk wmf t"du
OD;apm w0rf;uGn J .
D om;jzpfonf? pwkwaˆ jrmufaoewform;? vkt d yfvmonfh aemufvu dk af cgif;aqmifjzpf_yD; olwOD;om OD;apm.tdrt f wGi;f aexkid cf iG &hf onf?
aemufqkH;tcsdefusrS ol‹ukd a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ol. waZmufuef;tusifh tod^m%f&SdI tkd;onfukef;w&m;±kH;wGif pma&;jzpfcJhonf? ocifEktm;owf&ef
a-umifh aoewform;tjzpf tH0ifciG uf sjzpfco hJ nf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckEpS /f wm0eftay;cH&onf? bk&ifhoufao (azmfaumif) tjzpf bufajymif;xGufqkd&ef
arv (8) &ufae‹wGif &efukeftusOf;axmifY ao'%ftpD&ifcH&onf? oabmwlco hJ jl zpfonf? xka‹d -umifh tajctaet& olt‹ m; tjypfrcS iG v
hf w
$ rf + tay;
cH&vsuf tvkyf-urf;ESifh jyif;xefaomaxmif'%f (10) ESpfESifh (6) v csrSwfcH
okc/ vlowform;rsm;tm; twGif;0ef±kH;okd‹ *spfum;jzifh armif;ykda‹ y;cJholjzpfonf? cJ&h onf?
&efukef-rd›&Sd tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;rS (9) wef;atmifjrifcJhonf? ppf_yD;aemuf
usKdufvwf-rd› zqyvtzGJŒ. aiGxdef;jzpf_yD; ukefonfwOD;jzpfonf? oufESif;u
ol‹ukd OD;apmESifh rdwfqufay;cJhonfhtjyif rsKd;cspfygwDwGJzuftwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf Oya'qd k i f & myk * ~ d K vf r sm;
pm&if;wifay;cJhonf? OD;apm. _cH0if;okd‹ vkyf}uHr+rwkdifrD aemufqkH;a&muf&Sdvm
oljzpfonf? ao'%fay;cH&aomfvnf; ¯ud;ay;rnfhae‹ rwkdifrDae‹ naeykdif;wGifrS w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;ausmjf rif/h 1898 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? 0wfvkHawmf&rif;ESifh
tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd‹ av#mhcsjcif;cH&onf? w&m;v$wfawmf w&m;ol}uD;rif; (1946 ckESpfrSpI)? OD;apmukd ppfaq;pD&ifcsuf
cifarmif&if/ }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGJŒpD;aom zkd'‹ fqefx&yfum;ukd armif;ol csaom txl;ckH±kH;awmf.OuU@/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf.
jzpfonf? OD;apmZeD;onf. wlawmfonf? 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tpnf;ta0;xkid af ea-umif; w&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfvmonf? xif&Sm;ausmf-um;aom nDtukdav;OD;jzpfonfh
v#Kd‹0SufoauFwjzifh owif;ay;_yD; vlowform;rsm; xGufcGmvm&ef tcsufjycJh Adkvfr;ª csKyfwifxGÉf (t}uD;qkH;)/ w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;jrifhodef;/ a'gufwmxifatmif
onf? ao'%ftay;cH&aomfvnf; aemufykdif;wGif tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f wkw‹d iG f 'kw,
d ajrmufjzpfonf? 1988 ckEpS f arvwGif uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf?
tESpf (20) okd‹ av#mhcsjcif;cH&onf?
OD;atmifomausm/f tqifhjrifh puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;rif;/ OD;apmudk ppfaq;aom
armife/D }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGJŒESifh vkdufygoGm;cJhonf? vlowform;rsm; txl;cHk±Hk;awmf. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfI/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmf
27 28
27 28
w&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfvsuf/ xdk‹aemuf w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf w&m;ol}uD;rif; jzpf Amwefe (pf)˜ bif*srif&maz;&,f (Vertannes,Benjamin Raphael)/ ,cifu ppfwyfrS
vmonf? Adkvf}uD;wOD;jzpfI/ xdka‹ emuf &efukef°rd&› Sd w&m;v$wfawmfwGif a&SŒaejzpf vm_yD;/
OD;apmtwGuf ckcHumuG,fay;cJhonfh ti,fwef; Oya't}uHay;jzpfcJhonf?
OD;pDb;l / tqifhjrifh puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfI/ OD;apmudk ppfaq;aom txl;cHk±Hk; rlvZmwdtm;jzifh jrefrmEdik if rH jS zpfaomfvnf; vGwv f yfa&;&_yD;onft h cg t_idr;f pm;
awmf. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfI/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmf. w&m;ol ,lI _Adwed Ef ikd if o
H ‹kd a&$Œajymif;oGm;cJo
h nf?
}uD;rif;wOD; jzpfvmonf? bwfpf (cf) / rdu k u f ,f tD; (Busk, Michael E.)/ 'kwd,urBmppfwGif ‘csif;'pf’ (ex-
w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pde/f 1906=ckESpfwGif oHvsifY arG;zGm;onf? tdENd, Chindit) rS ppfjyefwOD;jzpfI/ 1940=ckEp S rf sm;. aemufyikd ;f wGif &efuek °f rd&› dS &JwyfzŒJG
yËdnmOfc0H efxrf; (ICS)/ w&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xme. twGi;f 0efEiS hf tusOf;axmifrsm; wGif vufaxmufaumfr&Sifemrif;}uD; jzpfvmum/ vufeufudkifykvdyfwyfzGJŒ
OD;pD;csKyf wm0efrsm;udk 1947=ckEpS w f iG f w°ydiw f nf; xrf;aqmifc&hJ onf? 1948=ck (Armed Police) twGuf jrpf}uD;em;wGif ucsifwi kd ;f &if;om;rsm;jzifh wyf&if;w&if;
ESpf vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcsdefrS 1962=ckESpfwGif tem;,lcsdeftxd w&m;v$wfawmf. zGJŒcJhonf? uy`wdef a';ApfADAD,ef; (Capt, David Vivian) ukd olu zrf;cJhonf?
w&m;ol}uD;rif;wOD;jzpfI/ 1975=ckEpS w f iG f -opa-w;vsEdik if o
H ‹kd ul;ajymif;aexdik f (atmufwGif±+)?
cJo
h nf? rJvb f ek ;f °rd› (Melbourne) wGif 1989=ckEpS Yf uG,v f eG of mG ;cJo
h nf?
wGwcf ˜f aumvif; ( Tooke, Colin)/ 1913=ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJo
h nf? 1933= ckEpS rf S
Adv
k cf sKyfxeG ;f vSatmif/ 1902=ckESpfwGif &efukef°rd›YarG;zGm;cJhonf? t*Fvdyftpdk;& pI jrefrmhyv
k yd w f yfzŒJGwiG f wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1945–46=ckEpS w f ‹kdY om,m
vufxuf bk&ifh&JwyfzGJŒ0ifESifh r+cif;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme. 'k=&JcsKyf/ OD;apmESifh 0wDc±dkif &J0efaxmufjzpfI/ OD;apmtr+udk v#Kd‹0SufpHkprf;axmufvS rf;aecJhol[k
ol‹vlrsm;udk vsifjrefpGm zrf;qD;EdkifcJhonfhftwGuf EdkifiHawmf. av;pm;r+udk cHcJh& ,H-k unf&_y;D / OD;apmESiyhf wfoufaom olz‹ ikd w
f rJG sm; tcd;k cHc&hJ onf? 1948=ckEpS w f iG f
onf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdeEf iS hf twlwI JG OD;apm. vk°H cHa&;wm0efukd ,lchJ ±kww f &uf aoqH;k oGm;cJo h nf?
&onf? vGwv f yfa&;&_yD;aemuf &JcsKyfjzpfvmcJ_h yD;/ 1948=ckEpS f vGwv f yfa&;&_yD;
aemuf -o*kwv f wGif Adv k cf sKyf&mxl;jzifh 'k=OD;pD;csKyftqifoh ‹kd wd;k jri‡ jhf cif;cHc&hJ onf? cef;˜ tdyf (cs)f (Khan,H)/ pD;yGm;a&;orm;wjzpfvJ t_idrf;pm;-unf;wyfAkdvf}uD;?
1960=ckEpS w f iG f &efuek °f rdY› uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;cJo
h nf? &efuek f at'Dvrf;&Sd OD;apmaetdrEf iS hf rsufEmS csif;qkid w
f iG f aexkid o
f /l r+cif;pkpH rf;ppf
aq;a&;Xme 'k=&JcsKyf. arwWm&yfccH suft& OD;apm. _cH0if;tm; rsufjcnfrjywf
umwpf/ bifepf˜ qm z&uf'&pf [ife&D ('J&uf) aupD (Curtis- Bennett, Sir Frederick apmif-h unfu h n l cD o
hJ nf? w&m;vkjd youfaotrSwf (39)?
Henry (Derek) KC./ 1904 ckEp Sw f iG f arG;zGm;cJo
h nf? bk&ifOh ya't}uHay;yk*Kd~ vfjzpfI
&mZ0wfr+cif;rsm;wGif atmifjrifausmf-um;aom _AdwdefEkdifiHom; a&SŒaewOD;jzpf
onf? txl;ckH±kH;awmfwGif w&m;-ydif&mY ol‹ukdumuG,fckcH&ef t}uD;wef;t}uH
ay;tjzpf OD;apmu iSm;&rf;cef‹tyfcJhonf? 1956 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (23) &ufae‹wGif Ed k i f i H a &;orm;rsm;
olaexkdif&m vef'efwkdufcef;xJwGif aoqkH;vsuf&Sdonfukd awGŒ&onf? &ifcGJppf
aq;olq&m0efu vGefcJhonfh (4=5) &ufuyif olt ‹ aejzifh aoqkH;_yD;jzpfonf[k Adv
k af tmif}u;D / aygif;wnf°rdY› 1919=ckEpS w
f iG af rG;zGm;onf? 1945=ckEpS w
f iG f *syef
xifjrifcsuaf y;onf? ok‹djzpfv#if olaoqk;H &ufonf emrnfq;dk jzifh ausm-f um;vsuf qef‹usifa&;v+yf&Sm;r+Y jrpf0u|ef;ay:ESifh zsmyHkc±dkiftwGif; Adkvfae0if;. vuf±Hk;
ao'%fuscHcJh&aom ol.tr+onf usL;vGefcJhaom Zlvkdifv (19) &uf tr+ (9) t&m&Sw d OD;tjzpf yg0ifvyk uf ikd v
f mcJo
h nf?
ESpjf ynfah jrmufonfh ae‹&ufcefw
‹ iG f jzpfaeayawmhonf? xdk‹aemuf vGwfvyfa&;&tHhqJqJ wyfrawmfudk jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;vdkufaom
29 30
29 30
tcg trSwf(4) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;wGif Adkvfae0if;vufatmufY tr+xrf; wOD;jzpfI/ xda‹k emuf *syefawmfveS af &;t_y;D / vGwv f yfa&;r&rD qd&k , S v f pfygwDukd
cJo
h nf? qd&k , S vf pfvrf;pOfygwD. pnf;±H;k a&;rª;wOD;jzpfonf? 1962=ckEpS Yf Adv k f pwifxlaxmifcJhol tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfum/ 1950=ckESpfrsm;wGif OD;Ek. tpdk;&tzGJŒ
csKyfae0if; tm%modr;f onft h cg awmfveS af &;aumifp0D ifwOD;jzpfvmonf? 1963 twGif; wm0eftrsm;tjym;,lcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh 1962=ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;
=ckESpfwGif xkwfy,fcH&_yD; 1988=ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHkwGif EdkifiHa&;avm tm%modr;f onft h cg tzrf;cH&vsuf/ 1966=ckEpS w f iG f jyefvw
G vf monf/ 1985=
uod‹k jyef0ifvmcJo h nf? ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif uG,v f eG of nf?
a'guw f mbarmf/ c&pf,mefro d m;pkrþS 1897=ckEpS w f iG þf arG;zGm;cJo
h nf?þtmareD,efaoG; OD;ausm+f ird ;f / ysO;f rem;°rdY› 1915=ckEpS w f iG þf arG;zGm;onf?þ&efuek w f uUov kd wf iG þf ynm
wpdww f ydik ;f ygonf[q k o kd nf? ude;f b&pfwuUov kd w f iG f ynmoif-um;cJ_h y;D / abmf oif-um;cJh_yD;/þ1930=ckESpfrsm;wGifþausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfcJhI/þ1946=ck
'l;cfþ( Bordeaux) wuUov kd rf S yDtyd cf s'f D (Ph.D) bGŒJ&cJo h nf? a&S;OD;tp ausmif;q&m ESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ruG,fvGefao;rD (zqyv) tzGJŒcsKyf. taxGaxG
b0ESifh xdk‹aemuf 0wfvHkawmf&jzpfvmonf? qif;&Jom; 0HomEkygwDudk zGJŒpnf;cJh twGif;a&;rª;csKyftjzpfrS xkwfy,fjcif;cHvdkuf&onfh uGefjrLepfygwDrS ocifoef;
onf? 1936=ckEpS rf S 1939=ckEpS t f xd eef;&if;0efjzpfonf? xda‹k emuf 'kw, d urBmppf xGe;f . ae&mudk qufccH &hJ onf? xda‹k emuf OD;Ek 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfcsdew f iG f jynfxaJ &;
twGi;f þ*syefppfwyfuþzGŒJay;aomþtpd;k &tzGŒJ.þt"dywdjzpfc_hJ y;D /þ1947=ckEpS þf vGwv f yf ESifh w&m;a&;Xme 0ef}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ qdk&S,fvpfygwD. 'kwd,t}uD;qHk;
a&;r&rDtcsed w f iG þf txde;f odr;f cH&onf?þ1977=ckEpS þf arvwGiþf uG,v f eG o
f mG ;cJo
h nf? acgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJh&I/ 1962=ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tm
%modr;f onft h cgYþtzrf;cHc&hJ _yD;þ1966=ckEpS w f iG f jyefvw G v
f monf? 1986=ckEpS /f
ocifApde/f 1910=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? &efukefwuUodkvfwGif ynmoif-um;cJh ZGev f wGif &efuek °f rdY› uG,v f eG of mG ;cJo
h nf?
onf? ocifAaomif;wdE‹k iS t hf wl uGejf rLepf0g'udk OD;pGm avhvmcJah om ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf/ xdka‹ emuf 1930=ckESpf wdkA‹ rmtpnf;t±Hk;udk a&S;OD;xl OD;Ek (c) ocifE/k 0g;c,fr°rd›Y 1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1930=ckESpfrsm;wGif
axmifcJholrsm;xJwGif wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; 0if±dk;wef; wdA‹k rmtpnf;t±H;k udk pwifxal xmifco hJ rl sm;xJwiG f wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? 1947=
tiftm;pkrsm;tay: vdv k m;cJoh jl zpfonf? xda‹k -umifh *syefacwfY olt
‹ m; refcsL;ud;k ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf trsm;oabmwl wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&vsuf jref
odk‹ jrefrmEdkifiH. oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf ceft ‹ yfjcif;udk cH&onf? 1947=ckESpfwGif vef rmEdik if .
H 'Dru kd a&pDumvrsm;twGi;f qlyal omif;use;f r+rsm; jzpfymG ;aeonf-h um;rS
'efo‹kd OD;atmifqef;ESithf wl vdu
k yf goGm;cJo
h nf? vufsmEdik if aH &;orm;jzpfonf? zGŒJpnf;cJah om tpd;k &tzGŒJrsm;wGif olomv#if 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf t-umqk;H aqmif&u G cf hJ
&oljzpfonf? oda‹k omf 1962=ckEpS w f iG f Adv
k cf sKyfae0if;u olt ‹ m; &mxl;rSz,f&mS ;cJ_h y;D
OD;AaqG/ xm;0,f°rdY› 1915=ckEpS w f iG af rG;zGm;onf? &efuek wf uUov kd w
f iG f ynmoif zrf;qD;axmifcsco hJ nf? 1966=ckEpS w
f iG f jyefvnfvw G vf m_yD; Adv k cf sKyfae0if; ppft
-um;cJo h nf? 1930=ckEpS rf sm;wGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifjzpfco hJ nf? 1945=ckEpS f pd;k &udk qefu ‹ siaf wmfveS af &;twGuf pnf;±H;k &ef jynfyodx ‹k u
G cf mG cJo
h nf? 1980=ckEpS f
wGif qd&k , S v
f pfygwD. OuU@tjzpf wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aomfvnf; ocifjrudk OD;pm; vGw_f ird ;f csr;f omcGiahf y;&mwGif jrefrmEdik if o
H ‹kd jyefa&mufvm_y;D ol 0ef}uD;csKyfb0u
ay;onft h aejzifh Ekwx f uG cf o
hJ nf? xda‹k -umifh ocifjr vky}f uHc&H _y;D aemufrS qd&k ,S f vkyv f ufp ydËuwf bmomjyefvyk if ef;udk jyefvyk af eqJwiG f 1988=ckEpS f 'Dru kd a&pD
vpfacgif;aqmif jzpfvmjyefonf? (1956–57) ckESpfwGif c%wm 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpf ta&;awmfyw kH iG f yg0ifum pufwifbmv (9) &ufae‹wiG f olu, kd wf ikd f 0ef}uD;csKyf
cJah o;onf? od&‹k mwGif 1962=ckEpS f Adv k af e0if; tm%modr;f vdu k o f nft h cg tzrf;cH tjzpfESifh -um;jzwftpdk;&tzGJŒudk a-unmcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh tpdk;&u ol‹tm;
&_y;D / 1966=ckEpS w
f iG f jyefvwG v f monf? 1987=ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwGif uG,v f eG o
f nf? 1989=ckEpS f 'DZifbmvrS 1992=ckEpS f {_yDvtxd tdrw f iG ;f tus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif;
cHc&hJ onf? xda‹k emuf 1995=ckEpS f azazmf0g&DvwGif &efuek °f rdY› uG,v f eG of mG ;onf?
Adv
k cf ifarmifuav;/ awmifil°rdY› 1912=ckESpfwGifþarG;zGm;onf/þ&efukefwuUodkvfY
ynmoif-um;cJhonf? a&S;OD;tp ausmif;q&mvkyfcJh_yD;/ wyfrawmfwGif t&m&Sd ocif±_armif/ (c) Adkvfae0if;/ jynf°rd›teD;&Sd aygif;wvnf°rd›Y 1910=ckESpfwGif
31 32
31 32
arG;zGm;onf? &efuek °f rd/› *syq

f ifaumvdyYf ynmoif-um;cJah omfvnf; 1931=ckEpS f wGif Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;wm0efþxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1948=ckEpS f -o*kwv f wGif Adv
k f
wGif bGJŒr&bJ ausmif;rSxGufcGmcJh&onf? pmwdkufpma&;rS &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if rª;csKyf&mxl;jzifh t&efwyfzŒJGrsm; OD;pD;&ef 0ef}uD;tzGŒJrES w
k xf uG _f yD; ol tkycf sKyfwnf;
jzpfvm_yD;aemuf 1943=ckESpfrS 1945=ckESpftxd jrefrmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf. jzwfvsu&f adS om (The New Burma Times) owif;pmwdu k af &SŒwiG f pufwifbmv
ppfOD;pD;rª;jzpfonf? wzef 1949=ckESpfrS 1972=ckESpftxd wyfrawmf. twGi;f vky}f uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&onf? ol.tpfurkd mS w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyf/ w&m;
umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf aqmif&Gufum/ 1962=ckESpfwGif ppfwyfjzifh EdkifiH 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;ausmfjrifjh zpfonf?
awmftm%mudk odrf;,lcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh 1962=ckESpfrS 1974=ckESpftxd ocifxeG ;f tky/f 1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ &efukefESifh udkvHbdk°rd›wdk‹wGif ynm
awmfveS af &;aumifp. D OuU@tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1974=ckEpS rf S 1981=ckEpS t f xd oif-um;cJhI wdkA‹ rmtpnf;t±Hk;. tjcm;ppftkyfpk. acgif;aqmif (ocif ApdefESifh
qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHþorRwtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1962=ckESpfrS 1988=ckESpftxd twl/ Adkvfae0if;vnf; xdktkyfpkwGifyg0ifonf) olonf [pfwvm (Hitler’s) .
jrefrmhq&kd ,
S v
f pfvrf;pOfygwD. OuU@tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ °ydi0f ohH rl &Sd aqmif&u
G cf I
hJ / ‘rdkifuef‹’ (Mein Kampf) vrf;a-umif;twdkif; a&;om;xm;aom u|Ekfyfwdk‹ pGef‹
,cktcsdefwGif (rqv) ygwDudk zsufodrf;vdkufaomfjim;vnf;/ ,ae‹txd ol. pm;cef;’ (Our Exploits) udk a&;om;oljzpf_yD;/ 1940=ckESpfwGif *syefodk‹ vdkufyg
-oZmESifhtm%mrSm ppfwyfxJwGif euf±+dif;pGm pl;0ifaeqJ[k ,lqaecJhaomfvnf; oGm;cJoh nf?
ol.wefckd;tm%m !SdK;rSdefvmonf? 2002 ckESpf/ rwfvwGif ajr; (3) a,mufESifh 1940=ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1950=ckESpfrsm;wGif twdkuftcH vufsmEdkifiHa&;orm;
orufwkd‹ EkdifiHawmfopPmazmufr+jzifh zrf;qD;jcif;cH-u&_yD;aemuf olukd,fwkdifyif b0Y &yfwnf&if; 1970=ckEpS f Zefe0g&DvwGif uG,v f eG o
f mG ;cJoh nf?
tus,fcsKyfcHae&pOf 'DZifbmv (5) &ufae‹wGif &efukef-rd› aetdrfY uG,fvGef
oGm;onf?
ocifoef;xGe;f / ysOf;rem;°rd›Y 1915=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? ausmif;q&mtjzpf

udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;
vkyfudkifcJhI *syefacwf a'gufwmbarmf tpdk;&tzGJŒ Y 0ef}uD;&mxl;vufcHcJh_yD;/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. ZeD;a':cif-unf. tpfrjzpfol a':cifcif}uD;udk vufxyf tufwvD/ tm;vfuvDrif/h tm/ (Atlee, Earl Clement R.)
,lcJhonf? 1949=ckESpftxd (zqyv)tzGJŒcsKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf 1883 ckEpS w
f iG f arG;zGm;cJo
h nf? 1945=55 ckEpS w f iG f avbmygwD. 0ef}uD;csKyf/
vnf;aumif;/ uGefjrLepfygwD ESpfjcrf; uGJoGm;_yD;aemuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒukd vef'efokd‹zdwfac:I 1947 ckESpf
(BCP) . acgif;aqmif jzpfvmygonf? ,if;ygwDonf 1948=ckESpf rwfv Zefe0g&Dv (13) &ufae‹rpS I awGŒqaHk qG;aEG;cJo h nf? Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufae‹wiG f
wGif ajratmufygwDtjzpfjzifh A[dktpdk;&udk v+yf&Sm;wufºuGpGm ykefuefcJhonf? atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyf csKyfqkdtqkH;owfEkdifcJhonf? OD;apmtay: _Adwdo#
aemufq;kH 1968 ckEpS wf iG f yJc;l ±d;k rawmxJY olv
‹ ,
l akH wmf &JabmfjroD;. vky}f uHjcif; 0ef}uD;csKyf. tptOD;tjrifrsm;rSm *k%, f zl , G rf &Syd g? jrefrmhvw
G v
f yfa&;ESihf ,if;ESihf
cHc&hJ onf? qufE, G af eaom udp&P yfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufI aemufyidk ;f wGif Ek=tufwvDpmcsKyfudk
vef'efwGif 1947 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;csKyfqkdEkdifcJhonf?
OD;wifxÉG /f 1895=ckEpS w
f iG f arG;zGm;onf? 'g;vf0pfcsf aumvdyf (Dulwich College) tufwvDonf 1967 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v
f eG cf o
hJ nf?
ESifh udef;b&pfwuUodkvf ( Cambridge University) wdw k‹ Gif ynmoif-um;cJhonf?
tdE, dN yËdnmOfc0H efxrf; (ICS) wOD;jzpf_y;D / &efuek w f uUov kd .f 'k=t"dywd (Vice- a':refprpf/ qm–&D*sief ,f [sL; ( Dorman-Smith, Sir Reginald Hugh)
Chancellor) jzpfco hJ nf? 'dik t
f mcDacwfEiS hf (91) Xmeacwfrsm;Y 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tawmf 1899=ckEpS w
f iG f arG;zGm;cJ_h y;D (1935–41) ckEpS rf sm;wGif uGeq
f maA;wpf (Con-
rsm;rsm;wGif twGi;f 0efcsKyftjzpf aqmif&u G cf &hJ _yD;/ 1948=ckEpS f vGwvf yfa&;&csdef servative MP) trwfjzpfcI hJ / _Adwo d #0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ0if
33 34
33 34
tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ (1941–46) ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f jrefrmEdik if . H bk&ifcw H OD;jzpfum &ef‹/ Adv

k cf sKyf qm/ [sL;bwf (Rance, Major-General Sir Hubert)
OD;apmESivhf nf; rsm;pGm tu|r;f 0ifow l OD;jzpfonf? xdak emuf _Aw
d o
d # trsK;d om;a&; 1898=ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;onf? (1943=45) ESprf sm;wGif ,lau taemufyikd ;f
jynfo0‹l efxrf;od‹k jyefr0ifaomfvnf; [ef±‹ id+ ;f ,m;e,f wm0ef,&l aom tqifjh rif&h rJ ;ª ppfOD;pD;XmeY wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh_yD; (1945=46) ESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m
(High Sheriff of Hampshire) ESifh ajy_idrf;a&; wm0efcH (JP) tvkyfrsm; vkyfudkif òrdj› ya&;&mþ!¸e-f um;a&;rª;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ wzef 1946=ck/þ-o*kwv f rSþ1948=ck/
ygonf? 1977=ckEpS w f iG f uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;cJo
h nf? Zefe0g&Dvtxd jrefrmEdik if . H aemufq;Hk bk&ifct H jzpfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmEdik if .
H
vdw0f w
d /f qm*|e*f ;D vfbwf/ ( Laithwaite, Sir John Gilbert) txl;xl;taxGaxG vlrsKd;a&;a&m 0g'a&;yg uJGjym;ae-uonfh EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;
1894=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? 1919=ckESpfwGif tdENd,EdkifiHqdkif&m EdkifiHjcm; t-um;wGif bufrvdkufbJ ajzmifhrwfpGm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJholwOD;jzpfonf?
a&;Xmeodk‹ 0ifa&muftr+xrf;cJhI (1939–43) wGif bk&ifcH. udk,fa&;twGif; (1950=54) wGif x&ifheif'ufESifh wdkbmudk;EdkifiH. bk&ifcHESifh ppfaoemywdcsKyf
0eftjzpf tr+xrf;aqmifcJhonf? (1945–48) ckESpfrsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeY wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1974=ckEpS w f iG f uG,vf eG o
f mG ;cJo
h nf?
jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m vufaxmuftwGif;0ef ( Deputy Under Secretary of State)
tjzpf wm0ef,cl o hJ nf? olwdk‹b,folawGvJ
vpfw0kd v
J /f (5) qufajrmuf tm;vfatmhzf (0Dv,
D H z&ef‹ppf[,
J m;) bif*av/ *|epf wsL;0yf ( Bingley, John Stewart )
th
( Listowel, the 5 . Earl of (William Francis Hare) 1899=ckEpS wf iG f arG;zGm;cJo
h nf? (1946=47) ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f jrefrmEkid if wH iG f
1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1947=ckESpf {_yDvrSpI EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeY _Adwdo#aumifpD ( British Council) . udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf &efukef-rd›Y aexkdifcJh
tdENd,EdkifiHESifh jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ (1947=ck/ -o*kwf onf? OD;apmu tif;pdefaxmifxJrS pmtcsKd‹ olx ‹ Ha&;om;_yD; aiGawmif;cHcJhonf?
vrS 1948=ck/ Zefe0g&Dvtxd) jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif; axmufvSr;f a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif ol yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k ocifE/k OD;ausm_f ird ;f ESihf
aqmif&u G cf o
hJ nf? 1997=ckEpS w f iG f uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;cJo
h nf? tcsKdy‹ k*~dKvfrsm;u t}uD;tus,foHo,jzpf-uonf? 1947=ckESpf/ pufwifbmv
(4) &ufae‹wiG f jrefrmEdik if rH S tavmok;H q,f xGucf mG oGm;cJo h nf? 1979=ckEpS w f iG f
armifb
h ufwef/ Apfaumifh armifb h ufwef atmhzf bm;rm; _AdwdefEdkifiH/ qa&; (Surrey) e,fwGif uG,fvGefoGm;onf?
(a&wyfAv
kd cf sKyf avmh-vl0pf-z&efppf-tJvb
J wf-Apfwm-eDuv
kd ufp)f
(Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma (Rear-Admiral Lord Louis 'de;f / Adv
k rf ;ª yDwmtm;euf vef‹pfavmh ( Daine, Major Peter Ernest Lancelot)
Francis Albert Victor Nicholas) 1923=ckEpS w
f iG f arG;zGm;cJo
h nf? tdE,
dN tcsujf yqufo,
G af &;wyfY 1944=rS
1900=jynfEh pS w
f iG f arG;zGm;onf? (1943=46) ESprf sm;wGif tm&S. r[mrdwf pwifI t&m&Sdtqifhudk &&SdcJhonf? 1947=ckESpfwGif ArmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf axmuf
wyfaygif;pk ppfaoemywdcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,lcJh&oljzpfonf? xdk‹aemuf (1947/ vS rf;a&;wyfY wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf/ r*Fvm'kH ajrmufbuf&Sd yifr cJ,rf;rD;
rwfvrS -o*kwfvtxd) tdENd,EdkifiH. bk&ifhtkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mykdif (Viceroy) ausmufwdkuf. wyfr;ª vnf;jzpfonf? OD;apmwynfhrsm; xkwf,loGm;aom vuf
tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ bk&ifcHcsKyf (Governor-General) tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0ef eufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI olt ‹ m; zrf;qD;jcif;r&Sd?
xrf;aqmifcJhjyefonf? txl;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; av;pm;vsuf vGwf
vyfaom jrefrmjynf.acgif;aqmiftjzpf rsm;pGm ta&;ay;cJo h jl zpfonf? 1979=ck/ rd;k / Adv
k rf ;ª a*s/ at (Moore, Major J.A)
-o*kwvf wGif owfjzwfjcif;cH&onf? 1908=ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;onf? tdE,
dN wyfrawmf. vufeuf}uD;wyfrS t&m
&Sw d OD;jzpf_y;D / Adv
k w
f axmif&dS yifrcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwu kd .
f wyfr;ª jzpfygvsuf OD;apm
35 36
35 36
wynfrh sm; xkw,f o l mG ;onfh vufeufrsm;ESiyhf wfoufI olu
‹ kd zrf;qD;cJah omfvnf; (Twentieth Century Impressions of Burma) ‚if;. “orki
d ;f / jynfo/l ukeo
f ,
G rf /+
jypf'%fusc&H jcif;r&S?d pufrv + ufrv + yk if ef;rsm;ESihf o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;” *sme,fwiG f xnfo h iG ;f xm;
jcif;jzpfonf? (pmrsufEmS =77 ESihf 88)?
ADA, D ef;/ uy`wed f a';Apf (Vivian, Captain David) “arG;zGm;jcif;ESifhuav;b0? tjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rS uav;i,frsm;uJhokdy‹ if
1932 ckESpfwGif pwif t&m&Sdjzpfvmonf? tdENd,wyfrawmfrS jrefrmvuf jrefrmuav;i,frsm;rSm vla‹ vmutwGif;okd‹ aysmf&$ifjrL;wl;jcif;rsm;pGmjzifh aºuG;
eufuikd yf v k yd w f yfzŒJGo‹kd vufeuft}uHay;yk*Kd~ vftjzpf aqmif&u G &f ef v$aJ jymif;jcif; a-umf0ifa&mufvmcJo h nf?æ
cH&vsuf/ Zlvdkifv (20) &ufwGif tzrf;cH&_yD; vufeufrsm; a&mif;csr+jzifh pJGcsuf uav;arG;zGm;_yD; (7) &ufajrmufonfhwkdif vma&mufowif;ar;jref;ol
wifc&H onf? axmif'%f (5) ESpEf iS hf ±ly;D ig;axmif aiG'%f (2) ck yl;wGJ tjypfay;cH& {nfhonfrsm;tm; wae‹ywfvnfvkH; {nfhcHavh&Sdonf?ææt"duajymqkdonfh
onf? oda‹k omf 1949=ckEpS f tif;pdeu f kd u&ifvufeufuikd o f yl ek w
f yfrsm; odr;f yduk &f m ta-umif;t&mrSm uav;i,fta-umif;jzpfonf? olarG;zGm;vmonfh &ufESifh
wGif vGwaf jrmufco hJ jzifh u&ifah wmfveS af &;orm;rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;cJo h nf? xda‹k emuf vwkd‹ESifh ywfoufI aqG;aEG;-uonf? ol‹tem*wfESifhywfoufI aysmf&$ifzG,f
tv,f±;dk rrSwqifh ta&S±› ;dk rawmwGi;f vufeufuikd f u&ifpcef;rsm;od‹k a&mufomG ; aumif;aom edrdwfzwfr+rsm;ukd «yvkyf-uonf? 0gqkdv (ZGef/ Zlvkdif) wGifarG;aom
&mrS 1950=ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif xdkif;e,fpyfteD;&Sd aumhu&dwfe,fajrtwGif; a,musfm;av;ESifh jymokdv (Zefe0g&D/ azazmf0g&D) wGifarG;aom rdef;uav;wkrd‹ Sm
v,fwJwckY u&ifhawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtwl acwWpcef;cs vla‹ vmu. aumif;cs;D axmyemt00ukd cHpm;&rSmused ;f aoonf? Ak'[ < ;l om;onf
aecdu k f ArmhwyfrawmfEiS hf wdu k yf jGJ zpfum towfc&H onf[k jrefrmtm%mydik rf sm;u csrf;omrnf/ aom-umom; pum;rsm;rnf ponfponfwt kd‹ jyif tjcm;ta-umif;
,lqcJah omfjim;vnf; trSepf ifppf xdak e‹u xkad e&mwGif olr&Scd yhJ g? 1950=ESpv f ,f t&mrsKd;pkHukd uav;i,fwa,muf arG;zGm;csdefwGif rvGJraoGajym-uqkd-uonf?
cef‹Y xdik ;f Edik if rH w
S qifh _Aw d ed Ef ikd if o
H ‹kd jyefomG ;onft
h csed t
f xd olonf ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm ykÀm;uJo h a‹dk om q&mwyg;yg; (ausmif;q&m okr‹d [kwf ynm&Sw d OD;OD;)þukþd yifzh w d _f y;D
u&ifawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh vGwfajrmufe,fajrrsm;twGif; aexdkifcJhonf? uav;arG;zGm;vmonfh euQwt f csdeu f dk rSwo
f m;apum uav;i,f. trnfemr
xdak‹ emuf (1980) ckESpftwGif; a0ve,f/ qGrfpD;òrdw › Gif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? a&G;cs,&f mY uln! D e¸ jf yaponf? jrefrmvlrsK;d wkw ‹d iG f (&ckid v
f rl sK;d wkr‹d v
S IJG )þrdbrsK;d ±k;d
emrnftpOfudk ,l±;dk r&Sad cs? rnfonft h &yfwumwGirf qkþd emrnfwr‹dk mS þwykpH w H nf;
&ef;/ Adv
k rf ;ª pD[ife&D ( Young, Major C. Henry) jzpf_yD;þrdbrsKd;±k;d pOfqufudk jyo±k;d r&Sad cs? trsm;pkrmS emrnf (2) rsKd;&S_d yD; wrsKd;rSm
tdE, dN wyfrawmf v#ypf pfEiS hf pufrt + if*sief ,
D m tvky±f w Hk yfc.
GJ wyfr;ª wOD; euQwt f vkt d & ZmwmwGif xnfo h iG ;f aomtrnfemrjzpfI tjcm;wrsK;d rSm oifo h vkd
jzpfI OD;apmudk vufeufay;urf;cJhr+jzifh 1947=ck/ -o*kwfv (24) &ufae‹wGif a&G;vku d jf cif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ rdbrsm; pdwu f ;l rdovkv d nf;aumif;/ ajymifavSmif
tzrf;cH&_yD; axmif'%f (2) ESpf tjypfay;cH&aomfvnf; toem;cHpmwifojzifh ac:&if;rS rGr;f rHjyifqifIaomfvnf;aumif; rSnahf c:vku d o f nfh trnfemrjzpfonf?
v$waf y;cJo h nf? jrefrmEdik if rH S csufcsif; xGucf mG oGm;cJyh gonf? yxremrnfrsK;d rSm a&S;±k;d pOfvmtok;H «yvmonfh emrnfrsm;jzpfI ,if;uk-d unfjh cif;
jzifh uav;i,farG;zGm;vmonfh &ufowWywftwGif;rS ae‹&ufukd rSefuefpGmajym
jrefrmtrnfrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom rSwfcsuf qkEd idk o
f nf? jrefrmtuQ&mrsm;rS pum;vk;H rsm;ukd &ufowWywf (7) &ufrS (1) &uf
OD;aratmif pDtm; tcsKd;csay;xm;onf? u/ c/ */ C/ i wko ‹d nf wevFmae‹twGu?f p/ q/ Z/
u|efawmhfbcifbufrS tzkd; OD;aratmif a&;om;cJhonhf “enf;[efESifh ps/ n wkd‹onf t*Fgae‹twGuf/ y/ z/ A/ b/ r wkd‹onf -umoyaw;ae‹twGuf
"avhxkH;pH” (Manners & Customs) aqmif;yg;rS aumufEkwfcsufrsm;ukd atmuf pojzif?h ok‹djzpfI t*Fgae‹om;onf armifped f (okr‹d [kw)f armifaZmf/ -umoyaw;ae‹
ygtwkid ;f azmfjyygrnf? Taqmif;yg;onf v+u d *f &dww
f m _Aw d ed pf mtkyf xkwaf 0a&; orD;onf rjzL (okd‹r[kwf) rjr pojzifh jzpfvmonf? armifESifhr pum;vkH;wkd‹rSm
ukr% ` v
D rd w
d ufrS 1910 ckEpS w
f iG f xkwaf 0cJo
h nfh “jrefrmEkid if .H 20 &mpktjrifrsm;” (Master or Mister and Miss) wkd‹ESifh wlnD_yD; a,musfm;/ rdef;rvdifukd !¸efjyonfh
37 38
37 38
,Ofaus;odraf rGŒpmG tok;H «yaom emrnfa&Sp› nf;rsm;jzpf-uonf? emrnfa&Sp› nf;ukd 1930 ckESpfrsm;twGif; ukd,fhukd,fukd ac:a0:okH;pGJvm-uonf? tpnf;t±kH;.
xnfrh wGuv f #if ESpv f ;Hk wGt
J rnfrsm;jzpfonfh armifomcif/ armifz;dk wuf/ armifb&Si/f em,u}uD;jzpfol ocifukd,fawmfr+dif;u ociftjyif ukd,fawmf[lonfhtokH;ukd
rpef;ar/ raiGbiG /hf rzGm;jrpfwr‹dk mS tok;H rsm;_yD; ok;H vk;H wG/J av;vk;H wGJ emrnfrsm;rSm rª;rwf (a lord) jzpfonfhtaejzifh xyfwkd;um txl;«yokH;pGJcJhonf?
&ckid v
f rl sKd;wkr‹d vS I JG tok;H enf;onf? jrefrmpmrSm Asnf;wvk;H pDtoHxu G _f yD; emrnf Akdvf[lonfhtokH;ukd ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;rSmuJhokd‹yif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;
. pum;vkH;wkdif;wGif t"dy`m,f&Sdonf? okad‹ omfvnf; emrnfqkdonfrSm t"dy`m,f wyfrawmf pwifzŒJGpnf;pOfupI t&m&Scd eft ‹ yfc&H olrsm; okr‹d [kwf ceft ‹ yfc&H onf[k
oufa&mufapcsifovkd a,bk,s okr‹d [kwf vkt d yfovkd &nf!e¸ ;f rSnahf c:xm;jcif; ,lqolrsm;u ‚if;wk. d‹ emrnfa&SŒpnf;tjzpf xifxifay:ay: okH;pGJvmcJh-uonf?
jzpfonf[k tcsKdp‹ ma&;olrsm; a&;ouJo h ‹dk ,lqrnfqv dk #ifvnf; rSm;,Gi;f ygonf? 'k=Akdvf/ Adkvf}uD;/ Adkvfr;ª ESifh AdkvfcsKyf &mxl;tpOftwkdif;wkdr‹ Sm t_rJwrf; vufeuf
oka‹d omfvnf; tcsKda‹ e&mrsm;wGif xku d o
hJ ‹dk rSnahf c:avh&-dS ujyefonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ukdifwyfzGJŒ OD;pD;Xme (2nd Lieutenant rS General) txd tpOfvkduf tac:ta0:
armifbcspf (zcif.tcspf) okd‹r[kwf rzGm;ouf (tzGm;.touf) pojzifh/ jzpfonf? b&Da*h', D m (Brigadier) rSm tu,fpifppftm;jzifh wyfrif;}uD; (wyfrrª;)
,ckacwfwGifrl uav;i,fwOD;.emrnfukd oihfovkd ¯uHovkdvnf;aumif; ukd owfrSwfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? okd‹aomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm; (Generals) tjzpf
okd‹r[kwf vlwOD;wa,muf pdwful;rdovkdvnf;aumif; okd‹r[kwf xif&Sm;ausmf tac:cHvkdaom ppfwyft&m&Sd tqifhqifhf taejzifh _Adwdo#pepfrS tar&duefpepf
-um;aom yk*Kd~ vfwOD;OD;. trnfemrukd ,ljcif;jzifah omfvnf;aumif; rSnahf c: -u k rf ;ª csKyf (Brigadier General) &mxl;tqifu
ok‹d ajymif;vJ_yD; Adv h þdk ajymif;vJc,H cl -hJ u
onf? vlwOD;wa,muf. b0aemufykdif;wGif armif (okd‹r[kwf) r [lonfh jcif;jzpfonf?
emrnfa&SŒpnf;onf ajymif;oGm;onfudk Tae&mwGif azmfjy&efvadk yonf? t-urf; vlxk. -unfndKav;pm;cH&aom OD;atmifqef;twGufom AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
zsif;tm;jzifh touf (20) ESifh (35) ESpft-um; a,musfm;wOD;ukd emrnfa&SŒpnf; (Great Supremo) qko d nfh trnfacgif;pOfonf wcsed af omtcgu oD;jcm;jzpfco hJ nf?
“ukd” (tukd) [k okH;E+ef;_yD; touf (30) ESpftxuf vlwOD;ukd “OD;” (OD;av;/ oka‹d omfvnf; ol.orD;jzpfol 'Dru dk a&pDcseyf ,
D tH m; qefu
‹ si&f mY rnfor‹dk # xdcu dk f
OD;}uD;) Oyrmtm;jzifh ukdbckdif/ OD;omvl pojzifh ac:a0:ayvdrfhrnf? tvm;wlyif I r&onfh OD;atmifqef;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;[lonfh trnfemrwkd‹tm; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
vlvwfykdif;trsKd; orD;wOD;ukd “a':” (ta': ) wyfac:ayvdrfhrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifh rsm; trsm;tjym;ukd ckefysHausmfv$m;zefwD;vkduf_yD; omreftrnfemrw&yftjzpf
a':apm? ,if;wkr‹d mS ,Ofaus;odraf rGŒ pGmok;H aom emrnfa&SŒpnf;rsm;jzpf_yD; touf e0w u txiftjrifa&mufapcJhonf? ukd,fhvlrsKd;ukdomowfjzwf_yD; rnfonfh
t&G,f}uD;rm;olESifh vlaer+tqifhjrifhrm;olrsm;. trnfemrukd &nf!¸ef;&mY ppfyGJrS rqifE$Jzl;onfh qkwHqdyf zJ¯ud;rsm; &iftjynfhxkd;vsuf ppfAdkvftm%m&Sif
ok;H pG&J ef vk;H 0O\kv H tdk yfygonf? tvm;wl a&SŒpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh zk;d (tzk;d ) ESihf zGm; rsm;taejzifh xl;jcm;_yD; tjrifhqkH;jzpfonfh AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD; (Senior General)
(tzGm;) wku ‹d rdk l ,cktcg jrif&cJygonf? jrefrmtrsKd;orD;wOD;onf vufxyfxrd ;f &mxl;}uD;ukd zefwD;vkduf-ujyefonf?
jrm;_yD;aemuf olremrnfukd ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdbJ b0wav#mufvkH; ukd,fykdifem &S rf;rif;om; tEG,ft0ifrsm;url olwkd‹ trnfa&SŒwGif ‘pyf’ (Oyrmtm;jzifh
rnftjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;ESifh t*FvdyftokH;jzpfonfh rpPpf (Mrs) ESifh tvm;wl pyfa&$ou dk )f [k ok;H pG-J uvsuf yk;d u&ifrsm;u ref; (Oyrm=ref;0if;armif) [ko;Hk pGu J m
jrefrmpum;vk;H r&Sjd cif;onf xl;jcm;csufw&yfjzpfonf?” paumu&ifrsm;u apm (Oyrm=apm[efwmomar$;) [k okH;E+ef;-uygonf?
jrefrmemrnfa&SŒpnf;rsm;tok;H ukd ykrd jkd ynfph aHk p&ef atmufygwku ‹d dk xyfrjH znfh (*VKefOD;apmuJhoakd‹ om jrefrmemrnf apmESifh rvGJrSm;&ef vkdygonf?) ucsift}uD;
pGuyf gonf? tuJrsm;url 'l;0g;[laom acgif;pnf;ukd ok;H -uonf? (Oyrmtm;jzifh qrm;a'o&Sd
_Adwdo#ukdvkdeDe,fcsJŒtkyfcsKyfolrsm; okH;pGJonfhtac:ykHpH (Master, Mistress) ucsift}uD;tuJ qrm;'l;0g; qif0g;aemif)?
(ppftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHukd 0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufxm;pOfu *syefrsm;yifv#if rmpwm
Master [k olwu ‹dk dk ac:a0:apcJo h nf) ukd tefwo k nfth aejzifh wkA‹d rmtpnf;t±k;H 0if
Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô
trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;rsm;taejzifh ocifESifh ocifr (Master and Mistress) [lI
39 40
39 40
Adv
axmifhwGif &yfwef‹vdkufonf? um;xJwGif ‚if;wdk‹tzGJŒxJrS armifeDwOD;om um;

apmifhtjzpfaecJhvsuf cifarmif&ifESifh taygif;ygESpfOD; (b!GefE‹ Sifhr+ef}uD;) wdko ‹ nf
tcef; (1) twGif;0efrsm;±Hk; taqmufttHktwGif;odk‹ uif;axmuf&ef av#mufoGm;-uonf?
tqdkygae‹ eHeufaESmif;ydkif;wGif bk&ifcH. tr+aqmifaumifpD tpnf;ta0; vkyf
Adv
k cf sKyfvyk }f ucH &H jcif; jzpfrnf/ rvkyjf zpfrnfukd olw‹kd odv-kd uonf? tpnf;ta0;vkyjf zpfonf[k odv#if
odcsif; cifarmif&ifonf ‘ol&d,’ owif;pmykHESdyfwkdufrS w,fvDzkef;wckudk toHk;
ðyvsuf ol‹q&mocifxHodk‹ pum;0Suf owif;ydk‹csufwckudk wdkwdkawmif;awmif;
&efukefòrd›/ 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ paeae‹ ydv
‹k u kd af wmhonf? “ypPwifuiG ;f rsm; &&S_d yD;yg_yDæ”?
,ae‹onf jrefrmjyuQ'ed t f vkt
d & 0gacgifv.ae‹wae‹ jzpfonf?þTvonf pum;0Sufjzifh twnfðycsuf&&Sd_yD;v#if_yD;csif; at'Dvrf;&Sd OD;apm.aetdrf
Ak'<bmom0iftaygif;wdk‹ 0gqdkouFef;uyfv_ª rJjzpfonfh 0gwGif;oHk;vywf. vw rS *spfum;wpif; t&Sdefjyif;pGmarmif;ESifI xGufvmcJhonf? tcsdefrSm eHeuf (10)
vjzpfay.? jrefrmjynfwiG ;f qefa&pyg;/ aumufyo J ;D ESH jynfv h #Hw;kd atmif rkwo f Hk em&D? um;armif;ol okc.eHab;wGif touf (30) twGif;&Sd t&yf&Snf&Snf armif
rdk;wdk‹ onf;}uD;rnf;}uD; &Gmavh&Sdaom v wvvnf; jzpfygonf? Zlvdkifv (19) pdk;qdkolvnf; vkdufygvmonf? um;aemufydkif; uif;bwfpf tzHk;}uD;atmufwGif
&uf/ eHeuf a0vDa0vif;tcsdew f iG f rkwof rHk ;kd qifI avjyif;rkew f ikd ;f usa&mufawmh ykef;vsuf/ auG;vsuf vdkufygvmol (3) OD;rSm aoewfudkifxm;olrsm;jzpf-uaom
rnfh t&dyfta&mifwdk‹ ay:pðyaeay_yD? xdktcsdefwGif EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;wOD; armifped /f oufEiS ;f ESihf &ef}uD;atmifw‹kd jzpf-uonf? armifp;kd / armifped Ef iS hf oufEiS ;f
jzpfol OD;apm. trSwf (4)/ at'Dvrf;&dyfomjyifyY vli,fwodkuf pk±Hk;vsuf&Sd wdk‹ wOD;csif;wGif awmfrD*ef;aoewf wvufpD&Sd-uonf? vlysKdt&G,f i,f&G,fol
aeonf? OD;apm. oyf&yfaom_cH0if;onf &efuek òf rda› wmfajrmufyikd ;f / qifajczk;H t &ef}uD;atmifwiG rf l wcsucf si;f armif;jyef (Semi-automatic) pwif;*ef; aoewfw
xufwef;pm; &yfuGufwcktwGif; at;csrf;qdwf_idrfvSonfh tif;,m;uefu|ef; vuf udik af qmifxm;onf? *spfum;ajceif;jyifay:wGif twGi;f 0ef±;Hk Y óudwifapmifh
qG,w f ck txufem;wGif wnf&adS eonf? OD;apmud, k wf ikd v f nf; apmapmpD;pD; tdyf qdik ;f aeaom b!Get ‹f wGuf awmfr*D ef;aoewfwvuf yg&Sv d monf? ‚if;wdt ‹k m;vH;k
&mrSxvsuf wynfih ,fom;rsm;udk aemufq;kH rSm-um;csufrsm; rSm-um;aeygonf? onf awmwGif;ppfpdrf;a&mif ppf0wfppfpm;rsm; 0wfqifxm;-uvsuf aysmhaysmif;
r-umrD OD;apm apv$wf&mokd‹ oGm;-uawmhrnfh olwdk‹tzGJŒonf jrefrmjynf}uD;. onfh awmwGif;aqmif; ppfOD;xkyfrsm; aqmif;xm;-uonf? 1 ‚if;wdk‹. ppf0wfpHk
uH-urRmudk xm0&ajymif;vJomG ;apawmhrnf? OD;apm.wynfw h yef;xJwiG f olZ‹ eD; ycHk;ay:wGif jrefrmEdkifiHY ppftwGif;u &Sd&if;pGJjzpfaom t*Fvdyfacwf òrda› pmifhwyf
. wlawmfarmift&G,f cyfi,fi,f cifarmif&ifvnf;ygonf? cifarmif&ifonf ppf trSwf (12) aoewfudkifwyf&if;. trSwfwHqdyfudk wyfqifxm;-uonf? teD
tpdr;f a&mif zd'‹k q f efx&yfum;ay:od‹k wuf_yD; um;armif;&ef jyifvu kd af omtcgwGif a&mifESifh tjzLa&mif tvHi,fESpfckwdko ‹ nf um;ta&SŒrSef. b,fbufaxmifhpGef;
OD;apm. tjcm; wynfo h ;kH OD;wdv ‹k nf; um;ay:od‹k ckew f ufvu kd -f uonf? olw ‹ ‹kd xGuf 0,f avwdkufwdkif; wzsyfzsyf±dkufcwfI ygvm_yD; ‚if;wdk‹pD;eif;vmonfh *spfum;
cGmoGm;csdefrSm eHeuf (8) em&D (30) rdepf &Sdacs_yD? onf &efuek òf rdv› ,faumifw±l o l ‹kd tjyif;armif;ESivf mawmhonf?
‚if;wd. ‹k um; &efuek òf rdv
› ,facgifo‹kd OD;wnfarmif;ESiv f monfurkd l rnforl # tqdkygtcsdefESifh ra&S;raESmif;wGifyif AdkvfcsKyfb0rS EkwfxGufxm;cgpjzpf
*±krpdkufrdvdkuf-uacs? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD; _yD;pjzpfI òrda› wmf}uD;twGif; ppfyHkyef; aom OD;atmifqef;onfvnf; &efuek f uefawmf}uD;apmif;&Sd olaexdik &f m pdr;f vef;
o¿mef um;}uD;um;i,f toG,o f ,G w
f ‹kd armif;ESiaf e-uonfrmS rqef;-u,fv?S pdkjynfvSonfh wm0gvdef;vrf;aetdrfrS um;armif;ol tr+xrf;wOD; armif;ESifay;
em&D0ufcef‹t-umwGif zdk‹'fqefx&yfum;onf &efukefòrd›v,faumif&Sd teDa&mif onfhum;udk pD;eif;vkdufygvsuf xGufcGmvmcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfrSm touf (32) ESpf
tkww f ‹kd jzifh aqmufvyk pf jD c,fxm;_yD; cefx ‹ nfvaS om 0dw&kd , d acwf ESpx f yfwu kd f t&G,f&Sd jrefrmhtrsKd;om;v+yf&Sm;r+}uD;. acgif;aqmifESifh bk&ifcH. tvkyftr+
taqmufttHk}uD;jzpfonfh twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;}uD;teD; 'gv[dkZDvrf;ESifh (42) vrf; aqmifaumifpD 'k=OuU@jzpf_yD; trSeq f ykd gv#if vGwvf yfa&; tóudacwf tpd;k &tzGŒJ
41 42
41 42
Adv
k cf sKyfvyk }f ucH &H jcif; Adv
. 0ef}uD;csKyfwOD;vnf; jzpfygonf? OD;atmifqef;onf Adv k cf sKyftaqmifta,mif ‚if;aemuf cifarmif&ifonf teD;tem; rvS rf;rurf; tcsuftcsmusaom
ppf0wfwefqmwdu ‹k kd pGey‹f ,fc_hJ yD;jzpfvsuf xdak e‹u vnfuwH;k tjzLa&mif&yS t f us/ô ae&mY &yfxm;onfh zdk‹'fqefx&yfum;&Sd&modk‹ qufvufav#mufvmonf? xdk
awmufajymifawmifhwif; tcsKd;usonfh ydk;wdkufyHktusôESifh a&$0ga&mif ydk;vHkcsnf tcsdefwGif ±kwfw&ufqdkovdkyif vufeufudkifaqmifxm;onfh ol‹&Jabmf&Jbuf
æponfjzifh t&yf0wft&yfpm;rsm; 0wfqifxm;ygonf? OD;atmifqef;. aetdrf rsm;udk wifaqmifvmaom *spfum;udk vS r;f jrifvu kd af wmh.? olwa‹kd &mufvmukef
rSm OD;apmaexdik o f nfh at'Dvrf;tdrEf iS phf mv#if twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k ESihf ra0;vHvaS om -u_yD[k b!Gef‹odk‹ vS rf;Itcsufjyvdkufaomtcg b!Gef‹onf vufzuf&nfyef;
t&yfwGif &Sdaeonfhtavsmuf vlowform;rsm; ra&mufvmrDtcsdefuyif olu uefudk tomt,mEdS rfhcsvdkufI ol.0ef;usifodk‹ pdk;&drfw}uD; vdkufvH-unfh±+aerd
óudwifI twGif;0ef±Hk;odk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;cJhygonf? tjcm;aumifpD0ifrsm;onfvnf; .? tqdyk g*spu f m; twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k . A[drk ck Of ;D 0od‹k csO;f uyfvmcsed w f iG f tcuft
vGwv f yfa&;tóudacwf jrefrmtpd;k &tzGŒJ vky±f ;kd vkypf Of tpnf;ta0;yGw J ckukd wuf cJwcktjzpf óuHawGŒ&onfrmS ‚if;wdu ‹k m;a&SŒwnfw h nfrh S tjcm;x&yfum;wpD; armif;
a&muf&ef &nfreS ;f vsuf twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k od‹k ra&S;raESmif; a&muf&v dS m-uygonf? ESiI f oGm;aejcif;yifjzpfygonf? ‚if;wd*‹k spfum;onf t&Sed o f wfvu kd v f suf xdxk &yf
jrefrmEdkifiH tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwfvyfcGifh&&Sda&;twGuf _Adwdo#tpdk;&ESifh um;}uD; ta&SŒraS rmif;ESix f u
G of mG ;onftxd apmifah ecJ-h uonf? r-umrD vrf;&Si;f
aphpyfaqG;aEG;cJ_h yD; jzpfonft h avsmuf udv k ekd t
D yk cf sKyfa&;pepfatmufrS t_yD;tydik f oGm;acs_yD? rnfolwOD;wa,mufur# ‚if;wd*k‹ spfum;udkvnf;aumif;/ twGif;wGif
vGwaf jrmuf&efrmS ajcmufvr#yif ra0;awmhaom tcsdet f cgvnf; jzpfayonf? vdu k yf gvmolrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; &yfwef&‹ mS azGppfaq;&ef róud;pm;cJ-h uygacs/
xdktcsdefwGifyif b!Gef‹onf vufeufudkifaqmifxm;jcif; r&Sdjim;vnf; ol Ttcsed Yf yif ‚if;taqmufttH}k uD;. taemufaqmif tay:xyfwiG f wnf
vky}f uH&rnfh om;aumifukd twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k / y&d0% k t f wGi;f Y vdu k v f &H mS azGvsuf &Sdonfh OD;atmifqef;. cef;raqmif}uD;twGif;odk‹ bk&ifcH. tvkyftr+aqmift
&S.
d ? xdo k rl mS tjcm;olr[kwaf cs/ OD;atmifqef;. a&mif;&if;wOD;jzpfol vGwv f yf zGŒJ aumifp0D ifrsm; 0ifa&mufae&m,l xdik v f u
kd -f uyg_yD? tcef;us,f}uD;twGi;f wGif
a&;r&ao;rD wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf (Constituent Assembly) . OuU@jzpfol pma&;cHkwef;&Snf}uD;rsm;tm; ‘U’ pmvHk;. ajymif;jyeftoGifo¿mefjzifh cif;usif;
ocifEkjzpfygonf? b!Gefo ‹ nf A[dktaqmufttHk}uD;twGif; tv,faumifwGif xm;_yD; tcef;. awmifbuftydkif;wGif aumifpD0ifwdk‹twGuf ae&moD;oef‹cif;
wnf&Sdonfh jrifhrm;vSaom ukef;o¿mef trdk;rsm;atmufrS aygif;ul;vrf;rw usif;xm;ygonf? r-umrD tqdyk gcHw k ef;}uD;. OD;ydik ;f A[dak e&mwGif OD;atmifqef;
av#muf (high-arched through way) jzwfav#mufvsuf&Sdonf? ocifEk. ±Hk; xdkifvdkuf_yD; ‚if;.vkyfazmfudkifbuf 0ef}uD;rsm;tm; E+wfqufvdkufygonf? xdkt
cef;onf v$waf wmftopf taqmufttH. k taemufbuftaqmiftwGi;f yxr csdefu atmifqef;. b,fbufwGif uyfvsufxdkifaeolrSm u|efawmf. OD;av;
OD;qHk;tcef;jzpfonf? twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;twGif; av;ajr‡mifho¿mef taqmufttHk awmfol OD;a&$abmfyif jzpfygonf? OD;a&$abmfrmS tvkyt f r+aqmifaumifp. D twGi;f
rsm;twGif;rS tcef;wcef;jzpfacsonf? ‚if;tcef;twGif;odk‹ b!Gef‹ waphwapmif; a&;rª;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;.nmbufwGif xdkifaeolrSm 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ. 'k=twGif;
tuJcwf-unfh±+vdkuf&mwGif tcef;wGif;Y xdkifaeolwOD;ukd awGŒvkdufI olowf& 0efjzpfol OD;tke;f armif (I.C.S) jzpfygonf?
rnfo h [ l k olxifvu dk of nf? oljzwfav#mufomG ;_yD; jyefvn S v hf mum twGi;f oku ‹d yf ‚if;wdk‹ESifh uyfvsuf&Sdaom cHkwef;vsm;}uD;. nmbufjcrf;wGif xdkifaeol
vsuf -unfv h u dk jf yefonf? tqdyk gyk*Kd~ vfrmS ocifEk r[kwyf gacs? odE‹k iS hf b!Gev ‹f nf; rsm;rSm b¾ma&;Xme aumifpD0ifjzpfol qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmif ocifjr/ rlpvif
‚if;taqmufttHkrS xGufcGmIvmcJh.? x&yfum;&Sd&modk‹ taomhESifI av#muf bmom0if ausmif;tkyf}uD;/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif/ ynma&;ESifh trsKd;om;pDrHudef;
vm_yD;v#if teD;tem;&Sd vufzuf&nfqdkifwckxJokd‹ 0ifxdkifvdkuf.? xdkpOfwGif Xmersm;. aumifpD0ifjzpfol OD;tAŠ'l&mZmwf/ OD;atmifqef;. tpfudkawmfol
teD;tem;Y vrf;ovsm;vsuf&Sdol cifarmif&ifonf vufzuf&nfaomufvsuf pD;yGm;a&;ESifh axmufyHha&;Xme aumifpD0if OD;b0if;/ owif;pmq&mESifh 'D;'kwf
&Sdonfh b!Gefu ‹ dkjrif_yD; teD;odkc‹ sOf;uyfvmum olwdkq ‹ &mocifxHodk‹ ay;ydk‹ _yD;jzpf r*~Zif;t,f'w D m/ jyef-um;a&;Xme aumifp0D if OD;bcsKd/ u&ifvrl sKd;pkacgif;aqmif
aom pum;0Sufudk ajymjyvdkufonf? “tm;vHk;tqifacsmarm_yD; t}uHtpnft wOD;jzpfI tvkyo f rm;a&;&mXmeaumifp0D if ref;bcdik w f ‹kd jzpf-uygonf?
wdik ;f yDyjD yifjyif jzpfvsuf&adS eyg_yDæ”? OD;atmifqef;. b,fbufjcrf;wGif xdkifaeolrsm;rSm jynfov l‹ kyfief;aumif
43 44
43 44
Adv
pD0if vli,ftpnf;t±H;k OuU@ OD;A*srf;/ vlra+ &;vkyif ef;rsm; aumifp0D if OD;atmifZH ygvmol ukeo f nfwOD;jzpfonfh OD;xifabmfonfvnf; awGŒ jrifvu kd o
f nf? a&SŒq;kH rS
a0/ aumufyJoD;ESHXme aumifpD0if ([oFmw) OD;jrESifh e,fjcm;a'orsm;qdkif&m OD;aqmifomG ;olrmS armifp;kd jzpfonf? olu t&yfjrifjh rihEf iS fh rsufEmS &Sn&f n S rf ‹kd olu ‹ kd
aumifpD0ifjzpfol &S rf;jynfe,frS rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD; apmpHxGef;wdk‹ jzpf-uygonf? vG,v f ,G u
f u l l rSwrf Ed ikd yf gonf? vlysKdv&l , G af v;jzpfonfh &ef}uD;atmifrmS vnf;
rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;}uD;onf wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;aexdik &f m e,fjcm;a'orsm;ESihf ol. ysKrd spEf ek ,faom ±kyo f iG af -umihf ay:vGiaf eonf? twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k tpnf;a0;
jynfr}uD;wdk‹ aygif;pyfEdkifa&; óud;yrf;r+wGif ta&;ygt&ma&mufaom tcef;u¾ cef;rteD;Y eHeuftapmydik ;f uyif vma&mufapmihq f idk ;f aeol r+e}f uD;onf aoewf
rS yg0ifcyhJ gonf? udik af qmifxm;aom olwv ‹kd l vlowform;rsm;tm; tpnf;a0;}uD; pwifae_yDjzpf
tpnf;ta0;udk eHeuf (10;30) tcsdefwGif pwifzGifhvSpfvdkuf&m tvkyftr+ a-umif; acgif;ndwt f csufjyvdu k o
f nf? wckwnf;aom zGix fh m;onfh wHcg;teD;od‹k
aqmiftzGJŒ0if tm;vHk;wdk‹onf OD;atmifqef;&Sd&m a&S›wl±lwGif tcef;twGif;buf armifp;kd csO;f uyf oGm;onft h cgwGirf l rif;apav;armifaomif;pderf mS -uuftw hH ao
odk‹ rsufESmrlvsuf xdkifae-uygonf? odk&‹ mwGif xdktcsdefY o,f,lydka‹ qmifa&;ESifh jzpfaerdawmh.? xkd‹aemuf olonf owd&_yD; tcef;t0if0udk ydwfqdk‹wm;qD;&ef
vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;Xme 'k=twGi;f 0efjzpfol OD;tke;f armifonf tcef;twGi;f od‹k óud;pm;vdkufygao;.? 2 odk‹aomf armifpdk;ESihf oufESif;wdk‹u olwdk‹. awmfrD*ef;
0ifa&mufvmojzihf tpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm tcdkuftwef‹ &yfem;oGm;&onf? aoewfrsm;udk ol‹tm; csdef&G,fvdkuf.? xdk‹aemuf ol‹udk ab;odk‹wGef;vdkuf&m ol
‚if;0ifa&mufvm&onfh udp&P yfrmS xdak e‹eeH ufu txufjrefrmEkid if o H ‹kd c&D; vnf; ',dr;f ',dik jf zpfomG ;pOfYyif aoewform;rsm; tcef;wGi;f od‹k wd;k 0ifomG ;ojzihf
vGeaf eol 0ef}uD;apmpHz;kd oif.ud, k pf m; ta&;ay:udpw P &yfukd &Si;f vif;wifjy&ef armifaomif;pdev f nf; taemufrS &J0phH mG ajy;vdu k o
f mG ;ygao;onf? oda‹k omf olbmr#
vdo k nft h wGuf wufa&mufvm&jcif;jzpfygonf? c&D;a&mufrqdu k yf if OD;tke;f armif rwwfEikd af wmh? xkt d csed w f iG yf if aoewform;rsm;onf olwa‹kd oewfrsm;udk tpnf;
onf ‚if;wifjyaqG;aEG;&rnfh udp&P yftm; OD;pGm wifjyaqG;aEG;cGiðhf yyg&ef yef-um; ta0;cef;twGif;&Sd 0ef}uD;rsm;bufodk‹ csdef&G,f_yD; vS rf;atmfvkdufonf? “rajy;eJ/‹
vku d o f nf? xkad e‹wiG f OD;tke;f armifonf trSew f u,f wm0efusaeol r[kwo f nfh rxeJæ ‹ ” xktd wGi;f tH-h ooifah eaom OD;atmifqef;u rwfwyf&yfvu kd o f nft h cg
tjyif ol‹ Y tjcm;ta&;}uD;onfh vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&ef&SdonfhtwGuf ,ck armifp;kd u trdea‹f y;vdu k af wmhonf?
uJo h ‹kd cGiafh wmif;&jcif;jzpfygonf[k wifjyvku d yf gonf? “ypfæypfæ ypf” [laom trdefa‹ y;oHESihftwl aoewfoHrsm; qlnHoGm;_yD;
tcef;}uD;twGi;f &So d r#aom wHcg;rsm;udv k nf; tcef;. ajrmufbuf&dS jynf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;vnf; -urf;ay:odk‹ yHkvJoGm;vsuf aoewf'%f&m (13) csufjzifh aoG;
olv ‹ kyfief;Xme aumifpD0if. ±Hk;cef;ESihfuyfvsuf rsufESmcsif;qkdif&Sd wHcg;aygufw tdkifxJwGif vJavsmif; _idrfoufoGm;&Smawmhonf?
ckrSvGJI tm;vHk;ydwfvkduf-u_yD; twGif;rS csufrsm;xdk;xm;-uonf? ‚if;tcef; xkdtcsdefY armifpdk;/ armifpdefESifh oufESif;wdk‹onfvnf; 0ef}uD;rsm;&Sd&modk‹
wHcg;0Y rif;apaomif;pdef apmihf-uyfvsuf&Sdonf? aomif;pdefrSm vufeuf udkif awmfr*D ef;aoewfrsm;jzifh w&pyfypfcwfaecdu k f &ef}uD;atmifonfvnf; 'l;axmuf
aqmifrxm;yg? ol0wfqifxm;aom ppfpdrf;a&mifabmif;bDrSvGJI xdkvli,fav; csvkdufvsuf ol. pwif;*ef;aoewfjzifh vJavsmif;usoGm;_yD;aom yk*~dKvfrsm;ESihf
wGif -oZmtm%m. t&dyfta,mif[lI tjcm; bmr#r&Sdygacs? cHkatmufwGif0yfI ykef;v#Kd;uG,fv#Kd; tumtuG,f,laeonfh yk*~dKvfrsm;xHodk‹ w
jyify avomaqmif vloGm;vrf; (corridor) wGifrl tr+aqmifaumifpD. &pyf pwif;*ef;jzifh ypfaeonf? Todk‹ rem;wrf;puUef‹ (30) cef‹ ypf_yD;aomtcg
vufaxmuf twGif;0efjzpfol OD;wiftHk;onf rdwfaqGwOD;ESihf &yfwefp‹ um;ajym wGif armifp;kd u olv ‹ rl sm;tm; typf&yfI qkwcf mG &ef xyfrt H rdea‹f y;vdu k af wmh.?
vsuf&Sd.? ±kwfw&ufqdkovdkyif OD;wiftHk;onf aoewfajymif;0csif;±dkufcwfoH/ xkdtcsdefonf eHeuf (10) em&D (37) rdepfjzpfI OD;atmifqef;. udk,fa&;
!d;k !d;k nHnt H oHrsm;ESihf ajcoHjyif;jyif; eif;wufvmoHrsm; -um;vdu k &f ojzihf vSnhf vufaxmufjzpfol Adv k x f eG ;f vSonf 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJwiG f tqkyd g
-unfrh &d mwGif avSum;ay:ok‹d tajy;wufvm-uonfh vufeufuikd f vl (4) a,muf jrifuGif;okd‹ yxrOD;qkH; a&mufvmonfhyk*~dKvfjzpfonf? twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;twGif;&Sd
udk jrifvu kd &f awmh.? OD;atmifqef;&S&d m tpnf;ta0;cef;r}uD;od‹k ‚if;wd‹k taomh tjcm;jcm;aom yk*~dKvfrsm;onfvnf; r-umrD zGihfxm;aom wHcg;ayguftwGif;odk‹
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45 46
45 46
Adv
cef;r}uD;tjynfh &Sdaeaomfvnf; tqdkyg tcdk;tv#Hrsm;twGif;rS tpaw;cHyk*~dKvf pHxGef;wGif OD;acgif;Y '%f&m (2) csuf&&Sdvsuf -urf;ay:wGif ikwfwkwfxdkifae_yD;
rsm;. cE<mudk,frsm;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;jrifae&ygonf? pm;yGJukvm;xkdif tawmf yg;pyftwGif;rS aoG;rsm; pD;usaeum a&iwf&SmvGef;I oem;pzG,f a&awmif;ae
rsm;rsm;rSm arSmufcHkaZmufxkd;jzpfaevsuf ‘U’ pmvHk; ajymif;jyefyHk pm;yGJab;ywf &Smonf? tpnf;ta0;}uD;odk‹ tpD&ifcHpmwck tvsifpvdkay;yd&k‹ ef a&muf&SdcJhonfh
vnfwGif aoG;tkdifrsm;jzihf npfayvsuf&Sdacs.? u|efawmfwdk‹. trsKd;om;acgif; twGi;f 0ef OD;tke;f armifcrsmrSmvnf; wud, k v f ;kH wGif aoewf'%f&m A&yGjzifh -urf;
aqmif/ zufqpfawmfveS af &; ol&aJ umif; Adv k cf sKyf}uD;atmifqef;rSmrl toufq;kH ay:Y vJusomG ;cJo h nf? olonfvnf; wcsed w f nf;wGiyf if toufaysmufae&Smyg_y?D
yg;vsuf -urf;jyifay:wGif vJavsmif;vsuf&adS cs_yD? olaoqH;k csdew f iG f touf (32) owif;pm owif;axmufwOD;jzpfol armifoef;onf owif;Xme±Hk;cef;
ESpfom &Sdao;onf? ocifjr. tqkwfrSm aoewfusnfqHrsm; azmufxGif;oGm; twGi;f rS qlqn l nH t H oHrsm; -um;v#if-um;csif; tajy;xGuv f mcJ&h m tpnf;ta0;
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3
xJwGif vJavsmif;aoqHk;ae&Smonf? OD;&mZwfwGif aoewf'%f&m (6) csuf&&Sd aomtcg &yfwef‹&ef trdef‹ay;vdkufojzihf armifoef;onfvnf; ajrjyifay:odk‹
vsu/f OD;b0if;wGif aoewf'%f&m (8) csu&f &Scd _hJ yD;/ ref;bcdik w f iG f aoewf'%f&m olu‹ ,kd u f þkd uref;uwef;vJcS svu kd v
f suþf armh-unhv f u kd af omtcgþaoewform;rsm;
(15) csufr#yif &&SdcJhonf? olwdt k‹ m;vHk; toufr&Sd-uawmhyg? olwd. k‹ toufrJh xGuaf jy;aeonfukd wm;qD;&ef tcef;wcef;twGi;f rS ajy;xGuv f monfh OD;&mZwf
aom cE<mud, k }f uD;rsm;onfvnf; xkid cf rkH sm;ta&SŒo‹kd idu
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wckxif&Sm;onfrSm OD;atmifqef;onf vlowform;rsm;. t"duypfrSwf OD;aqmifaeonf? &ef}uD;atmifonf owday;vHa‹+ qmfjcif; tvsO;f rðyawmhbJ ol.
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apmpHxeG ;f yif jzpfyg.? olonf olu ‹ v
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aeao;onf?þolEiS þhf wpm;yGw J nf;xkid af eolþtrsm;xJrþS OD;a&$abmfEiS þfh OD;jrþ([oFmw) csvmcJh_yD; um;pufudk E+d;xm;um tqifoifhapmihfqdkif;aeonf? odkE‹ Sifh vlowfo
wdk‹rSm uHtm;axmufrpGmjzihf tpnf;ta0;cef;r}uD;. eHab;buf/ wHcg;0 rm;rsm;tm;vH;k um;ay:od‹k ckew f ufvu kd -f uonf? xdt k cgrS okconfvnf; um;udk
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wHcg;udk zGihfEdkifcJhaomfvnf; -urf;jyifay:okd‹ rl;arhI vJusoGm;cJhonf? OD;atmifZH pdwv f u dk rf mefyg ±ª;±ª;'kid ;f 'kid ;f vkyv f u kd o f nft h avsmuf ta&;xJ um;tif*sifpufu
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wGif aoewf'%f&mwckom &&Scd yhJ gonf? twGi;f 0ef±;kH rS pywfvrf;odt ‹k xGuf *dw0f wGif armifeu D apmihq f idk ;f aeonf?
q&m}uD; OD;&mZwfonf aemufq;kH touf±jª cif;tjzpf toufaiGŒaiGŒuav; ol.wm0efrSm tu,fI vlowf*dk%f;0ifwdk‹ xGufajy;&mwGif taESmifht,Suf
udk jznf;jznf; nifnifomom ±ªomG ;Edik cf o hJ nf? q&m}uD; OD;bcsKdwiG f aoewf'%f t[eft ‹ wm;&Syd gu ‚if;. ajcmufv;kH jyL;aoewfjzifh 0ifa&mufu,fwifay;&efjzpf
&m (5) csuf&&SdcJh&m wcsufrSm OD;aESmufwGif 0ifa&mufoGm;cJhonf? olESihf apmpH onf? od&‹k mwGif rnfonft h Eœ&m,frS rusa&mufcyhJ gacs? od‹k jzpfI armifeo D mv#if
xGe;f wdE‹k pS Of ;D touf&iS v f suf&adS o;onfjzpfI aq;±Ho k ‹kd tjrefyv ‹kd udk &f onf? apm trdefu ‹ dk aoGznfvsuf *spfum;ay:odk‹ ckefwuf&ef óud;pm;cJh&m tqdkyg *spfum;rSm
47 48
47 48
Adv
wem&Dv#if uDvkdrDwm (50) jzifh armif;ESifoGm;jcif;a-umihf ratmifjrifvdkufyg? b!Geu ‹f cyf0if0h if0h g0g t*Fvyd v f dk “New Calendar” (jyuQ'ed o f pf) [lI tmarÈdwf
tqdyk g tcsif;t&mrsm;udk orm"dyEkH ydS w f u kd rf S 0D&, d aumif;onfh tvkyo f rm;wOD; oH[pfaºuG;vkdufonf? (w&m;±kH;a&mufrS olu ajz&Sif;jyonfrSm “acwfopf
jzpfol OD;pdefarmifu teD;tem;rS óuHawGŒvdkuf&onfhtwdkif; olvnf; csufcsif;yif ay: _yD” vkd‹ a-unmonfhoabmjzpfa-umif;?) okd‹aomf ol‹acgif;aqmif}uD;u
*spfum;eHygwfudk ol‹tusôtdwfxJwGif tcef‹oifh&Sdaeonfh b%faiGoGif;vufrSwf wzef t*Fvyd b f momESiyhf if “typfc&H wJt h xJrmS ocifEyk g&JŒvm;” vk‹d ar;vku d &f m
pm&Gut f ay:Y a&;rSwx f m;vduk of nf? tajzukd rpOf;pm;wwfatmifjzpfoGm;um jrefrmvkdyif ocifEktm; b,frSmr# &Smr
vlowform;rsm; pD;eif;vdu k yf gvmaom *spu f m;onf 'gv[dpk v D rf;twGi;f awGŒojzifh ryga-umif; b!Gefu ‹ 0efcHvdkuf_yD; tajctaeudk qufpyf&Sif;jyonf?
odk‹ t&Sdefjyif;pGm csKd;0ifvkduf_yD; ta&SŒbufodk‹ qufvufarmif;ESifoGm;&mrS wzef OD;apmu acgif;ndw_f y;D &Si;f jyr+ukd vufcv H u kd of nf? olonf ocifEEk iS yfh wfouf_y;D
pawmh*w d vf rf;wav#muf ajrmufbufw±l o + ‹kd armif;ESio f mG ;jyef&m armifped of nf pdk;&drfw}uD;jzpfyHkr&? atmifqef;udkz,f&Sm;a&; t"duvkyf&yfrSm atmifjrif_yD;pD;
okcarmif;aeonfukd aES;auG;vGe;f onf[k pdwrf &SnEf idk af wmhojzihf um;armif;wm cJh_yDjzpfI olpdwfrylawmhyg? jrefrmrsKd;cspf0g'Drsm;. t"duacgif;aqmif vrf;&Sif;
0efudk v$Jajymif;,lvdkufum t&Sdeft[kefjyif;pGmjzifh ajrmufbuft&yfrsm;odk‹ w& oGm;_yDjzpfojzifh _Adwdo#bk&ifcHcsKyf qm[l;bwf&ef‹ (pf) onf olt ‹ m; tcsdefra&G;
-urf;armif;ESifvm_yD; usOf;ajrmif;aumufauGŒvSonfh at'Dvrf;uav;xJodk‹ csKd; ac:Edik of nf? zke;f ac:oHukd olapmihaf r#mf&ayawmhrnf? olu ‹ kd ‘tpd;k &opf tjrefzŒJG yg
0ifvu kd of nf? awmh’ [k awmif;qdv k mvdrrhf nf[k ,H-k unfxm;onf? OD;apmonf OD;atmifqef;.
OD;apm. tdrfeD;csif;jzpfol uy`wdefcef;onf ol‹ _cHtwGif;rS um;armif;xGuf t"duEdik if aH &;òydib f ufEiS fh tm%mvkbufjzpfonf? olonf txufo‹kd aumif;pGm
vmpOf t&Sdefjyif;pGm armif;ESifvmaom xkd*spfum;ESihf acgif;csif;qkdifwdkufvkeD;yg; aygufa&muf_yD; tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;twGif;Yomru _Adwdo#ppfwyftwGif;Yyif
jzpfomG ;I um;b&dwu f kd twif;tkyv f u kd &f onf? uy`wed cf ef;onf a'gow}uD;jzifh ol‹vlawG&Sdaeonf? xdktcsdefu tjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;rSm touftm;jzifh
olu ‹ kd wdu k vf ek ;D yg;jzpfomG ;aom um;aemufov ‹kd ukd -f unf&h m ‚if;um;onf vrf;w i,f&G,fvGef;_yD; tawGŒtóuHenf;yg;vSao;onf[k qdkEdkifonf? touf (47) ESpf
av#mufqif;oGm;_yD; tif;,m;uefu|ef;qG,fxdyf&Sd OD;apmtdrfwGif;odk‹ auGŒ0ifoGm; t&G,&f dS OD;apmonf TyGw J iG f 0g&ihv f ufa[mif;wOD;r[kwyf gavm? olonf ol&, d
onfukd awGŒ jrifvu kd &f onf? The Sun owif;pm. ydkif&SifESifh t,f'Dwmvnf;jzpfygonf? rsKd;cspfygwD. acgif;
olonf jynfvrf;ay:wGif ol‹um;udk &yfxm;vkduf_yD; uefudkjzwfvsuf OD; aqmifvnf;jzpf±Hkomru *syefacwfrwdkifrD 1940 rS 1942 ckESpftxd 0ef}uD;csKyf
apm. yef;_cHtwGif;odk‹ vS rf;-unfhaerdonf? OD;apm[k olrSwfrdaeaom abmif; tjzpfvnf; wm0efxrf;aqmifcyhJ gao;onf?
bDwjkd zihf vlwa,muftem; vlawG pk±;kH 0dik ;f &Haeonfukd olawGŒvu kd &f onf? xdtk OD;apmtaejzifh wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh olwu ‹dk dk csufcsif;xGuI f c&D;OD;¯udEw + f
csdeof nf eHeuf (11) em&D jzpfonf? qufjcif; r&SdcJhacs? ‚if;tjyif olxGufvmaomtcgYvnf; tvGeft-uL; 0rf;om
xkdtcsdefu tjzLa&mif &Syftusô/ rdk;jyma&mif abmif;bDwdk0wfxm;aom OD; aysmf&i$ af eykrH &acs[k okcu aemufyidk ;f wGif jyefvnfajymqkcd o hJ nf? trSet f m;jzifh
apmonf “ig}uHv#if cHEdkif±kd;vm;” [efjzifh tljrL;aeyHk&onf? ol‹vlrsm;udk vkduf olonf vky}f uHowfjzwfro + wif;ukd csucf si;f yif od&_dS y;D jzpfonf[k ,lq&ayrnf?
zuf_yD; tvkyfaumif;pGm atmifjrifacsmarmcJhonfhtwGuf csD;usL;pum;ajymae oka‹d omfvnf; ,cktcgwGirf l ,if;udpu P dk _y;D _y;D om;udp[ P k owfrw S vf udk yf &Hk ygonf?
onf? aoewform;rsm;onf vufoD;qkyfrsm;udk avxJa0S&‹ rf;vsuf “atmif_yD/ xdktcsdefwGif ol‹taejzifh wkdif;jynfukd tkyfcsKyf&ef tpkd;&opfzGJŒpnf;a&;twGuf
atmif_yD” [k xyfraH ºuG;a-umf-ujyefonf? olwt ‹kd m;vH;k tpm;taomuf ,rum tao;pdwt f pDtpOfrsm;ukd pdwu f ;l a&;qGaJ eaumif;aeayvdrrhf nf? ol. oufqidk f
rsm;ESifh aysmyf cJG -H uonf? ,if;od‹k olw‹kd aysmyf yJG gwDt&Sed t f [keaf umif;aepOf b!Ge/‹f &mtcrf;tem;ESihf oufqidk af om 0wfpu Hk dk qm[l;bwf&efE‹ iS hf awGŒq&Hk mY 0wfqif
cifarmif&ifESihf armifeDwdkw ‹ okduf olwdk. ‹ zdk'‹ fqefx&yfum;jzifh jyefa&mufvm-u &eftwGuf tdyfcef;xJwGif jzefx ‹ m;vsuf&Sdonf?
onf? OD;apmESifh yxr jyefa&mufvm-uolrsm;onf tdrf0&efwmokd‹ xGufvm-u od&k‹ mwGif xdkae‹u tpdk;&tzGJŒopf zGJŒpnf;&ef qifhac:cH&olrSm OD;apmr[kwf
_yD; atmifjrifr+twGuf aysmf&$ifpGm olwkd‹tm; E+wfqufaºuGa-umfae-ujcif;ukd ygacs? (19/ 7/ 47) ae‹u ol‹om;aumiftjzpf owfrSwfxm;cJhaom om;aumif
49 50
49 50
Adv
rsm;xJrS wOD;jzpf_yD; vkyf}uHr+jzpfyGm;pOfu twGif;±Hk;twGif;r&SdvdkufbJ uHaumif; (100˜000) pDudkvnf; u±k%ma-u;tjzpf axmufyHh&efvnf; bk&ifcHu t}uHðy
axmufrI vGwx f u G o
f mG ;cJah om ocifEjk zpfonf? xkad e‹u OD;Ekxo H ‹kd jrefrmhtvif; onf? OD;atmifqef;onf olZ‹ eD;onf a':cif-unfukd vlrr,f uav; (3) a,muf
5
owif;pm t,f'Dwm OD;wifu ta&;w}uD; xdwfvef‹w-um; eHeuf (11) em&D ESifh xm;&pfco hJ nf? atmifqef;OD; 6 ESifh atmifqef;vif; 7 om;ESpOf ;D tjyif ESpEf pS t f &G,f
wGif vS rf;Izkef;qufonf? xkdtcgrS xdkvkyf}uHr+}uD;ta-umif; od&Sd&_yD; twGif; orD;i,f atmifqef;pk-unfwdk‹ jzpf-uonf?
0efrsm;±Hk;odk‹ oltajy;tv$m;oGm;&onf? xdktcsdefwGif tavmif;rsm;udk &efukef ae‹v,fyikd ;f tdyrf uf aemufwuGurf mS rl eHeufu yifyef;cJrh t + pkpw
k a‹dk -umihf
jynfol‹aq;±Hk}uD;odk‹ a&$Œ _yD;ae_yD? ocifEkonf &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;okd‹ vdkufoGm;_yD; olwdka‹ omufvkduf-uaom ,rumwdku ‹ OD;apm_cH0if;twGif;&Sd vufoyfarG;xm;
,refae‹uyif olawGŒcJhaom OD;atmifqef;.tavmif;udk -unfhae&if; &ifxJY aom olv ‹ lrsm;tm; òrdw
› Gif;Y bmawGjzpfysufaeonfrsm;udk rodEkdifavmufatmif
wpfqdk‹vmvsuf rsuf&nfrsm; vnfvmonf? vl;0pf (pf) vrf;&Sd ol‹aetdrfodk‹ jyef ae‹cif;ydkif; Z&ufrif;pnf;pdrfESihf tol&mewfrsm;b0 wc%a&mufoGm;apygawmh
a&mufonfhtcg ae‹v,f (1) em&Dcef‹ &Sdae_yD? xdktcsdefu jrefrmEdkifiH. t"du onf? odk‹aomf nae (3) em&D rxdk;rDuav;wGif tjyifvrf;rrS qlqlnHnH armf
EdkifiHa&;ygwDjzpfonfh zqyvtzGJŒcsKyf. acgif;aqmifrsm;onf olw±dk‹ Hk;ESihf eD;uyf awmfum; tif*sifpufoHrsm;u olwu dk‹ dk tol&mtdyfrufrS vefE‹ dk;apcJhonf? ykvdyf
pGm wnf&Sdaeaom jynfol‹&JabmftzGJŒ XmecsKyfwGif ol‹udk apmihfae-ua-umif; ol ESifh ppfwyft&efwyfzGJŒrsm;u olwdrk‹ ar#mfvifhbJ ±kwfw&ufOD;apmtdrfudk 0dkif;xm;
od&Sd&onf? jynfol‹&JabmftzGJŒonf ppfjyefppfr+xrf;a[mif;rsm;. toif;jzpf_yD; vdkuf-uonf? 8 xkdtcg armifpdk;onf csufcsif;yif ol‹aoewfudk aumufqGJvdkuf
OD;atmifqef;udk opPm&Sad om jynfop‹l pftzGŒJ jzpfonf? aomfvnf; olt ‹ em;&Sd olv ‹ lrsm;u olt ‹ m; aoewfroHk;&ef wm;qD;xm;-uonf?
ocifEk jynfo&‹l aJ bmftzGŒJ ±H;k od‹k a&mufaomtcg ocifwifu a&S;OD;pGm ajym wzef r+e}f uD;uvnf; xdt ‹k wl ola‹ wmfraD oewfukd ajr‡mufvu kd o
f nfth csdew f iG f ol‹
9
qdkonf? “AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ae&mrSm OD;apmudkom cefv ‹ dkuf&ifawmh wjynfvHk; vufudk ykvdyfwOD;u aoewfjzifh ypfcsvdkufonf? wjcm;aemufvdkufrsm;rSmrl
'kuQa&mufukefr,f? AkdvfcsKyfae&mrSm cifAsm;0ifEkdifatmif bk&ifcHudk cifAsm;oGm; xkad e‹eeH ufu twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k wGif olwo ‹dk ;kH cJah om aoewfrsm;udk tdraf emufbuf&dS
awGŒ&r,f? 'gudk usaemfwdk‹ aqG;aEG;_yD;-uyg_yD” [k qD;óudE+wfquf ajymqdkvkduf tif;,m;uefxJodk‹ tvsifpvdk ypfcsazsmufzsuf&ef óud;yrf;vsuf&Sdae-uonf? xdk
onf? ,cifu bk&ifcH. tr+aqmifaumifpD0if (11) OD;&Sdonfhteuf ,cktcg ae&mrSm OD;apmu olwdk‹rdom;pktwGuf a&ueftpyfwGif aqmufwnfay;xm;
(5) OD;om usefawmhonf? xkad e‹eeH uf ypfcwfrr+ S &Siu f sef&pfol 0ef}uD; (3) OD; jzpf aom bk&m;ausmif;aqmifav;teD;Y jzpfonf?
onfh OD;b*srf;/ OD;atmifZHa0ESihf OD;jrtjyif (ydka‹ qmifa&;ESifh qufoG,fa&;&m 0ef atmifjrifr+onf wae‹yifrcHvdkufbJ vlowfr+jzifh olwdk‹tm;vHk; vufqkyf
}uD;) aumifpD0if apmpHzdk;oifESihf (jynfxJa&;ESihf w&m;a&;&m0ef}uD;) aumifpD vufudkif tzrf;cHvdkuf&aomtcg tjrihfqHk;ae&mrS ðywfusvmaom olrsm;uJhodk‹
0if OD;ausmf_idr;f wd‹k jzpf-uonf? OD;apmvlrsm;pkonf pdwfua,mifacsmufcsm; ysufjym;ae-u_yD? odk‹aomfvnf; OD;
ocifEkonf wkH‹qkdif;raeacs? OD;atmifqef;ae&mY ol‹tm; tpm;xdk;&ef apmrSmrl &SmrS &Sm;aomol[k qd&k avmufatmif wnf_idrv f yS gonf? 10 xdwv f eft ‹ hH
twGuf tr+aqmifaumifp. D 'k=OuU@ae&mtwGuf ocifEt k m; axmufcaH -umif; -o0rf;enf;aom trlt&m[lI bmr#r&Sd? ol. tdrfudk ykvdyfwyfrsm; pD;eif;xm;
zqyvtzGŒJcsKyfþtvkyt f r+aqmifaumfrwDuþuefu ‹ u
G o f rl &Sþd qH;k jzwftwnfðyay; onfhtcsdefumvwav#mufvHk; OD;apm. [efyeftrlt&monf vHk;0rysufjym;/
vdu k of nf? Twm0efukd ol,&l ygv#if vGwv f yfa&;&_yD;aemuf (6) vt-umwGif ol‹tm; apmihfa&Smuf&efvmaom ol‹vufatmufcH wynfhi,fom;rsm;ESihf awGŒ&
olu ‹ kd Ekwxf u G cf iG ahf y;&rnf[al om ¹cGi;f csufjzihf ocifEu k oabmwlvu kd o
f nf? onfh yHkpHrsKd;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf udpPtm;vHk; qdkif&m=Edkif&m ol‹tquftoG,frsm;t&
ocifEktdrfjyefa&muf_yD;þr-umrD bk&ifcHxHodk‹ roGm;&ao;rD tcsdeftwGif; uGif;qufrdrd xdxda&mufa&muf _yD;pD;oGm;onfhtcg ol‹bufu tav;omvdrfh
bk&ifcu H olx ‹ zH ek ;f qufavonf? ocifEt k m; bk&ifcuH 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udk vuf rnf[k ,Hk-unfr+tjynfh ol‹ Y &SdaeyHk&onf? odk‹aomfvnf; vufxJwGif udkifxm;
cH&efEiS hf tpd;k &opfzŒJGpnf;&ef w&m;0if zdw-f um;wm0efay;jcif;udk cH&avawmhonf? aom 0DpuDcGufxJrS vufusef,rumudk jznf;nif;pGm pkyfaomuf&if; ol‹ta&SŒrS
xkdrSwyg; usqHk;oGm;aom tmZmenf}uD;rsm;. ZeD;/ rkqdk;rwOD;v#if ±lyD;aiG ykvdyft&m&Sd (Police Superintendent) udk ta&;rpdkufovdk trl&mjzihf &SmazGzrf;
51 52
51 52
Adv
qD;ydik cf iG fh 0&rf;pm&Srd &Sd ar;vdu k o f nf? TwGif jy\emwck0ifvmonfrmS 0&rf;pm u|Ekyf . f zcifjzpfol OD;xGe;f vSatmifonf r+cif;axmufvS r;f a&;Xme=ykvyd f
rygjcif;yifjzpf.? od‹k jzpfI w&m;Oya'ESifh tHacsm_f yD; [efyrkH ay:ojzifh odoo d mom wyfzGJŒ }uD; (CID) . 'k=ykvdyfrif;}uD;jzpf_yD; (ykvdyfwyfzGJŒ }uD;udk &JwyfzGJŒ[k trnf
pdwv f y+ &f mS ;aeaom t&m&So d nf olt ‹ xuft&m&Sx d H csufcsif;w,fvzD ek ;f quf_yD; rajymif;&ao;rD) xkdtcsdefu jrefrmjynfwGif 'kwd,tqihftjrihfqHk; ykvdyft&m&Sd
ola&SŒqufvkyfudkifoGm;&rnfh wm0efydkif;qkdif&m E+wfrdefu ‹ dk aocsmpGm &&Sd_yD;aom }uD;jzpfonf? ,if;odk‹v#if zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;udk ykvdyfum;rsm;odk‹ ac:aqmifvm
tcgwGirf S OD;apmu olwt ‹kd m;vH;k udk olt ‹ rd w
f iG f &SmazGciG ðhf yvdu k o f nf? ,if;od‹k &SmazG csed wf iG rf S OD;xGe;f vSatmif xdak e&moda‹k &muf&v dS monf? 11 vsijf refvaS om ykvyd w f yf
pOftcsed u f mvwav#mufv;kH OD;apmonf 0DpuDukd taomufrysuf jznf;jznf;csi;f zGŒJ }uD;. ta&;,laqmif&u G rf u
+ kd oltrdea‹f y;Ekid cf jhJ cif;onf uydw ` efcef;. owif;
qufvufpkyfaomufaecJhonf? jrefrmvlrsKd;zcifwOD;u olu ‹ av;i,frsm;tay: ay;r+t&jzpfonf? aoewform;wd. 12
k‹ *spfum;ESifhou l‹ m; wkdufvkeD;yg;jzpfcJh_yD;
qufqo H nfeh nf;wl olv ‹ rl sm; a-umuf&ŒHGro + ufomoGm;ap&ef t&$wt f aemufrsm; onfhaemufydkif;wGif 0if'grD,mygh(cf) &Sd OD;xGef;vSatmiftdrfodk‹ uy`wdefcef;u
jzifh ajr‡mufyihfacsmharmhr+rsm; ðyvkyf_yD; ykvdyfrsm;ay:wGifvnf; jrefrmjynf eef;&if; awmufav#mufomG ;cJo h nf? OD;xGe;f vSatmifukd tdrw f iG f rawGŒvu kd o
f nft h cg cef;
0efb0u qufqHcJhonfh avoHtwdkif; txufpD;udk tydkif,lxm;avonf? onf (CID) r+cif;axmufvS r;f a&;Xme ykvyd rf if;}uD;±H;k cef;od‹k ae‹v,f (1) em&Dcef‹
r-umrD eHygwf (9) rr qyfr&Sif;*ef;wvuf/ pwif;*ef;wvufESifh usnfqH wGif vS r;f zke;f qufvu kd o f nf? OD;xGe;f vSatmifonf odr;f qnf;xm;aom vufeuf
rsm;udk olŒtdrftwGif;rS ykvdyfu &SmazGawGŒ&Sdonfhwdkif OD;apmonf vHk;0[efrysuf rsm;udk 0rf;enf;a-uuGJaom tawG;rsm;jzihf ppfaq;-unfhcJhonf? OD;apmtdrfwGif
ao;bJ olw ‹ ynfhrsm;ESifh jyufvHk;xkwfaeqJyifjzpfyg.? xkdvufeufESpfckvHk;onf tjcm; udk,fydkifud&d,m wefqmyvmrsm;udkvnf; awGŒ&onf? txl;ojzifh r-um
OD;apmydik v f ikd pf ifEiS fh aoewfrsm; jzpfaomfjim;vnf; xdv k ufeufEiS fh usnfqrH sm;udk ao;rDurS ±kdufESdyfxm;[efwlaom pma&;puULu'frsm;tjyif 0ef}uD;csKyf[laom
oufaocHypPn;f tjzpf odr;f vdu k -f uavonf? xkt d csed t f xd OD;apmu tòyH;rysu/f acgif;pOfESifh OD;apm[laom vufa&;quf wHqdyfwHk; ponfrsm;udkvnf; zrf;qD;
“uJ bmqufvkyfOD;rvJ” [k ar;vdkufonf? xkad‹ -umifh rsufESmxm;wif;wif;ESihf &rdcJhonf? (CID) t}uD;tuJonf _cH0if;twGif;&Sd um;rsm;udkvnf; pdwf0ifwpm;
t&m&Sdonf aemufxyfw,fvDzkef;pum; tar;tajzrsm; ðyvkyf_yD; OD;apmqDvm -unhrf jd yefonf? *spfum;ESppf ;D &S_d yD; olonf tif*sifpufrsm;udk E+;d -unfo h nf? um;
um “'Dtcsdeu f p_yD; cifAsm;udk zrf;vdu k yf g_yD? cifAsm;udk usaemfw‹kd vHòk cHwahJ e&mrSm wpD;omv#if trk;d yg_yD; ,if;um;. eHygwfjym;rSm vwfvwfqwfqwf aq;okwf
xdef;odrf;xm;zdk‹ tck csufcsif;ac:oGm;&ygr,f” [k ajymvdkufonf? odkw ‹ dkifatmif xm;rSe;f -unh±f EkH iS o fh Ed idk of nf? ,if;um;onf vG,v f ,G u f u
l El iS fh pufE;d+ aomfvnf;
rSm;,Gif;onfhbufY ,Hk-unfcsufjyif;xefvGef;ol OD;apmonf wkefv+yfacsmufcsm; tjcm;um;rSm ±kwfw&ufpufrEd+;ay? xdk‹ jyif zdk‹'fqefx&yfum;udk um;±HkxJwGif
r+vHk;0r&Sdao;bJ ola‹ emufvdkufrsm;bufvSnfhum OD;apmu “a[h= rif;wdt k‹ dyf&m &yfxm;onf?
vdyfawG xkwf-ua[h? apmifvHkvHkavmufavmuf ,lvmzdkv ‹ nf; rarh-ueJ?‹ igwdk‹ &efolòydifbufrsm;udk z,f&Sm;_yD; rudkÉfudk t&,lum eef;wufonfh tpOf
oGm;r,fhae&mu tm%mydkifawGu igwdk‹udk vdkoavmufay;EkdifcsifrS ay;EdkifrSm” tvmudk jrefrmpum;wGif ‘okwo f ifa&;’ [k oH;k onf? OD;apmonf xdo k w k of ifa&;
[k ajymae&mu wpHkwckudk pOf;pm;[efjzifh “at;avæ(3) &uf 'grS r[kwf (4) óud;yrf;csuf}uD;udk tm;wufoa&m tuGufaphaph pDpOfvkyfaqmifcJhjim;aomf
&ufavmuf ta0;rSm igwdt ‹k m;vH;k oGm;ae-u&rSmyg? bmrS rpd;k &dr-f ueJ”‹ [k olu vnf; tm;vH;k ±kww f &uf tqH;k owfomG ;onf? bk&ifcx H rH S olt ‹ rd af wmfo‹kd tapmifh
bmrS rjzpfovdk xyfajymvdu k jf yefonf? ta&Smufrsm;ESihfwuG w&m;0ifvdkufygvm&ef apv$wfvdkufaom wreftzGJŒudk
OD;apm. ZeD;onf a':oef;cifonf xdak e‹u tdrw f iG rf &Sad cs? &efuek af jrmuf vufcH&rnfhtpm; OD;apmESihf ol‹taygif;tygrsm;onf bvuf rm&D,m (Black
ydik ;f / tif;pde&f dS yxrtdraf xmifonf. OD;av;awmfol aetdro f ‹kd olra&mufaeonf? Maria) jzifh axmifodk‹ ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;udk cH&avawmhonf? TEdkifiHawmf
Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹ Y &JwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm; a&mufoGm;aomtcgu OD;apm. tdrfwGif vkyf}uHr+}uD;wGif yl;aygif;}uHpnfolrsm;udk xdkae‹aemufydkif; axmifxJxnfh_yD;
cifarmif&if.ZeD;ESihf armifeD.ZeD; trsKd;orD;ESpfOD;tygt0if tdrfapa,musfm; axmifwcH g;ydwcf sderf mS nae ae0ifcsdef jzpfaeav_yD?
av;wa,mufEiS hf rde;f rav;wa,mufwo ‹kd m usefaecJo h nf? twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k }uD;twGi;f &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpmG vky}f uHr+ owif;qd;k }uD;
53 54
53 54
Adv
rSm òrd›awmftwGif; ysHŒESH‹oGm;_yD; wwdkif;wjynfvHk; ylaqG;aomu a&muf-u&av

onf? twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;Y (6) a,muf yGJcsif;_yD; aoqHk;I aemufxyf (3) OD; xyfrH
aoqHk;cJhonf? OD;bcsKdonf '%f&ma-umihf xdkae‹ ae‹v,fydkif;wGif aoqHk;cJh&_yD;
apmpHxeG ;f onf aemufwae‹wiG f uG,v f eG o
f mG ;&Smonf? i,f&, G af om ud,
k &f aH wmf
&JabmfudkaxG;rSmrl aemuf&uftenf;i,ft-umwGifrS uG,fvGefoGm;&Smonf? Ekdif
iHa&;orm; wOD;wa,mufwnf;. tm%mavmb&rufudk auseyfr+ay;apEdkif
&eftwGuf yk*Kd~ vf (9) OD; toufay;cJ&h avonf? _Adwo d #wx‹kd rH S tm%mv$aJ jymif;
,la&; óud;yrf;aeqJumvY jrefrmEdkifiH. t&nftcsif;tjrihfrm;qHk; acgif;aqmif
rsm;rSm EdkifiHawmf tcsKyftjcmtm%m&&Sd_yD; vGwfvyfa&;ra-unmEdkifrDyif usqHk;
oGm;cJ&h &Smawmhonf?
Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô
55 56
55 56
57
57
udk,fwdkif ‘wufae’ bGJŒtyfESif;cJhonf)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ppfaoemywd ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf? (1943/ *syefjynf ‘[D±kd[Dwdk’ {u&mZf
58
Adv
1946 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (27) &ufae‹wGif cef‹tyfvdkufonfh bk&ifcH. 0ef}uD;tzGJŒæ

a&SŒwef; 0JrS,m? ocifbpdef/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;atmifqef;/ bk&ifcH AkdvfcsKyf qm[sL;bwf&ef(pf)/ OD;baz/ OD;wifxGÉf?
aemufwef; 0JrS,m? ocifjr/ OD;atmifZHa0ESihf ocifodef;az?

58
59
pyfpx
H eG ;f
OD;&mZwf
'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd
twGi;f 0efO;D tke;f armif

OD;atmifqef;
59
ocifjr
OD;b0if;
ref;bckdif
&Jabmf ukad xG;

cHcJh-u&&Smonf?
ypfcwfowfjzwfjcif;
&ufae‹wGif
t&m&Sd (2) OD;rSm
0ef}uD;tzGJŒ0if (7) OD;ESihf
1947/ Zlvdkifv (19)

vkyf}uHcH&olrsm;?
60
Adv
vkyf}uHr+t_yD; bk&ifcH. 0ef}uD;tzGJŒESihf {nfhonfrsm;æ

æ
xkdifvsuf=0JrS,m? OD;ausmfndrf;/ qmbOD;/ av'D&ef(p)/ ocifEk/ qm[sL;bwf&ef(pf)/ The Earl of Listowel (jrefrmjynfqdkif&m twGif;0ef)/ Adkvfvusfm/
qm*vfbwfvdwf0dwf/ OD;wifxGÉf?
ta&SŒwef;rwfwyf&yf= 0JrS,m? tmtDr*Gm&m;/ ref;0if;armif/ Adkvfzdk;uGef;/ udk,f&Hawmf (4) OD;/ ocifwif/ [oFmw OD;jr/ Aef;udka[mf/ rpP0dwfzdvf?
taemufwef;= 0JrS,m? a*stvfav'if/ aysmfbG,fOD;jr/ qm&vfpwHk;[ef/ OD;b*srf;/ pDtuf (z) oD yD&wf(p) ESihf [,f&pf(p)
60
Adv
atmuf(p) zdk‹'Fòrd›Y emwmvl;yGJcsdef? 1983/ a':atmifqef;pk-unfaetdrfwGif rdom;pkrsm;ESihf rdwfaqGrsm;yg pk±Hk;vsuf? (a':atmifqef;pk-unf

ab;wGif xkdifvsuf vufzuf&nfcGufudk vSrf;,laeol a'gufwmausmf0if;. arwWmvufaqmifyHkjzpfygonf?)
Adv
k cf sKyfw‹dk
ZeD;armifESHESifh
&ifcGifykduforD;av;
atmifqef;pk-unf
1945?
yifvkHòrdŒY/ 0JrS,m?
AdkvfcsKyf/
anmifa&$apmbGm;}uD; pyfa&$okduf/
a':cif-unfESifh AkdvfxGef;vS/
azazmf0g&Dv/ 1947?
61 62
61 62
Adv
ydwv f suf yl;aygif;uln0D ef;&Hay;cJ-h uonf?

jrefrmwdk‹tjrifwGifum; ,if;yk*~dKvfrsm;rSm &JpGrf;owWd&Sdaom rsKd;cspfol&J
aumif;rsm; jzpf-uonf? _Adwdo#wdu k‹ rl ,if;awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;udk "m;jyrsm;/
vlqdk;olcdk;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwf_yD; tusOf;csKH;w&m;pD&ifum tjypfay;cJhonf?
tcef; (2) _Aw d o d #wo ‹kd rd ;f yduk _f y;D wESpt f -umwGif tvGet f rif;-urf;wrf;pGm tkycf sKyfwwfaom
qmcsm;vfua&mh (pfo)f 0dwf (Sir Charles Crosthwaite) onf jrefrmEdik if . H 0ef&iS f
t"duacgif;aqmifrsm; awmfrif;}uD; jzpfvmcJo h nft h avsmuf olonf ykeu f efxºuGrr+ sm;udk t!Smwmuif;
rJph mG ESrd ef if;ypfco hJ nf? xko d ‹dk "m;jy[k owfrw S jf cif;cH&olrsm;ukd tpkvu kd t
f òyHvu kd f
1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif twGif;0ef±Hk;Y oem;!Smwmr+uif;rJh uGyrf sufco hJ nf? vGwaf jrmufa&;wdu k yf 0JG iforl sm;tay: u±k%moufrad om aus;
pGm aoewfjzihf ypfcwfowfjzwfjcif;cHvdkuf-u&ol yk*~dKvfrsm;rSm acwfopf jrefrm &Gmwkid ;f udk csucf si;f vufiif; rD;avmifwu kd of iG ;f ypfvu kd o
f nf? rde;f rrsm;ESifh uav;
Ekid if .
H txl;c|eq f ;kH Edik if ahH cgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf-uayonf? _Aw d o d #tyk pf ;kd r+. aemuf i,frsm;udkyif csrf;omcGihfray;cJhacs? ppfyGJwGif towfcH&olrsm;ESihf zrf;qD;&rdI
qHk;ESpfrsm;twGif;odk‹ jrefrmEdkifiHudk acgif;aqmifr+ay;&ef olwdk‹taejzihf owfrSwf óud;ay;jcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ acgif;jzwfjcif;jzihfaomfvnf;aumif; uGyfrsuf
jy@mef;jcif;cHcJh-u&aomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonftxd tqHk;wdkifaqmif&GufcGifh cH&olrsm;udk tm;vH;k aygif;v#if axmifaygif;rsm;pGm &Sad yvdrrfh nf? OD;atmifqef;.
r&&So d mG ;cJ-h u&Smacs? _Adwo d #wo ‹kd nf 1885 ckEpS w f iG f rEœav;-rda› wmfo‹kd csw D ufvm rdcifbufrS tbdk;awmfol Akdvfrif;a&mifonf a'ocHawmfvSefa&;wyfrsm;udk
-u_y;D jrefrmEdik if . H aemufq;kH rif;qufukd tqH;k owfc-hJ uonf? Tod‹kjzifh 1824=26 acgif;aqmifco hJ jl zpfonf? olonf _Adwo d #. tzrf;tqD;cH&_yD; acgif;jzwfuyG rf suf
yxr t*Fvyd =f jrefrmppfyrJG S pwifcahJ omþolw. ‹kd usL;ausmo f rd ;f ydu
k rf u
+ kd tqH;k owf jcif; cHc&hJ avonf?
Ekid cf -hJ uonf? xdt k csed rf pS wifcahJ om _Aw d o d #ukd qefu ‹ siw f eG ;f vSe&f ef óud;yrf;cJo h nfh xdktcgu _Adwdo#wdk‹taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHY t_rJwrf;wyfrsm;ESihf ppfykvdyf
om;pOfajr;quf ±ke;f uefvy+ &f mS ;r+wu kd yf uJG kd ,ckacwfopf jrefrmEdik if aH cgif;aqmif pkpak ygif; (60˜000) udk wyfpx JG m;apcJ_h yD; ajrmufyikd ;f a'o&Sd ykeu f efxºuGru + kd (5)
rsm;u qufvufO;D aqmifra+ y;cJ-h ujcif;jzpfonf? jrefrmEdik if . H bk&ifoaD ygrif;udk ESpfwdkifwdkif ESdrfeif;cJh&avonf? vltiftm; (500) jzihf rEœav;odk‹ yxrqHk; pwif
zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;_yD; tdENd,EkdifiH/ &wem*D&dodk‹ ydk‹xm;cJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; csDwufvmpOfu jrefrmjynfov l x
l u
k kd ESyd u f yG of rd ;f oGi;f &ef Toda‹k om cufcufccJ J
bk&ifw h yfrawmf/ touf&iS u f se&f pfaecJah om rif;nDrif;om;tcsKŒd/ eef;awmft&m&Sd ta&;,laqmif&u G &f r+ ðyvky&f vdrrfh nf[k _Adwo d #wt d‹k aejzifh vH;k 0 rawG;rxifrcd hJ
rsm;/ aus;&Gmol}uD;rsm;ESifh Ak'b < mom bke;f awmf}uD;rsm;yifv#if _Adwo d #ydik f tdE,
dN -uacs?
Ekid if .
H jynfe,fwckb0 a&mufomG ;cJ_h y;D jzpfaom wcsed u f jrefrmbk&ifEikd if aH wmf. zrf;qD;&rdor# awmfveS af &;orm; acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;vH;k udk okwo f ifz,f
ae&mtESH‹tjym;wGif "m;udk qGJudkif/ aoewfjzihf ,SOfòydifI tEkdifrcHawmfvSefcJh-u &Sm;cJhonfhtwGuf jrefrmwdk. ‹ rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfonf tESpf (20) cef‹ acwW _idrf0yf
onf? Tta-umif;udk *|eftuf (zf) au'D (John. F. Cady) u ol. ‘acwfopf oGm;cJo h nf? udv k ekd eD ,fcsJŒw. ‹kd toH;k tE+e;f t& jrefrmEdik if o H nf _idr;f csrf;oGm;_yD[k
jrefrmEkid if o H rdik ;f ’ wGif Tod‹k a&;om;cJo h nf? qdk&vifhupm; csif;wGif;ESihf rHk&Gmc±dkifrsm;wGif a'owGif;xºuGr+rsm; &SdaecJh_yD; tif
‘1886 ckESpfESihf 1887 ckESpfrsm;u wav#mufvkH; jrefrmEkdifiH txufjrefrm tm;ao;i,faom ajymufusm;wyfzGJŒuav;rsm;. csKHcdkwdkufcdkufr+rsm;um; ESpf
jynf. c±kid af 'owkid ;f wGif awmfveS x f ºuGrj+ zihf qlyu G vf suf&cdS o hJ nf? ppfpcef;rsm; aygif;rsm;pGm &yfpo J mG ;jcif; r&Scd ahJ csæ’[l.?
ESifh ppf,mOfwef;rsm;onf twdkuftckdufcHcJh-u&_yD; aus;&Gmrsm;rS a,musfm;wdkif; xdk‹aemuf 1904 ckESpfwGif acwfynmwwf &efukefaumvdyf ausmif;om;
vdkvdku wkdufcdkuf&ef tqifoifh&SdaecJh-uonf? EkdifiHolEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;u ppf vli,frsm;xJrS trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; pwifay:aygufvmavonf? ,if;
twGif; cufcJusyfwnf;r+rsm;udk vufcHcJh-u_yD; ykefuefv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk a&iHkE+wf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf 1897 ckESpfrS pwif_yD; EdkifiHa&;t& Edk;-um;r+&Sd
63 64
63 64
t"duacgi;f aqmifrsm; Adv
aom ‘Ak'b < mom’ toif;tzGŒJ rsm; xlaxmifc-hJ uolrsm;ESit hf wl vufwaJG qmif&uG f vnf; xdkoydwfudk qifE$Jvdkufygvm-uonf? xdktcsdefu vufaxmufbk&ifcH.
rd-uonf? 1906 ckESpfwGif ‘Ak'<bmomuvsm%,k0’ toif; (0dkiftrfbDat) 1 udk _crd ;f ajcmufrr+ sm; &Sad evifu h pm; jynfov l x l w
k &yfv;kH u oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;
aumvdyfausmif;om; (26) OD;jzifh zGJŒpnf;cJh_yD; ‚if;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif rsm;ukd tm;wufoa&m tultnDay;cJh-uonf? olw. dk‹ awmif;qkdcsufrsm; tm;
OD;baz/ OD;vSaz/ OD;b'Gef;ESihf trfatbGJŒydkif&Sif OD;armifarmif}uD;wdk‹ yg0ifcJhonf? vHk;um; r&&SdcJhacs? odka‹ omfvnf; ‚if;oydwfonf tqufjzwfI _idrf;owfr&Edkif
1908 ckESpfwGif a':jrar. 2 ‘0dwdk&d,bk&ifr}uD; trSwfw& trsKd;orD; txuf awmhaom tem*wftwGuf tm;aumif;vSonfh trsK;d om;a&;pdw"f mwf rD;awmuf
wef;ausmif;’ wGif usif;yaom ‘0kdiftrfbDat’ tpnf;ta0;wckY t*Fvdyf udk pwifawmufavmifomG ;apcJah vonf?
acwfynmwwf vli,f0wfvHkawmf&rsm;jzpf-uaom OD;armifcif 3 (aemifwGif qm topfwzef jyefvnfarG;zGm;vmcJh_yDjzpfaom jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+
bGJŒ&&Sdol) / OD;aratmif 4 (‚if;wdo k‹ nf usaemf. rdcifESihfzcifbufrS tbdk;rsm; jzpf . tke;f tke;f u|uu f |uf yxrESprf sm;twGi;f wGiyf if &[ef;awmfrsm;xJrS trsK;d om;
-uonf) OD;odrf;armifESihf tjcm;yk*~dKvfrsm;onf yGJOD;xGuf Eke,fao;aom trsKd; acgif;aqmiftjzpf pwifay:xGufvmcJholum; q&mawmf OD;OwWryifjzpfonf? ol
om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+twGuf twlvufwGJrd-uawmhonf? xdak‹ emufydkif; r-umrDwGif onf &cdkiftrsKd;om; ax&0g' Ak'<bmom oHCmawmfwyg; jzpf±Hkr#ru tdENd,
tpdk;&. t}uD;wef;0efxrf;rsm;ESihf aemufxyf w&m;Oya'orm; 0wfvHkawmf& EdkifiHESihf wdkusKdwGif tcsdeftwef-umaexdkifcJhzl;aom t*Fvdyfpmwwf&[ef;wyg;
trsm;tjym;onf tzGJŒ0ifrsm; jzpfvmcJh-uonf? xkd‹a-umihf q,fpkESpfwcktwGif; jzpf_yD; jrefrmEdkifiHodk‹ 1919 ckESpfwGif jyefa&mufvmcJhonf? us,fus,fjyef‹ jyef‹
rSmyif 0dkiftrfbDatonf EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m tzGJŒtpnf;tjzpf tajcwusjzpfvmcJh_yD; c&D;pwifxGufcGmcJh_yD; 0HomEk&udQw= trsKd;*k%fapmihfxdef;a&; wdkif;jynfcspfpdwf
ydkrdkcdkifrmawmifhwif;aom pepfusonfh Oya'wGif;v+yf&Sm;r+w&yfjzpfvm&ef rlv ta-umif; ajyma[mum ‘0HomEk’ toif;rsm; wwdkif;jynfvHk;tESH‹ OD;aqmif
&nf&G,f&if;pGJ&Sdonfhtwdkif; ‘jrefrmtoif;rsm; taxGaxGaumifpD’ (*sDpDbDat) pnf;±H;k zGŒJpnf;cJ&h m t*Fvyd b f &k ift
h pd;k &u ppfyv k yd rf sm; toH;k csI ‚if;tpktzGŒJrsm;udk
tjzpfo‹kd 1917 ckEpS w f iG f ajymif;vJjzpfay:oGm;cJah vonf? vdu k v f òH zdcjJG cif;jzihf a'gow}uD; wH‹k jyefco hJ nf?
xkd‹aemuf 1920 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvwGif &efukef&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;u udkvdkeD xdktcgu ol. &J&Jawmufrdecf‹ Gef;rsm;a-umifh OD;OwWronf 1921 ckESpfwGif
tm%mydkifrsm;udk yxrqHk;t}udrf ajAmifpdefac:vdkuf-uawmhonf? ,if;odk‹ jzpf tzrf;cH&avawmhonf? wdkif;jynfqlylatmif v+Ha‹ qmfr+jzifh ±Hk;wifw&m;pGJjcif;cH&
&onfrmS tdE, dN Edik if /H umvuwWm; ,leb D mpDwD vufatmufcjH zpfcahJ om aumvdyf um q&mawmf &[ef;awmfrsm;xJrS yxrqHk;axmif'%f (18) v tjypfay;jcif;
ausmif;ESpfausmif;udk tpm;xdk;_yD; yxrqHk; XmaewuUodkvfwck jrefrmEdkifiHwGif cHcJh&avonf? Ttjypf'%fcsrSwfr+. EdkifiHa&;ESihf bmoma&;vd+if;*,uf ±kduf
zGifhvSpfrnfh Oya' tqdkðycsufw&yfudk ygvDrefY wifoGif;jcif;a-umihfjzpfonf? cwfru + kd wwdik ;f wjynfv;kH cHpm;-u&avonf? t*Fvyd v f ufatmufcH jrefrmEdik if H
wuUodkvf0ifcGihfpmar;yJGESifh ywfoufaom vdktyfcsufrsm;/ pmoif-um;a&;p&dwf Y wdkif;jynfqlylatmifvH+‹aqmfr+jzifh trsKd;om;a&;0g'DwOD; vlodewf-um; w&m;
rsm;/ ausmif;oH;k pmtkyjf y@mef;csurf sm;ætp&So d jzifh ‚if;Oya'yg tqdðk ycsuþf tao; pGq
J ckd &H jcif;rSm Tt}udro f nf yxrqH;k t}udrjf zpfonft h jyif xif&mS ;onfh Ak'b
< m
pdwftcsuftvufwcsKdŒudk ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tjcm;trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;u om oHCmq&mawmfwyg;jzpfaejcif;u jrefrmjynfolrsm;twGuf temay: wkwf
vufrcHEkdif-uacs? odk‹aomfvnf; _Adwdo#. tpkd;&vufatmufcHESihf tdENd, usovdk cHpm;apawmhonf? TtjzpftysufrSm EkdifiHwEkdifiHvHk;. trsKd;om;a&;
bk&ifccH sKyf. vufaxmufb&k ifcjH zpfol qm&,f*seD ,f u&ufa'guf (Sir Reginald *k%o f ud mQ udk pdeaf c:vdu k jf cif;yifjzpfavonf? Todv ‹k #if q&mawmf OD;OwWronf
Craddock) u ,if;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vspfvsL±+cJh_yD; ,if;Oya'tqdkðycsufudk vGwfvyfa&;r&rD t*FvdyfvufatmufcH u|efb0wav#muf pufwifbmv (9)
rl&if;twkdif;yif &efukef,leDAmpDwDtufOya'tjzpf 'DZifbmv (1) &ufae‹wGif &ufae‹wGif ysHvGefawmfrlonfhwdkifatmif axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif;udk t}udrfrsm;
twnfðyjy@mef;vdkufavonf? xdk‹a-umihf (4) &uft-umwGif &efukef&Sd ausmif; pGm xyfzefwvJvJ cHc&hJ avonf?
om; (600) teuf (500) u oydwfwkdufyGJ qifE$Jvkdufonf? xdkoydwfaemufodk‹ xdak‹ -umihfvnf; tjcm;xif&Sm;aom Ak'<bmom &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;onf
&efukefòrd›awmf tjyif rEœav;ESifh tjcm;òrd›rsm;&Sd txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;u q&mawmf OD;OwWrudk tm;usum yg&mZduvnf; rus/ oHCab'uuHvnf;
65 66
65 66
rxdu k af om Tv+y&f mS ;r+rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u G v f mavonf? xdt k xJwiG f q&m xif&Sm;onfht0kdif;}uD;wckay:wGif xkdacwf ('dk‹Arm tpnf;t±Hk;0if) jrLævl}uD;
awmf OD;0dpm&rSmvnf; wyg;tygt0ifjzpfonf? q&mawmfonf 1888 ckESpfwGif rsm;jzpf-uaom OD;csefxGef;ESihf OD;baqGwdk‹vufxufY txdrf;trSwf ausmuf
rHk&Gmòrd›Y arG;zGm;cJh_yD;/ touf (20) t&G,fwGif &[ef;abmifodk‹ 0ifa&mufcJh_yD; oH wdik }f uD;xdy0f ,f q&mawmf. &yfawmfral -u;±ky}f uD;udk trSww f & ðyvkycf -hJ uav
Cor*~DtzGJŒ zGJŒpnf;a&;twGuf pnf;±Hk;aqmif&GufcJhonf? xdk‹aemuf q&mawmf onf? xdkae&modk‹ OD;cdkuf&mvrf;onf ,cifu ‘Tiger Alley’ [k ac:wGifcJhaomf
OD;OwWr. tultnDjzifh t*Fvdyfpmudk oif,lvsuf bmoma&;ESihf EkdifiHa&;rsm; vnf; ,cktcg ,if;vrf;udk OD;0dpm&vrf;[k trnfajymif;vJowfrw S cf ahJ vonf?
udk tdENd,EdkifiHodk‹ oGm;a&mufavhvmqnf;yl;cJhonf? xdka‹ emuf jrefrmEdkifiHodk‹ jyef odk‹ jzpfav&m q&mawmfOD;OwWrESihf OD;0dpm&udk,fawmfwdk‹onf udkvdkeDtpkd;&udk
ºuGvmaomtcg òrd›pGef awm&Gm aus;vufrsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;w&m;yGJrsm;udk tcGihf qef‹usifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonfh txift&Sm;qHk; q&mawmfrsm;jzpfa-umif; ordkif;u
oifw h ikd ;f usif;ya[majymcJo h nf? xka‹d -umihf q&mawmf OD;0dpm&onfvnf; tzrf; oufaocHaeygonf? ‚if;wdk‹onf trsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+wGif Ak'<bmom &[ef;
cH&vdkuf/ jyefvGwfvmvdkuf/ jyefvnftzrf;cH&vdkufESifh tusOf;axmifoHo&mxJ awmfrsm; 'um/ 'umrrsm;ESihftwl yg0ifvmr+udk vrf;xGifay;cJh-u_yD; Tt
Yom w0JvnfvnfjzpfaecJo h nf? xdt k wGi;f w&m;qdik &f m apmihqf idk ;f aepOf q&m csufonfyif trsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+ aemufqHk;atmifyGJqifEdkifjcif;. ta&;yg
awmfonf &ufaygif; (40) -um tpmiwfcHqENjycJhonfhtavsmuf pdwfydkif;qdkif vmonfh tcsufwcsufjzpfvmayonf?
&mt&r[kwfbJ ±kyfykdif;qkdif&mt& tm;enf;ae_yDjzpfaom q&mawmfonf wESpf q&mawmf OD;0dpm& ysHvGefawmfrlaom ESpfwGifyif ‘*sDpDbDat’. tzGJŒ0if
ESihfudk;v tvkyf-urf;ESihf axmif'%f csrSwfjcif;udk cH&avonf? wOD;jzpfol bkef;}uD;vlxGuf OD;&mausmfqdkolonf ‘*VKeftoif;’[k ac:aom v#KdŒ
xkad‹ -umihf axmift&m&Sdrsm;onf q&mawmftm; ouFef;udk twif;c|wfap 0Suftoif;. toif;cGJrsm;udk e,frsm;wGif vdkufvHwnfaxmifvsuf&Sdonf? ,if;
_yD; omrefaxmifuswOD;. t0wftpm;udk 0wfcdkif;&m q&mawmfu wif;rmpGm toif;rsm;rSm OD;OwWr. 0HomEktoif;rsm;ESihf qifwal omfvnf; olw. ‹kd zGŒJ pnf;yHk
jiif;qefcJh&m q&mawmftm; 0wfvpfpvpfjzifh wOD;wnf; wdkufydwfxm;cJhonf? ESihf vkyfudkifaqmif&GufyHkrsm;rSm ‚if;toif;tzGJŒrsm;uJhodk‹ ajymifajymiffwif;wif;r
odk‹ jzifh q&mawmf. tpmiwfcHqENjyjcif;/ wOD;wnf;wkdufydwfxm;jcif;/ twif; [kwb f J v#KŒd0u S rf &+ v
dS oS nf? *VKefonf [dELN '¾m&Drsm;wGif tvGet f m;aumif;aom
t"rR ESmacgif;xJodk‹ ydkufoGif;_yD; Ek&d‹ nfxnfhjcif;æpojzifh &ufpufr+ oHo&mvnf iSufwrsKd;jzpf_yD; ooFu±kduf (ouUw) bmomwGif *±kV[k ac:onf? xdktcsdefu
vsu&f o dS nf? xdrk #omru tm%mydik w f ‹kd taejzihf q&mawmftm; t±l;pm&if; oGwf t&if;&Siw f . ‹kd avmbaZma-umihf wae‹wjcm; jr‡iw hf ufvmonfh ukeaf ps;E+e;f rsm;
oGif;um emrnfqdk;vSaom &efukefwHwm;uav;t±l;axmifwGif xyfrHcsKyfaESmif ESihf }uD;us,fcrf;em;aom udkvdkeDpD;yGm;a&;u rnfonfhtcgr# rsufESmomray;
xm;onftxd aqmif&GufcJh-uonf? xdka‹ emuf xdkae&mwGif (7) v aecJh&_yD; &ef aom qif;&JEGrf;yg;onfh awmvufaus;&Gmrsm;ESifh e,fpGefe,fzsm;wdrk‹ S vli,frsm;
ukefA[kdaxmif}uD;okd‹ jyefvnfydk‹ jcif;cH&jyefonf? q&mawmfuvnf; vkyfcsif&m ESihf aus;&Gmol/ aus;&Gmom; trsm;tjym;udk Ttoif;rsm;u qGJaqmifpnf;±Hk;Edkif
vkyf aemufrqkwf[laom cH,lcsufjzifh acgif;rmpGm qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf? avonf? jynfov l x l rk mS pyg;udk ud,
k w f idk x
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aemufxyfwzef tpmtiwfcH qENjy_yD;aemuf q&mawmftm; tvkyf-urf;ESihf atmif qif;&JwiG ;f eufae_yD; xGuaf yguf&mS &ef tvkyw f ckcu
k dk vky&f ayawmhrnf?
axmif'%f (6) ESpf csrSwftjypfay;vdkufjyefonf? OD;0dpm&uvnf; xyfrH tpm xkdtcsdefwGif *sKd;Zuf-o*wfpwyf (pf) armif}uD;rSm ‘qm’bGJŒ jzifh olaumif;
iwfcq H ENjyjyefonf? xkt d cg 'um/ 'umrrsm;u r-unf&h ufawmhojzifh vGw_f idr;f tðycH&_yD; rusef;rmI _Adwdefodk‹ cGifhjzifh tdrfjyefoGm;aom qmcsm; (vf) (pf) tif;
cGifh toem;cHpmwifygaomfvnf; xdt k csed uf jrefrmvlrsK;d jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; *sK;d Zuf euf (pf) (Sir Charles Innes) .ud, k pf m; ,m,Db&k ifct H jzpf aqmif&u G cf iG &fh aom
-o*wfpwyf(pf) armif}uD;u y,fcscJo h nf? yxrqHk; jrefrmvlrsKd;jzpfvmonf? qm*sKd;Zufonf trsm;qHk; qkd;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; xd
xdk‹a-umihf 1929 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (19) &uf ol. tpmiwfcH qENjyr+ cdkufonfh a'ojzpfaom &efukefajrmufydkif;&Sd om,m0wDc±kdifodo k‹ Gm;_yD; tjcm;ae
(166) &uf jynfhajrmufonfhae‹wGif aemufqHk;Y q&mawmf ysHvGefawmfrlcJh&av &mrsm;wGif ðyvkyfcJhouJhodk‹ ‘'gbm’ yGJawmfudk usif;yavonf? 1930 ckESpf/ 'DZif
onf? ,ae‹wiG rf l &efuek f uefawmfrifyef;_cHEiS fh a&$w*d b kH &k m;teD; tvHv k rf;xdy&f dS bmv (21) &ufae‹ vlxkESihfawGŒqHkyGJwGif v,form;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u aus;
67 68
67 68
vufa'orsm;wGif tcGefaumufcHjcif;udk zsufodrf;ay;&ef (odkr‹ [kwf) wESpfqdkif; aom pdwfv+yf&Sm;r+qkdif&m tjrifusOf;ajrmif;onfh ar#mfrSef;csufwdk‹tay:wGif
iHhay;&ef ,m,Dbk&ifcHtm; toem;cH-uonf? odak‹ omfvnf; qm*sKd;Zufu ,if; tajcwnfvsuf&Sdonfæ’ [k azmfjyxm;.?
awmif;yefcsufukd csufcsif;yif jiif;y,fvu kd af vonf? xda‹k -umihf aemufwae‹wiG f 1930 ckESpfrsm; tapmydkif;u jzpfyGm;cJhaom zdESdyfr+rsm;umvtwGif; jrefrmh
om,m0wD v,form;olyek x f r+ jzpfay:vmavawmhonf? olw. ‹kd acgif;aqmif aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;rS us,fajymvSaom v,f,majrrsm;udk aiGwdk;acs;pm;ol
rSm ,cktcg q&mpH[k trsm;uac:wGifvmaom jrefrmorm;awmf OD;&mausmf cspfwD;rsm;ESihf v,fydkif&Sif}uD;rsm;u odrf;,lcJh&m ,if;wdk‹vufrS ‚if;wdk‹ydkif v,f
jzpfavonf? olonf okyÀu *VKef&mZm (xif&Sm;ausmf-um;aom *VKefrif;) ,majrrsm;udk jyefvnf&,l&ef q&mpH. *VKefwyftwGi;f &Sd wdu k cf u
kd of tl rsm;pku
[laom bGŒJtrnfukd cH,I l olu ‹ ,kd of l bk&iftjzpf a-unmvdu k af vonf? xda‹k emuf xºuGc-hJ ujcif;jzpfonf? olwo ‹kd nf acwfynmrwwfaom ±d;k ±k;d ttrsm; jzpfaumif;
aorxl;aerxl;b0Y rausreyfjzpfae-uaom v,form;rsm;jzifh ppfwyfwwyf jzpfayrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; olwdk‹. em-unf;cHpm;&r+rsm;um; tppftrSefjzpfav
udk xlaxmifvu kd of nf? _Adwo d #udv k ekd w D yfrawmf. acwfrv D ufeufrsm;udk vuf onf? odk‹ jzpfI jrefrmhorkdif;ynm&Sif a'gufwmxifatmifu Todk‹axmufjycJh
csn;f oufoufr#jzihf &ifqidk &f ef olwq ‹kd ;kH jzwfc-hJ uonf? olyek w f . ‹kd vufeufwu dk f onf? om,m0wDe,fu vlxktaejzifh Tpdwfrcsrf;ajrhzG,f&m tjzpfqdk;rS vGwf
wGif&Sdaom vufeufrSm rD;aygufaoewf tvuf (30) xufrydkbJ oHydkufacsmif; ajrmuf&ef wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm _Adwdo# vlrsKd;jcm;tpdk;&udk ykefuefxºuG
rsm;ESihf bdkifpu,favxdk;wHrsm;jzifh ðyvkyfxm;aom vufvkyfaoewfrsm; tm; &efom &Sad vonf? xdt ‹k jyif e,fcsŒJorm;pk;d rd;k olrsm;atmufwiG f qif;&JwiG ;f eufae
jznfxh m;avonf? ‚if;tjyif olww ‹kd iG f ta0;ypfvufeuf[I l jrm;/ 'l;av;/ vif; onfh tjzpfqdk;Y tiwfiwftjywfjywf touf&Sifae&onfxuf apmapmao&
av;/ *GESihf vSHrsm;om &Sdavonf? xdk‹a-umihf tar&duefygarmuQ vlpDtif; 'b jcif;u jrwfonfr[kwfygvm;?
vsLydik ;f (Professor Lucien W. Pye) u xdt k a-umif;ESifh ywfoufI Toda‹k &;om; &efukefajrmufbufrS yJcl;±kd;rawmifa-um&Sd tvHv$ihfxl&mawmif[k
xm;cJah vonf? t"dy`m,f&aom ‘tvHawmif’wGif q&mpHonf ol. pHcsdefukd yxrqHk;t}udrf
‘1930 ckEpS w f iG f ay:aygufcahJ om q&mpHoyl ek x f ºuGro + nf vlrsK;d jcm; t*Fvyd f jr‡iwhf ifco hJ nf? *VKefrsm;udk wdu k cf u
kd &f ef _Adwo
d # wyf&if;w&yfv;kH udk apv$wcf &hJ m
rif;ae&mY jrefrmvlrsKd;wOD;udk rif;tjzpfwif&ef óud;pm;aom awmfvSefykefuef q&mpH. XmecsKyfusoGm;cJh_yD; taotaysmufrSm tvGeftrif;rsm;jym;vSonf?
r+rsm;. jrefrmh±kd;&mpOfvm tawG;tac:ESihf vkyfenf;vkyf[ef EdkifiHa&;/ bmom xda‹k emuf ykeu f efxºuGro + nf xdak cwfjrefrmEdik if w H iG f c±kid f (40) &So
d nft h euf (12)
a&;yHpk EH iS fh udu
k n f v D suf&o dS nf? wyGw J ;kd yÌvuf twwfynm&Sirf sm;/ tif;ESifh pr c±kid of ‹kd ysŒH Eo
‹HS mG ;cJo
h nf?
aq;rifa-umifxdk;olrsm;/ "m;_yD;/ wkwf_yD;/ aoewf_yD; wyGJjyefESmESihf aq;a&mif; om,m0wD A[dkcsufrrSaeI [Hom0wDc±dkifESihf {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:
olrsm;/ taqmifrsm;/ vufzGJŒrsm; taxmuftyHhtultnDjzifh "mwf±dkuf"mwfqif wav#muf/ ajrmufbufwGif txufjrefrmjynfESihf &S rf;jynfe,ftcsKdŒae&mrsm;odk‹
aA'ifudef;cef;tvdkt& q&mpHudk,fwdkif wGufcsufzGJŒpnf;vdkufaom *VKefwyfu yif ysŒHEo ‹HS mG ;cJoh nf? tpd;k &wyfrsm;uvnf; &uf&ufpufpuf ESyd u f yG af csre+ ;f cJo
h nf?
acwfa[mif;jrefrmEdik if . H rif;crf;rif;em; taqmifta,mifjzpfaom xD;jzL ueuU &Gmrsm;udk &GmvHk;u|wfjymusatmif rD;±+d‹ I pdkufysKd;cif;rsm;udk zsufqD;um a&wGif;
'%fatmuf&Sd &mZyv†ifay:odk‹ q&mpHudk wifajr‡mufay;vdkufavonf? xdktcsdef rsm;udk zdyk‹ pfonf? oHo,&Sdaom olykefrsm;udk acgif;jzwfowf_yD; vltrsm;jrifom
u q&mpHonf rnfoa‹kd om orm;*k%jf yenf;rsm;jzihf vlxt k m; pnf;±H;k xm;onfr &ef vljrifuGif;wGif jyoxm;onf? ESvHk;emzG,ftjzpftysufwckrSm jynfòrd&› Sd vuf
od? _Awd o d #w. ‹kd acwfraD oewfvufeufrsm; tm;vH;k onf olwu ‹kd kd rxdreS /f razmuf axmufaumfr&Sifemrif;}uD;±Hk;a&SŒwGif tjzwfcHxm;&aom acgif; (15) vHk;udk
xGif;Edkif[k olwdk‹udk,folwdk‹ xifaecJh-uavonf? ,if;v+yf&Sm;r+onf rodem;r jyoxm;jcif;jzpfonf? TaoG;pGe;f aom jyyGrJ sm;. "mwfyrkH sm;udk (om,m0wD olyek f
vnfr+/ t,lonf;r+/ p}uFm0Vm. xl;jcm;qef;-u,faom y&avmuESihf yÌvuf awmrS tmZmenf *VKefapm) trnfcH OD;apmydik q f ikd w
f nf;jzwfaom ‘ol&, d ’ ‘The
twwfynm enf;emed\,rsm;udk vufcH&ef tqifoihfjzpfaer+wdk‹tay:wGif Sun’ owif;pmwGif azmfjycJh_yD; rdwWLrsm;udk _Adwdo#v$wfawmfodk‹ ay;ydkc ‹ Jhonf? 5
tajcpdkuf}uD;xGm;vmjcif;jzpf_yD; EkdifiHa&;&m atmifjrifr+twGuf tajctjrpfr&Sd ,if; ykeu f efxºuGru + kd t_yD;wdik f acsr+e;f _yD;aomtcg olyek f (10˜000) ausmf
69 70
69 70
aoqHk;cJh_yD;/ (9˜000) rSm tzrf;qD;cH&um axmifoGif;tusOf;cscHcJh-u&onf? xkd‹aemufykdif;wGif txrajrmufcJhaom v,form;ykefuefxºuGr+a-umifh

q&mpHudk,fwdkifESihf ol.t&if;ESD;qHk; vkyfazmfudkifbufESpfOD;jzpfonfh q&m^m%f ppfEkdifol ‘udkvdkeD’ tkyfpdk;olrsm;onf jrefrmjynftESH‹ olwdk‹. uvyfrsm;wGif aysmf
ESihf AE<uac: &aohwOD;wdk‹ tygt0if (128) OD;rSm óud;ay;owfjzwfjcif;cHcJh-u& &$ifjrL;wl;ae-uavonf? olwo dk‹ nf t,lonf;aom olykefrsm;. ±kd;tr+ESihf odyH̀
onf? 1931 ckEpS f Zefe0g&DvwGif bk&ifcw H m0efudk jyefvnfxrf;aqmifco hJ l qmcsm; enf;jzifh ppfaq;I r&aom olyek w f .‹kd yÌvufenf;rsm;pGmudk &,forG ;f aoG;-u_yD;
(vf) tif;euf(p) (Sir Charles Innes) u olykefrsm;ukd ±kH;wifppfaq;&ef zGJŒpnf; olykefrsm;tm; vG,fulpGm ESdrfeif;EdkifcJhjcif;tay: yDwdaomre\jzpfae-uav
ay;cJhaom txl;ckH±kH;u ao'%frsm;ukd csrSwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; onf? oda‹k omfvnf; &efuek Ef iS fh tjcm;ae&mrsm;&Sd ynmwwfvil ,frsm;twGuu f m;
uef;vpf(zf) (Justice Cunliffe) rSm ckH±kH;obmywdjzpf_yD; w&m;v$wfawmf w&m; q&mpHoyl ek x f r+onf ajymufusm;ppfqifrt + wwfynm. tzk;d rjzwfEikd af om enf;
ol}uD;rsm;tjzpf aqmif&Gufae-uaom rpPwm 'g0k('f) (Dawood) ESifh OD;bOD; y&d,m,frsm;xkwf,l&m oifcef;pmw&yfjzpfcJhavonf? &efvdkr+rsm; tqHk;owf
(aemifwGifqmbGJŒ&vsuf jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf orRwjzpfol) wkrd‹ Sm oGm;&efum; a0;avpG? aemuf (10) ESpfr#-um_yD;onfhaemuf olwdkt ‹ m; om,mr+
tzGŒJ0ifrsm;jzpf-uonf? ao'%ftjypfay;cH&aom q&mpHudk 1931 ckEpS f -o*kwv f udk ay;cJhaom urBmhtajctaeonf vHk;0ajymif;jyefjzpfoGm;vdrfhrnfudkum; olwdk‹
(28) &ufae‹wGif ¯ud;ay;owfcJhonf? olu t,lcHcJhaomfvnf; y,fcscHcJh&onf? ud, k of wl ‹kd ,H-k unfcsuftjynf&h adS e-uaom udv k ekd t
D m%mydik rf sm;taejzifh óudwif
q&mpHonf ¯ud;pifay:ok‹d OD;acgif;ukad rmhvsuf wufomG ;cJo h nf? xkt d csed Yf olonf odjrifEidk pf rG ;f r&Scd -hJ uacs?
om,m0wDaxmiftwGif; (3) v&SdcJh_yDjzpfonf? tpkd;&bufwGifrl -rdj› y&JESifh t&m v,form; olyek rf sm; towfc&H _yD;onfw h ikd f av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;awG;
&Sdrsm;tygt0if aoqkH;olrSm vl (50) xuf rykdcJhacs? ac: -uaom vli,frsm;onf _Adwo d #wu ‹kd kd vufeufuikd af wmfveS &f ef rnfop‹kd nf;±H;k
qlylaomif;usef;r+jzpfyGm;cJhaom c±kdifrsm;wGif tr+zGifhI w&m;qkdifjcif;rsm; aqmif&Guf&rnfudk pwifaqG;aEG;vm-uavonf? ,if;vli,frsm;onf 1920 ck
«yvkyfcJhonf? w&m;cHtrsm;pkrSm acwfynmrwwfaom omrefaus;awmol ESpf ausmif;om;oydwjf zpfay:_yD;aemuf wnfaxmifcahJ om trsK;d om;ausmif;rsm;rS
aus;awmom;rsm;jzpf-uonft h avsmuf olwt ‹dk m; xkacsumuG,&f ef rsKd;cspfpw d f aomfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmpum;udk oif-um;a&; bmompum;tjzpf vufct H oH;k
&So
d nfh a&SŒaetrsm;tjym;u tca-u;aiGr,lbJ pdwt f m;xufoefpmG vku d yf gaqmif ðyaom t*Fvdyf=jrefrm ESpfbmom oifausmif;[k ac:onfh tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;rS
&Guaf y;cJ-h uonf? om,m0wDO;D yk/ a'gufwmbarmf/ ocifjrwkr‹d mS vlox d if&mS ;pGm aomfvnf;aumif; vm-uolrsm; jzpf-uonf? Oa&mypnf;rsOf;rsm;twkdif; waoG
aqmif&GufcJh-uolrsm;jzpf_yD; armifapmrSmvnf; xkd‹twljzpfcJhonf? armifapmrSm rwdrf; AdkvfqefpGm oif-um;vmcJh-u&aom ausmif;rsm;rS ynmqnf;yl;vmcJh&
xkt d csdeu f vli,fa&SŒaeav;wOD;omjzpfonf? olonf om,m0wDe,fom;wOD; onfholrsm;ESihfpmv#ifum; ,if;vli,ftrsm;pkonf jrefrmhorkdif;/ jrefrmpmayESihf
jzpf±o Hk mru q&mpHudk tvGet f rif;csD;usL;av;pm;oljzpfavonf? w&m;qkid &f m Ak'b < momwdu ‹k kd ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef idk f ausnufpmG od&-dS uavonf?
wGif yg0ifc&hJ aom ol.tcef;u¾ESifh _Adwo d #Ekid if jH cm;a&;twGi;f 0efxaH y;yda‹k om xkdodk‹ xif&Sm;vmaom ausmif;om;wOD;um; ‘udk}uD;’ [k tac:cH&onfh
tdwzf iG afh y;pmyHpk jH zifh xkwaf 0aom vufurf;pmapmifrsm;a-umifh olonf vsifjref udkEkjzpfavonf? olonf &efukefwuUodkvfrS 1929 ckESpfwGif 0dZ…mbGJŒ&&SdcJhonf?
pGmemrnfausmI f xifay:olwOD; jzpfvmavonf? q&mpH*VKefrsm;. xGe;f ajymifr+ xkdpOfu olESihf rsm;pGm&if;ESD;aom ol. vkyfazmfudkifbufwOD;rSm aemifwGif urBmh
udk qufvufjr‡iw hf ifxm;Edik &f eftwGuf touf}uD;vm_yDjzpfI OD;apmjzpfvmaom ukvor*~}uD;. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;csKyfjzpfvmrnfh OD;oef‹ jzpfavonf? ol
armifapmonf q&mpH. edru hf somG ;aom v,form;olyek t f zGŒJ. emrnfukd cH,_l y;D . ynmoifESpf (1934=35) ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif olx ‹ uf (8) ESpfi,f_yD; olv ‹ kdyif
1938 ckESpfwGif olu ‹ dk,fydkifwyfzGJŒ udk w&m;Oya'abmif0ifatmif xlaxmifcJhav rsKd;cspfpdwfjyif;xefaom udkatmifqef;tm; udkEk awGŒqHkcJh&avonf?
onf? ,if;wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;onf tpdrf;a&mif,leDazmif;udk 0wfqif-u_yD; OD;atmif aemufxyf jrefrmEdik if YH ‘'dik t f mcD’ESifh ‘91 Xme’ tkycf sKyfa&;pepf acwfajymif;
aZ,sacwf xputwkdif; 0g;&if;wkwfrsm;udk udkifaqmif-uonf? Todk‹ jzifh tcsdefumvrsm;twGif; ausmif;om;rsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;pGm EkdifiHa&;udk yHkrSefaqG;aEG;
‘*VKefwyf’ topfonf arG;zGm;vmcJah vonf? &ef awGŒqHkjzpf-uavawmhonf? r-umrDrSmyif &efukefwuUodkvfwGif uHhaumfyif
71 72
71 72
&dyfrsm;atmufY tvGwfoabm EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;avh&Sdonfh tkyfpkav;wpk ay: yxrqH;k OuU@ESifh udak tmifqef;u 'k=OuU@jzpfvmcJo h nf? xka‹d emuf wuUov kd yf &d
aygufvmcJhavonf? xkdtkyfpkav;wGif udkEk/ udkatmifqef;wdt k‹ jyif jrefrmjynft 0%ftwGif;Yom usifvnfae-u&aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf wuUodkvfjyify&Sd
v,fyikd ;f / ysO;f rem;òrdr› S vli,fwOD;jzpfonfh udak usm_f ird ;f / rmhupf f pmayrsm;udk us,f toif;tzGŒJ tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;od‹k ajcqefr‹ -d uawmhonf? ‘wdA‹k rmtpnf;t±H;k ’ (Our
us,fjyef‹ jyef‹avhvmzwf±+xm;aom ^m%f&nf^m%faoG;xufjrufonfh (aemif Burmese Association) udk &efukefwuUodkvfrS enf;jyq&mwOD;jzpf_yD; t*Fvdyf
aomtcg uGefjrLepfjzpfvmrnfh) udkodef;azESihf tdENd,EG,fzGm; rlqvifbmom0if bmomudk vGefpGm xl;c|efvsuf/ rdrdemrnfa&SŒwGif ocifwyfxm;aom rsKd;cspfwOD;
uk&d m&Spw f v‹kd nf; yg0ifavonf? ,if;ig;a,mufpvH;k yif 1935=36 ckEpS f ynmoif jzpfonfhtjyif pma&;q&mwOD;vnf; jzpfaom ocifAaomif;. OD;aqmifr+jzifh
ESpftwGuf &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~. tvkyftr+taqmifaumfrwD pwifzGJŒpnf;cJhavonf? [if'DbmomwGif&Sdaom q[pf (Sahib) uJhodk‹yif jrefrm
0ifrsm;tjzpf ta&G;cs,fcH&avonf? xkdtcsdefY udkEku OuU@ESihf udk&m&Spfu pum;wGif ‘ocif’ [lonfrSm t&Sifocif (Master) [k t"dy`m,f&&Sd_yD; t*Fvdyfvl
'k=OuU@jzpfvmonf? udkatmifqef;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. trsKd;om;txdrf;trSwf rsKd;wOD;ESifh pmay/ pum;/ a&;om;ajymqkd&mwGif jrefrmwdk‹taejzihf rdrdukd,fudk
wHqyd w f ckjzpfaom a'gif;iSu. f wGeu f sL;oHukd ,lxm;aom td;k a0trnf& or*~ ‘ocif’ [k oHk;E+ef;&efjzpfavonf? oludk,fwdkifESihf tpnf;t±Hk;tzGJŒ0ifwdkif;udk
r*~Zif;. t,f'w D mtjzpf ceft ‹ yfjcif;cH&avonf? ‘ocif’ [k ac:qdak &;om;apjcif;tm;jzifh ocifAaomif;u jrefrmEdik if . H t&Sio f cif
1936 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&DvwGif ay:aygufcahJ om jrefrmEdik if . H 'kw, d ausmif; wdr‹k mS _Adwo d #wdr‹k [kwb f J olEiS fh usefwikd ;f &if;om; jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;om jzpfa-umif;
om;oydwfudk Tvli,f (5) OD;tzGJŒu OD;aqmifr+ay;cJh&avonf? TwGif udkEk jyovd&k if;jzpfavonf?
onf tpd;k &udk a0zefaom rdec‹f eG ;f rsm;ajyma[mr+jzifh ausmif;rS ,m,Dxw k yf ,fjcif; rsm;r-umrD jrefrmjynftv,fydkif; a&eHacsmif;/ acsmufæpaom a&eHajr
cHc&hJ avonf? xka‹d emufrsm;r-umrDyif udak tmifqef;onfvnf; tk;d a0r*~Zif;wGif rsm;wGif 1937 ckESpfY tvkyform; ta&;tcif; jzpfyGm;cJh&m TEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
yg&Sdaom aqmif;yg;wyk'ftm; a&;om;ol aqmif;yg;&Sif. trnfudk (t,f'Dwm us,fjyefv ‹ Sonfh v+yf&Sm;r+twGuf wdAk‹ rmtpnf;t±Hk;onf rdrdtiftm;ESihf pnf;±Hk;
yDyD) xkwfazmf&ef jiif;qefojzihf ausmif;rS txkwfcH&jyefavonf? i&JacG;}uD; v+yf&Sm;r+udk jyo&ef yxrqHk; prf;oyfonfhyGJjzpfvmcJhonf? ‘wdkA‹ rmtpnf;t±Hk;’
vGwaf eonf (Hellhound at Large) 6 [k acgif;pOfwyfxm;aom xkt d *Fvyd af qmif; onf xkt d a&;tcif;Y yg0ifywfoufc_hJ yD; vli,fociftrsm;tjym;onf xdo k ydwf
yg;u wuUodkvftm%mydkifrsm;udk vufoHajymifpGm jyuf&,fðyxm;avonf? xkd orm;rsm;udk tultnDay;&eftwGuf &efuek òf rdr› S txufjrefrmjynfo‹kd c&D;xGucf mG
tcg &efuek w f uUovkd rf S ausmif;om; (700) ausmfEiS hf ,k'\efaumvdyf (Judson cJh-uonf? tvkyform;rsm;uvnf; olwdk. ‹ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ydkrdk zdtm;ay;
College) rS &m*%ef;ausmfaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf xdo k ‹kd &mZ0wfom;qefqef awmif;qdak &;twGuf &efuek òf rdt › xd ajcvsifcsDwuf&ef qH;k jzwfc-hJ uonf? &efuek f
ausmif;xkwcf &H olrsm;tm; jyefvnfvufc&H ef awmif;qd_k yD; ausmif;om;oydwu f kd òrda› wmfo‹kd vlxck sw D ufro + nf 1938 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif pwifc_hJ yD; e,frsm;ukd ajc
pwifvu kd &f m xkad usmif;om;oydwo f nf rEœav;aumvdyEf iS fh wEdik if v H ;kH &Sd txuf vsifjzwfoef;vmcJh&m v,form;rsm;u u±k%mw&m;a&SŒxm;I tvkyform;
wef;ausmif;rsm;od‹k r-umrDyif ul;pufysHŒEo ‹HS mG ;avawmhonf? Oa&mypnf;rsOf;nD rsm;ukd tpm;taomufESihf em;aep&mrsm; ay;cJh-ujcif;tm;jzihf EkdifiHwck. t}uD;
omoemðyausmif;rsm;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh _Adwdo#udk axmuf rm;qHk; vlwef;pm; (2) &yfjzpfaom tvkyform;tiftm;pkESihf v,form;tiftm;
cH-uolrsm;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm ‚if;ausmif;rsm;omv#if jrefrmEdkifiHwGif xkdtcsdef wdk‹rSm uGif;qufrdoGm;-uonf? odk‹ jzpfonfhtavsmuf 'DZifbmv/ yxrtywf
u qlyu G af e_yDjzpfaom vlxv k y+ &f mS ;r+rsm;Y ryg0ifc-hJ uacs? twGif; jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;&Sd rauG;òrd›Y a&eHajrrS csDwufvrf;av#mufvmol
aemufqHk;wGif udkEkESihf udkatmifqef;wdku ‹ dk wuUodkvftm%mydkifrsm;u jyef rsm;tm; ykvdyfrsm;u wm;qD;vsuf acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;um usefaom ol
vnfvufccH &hJ aomfvnf; xdyw f u
kd &f ifqikd af wGŒru + m; _yD;qH;k roGm;cJah y? wEkid if v H ;Hk rsm;rSm vrf;ab;&Sd ,m,Dpcef;wckwiG f xde;f odr;f cHvu kd -f u&onf? xktd cg tvkyf
tES‹H jzpfymG ;cJah om Toydw. f tusK;d &v'ftjzpf ‘ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om; orm;rsm;u tpmiwfcHqENjy-uvsuf tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;
rsm; or*~’ (Auo) (All Burma Students' Union) udk zGJŒpnf;EdkifcJh_yD; udk&m&Spfu xm;onft h wGuf &efuek òf rdr› S ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk
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tiftm;jznfhwif;&ef 7 tvsiftjref rauG;odk‹ wufoGm;-uonf? ‚if;ausmif;om; rnfwyfI ‘Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;’ tjzpf ,ae‹wdkif ajymif;vJac:a0:cJh-uonf?
acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; tzrf;cH-u&jyefonf? ykvyd rf sm;. eHygwfww k rf sm;jzihf ±du
k f 1939 ck/ Zefe0g&Dv (8) &ufae‹wiG f &efuek òf rda› wmfo‹kd aemufq;kH Y a&muf&v dS maom
ESurf u + kd owW&d pdS mG &ifqikd af usmfvm$ ;_yD; tu,fI qufvufomG ;ygu aoewfjzifh a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;ESifh v,form;wyfzŒJG }uD; ESpcf rk S acgif;aqmifrsm;onf }uHawm
ypfcwfrnf[laom _cdrf;ajcmufr+rsm;ukdyif tefwkI tvkyform;rsm;onf quf ok\ef&Sd Akdvfatmifausmf*lodk‹ yxrqHk; oGm;a&muf*g&0ðycJh-uonf? xdk‹aemuf
vufcsw D ufEikd cf -hJ uonf? &efuek òf rda› wmfwiG rf l twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k udk oGm;a&mufqEN csDwufvmolrsm;onf ppfa-umif;tvkduf &efukefòrd›wGif;odk‹ 0ifa&mufvm-uI
jy-uonf? 8 xdktcg tpdk;&tm; wpxufwp tefwkvmaom qENjyr+rsm;udk acs olwdk‹tm;vHk;aygif;qHk&m ‘qHk&yf’ onfum; &efukefòrd›awmf. ajrmufbuf t0if
r+e;f ypf&ef ykvyd rf sm;udk wae&mrS wae&mod‹k ajymif;a&$ŒtoH;k cscJ&h onf? *dwfjzpf_yD;/ ,ae‹wGifrl urm&Gwf&Jpcef;wnf&Sd&m tif;pdefESihf jynfvrf;wdk‹qHk&m
twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;udk ydwfq0dk‹ dkif;&Hxm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf 'DZifbmv vrf;qHjk zpfavonf?
(20) &ufae‹ rGef;vGJcsdefavmufwGif twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;rS xGufcGmvmcJh-u_yD; olwdk‹ oydwo f rm;rsm;ESifh qENjyolrsm;. yxrqH;k tiftm;pkrmS vl (4˜000) ausmf
acgif;aqmifrsm; a[majymonfukd em;axmif&eftwGuf pywfvrf;ESifh za&Zmvrf; &SdcJh_yD; olwdku
‹ dk óudqdk&ef &efukefòrdw
› Gif;rS vl (2˜000) ausmfxGufvm-uum olwdk‹
wdk‹qHk&mY pka0;ae-uonfh xkdvltkyfudk jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm;u eHygwfwkwfrsm;jzihf 9 ESihf yl;aygif;cJh-uonf? vl (6˜000) tiftm;&Sdaom xdkvlxk}uD;onf 10 ppfa&;jy
0ifa&mufwu kd cf udk -f u_yD; ajrjyif&dS ykvyd rf sm;uvnf; vufo;D jzifh xd;k olx;kd / 0g;&if; bifc&mwyfzGJŒu a&SŒqHk;rSaevsuf &efukefòrd›awmftwGif;odk‹ 0ifa&mufvmcJhav
wkwjf zifh ±duk o f u l ±ku d þf jzpfuek -f uonf? yxrqH;k t±du k tf ESucf -H u&olrsm;rSm vl onf? olwdko ‹ nf vGefcJhonfh (12) &ufurS usqHk;oGm;cJhaom Adkvfatmifausmfudk
trsm;. a&SŒqHk;rScsDwufvm-uol trsKd;orD;uav;rsm;ESihf txufwef;ausmif; *g&0ðy-u_yD;aemuf &efukefòrd›wGif;odk‹ qufvufcsDwufoGm;-u_yD; a&$wd*Hkbk&m;
olausmif;om;uav;rsm; jzpf-uonf? ,k'\efaumvdyfrS ausmif;om;vli,f taemufbufapmif;wef;ESihf awmifbufapmif;wef;t-um;/ atmufypP,H qif
wOD;jzpfol udkatmifausmfrSm owdarhatmif t±dkufcHvdkuf&_yD;aemuf rsm;r-umrD ajcavsmrsm;wGif qufvufcsDwufoGm;-u_yD;aemuf tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;ycJh
wGifyif aq;±HkY aoqHk;oGm;cJhavonf? -uonf? xkdtcsdefwGif wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;ESihf OD;apm. *VKefwyfwdk‹rS udk,fpm;
Ttiftm;oHk; wdkufcdkufr+onf OD;apm &S,f,mtrsm;qHk;ydkifqdkifxm;onfh vS,frsm;u rdecf‹ Gef;rsm; ajym-um;-uonf?
ol&d, (The Sun) owif;pmwdkuf ta&SŒwnfhwnfhavmufwGif jzpfyGm;cJhjcif;jzpf &efukefodk‹ tvkyform;ESihfv,form; tiftm;pk}uD;rsm; csDwufvmr+.
onft h wkid ;f olo ‹ wif;axmufrsm;ESihf tjcm;owif;pmrsm;rS owif;axmufrsm;u aemufyikd ;f &v'ftjzpf vlaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm tzrf;cH-u&avonf? rnfr#avmuf
vnf; ausmif;om;rsm;. qENjyr+ESifh ykvdyftzGJŒ. &uf&ufpufpufvkyf&yfrsm;udk zrf;qD;cJh-uoenf;udkrl tzrf;cHqENjyolrsm;tm; ae&may;Edkifa&;twGuf &efukef
"mwfyHkrsm; ±dkuf,lxm;cJh-uonf? xkdnwGifyif owif;pmwkdufonf ykvdyftzGJŒ. ESihf tif;pdefaxmif&Sd tusOf;us &mZ0wfom;rsm;tm; axmifajymif;I z,f&Sm;ypf
0ifa&mufp;D eif;jcif;udk cH-u&_y;D zvifrsm;ESihf tjcm;rSww f rf;wifypPn;f rsm; todr;f cJh&avonf? odak‹ omf Tv+yf&Sm;r+}uD;. wdkuf±kduftusKd;quftjzpf rsm;r-umrD
qnf;cHcJh-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif Ttjzpftysufudk ppfaq;&ef ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m v,form;tpnf;t±Hk;ESihf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m tvkyform;
zGJŒpnf;vdkufaom ‘txl;pHkprf;a&;aumfrwD’ . a&SŒarSmufwGif ,if;"mwfyHkrsm;udk or*~ uGef*&ufwdk‹udk zGJŒpnf;EdkifcJhavonf? tar&duefEdkifiHom; ordkif;ynm&Sif
oufaocHypPn;f tjzpf toH;k ðycJo h nf? z&ifh xa&*g (Frank Trager) u Tv+yf&Sm;r+. aemufqHk;&v'fudk atmufyg
xkd‹aemuf 'DZifbmv (27) &ufae‹wGif ðyvkyfcJhaom udkatmifausmf. twdik ;f tusOf;csKyfazmfjycJo h nf?
psmyerSm ol&Jaumif;wOD;. psmyetjzpf *k%fðycHcJh&_yD; jynfol (3) odef;ausmf ‘tusOf;csKH;qd&k v#if ,cif (YMBA) ESihf (GCBA) trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;
(0rf;enf;yef;enf;) wufa&mufc-hJ uonf? xdt k crf;tem;Y olu‹ kd ‘aersK;d oD[ Akv d f rsKd;qufu rpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonfrsm;udk ocifrsm;u atmifjrifpGm taumift
atmifausmf’ [k Adkvf (t&m&Sd odk‹r[kwf acgif;aqmif) bGJŒtyfESif;vdkuf_yD; olao xnfazmfEkdifcJhonf? tvkyform;ESihfv,form; tajccHvlxk}uD;ESpf&yfudk wck
vkarsmyg; '%f&m&cJhaom pywfvrf;udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm -umaomtcgwGif ole‹ m wnf;aom OD;wnfcsut f & twlwuG vufwrJG ad p_yD; pnf;±H;k nD!w G o
f mG ;aponfh
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tjyif acgif;aqmifru + ykd g olwu‹kd ay;Ekid cf o hJ nf? olwo ‹kd nf Ttiftm;pk}uD;ESp&f yf ypfrnfh taetxm;jzifh toihjf yifxm;vdu k -f u_yD; olwo ‹kd nf wu,fu h snfqefrsm;
. _y;D jynfph rkH t
+ wGuf vdt k yfaom tpdwt f ydik ;f w&yftjzpf olwu ‹kd , kd of w
l ‹kd cHpm;rdchJ tjynfx h nfx h m;aom ±dik zf ,faoewfrsm;tm; qENjyolrsm;. wyfO;D od‹k wnfw h nfh
-u_yD; ,if;tiftm;pk}uD;ESpf&yftwGuf oGufvufcsufcsmaom ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol csdef&G,fvdkuf-uonf? ra&S;raESmif;Yyif t&m&SdwOD;u a&SŒwdk;vm_yD; aºuG;a-umf
rsm; jzpfvmcJo h nf? oHrsm; atmf[pfae-uaom vlx}k uD;udk owday;vdu k o f nf? xka‹d emuf ppfc&moH
&efukefòrd›Y avmavmq,f tcdkuftwef‹tm;jzihf Tv+yf&Sm;r+onf t&Sdef -um;vkduf&_yD; ppfom;rsm;u pwifypfcwfavawmhonf? av;csufypfcwf_yD;
aooGm;vifhupm; ‚if;. A[kdqGJiiftm; "mwfa-umrsm;onf bk&ifheef;òrda› [mif; aemuf vlwef;}uD;. a&SŒqHk;rS tcsKdŒoHCmawmfrsm; ajrjyifay:odk‹ vJusoGm;-u
jzpfaom rEœav;od‹k a&$Œajymif;oGm;cJo h nf? od‹k jzpfonft h avsmuf pmoifwu dk tf oD; onf? aemufxyfppfom;rsm;u aoewfrsm;udk xyfrHcsdef&G,f-uaomtcg vlxk
oD;Y tpkta0;jzifh &Sdae-uaom Ak'<bmom &[ef;awmf tajrmuftjrm;onf }uD;onf tESH‹tjym; tkyfpkuGJoGm;vsuf toufvkajy;-uawmhonf? Todk‹ xdef;
qENjyr+rsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifvmcJ-h uonf? tcsKŒd qENjyr+rsm;wGif vl (40˜000) cef‹ rEdkifodrf;r& y&rf;ywm qkwfcGmxGufajy;ae-uaom qENjyolrsm;t-um; usnf
tiftm;&Sd_yD; ,if;onf }uD;rm;aom tiftm;w&yfjzpfcJhonf? Todk‹ q&mawmf qefrsm;uvnf; qufwkduf xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufoGm;cJhonf? &ufpuf-urf;ñuwf
OD;OwWrESihf OD;0dpm&wdk‹ aus;Zl;a-umifh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; yg0ifv+yf&Sm;vm vSaom xdv k ol wfy}JG uD;_yD;oGm;onft h cgYum; zket f vdr;f vdr;f xaeaom vrf;ay:
r+rsm;wGif us,fjyef‹aom tawG;tac:rsm;ESihf xda&mufaom enf;vrf;rsm;u wGif aoG;rsm;tdkifxGef;vsuf aoaeolrsm;/ '%f&m&olrsm; wHk;vHk;yufvuf
wdik ;f &if;om;aygif;pHk yg0ifvmatmif qGaJ qmifonfv h uQ%mudk tm;jznf&h ma&muf vJvsuf &Sdae-uayawmhonf? oHCmawmf (7) yg; tygt0if (17) OD;aoqHk;_yD;
oGm;ayonf? (13) OD;rSm jyif;xefpGm '%f&m&cJh-uonf?
xkd‹a-umifh azazmf0g&Dv (10) &ufae‹wGif oduQmjrihfrm;aom oHCmawmf rEœav;òrd. › awmifbuf (5) rdkiftuGm tr&yl&vrf;ay:wGif&Sdaom tmZm
trsm;tjym;ESihf a'oqkdif&m ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; zrf;qD;xm;r+udk uef‹ enfAdrmefwGif e,fcsJŒ. om;aumif (17) OD;wdk‹tm; aemufwywft-um azazmf
uGuq f ENjyonft h aejzifh rEœav;òrdY› vlxpk nf;a0;yGrJ sm; usif;ycJo h nf? tdraf wmf 0g&Dv (17) &ufae‹ Y trSwfw& jr‡KyfESHoò*õ[fvdkuf-uaoma-umihf ,if;tokb
&mbk&m;tjyifbufY vl (50˜000) &Sad om vlx}k uD;onf rsK;d cspyf *k Kd~ vfw. ‹kd arwWm tcrf;tem;odk‹ rEœav;ESihf ywfywfvnf&Sd e,frsm;rS xdwfvefw ‹ kefv+yfvsuf 0rf;
&yfccH sufukd pka0;em;axmifc-hJ uonf? ae‹v,f (1) em&DwiG f a&SŒq;kH rS oHCmawmf enf;ylaqG;r+rsm; cHpm;ae-u&aom jynfolvlxkaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm wufa&muf
rsm;u tvHrsm;udk a0S&‹ rf;vsuf vlx}k uD;onf òrdv › ,faumifo‹kd pwifa&$Œvsm;vm vmcJ-h uavonf?
cJ-h uonf? xdt k cduk f ±kwjf cnf;qdo k vdyk if _Adwo d #'kw, d aumfr&Sief mrif;}uD;uk, d f rEœav;Y psmyerusi;f yrD w&uftvdw k iG yf if &efuek &f dS a'gufwmbarmf}uD;
wdik f }uD;-uyfvsuf&adS om vufeufuikd yf v k yd rf sm;u olwo ‹kd mG ;&mvrf;tm; ydwq f ‹kd rª;aom !Gea‹f ygif;tpd;k &tzGŒJ onf atmufvw $ af wmf (House of Representatives)
xm;onfukd awGŒ jrif-u&onf? a&SŒq;kH rS acgif;aqmifvmaom oHCmawmfrsm;u Y OD;ykESihfOD;apmwd. k‹ t,Hkt-unfr&Sdtqdkudk ±+H;edrfhoGm;cJhonf?
'kwd,aumfr&Sifemrif;}uD;udk olwdk‹tm; OD;aqmif!¸ef-um;ol y"meq&mawmf qif;&Jom;0HomEk (Nationalist Proletarian) ygwD.acgif;aqmifESihf q&m
ESifh aqG;aEG;yg&ef arwWm&yfc-H uonf? xdt k csed Yf y"meq&mawmfonf csw D uf&ef pH*VKefoyl ek rf sm;udk yxrqH;k xif&mS ;pGm tumtuG,af y;cJo h l a'gufwmbarmfonf
pwifonfah e&mYyif vltrsm;tjym;ydrk ydk g0ifvm&ef pnf;±H;k cefc‹ t JG vkyrf sm;vsuf&dS jrefrmEdkifiH. (91) XmetkyfcsKyfa&;acwfY yxrqHk; eef;&if;0eftjzpf 1937 ckESpf/
onf? 'kw, d aumfr&Sief mrif;}uD;onf ,if;arwWm&yfccH sufukd tav;wrl ta&; {_yDv (1) &ufae‹wGif usrf;opPmusdefqdkcJh&avonf? odk‹aomf aemuf (2) ESpft
,l&ef jiif;qefvu kd uf m ykvyd rf sm;. ae&mwGif t_rw J rf;ppfwyfzŒJG0ifrsm;tm; tpm; -umwGif olvnf; ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHka-umihf EkwfxGufay;cJh&avonf? xkd
xk;d vsuf 0ifa&mufae&m,lxm;aponf? tcg om,m0wDrS 0g&ihf (*sDpDbDat) tzGJŒ0ifa[mif;wOD;jzpfol OD;yku a'gufwm
rsm;r-umrD Armh±kdifz,fwyfrS ucsifwkdif;&if;om; ppfom; (8) OD;teuf (4) barmfae&mudk qufcHcJhonf? OD;yk&mxl;vufcHcsdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtygt0if
OD;onf rwfwyf&yfvsuf/ (4) OD;onf ajrjyifwGif 'l;axmufxkdifum tqifoihf wurBmvH;k Y 'kuo Q u k wQ ‹kdjzihf yifv,fa0ae_y;D taemufbufwiG o f mru ta&SŒbuf
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wGifyg zufqpfESihf emZDrsm; wefcdk;tm%m }uD;xGm;pðyvmcsdefjzpfonf? OD;yktm; t,Hkt-unfr&Sdtqdkudk wifoGif;cgeD;wGif OD;apmonf tpdk;&tzGJŒrS
'kw, d urBmppf jyuQ'ed rf sm;t&æpufwifbmv (1) &ufae‹wiG f [pfwvm Ekwx f uG _f yD; OD;ykukd qefu ‹ sifqENraJ y;cJo h nf? Tod‹k jzifh tpd;k &tm%mcsdecf iG ! f mS udk
u ydkvefudk usL;ausmf0ifa&mufonf? xdka‹ emuf ESpf&uf-um_yD;aemuf _AdwdefESihf apmif;oGm;ap_yD; OD;yktpd;k &tm; ðywfusoGm;apawmhonf?
jyifopfwu ‹kd *smreDtay: ppfa-unmvdu k of nf? 'kw, d urBmppfum; jzpfymG ;cJah v od&‹k mwGif eef;&if;0efjzpfvmaom OD;apmonf ‘aemufvmwJh armifyv k J 'kid ;f
_yD? ,if;odk‹ jzpfyGm;vdkufjcif;onf vGwfvyfa&;udk qmavmifrGwfodyfaeaom jref 0efxufu’J qdo k uJo h ‹kd twdu k tf cHrsm;udk pepfwuszEd ydS o f nfh tm%m&Siq f efaom
rmjynftwGufum; }uD;rm;aom tcsKd;tauGŒ/ tvSnfhtajymif;}uD;jzpfavonf? rl0g'rsm;udk usiho f ;kH cJo
h nf? Tod‹k olðyvkyyf idk cf iG &fh oGm;jcif;rSm xdt k csdeuf _Adwo d #
xkdtcsdefwGif OD;ykonf &efukefòrd&› Sd atmufv$wfawmfY _AdwdefEkdifiHtm; jrefrmEdkifiH tm%mykdifrsm;onf olwdk‹. udkvdkeDtpdk;&rsm;tm; (waoG;woHwrdef‹ ) tm%m
u axmufcHtm;ay;oihfa-umif; xI axmufcHtqdkðyavonf? ajcmufv-um tm;vH;k eD;yg;r# ay;tyfxm;onfh topfjy@mef;xm;vdu k af om ppftwGi;f Oya'w
_yD;aemuf atmufv$wfawmfu qHk;jzwfcsufw&yfudk csrSwfcJhonf? ,if;qHk;jzwf &yfjzpfonfh Defence of Burma Rules (jrefrmhpnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;udk umuG,f
csufrSm _Adwdef. ppfr+a&;&mrsm;udk tultnDtaxmuftyHhay;a&;onf udkvdkeD onfOh ya') udk olu tcGiahf umif;,lcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? od‹k jzpfonft h avsmuf OD;apm
tkyfpdk;olrsm;u jrefrmEkdifiHtm; "eo[m, twGif; ‘'dkrDeD,ef’ tqihftwef;ay; onf wdkA‹ rmtpnf;t±Hk;. v+yf&Sm;r+rSefor# w&m;r0ifa-umif; a-unmvdkuf_yD;
rnfh uwday:wGif rlwnfaeonf[k awmif;qdv k u
dk of nf? od&‹k mwGif OD;yku vlóuduf xif&Sm;aom ociftrsm;tjym;tygt0if ol. EkdifiHa&;òydifbuftm;vHk;eD;yg;udk
rsm;aom awmif;qdkcsufudk at;wdat;pufwHk‹ jyefcJhjcif;onf 1940 ckESpf/ puf zrf;qD;_yD; wdkif;jynfqlylatmif v+HŒaqmfr+jzifh w&m;pGJqdkcJhonf? ,if;wdk‹xJwGif
wifbmvwGif olu ‹ kd usqHk;cef;odk‹ a&mufoGm;apayawmhonf? *syefESihf tquftoG,f&Sdonf[k oHo,t0ifcH&aom a'gufwmbarmfESihf
xdkppfóudacwfumv vydkif;r#twGif; ‘wdAk‹ rmtpnf;t±Hk;’ESihf ‘ausmif;om; a'gufwm odr;f armifwt ‹kd jyif ocifE/k ocifp;kd ESifh ocifApdew f v
‹kd nf; yg0ifavonf?
or*~’rsm;onf awmif;qdkr+rsm; ydkrdkðyvkyfvm-uonf? olwdk‹u udkvdkeDtm%m xkd‹ jyif atmufajctqifhrsm;wGif olu ‹ dk vlóudufrsm;aprnfh tajccHvkyfief;&yfrsm;
ydkifrsm;. zdESdyfr+enf;vrf;tm;vHk;udk &yfwef‹&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf? ‚if;tjyif csrSwf&ef &nf&G,f_yD; wcsdefwnf;wGif jrefrmjynftESo H‹ dk‹ OD;apmonf c&D;xGufcJh_yD;
,ckwnf&adS eqJjzpfaom v$waf wmftrwf wpdww f ydik ;f tm; jynfou l a&G;cs,_f y;D / olt ‹ m; axmufcaH -umif; jyoolreS o f r#tm; pD;yGm;a&;/ Ekid if aH &;wdE‹k iS fh ywfoufaom
usefv$wfawmftrwfwpdwfwydkif;tm; bk&ifcHESihf tpdk;&u wkduf±kdufceft ‹ yfonfh tcGihfta&;t&yf&yftjyif tpdk;&tr+xrf;jzpfygv#ifvnf; &mxl;rsm;jzifh &uf&uf
Oya'ðyzGJŒpnf;yHktpm; tm;vHk;wajy;nDrJay;a&G;cs,f-u&onfh wkdif;jynfðy v$wf a&ma&m qkcsvdkufavonf?
awmfudk pwifjcif;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDudk jynfhjynfh00 csufcsif;taumiftxnfazmfay; bk&ifcH qmtmcsDabm aumhcf&def; (Sir Archibald Cochrane) 1941 ckESpf
&efvnf; olwdku ‹ awmif;qdkvdkuf-uonf? xdktcsdefY OD;yk. tpdk;&tzGJŒwGif opf wGif jyefomG ;_y;D ola‹ e&mudk qm&Jv*f seD ,fa':refprpf (Sir Reginal Dorman-Smith)
awma&;&m0ef}uD;tjzpf aqmif&u G cf ahJ om OD;apmonf olu, kd w
f ikd f eef;&if;0ef t u qufcHaomtcg OD;apmESihf tqihfjrihf _Adwdo#tm%mydkifwdk‹ qufEG,fr+rSm ydkrdk
opfjzpfvmaomtcg tkyfpktrsKd;rsKd;-um;wGif&Sdaeaom 0da&m"donf ydkrdkqdk;qdk; cdkifrmoGm;avonf? qm&Jvf*sDe,frSm touf (42) ESpfom &Sdao;_yD; OD;apmxuf
&Gm;&Gm;jzpfvmavonf? OD;apm. tm%mt&Sed jf rihw f ufvmjcif;onf ol.&nfreS ;f wESpfcef‹om }uD;avonf? r-umjrihfrD olwdk‹ESpfOD;onf wu,fh rdwf&if;aqG&if;
csu}f uD;rm;_yD; vGepf mG ^m%frsm;aom ud, k yf idk o
f ±kyo f uefukd xyf[yfvsu&f o dS nf? rsm;jzpfomG ;-uavonf? 11 xka‹d -umifh 1941 ckEpS w f iG f usif;y&rnfjzpfaom taxG
olonf 1936 ckESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJtwGif;u tm%mrJh EdkifiHa&; tzGJŒ axGa&G;aumufyGJudk a&$Œqdkif;vdkufjcif;jzihf qm&Jvf*sDe,fu ol. vkyfydkifcGihft&
tpnf;rsm;tm; r[mrdwfzGJŒ jcif;jzifh ol‹ae&mol tEdkif&cJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk‹aomf OD;apm. oufwrf;udk aemufxyf (5) ESpf oufwrf;wcko‹kd wd;k ay;vdu k af vonf?
vnf; (3) ESpf-um_yD;aemuf OD;yktpdk;&tzGJŒwGif 0ifa&mufyl;aygif;_yD; wzef OD;yk0ef xkd‹aemuf OD;apmudk ‘qm0ifpwefcsmcsD’ (Sir Winston Churchill) tjyif tjcm;
}uD;csKyfjzpfvmcsdefwGifvnf; ol‹aysmhnHhr+rsm;a-umifh OD;yktm; vlóudufenf;vm_yD _Adwo d #acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awGŒqakH qG;aEG;&eftwGuf vef'efo‹kd zdwaf c:vdu k af v
qdo k nfukd OD;apmoabmaygufvmavonf? xda‹k -umihf 1940 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f wGif onf? OD;apm. &nf&, G cf sufrmS 'kw, d urBmppfwiG f _Adwo d #wd‹k atmifycJG _H yD;aemuf
79 80
79 80
jrefrmEdik if uH kd vH;k 0vGwv f yfonfh Edik if t

H jzpf a-unmay;&eftwGuf _Adwo d #tpd;k & csmcsDEiS hf OD;apmwkt ‹d -um; ESpef m&Dausmf-um ajymqkad qG;aEG;r+onf ,cifutwkid ;f
tm; qGaJ qmiford ;f oGi;f &efjzpfonf? olonftm%mESifh ywfoufI t±l;trl;jzpfae jrefrmhEidk if aH &;tem*wfonf _Adwo d #w. ‹dk ppfyaJG tmifEidk rf + &v'ftay:Y wnfraDS e
_y;D ordik ;f wGif olyg0ifco hJ nfh tcef;u¾tm; jrefrmEdik if u H kd vGwaf jrmufapcJo h t l jzpf _y;D xkt d csed u f sro S m jrefrmhta&;ukd tav;ay;ajz&Si;f Ekid rf nf[al om wHk‹ jyefcsuo f ‹dk
wGi&f pfap&ef vdv k m;cJah yonf? om tESpcf sKyfa&muf&o dS mG ;cJo
h nf? csmcs.D wif;rmaom oabmxm;ESit hf wl olawGŒ
taemufo‹kd c&D;pwifrxGucf mG rD rdru d , kd u f kd Ak'b< mom0ifwOD;[k a-unm cJ&h or# tjcm;_Aw d o d #acgif;aqmifrsm;. oabmxm;rsm;uvnf; OD;apmukd xyfwl
xm;aom OD;apmonf olrsm;ESirhf wl wrlx;l jcm;onfh oljzpfonft h wkid ;f wdu k *f g;armh xyfr# pdwt f aESmift h ,Sujf zpfapcJo h nf?
(of) av,mOfysH (Tiger Moth aeroplane) udk pD;oGm;&if; (326) ay ^m%fawmf Ekd0ifbmvukefykdif;wGif olonf t*FvefrS jyefvnfxGufcGmoGm;onf[kqkd
tjrif&h o dS nfh a&$w*d akH pwDawmf}uD;udk av,mOfysHtm; 0JysHywfapI olonf ylaZmf onf? ar#mfvifch sufuif;rJv h suf pdwpf Ek;d paemifh jzpfaeaom OD;apmonf tjyefc&D;
uefawmhomG ;ao;onf? *VKefeef;&if;0ef. xl;qef;aom tðytrlEiS fh ywfoufI ukd tar&duefEkdifiHbufrS jzwfjyef_yD; orRw z&efuvif/ 'D/ ±l;pAJh (vf) (Franklin
xdktcsdefu Ak'<bmom0iftrsm;pk. tjrifwGif pdwf}uD;0ifr+ESihf a&$wd*HkapwDawmf D. Roosevelt) ukd 0ifawGŒonf? tar&dueforRwtaejzihf _Adwo d #ukv d edk eD ,fwck
tm; r±kdrao rav;rpm; AdkvfqefpGm ðyvkyfoGm;onfh vuQ%mtjzpf xifjrif-u . ta&;t&mrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef vufwGef‹aeonfukd awGŒcJh&onf?
ayvdrfhrnf? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf apwDawmfonf Ak'<. qHawmf&SpfqlESihf aemufq;Hk c&D;pOftjzpf olwE‹dk pS Of ;D ypdzw d u f jdk zwfI ava-umif;jzifh jrefrmEkid if b H uf
tjcm;"mwfawmfarGawmfrsm; udef;0yf&mjzpfI tjcm;tedpPoabmaqmif yk*~dKvf OD;wnfjyefvmcJo h nf? tar&duefEidk if rH S rxGucf mG rD OD;apmonf *syef&dS jrefrmynm
rsm;xuf jrihrf m;pGm wnf&adS e&rnfjzpfaoma-umihaf ywnf;? awmfoifrsm;. tajctaersm;ukd pkpH rf;&ef &nf&, G cf sufjyI *syefaumifppf0efudk
rnfokd‹qkdap OD;apmonf 1941 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv apmapmykdif;wGif oGm;a&mufawGŒqcHk o hJ nf? ykvq J yd uf rf; (Pearl Harbour) &Sd tar&duef ypdzw d af &
vef'efokd‹ xGufcGmoGm;cJhavonf? olESifhtwl umuG,fa&;aumifpDtwGif;0ef wyfukd *syefav,mOfwifoabFmrS av,mOfrsm;ESifh a&ikyfoabFmrsm;u vkH;0eD;
OD;wifxGÉfu olt ‹ }uHay;tjzpf vkdufygoGm;cJhonf? yg;eD;eD; wkdufckdufzsufqD;_yD;onfh aemufw&uf 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae‹wGif olwkd‹
OD;wifxÉG o f nf udr;f A&pfwuUov dk Yf ynmqnf;yl;cJ_h y;D &efuek w f uUov dk . f pD;vmaom av,mOfu [m0kdif,D&Sd [kdEkdvlvlokd‹ qkdufa&mufoGm;jcif;rSm xl;xl;
'k=t"dywdEiS hf *k%o f a&jrifrh m;vSaom tdE, dN yËdnmOfcþH 0efxrf;wOD;vnf; jzpfay jcm;jcm;wku d q f idk rf w + &yfjzpfacsonf? ok‹d jzpfI olwa‹dk v,mOfonf aemufa-umif;
onf? eef;&if;0eftaejzifh ,cifu Oa&myok‹d ra&mufz;l acs? Oa&mywwku d v f ;Hk um; jyefvSnfhcJh&onf? tar&duefEkdifiHESifh twWvefwdwfyifv,fukdjzwf_yD; ta&SŒbuf
ppfrD;awmufavmifvsuf&Sdonf? olwkd‹ESpfOD;vkH; atmufwkdbmv (10) &ufwGif ysHoef;vm&if; ay:wl*D vpfpbGef-rdY› olwkd‹ -uef‹ -umaecJhjyefonf? OD;apmu tcGifh
t*Fvefokd‹ acsmacsmarmarmqkdufa&mufoGm;-uonf? (18) &ufae‹wGif qm0if aumif;,l_yD; xkdae&mY *syefaumifppf0efukd awGŒ jyefonf? olz‹ mom wOD;wnf;
pwefcsmcsu D 0ef}uD;csKyftrd af wmfwiG f ae‹v,fpmpm;yGjJ zifh wnfcif;{nfch &H ef OD;apm oGm;a&mufcjhJ cif;jzpfaomfvnf; olwa‹dk jymqko d r#udk wku
d sKo d ‹dk pum;0Sujf zifh owif;
ukd zdwf-um;cJhonf? jrefrmeef;&if;0eftaejzifh Tyk*~dKvf}uD;tm; rdrdvkdvm;csuf ay;yk‹d jcif;cH&onf? _Adwo d #axmufvS r;f a&;u ,if;owif;ay;ykc‹d sufudk -um;jzwf
buf ,dr;f ,kid v f map&ef pnf;±k;H odr;f oGi;f Ekid pf rG ;f r&Scd ahJ cs? 'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f u zrf;,l_yD; pum;0Sufrsm;ukd azmfxkwfcJhonf? owif;ay;ykd‹csuf. tusOf;csKyfrSm
ppf±;H+ vkqq J tJ ajctaerS aemufq;Hk atmifyq JG ifonftxd _Aw d o d #vrl sK;d rsm;omru *syefu jrefrmEkid if u H dk usL;ausm0f ifa&mufv#if jrefrmwku ‹d _Aw d o
d #udk xºuGyek u f ef
taemufwkdif; 'Drkdua&pDacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh zGJŒxm;aom r[mrdwftiftm;pk}uD; aumif;ykefuefvdrhfrnf? xkdtcsdefwGif olt ‹ aejzifh *syefukd wwfEkdifor# tultnD
twGi;f wGiyf g r,dr;f r,dik af usmufpmwkid u f o hJ ‹dk acgif;aqmifra+ y;Ekid cf o hJ nft h wGuf ay;rnf[lIjzpfonf? _Adwdo# EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;u olwkd‹ESpfOD;ukd zrf;&efqkH;
csD;usL;axmyem«yjcif;cH&aom 0ef}uD;csKyftaejzifh ppfyGJqifE$Ja&;vkyfief;rsm;u jzwfvu dk _f y;D [kid zf m-rdo › ‹dk av,mOfqif;onfEiS hf zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f vku d o f nf? OD;apm
om olu ‹ dk ywfvnf0idk ;f vsu&f o dS nf? _Aw d o d #tifyidk , f m ukv d edk eD ,frsm;ukd vGwv f yf ESifh OD;wifxGÉfukd ,l*ef'gjynfokd‹ykd‹vkduf_yD; OD;apmtaejzifh ppftwGif;umv
a&;ay;&ef qefu ‹ siaf om ol&‹ yfwnfcsuu f v dk nf; trsm;uod_yD;jzpfonf? ok‹d jzpfI wav#mufvkH; txdef;todrf;cHxm;&onf?
81 82
81 82
OD;wifxÉG u f rdk l jyefvw $ af y;cJ_h y;D 1945 ck arvwGif jrefrmEkid if rH S qkwcf mG vsuf pdwyf idk ;f jzwfum tquftoG,yf ifr&Scd ahJ om rpPwmae±l;tm; jynfv;Hk u|wf rEœav;
tdENd,EkdifiH qif;rvm;-rd›Y zGJŒpnf;aom qma':refprpf. ppfajy;tpkd;&tzGJŒukd ausmif;om;nDvmcHudk 1937 ckEpS w f iG f pDpOf&mwGif wufa&mufcs;D jri‡ &hf ef owW&d pdS mG
oGm;a&mufy;l aygif;aponf? zdwf-um;vkdufonf? y¾pfae±l;uvnf; jrefrmausmif;om;acgif;aqmif atmif
ODapmonf 'drk eD , D eftqifu h kd awmif;qd&k ef vef'efo‹kd wcrf;wem; xGucf mG qef;qkdol. *k%foduQmta-umif;rsm;ukd -um;od_yD;jzpfojzifh zdwf-um;jcif;ukd
roGm;rD vtenf;i,fcefu ‹ yifv#if eef;&if;0ef OD;apm rod&&dS ao;aom ocifatmif vufcH_yD; olukd,fwkdif nDvmcHwufcJhonf? ae±l;vma&mufjcif;jzifh trsKd;om;
qef;onf olEiS fh pdwo f abmxm;wlno D nfh ppfaoG;ppfrmef pdwx f ufoefonfh rsKd; ta&;tm; txl;jrifhwufapcJhonf? acgif;aqmif csef'&m bkd(pf) 0g't& wjcm;
cspfvli,fyk*~dKvfrsm;ESihftwl *syefjynfodk‹ oabFmjzifh xGufcGmoGm;cJhavonf? xkd wbufrS t-urf;zufru l ,
dk -Hk unfojl zpf_y;D jrefrmjynftm; vlprd ;f wa,mufr[kwf
tcsdefu olwdk‹taejzifh udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;ESihf aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh ar#mfvifh awmhyg? jypfr+Oya' yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+jzifh w&m;pGJqkdcH&vsuf olESifh awmfvSefa&;
csurf sm; jynf0h oGm;vdrrhf nf[k r,H-k unf-uawmh? rsK;d cspv f il ,f rsK;d qufopftae acgif;aqmif (16) a,mufwkd‹tm; rEœav;axmifwGif 1924 ckrS 1927 ckESpftxd
jzihf 'dkrDeD,eftqifh tygt0if _Adwdo#bk&ifhtifyg,mESihf qufoG,fv+yf&Sm;/ EkdifiH tusOf;csjcif;cH-u&onf?
udk xlaxmifomG ;&rnft h vkyrf sK;d udk rvdv k m;awmhbJ vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;udk wdu k cf u
kd f y¾pfae±l;onf jrefrmvli,fukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; txl;{nfh0wfausyGef
&,l&ef qH;k jzwfc-hJ uonf? vufeufuikd x f ºuGa&;enf;vrf;jzifo h mv#if olw&‹kd nf pGm -unfh±+xm;um nDvmcHt_yD;wGif olwko d‹ abmt& wjcm;ae&mrsm;ukdyg oGm;
rSe;f csuf txajrmufEikd rf nf[k olw, ‹dk -kH unfc-hJ uonf? a&muf-unfh±+avhvmcsifonfhqEN &Sd-uygovm;[k ar;jref;&mwGif ocifatmif
xkdtcsdefu udkatmifqef;onf touf (20) ausmfausmfom &Sdao;onf? qef;uyif taemufajrmufa'oac: tuf(zf)*ef e,fpyfo‹dk oGm;a&mufvadk -umif;
odka‹ omfvnf; EkdifiHa&;0gtm;jzifh &ifhusufaeav_yD? wdkA‹ rmtpnf;t±Hk;. taxG ukd arwWm&yfcHonf? xkdtcg c&D;pOfvkyfay;cJhonfrSm Ak'<*g,mrS t-rd›-rd›rsm;okd‹
axGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJh_yD; a'gufwmbarmfOuU@tjzpf aqmif&Guf 0ifa&muf-u_y;D a'vD-rda› wmfrw S qifh tdE, dN wku d if ,fujdk zwfausmu f m ywfv#m;0g;
onfh us,fjyef‹aom r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pk}uD;jzpfonfh xGuf&yf*kd%f; (Freedom -rd/› ukid b f mawmif-um;uae bkaH b-rdr› S umvuwWm;-rdo › ‹dkjyef-u&ef pDpOfay;ygonf?
Bloc) udk pwifwnfaxmifcJholwOD;vnf;jzpfayonf? olwdko ‹ nf tultnD&,l taemufajrmufa'owGif ocifatmifqef;qENtwkid ;f xl;uJpmG “e,fpyf*E<”D bGŒJ&
a&;twGuf taemufxuf ta&SŒudk ar#mf-unfh-uonf? 1940 ckESpfqef;wGif yxef=rlqvifacgif;aqmif}uD; cef/ tuf'l *gzm/ cef ESihf awGŒqaHk qG;aEG;cJ-h uonf?
wkA‹d rmtpnf;t±k;H ok‹d tdE, dN trsK;d om;uGe*f &ufygwD &rf;*g(&f) (Ramgarh) nDvm xkad cgif;aqmif}uD;onf a'otvku d f _Aw
d o d #rsm;ukd awmfveS cf sio f nfph w d f jyif;xef
cHo‹dk uk,d pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ vma&mufavhvm&ef zdw-f um;pm vufc&H &Syd gonf? xku d hJ pGm&Sad omfvnf; t-urf;rzufa&;oabmw&m; tjrif0g'ukd cH,x l m;oljzpfonf?
ok‹d zdw-f um;jcif;ukd 0rf;omtm;&pGmvufc_H yD; taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª; ocifatmif oljrefrmjynfjyefa&mufvmaomtcgwGif udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;u ol‹udk
qef; acgif;aqmifvsuf ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifA[def;ESifh tjcm;toif;0ifrsm; zrf;0&rf;xkwx f m;a-umif;udk olo&d avonf? xka‹d -umihf olonf wdik ;f jynftwGi;f
yg0ifonfh uk, d pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ onf rwfvwGif tdE, dN jynfo‹dk ‚if;tpnf;ta0;wuf rS wdwfwqdwfxGufcGmoGm;&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufI olESihf&if;EDS;aom rdwfaqGwOD;jzpf
a&muf&ef oGm;-uygonf? xkduGef*&ufnDvmcHwGif -unf!kdav;pm;tyfaom onfh ocifvòS rdif 12 ESit fh wl w±kwjf ynfo‹kd yxrxGuaf wmhrnfh w±kw=f ,d;k ',m;
r[wWr*E<DESifh wjcm;ausmf-um;aom uGef*&ufacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;jzpfonfh vdkif; [dkifvDoabFm (China-Siam Line, Hai Lee) ay:odk‹ &efukefqdyfurf;rS cdk;
y¾pf*s0g[mvm(vf) ae±l;/ qlb(pf)cse'f &m bk(d pf) pojzifh awGŒ ¯uHpum;ajymcGi&hf wufum vkdufygoGm;avonf? olt ‹ dwfuyfxJ&Sd ±lyD; (200) tjyif olw ‹ Gif pdwful;
-uygonf? y¾pfae±l;qkv d #if ocifatmifqef;onf ausmif;om;b0upI cs;D rGr;f ,Oftdyfrufwckom ygoGm;avonf? ol‹taejzihf wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf
ESpfoufcJholjzpf_yD; xkdyk*~dKvf}uD; t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;cJhor# pmayrsm;ukd wdu k cf u
kd vf pdk w
d &f _dS yD; tjcm;ppfvv kd m;aom ocifrsm;uvnf; ‘&Se[ f ikd ;f ’ odo‹k mG ;_yD;
pdwt f m;xufoefpmG zwf-um;avhvmrSwo f m;cJoh nf? 1936 ckEpS w f iG f ukad tmifqef; ‘armf’ uGejf rLepfrsm;ESifh qufo, G rf &+ ,l&ef olu ‹ kd wdu
k wf eG ;f cJ-h uonf? oda‹k omf ol‹
onf ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~OuU@ wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&csdefwGif b0rSm tajctaet& tvsifpvdjk zpfvsuf&o dS nf? [oFmwc±kid f &J0efaxmufjzpf
83 84
83 84
ol aZ;AD;,m;qdo k ul atmifqef;udzk rf;rdv#if (5) ±ly;D csD;jr‡irhf nf[k vlo&d iS -f um; wku d sKda&mufonfEiS hf Adv k rf ;ª }uD; qlZu l ;D u olwu ‹dk dk avqdyw f iG f vma&muf
qkaiGxw k x f m;onf? od‹k jzpfI olEiS hf udv k òS rdiw f u
‹kd yxrqH;k awGŒonfh w±kwjf ynf ¯udqcdk o hJ nf? jrefrmhta&;twGuf bk&ifw h yfrawmfO;D pD;XmecsKyfrsm;u pdwrf ygw
odk‹ oGm;rnfhoabFmjzihf vkdufygoGm;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf? olwdk‹onf olwdk‹udk,folwdk‹ yg jzpfaeonfhtwGuf qlZluD;u olt ‹ dwfrS aiGpkdufxkwfI olwkdu ‹ kd -unfh±+xm;&
15
oabFmuke;f ywfay:rS vdu k yf gvmonfh w±kwcf &D;onf ‘wefvt l if&eS ;f ’ ESifh ‘wefqk onf? rsm;r-umrD Armvrf;r}uD; (Burma Road) jyefvnfzGifhvSpfvkdufjcif;u
awmif’ wdt ‹k jzpf ±kyzf sufc-hJ uonf? olwkd. ‹ pdwfyg0ifpm;r+ukd jyefvnfEkd;xapcJhonf? -unf;wyfESifh a&wyfXmecsKyf
xdak e‹&ufum; 1940 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (8) &ufjzpfonf? oabFm OD;wnfcw k f ppfOD;pD;rª;rsm;u v#Kd‹0SuftzGJŒwzGJŒ zGJŒpnf;a&;tpDtpOfukd yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifvm
armif;aeonfum; trGdKifòrd›odk‹ jzpfonf? ‘trGdKif’ òrd›onf w±kwfurf;±kd;wef;&Sd _yD; aemufq;Hk Y 1941 ckEpS f azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae‹wiG f rDemrDuu D eftzGŒJ jzpfay:
òrdw
› òrdj› zpf_yD; *syefwu ‹kd odr;f ydu k x
f m;um ,cktcg ‘ZD&mrif;’ [k ac:ae-uav_yD? vmcJo h nf?
1940 ckESpf ESpfv,favmufwGif rDemrDrql,kd 13 emrnfcHvsuf &efukefokd‹a&muf rDemrDuDuefukd Adkvfrª;}uD; uif*sDqlZluD;u OD;aqmif_yD; *syef-unf;wyf
&Sdvmaom Adkvfrª;}uD; uif*sDqlZluD;ukd ArmhxGuf&yf*kd%f;rS a'gufwmbarmf. a&wyft&m&Srd sm;tjyif t&yfom;rsm;jzifh ±k;H zGŒJ pnf;xm;onf? jrefrmok;H OD;jzpfonfh
a&mif;&if;wOD;jzpfol a'gufwmodrf;armifu (6) ywfcef‹t-umwGif oGm;a&muf atmifqef;/ vS-rdifESifh ukdaqmif; 16 (‘uD&D,l’ pufr+txufwef;ausmif;wGif
awGŒqcHk o hJ nf? trGKd ifwiG f aomifwifaeaom jrefrmrsKd;cspfvil ,f (2) OD;ukd *syefo‹dk wufa&mufynmoif-um;aeol) wku ‹d dk *syefb&k ifw h yfrawmf. ppfO;D pD;XmecsKyfrsm;
oGm;Ekdifa&;twGuf pDpOfay;yg&ef olu qlZluD;ukd tqkd«ycJhonf? Adkvfrª;}uD;u . wku d ±f u dk u f yG u
f rJ a+ tmufwiG f xm;&Sv d u dk o f nf? uDueftaejzifh tqifh (3) qifh
csucf si;f yifoabmwlvu dk _f y;D a'gufwmodr;f armifu vli,f (2) OD;. "mwfyrHk sm;ESihf yg0ifaom azazmf0g&Dv pDrHudef;jzifh ol‹ppfqifa&;vkyfief;&yfrsm;ukd csufcsif;yif
rdwfqufpmwapmifukd olu ‹ kday;vkdufonf? qlZluD;onf ol.vufaxmufwOD; pwifcJhonf? yxrqkH;tm;jzifh jrefrmrsKd;cspf (30) OD;ukd [kdifeef (okrd‹ [kwf) azmfrkd
jzpfol ql*sDtDrufql,lESifhtwl *syefokd‹ r-umrDyif jyefoGm;cJhonf? tjcm;vuf qmwGif ppfoifwef;ay;&eftwGuf ac:xkw&f ef/ 'kw, d taejzifh oifwef;_yD;onf
axmufwOD;jzpfol rpfZw l meDteD mtku d rdk l &efuek w f iG x f m;&pfcohJ nf? ESifh jrefrmjynfwGif;jyef0if_yD; _Adwdo#wkd‹ukd qef‹usifaom vufeufukdifxºuGr+
wkid af ywGif c&D;waxmufem;pOf azmfrq dk m (wkid 0f rf) &Sd *syefb&k ifw h yfrawmf twGuf pnf;±kH;v+yf&Sm;um _Adwdo#wkdu ‹ kd armif;xkwf_yD; vGwfvyfa&;&,lEkdifa&;
rS tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdwOD;ukd Adkvfrª;}uD;u jrefrmESpfa,muf pwif&SmazG&efESifh twGuf vufeufEiS ahf iGa-u; taxmuftyHah y;&ef/ wwd,taejzifh jrefrmrsKd;cspf
wkdusKdwGif olx ‹ Hokd‹ apmifh-uyfac:aqmifvm&ef rSm-um;cJhonf? rsm;ukd vufcEH idk af &;/ jynfwiG ;f jyef0ifEidk af &;ESihf befaumufraS e_yD; e,fpyfujdk zwf
trGKd ifwiG f ocifatmifqef;ESihf ocifv-S rdiw f ‹dk ta&SŒajrmuf{&d,m&Sd uGejf rL ausmfum vufeufrsm; o,faqmif_yD; _Adwo d #qefu‹ sifa&;wyfzŒJG rsm;ukd axmufyhH
epfykdife,fajr ukef;wGif;ykdif;okd‹ c&D;oGm;vmEkdif&ef tultnDay;Ekdifrnfh wOD; Ekdifa&;twGuf ,kd;',m;=jrefrme,fpyf tcsuftcsmusaom ae&mrsm;wGif
wa,mufudk tquftoG,&f a&;twGuf (3) veD;yg;cef‹ &SmazGaomfvnf; tcsn;f v#Kd0‹ u S t f ajccHpcef;rsm; wnfaqmufxm;&efw‹dk jzpfonf?
tESD;omjzpfaeonf? olwkd‹rSm aiGa-u;vnf;ukef ar#mfvifhcsufvnf; cef;ajcmuf yxrOD;qkH;aom ppfqifa&;trdef‹ukd vufcH&&Sdolrsm;rSm atmifqef;ESifh
vsu&f o dS nf? xkt d csed w f iG f uifaywkid rf S Adv k rf ;ª uef'gu ulvefqu l |e;f rS Ekid if w
H um ql*sDtDrpfql,l (Sugii Mitsuru) wk‹d jzpfonf? ,if;trdeu ‹f dk azazmf0g&Dv (14) &uf
ykdifpcef;wGif;&Sd wnf;ckdcef;av; (Inn) wckwGif olwku d‹ kd ajc&mcHrdoGm;onf? olwkd‹ ae‹pw JG yfxm;_yD; u0gqmuDqyd u f rf;rS aemufae‹xu G rf nfh 'gtDwo dk abFmyka‹d qmif
rSm tHth m;woifh jzpfonfEiS t hf r# a'gufwmodr;f armif.pmukd zwf&onfEiS hf pdwf a&;ukr% ` yD idk f “&Sew f if rm±l;” (Shunten Maru) jzifh vku d yf gI ykord /f &efuek o f o
‹dk mG ;
vufayghyg;oGm;-uonf? *syefokd‹ qufvufoGm;&efom taumif;qkH;[lIvnf; &efjzpfonf? olwv ‹dk yk af qmif&rnfw h m0efrmS topfppk nf;xm;olrsm;ukd oabFmjzifh
awG;awmrdcJh-uonf? olwkd‹onf *syef=zdvpfykdif ujym;rsm;tjzpf tkdrkd'grGef*sD ckd;xkwf_yD; oifwef;&Sd&mae&mokd‹ ykd‹ay;&eftjyif axmufvS rf;a&;owif;opfrsm;
ESihf tDw'dk gwDtcD sD 14 [laom emrnfrsm;jzifh taxmuftxm;pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;ukid f pkaqmif; &efjzpfonf? olwkdu ‹ kd oabFmom; vufrSwfwkrsm; xkwfay;_yD; ql*sDrSm
aqmifum Ekd0ifbmv (8) &ufae‹wGif zlultkdtmavqdyfokd‹ qif;oufcJh-uonf? oabFm aiGpm&if;ukdifESifh tkdrkd'grGef*sDrSm pma&;jzpfoGm;onf? tkdrkd'gtaejzifh
85 86
85 86
±kyfzsuf0wfqifxm;&_yD; oGm;wkyg wyfqifxm;&onf? ociftkyfpk (2) ckt-um; r-umrDyif rausvnfr+rsm; jzpfay:vmcJhonf? 18

atmifqef;onf “&Sefwifrm±l;” ykodrfuyfonfESifh ukef;ay:okd‹ vGwfvGwf “ukd±lrm±l;” oabFmjzifh &efukefrStxGuf pifumyloGm;onfh c&D;pOfwGifyif ocif
uif;uif; ta&mufwufoGm;EkdifcJhonf? trdajray: jyefeif;&onfhtwGuf ol‹rSm xGe;f tky. f oabmxm;a-umifh jzpfymG ;onfh rausvnfrr+ mS tapmqk;H jzpfonf?
0rf;omvsuf&Sd_yD; &efukef&Sd ocifjrxH owif;ay;ykd&‹ ef qufvufxGufcGmcJhonf? tjcm;xif&mS ;onfw h ckrmS Adv
k af usmaf Zmajymjycsujf zpf_y;D bmwD;vfvifem.
“&Sefwifrm±l;”u olu ‹ kefrsm;jzpfonfhqefukd xyfrHjznfhqnf;Iwif&ef &efukefokd‹ a'grmef[ek w f iG f uk;d um;xm;csufjzpfonf?
a&mufonft h csdew f iG f &Jabmf (4) OD;ukd a&G;cs,f_yD;jzpfonf? oka‹d omfvnf; atmif ‘udkatmifqef;ESifh udkae0if;wdk‹ ‘[kdifeef’wGif r-umc% tcsif;rsm;-uonf?
qef;ESifhtwl olwkd‹oabFmay:wufrnfhnwGif oabFmtv,f twuftqif; udkatmifqef;onf vl±dk;vlajzmifh ajAmiform;jzpfI udkae0if;u tvGef^m%frsm;
avSum;wGif ykvdyftapmifht-uyfrsm; wif;usyfpGmcsxm;onfhtwGuf ,if;rS vsuf wGufcsuf_yD;rS vkyfwwfonf? odka‹ omfvnf; udkatmifqef; t"du róuduf
wuf&ef rjzpfEkdifonfhtwGuf oabFmaemufykdif;wGif tcsufjya&ay:abmESifh onfu udak e0if;. tusiphf ±du k f raumif;r+jzpfonf? olonf avmif;upm;orm;
csnx f m;aom oH¯ud;rS pGep‹f eG p‹f m;pm;wufc-hJ u&onf? Tyxr rsK;d cspt f okwwf iG f jzpfonfhtjyif rdef;rvnf; tvGef±+yfayGonf? xkad‹ -umihf tusifhpm&dwW aumif;rGef
17
yg0ifolrsm;rSm ocifvSaz/ at;armif/ b*srf;ESifh ukdxGef;&Sdef wkd‹ jzpf-uonf? r+udk txl;tav;xm;aom udkatmifqef;ESihf usefaom u|efawmfwdk‹ &Jabmfrsm;
atmifqef;/ vS-rdifwkd‹ESifhtwl olwkd‹ukd wkdusKdrS azmfrkdqmpcef;okd‹ av,mOfjzifh uvnf; ,if;tcsufudk rESpfòrd-› ujcif;jzpfonf? odka‹ omf tem*wfudk ar#mfawG;I
ykda‹ y;cJh_yD; olwkd‹ jrefrm (6) OD;jzifh ppfoifwef;ukd pwifcJhonf? *syefoifwef;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf u|efawmfwdk‹ wwfEdkifoavmuf tnDt!GwfaecJh-u
topftcsKdv ‹ nf; aemufykdif;wGif wufa&mufvmcJhonf? ygonf?’
tvm;wl wm0efay;cH&olrSm tDemtkdrDZlwmeD (Inao Mitzutani) jzpf_yD; ol xdkrSwyg; atmufyg ‘bmwD;vfvihfwfem’ a&;om;csufudkvnf; owdrloihf
onf tkq d mumrS rwfv (25) &ufae‹wiG f &efuek o f ‹dk xGucf mG aom qefwifoabFm ayonf?
'gtDwkdykd‹aqmifa&;ukr`%Duyif “ukdif±l;rm±l;” (Kairu Maru) oabFmjzifh vkdufyg ‘&efukefwGif udkatmifqef;onf oabFmrSm;pD;rdcJhjcif;oufoufa-umihf
oGm;cJh&onf? olonf &Sifrifemrnfjzifh oabFmaiGpm&if;ukdiftjzpf [efaqmif *syefESihf qufoG,fvdkuf&jcif;um; r[kwfacs? *syefwdk‹. v#KdŒ0Sufvkyfief;rsm;udk
oGm;&onf? olonf vli,f (7) OD;ukd (3) OD;w}udrf/ (2) OD; ESpf}udrfwkdifwkdif olwdk‹. olv#Kdrsm;u &efukefESihf tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif vkyfaqmifvsuf&SdcJhonf?
tvnfxGufcGifh&_yD; jyefvmaom oabFmom;rsm;ESifh a&maESm_yD; oabFmay: 1930 ckESpfrsm;avmufuyif ‘±+dZdk=udkulbl’ (Shozo Kokubu) [k ac:aom *syef
ta&muf wifay;Ekid cf o hJ nf? wv-um_yD;aemuf oabFmaiGpm&if;ukid f ql*st D o
D nf a&wyft&m&Sdwa,mufonf ocifApdefšocifxGef;tkyf tkyfpkESifh qufoG,fr+&
olwa,mufwnf; aemufxyf (3)OD;ukd “ukad q;tDrm±l;” (Kosai Maru) oabFmjzifh cJhonf? xkd‹ jyif &efukef&Sd *syefolv#KdwOD;jzpfaom a'gufwm ‘qlumpm qlZluD;’
o,faqmifvmEkid cf jhJ yefonf? ZGev f wGif aemufq;Hk wacgufY &Sirf ifu xyfr_H y;D (11) pDpOfay;cJo h nft h wGuf tjcm;rsKd;cspfy*k Kd~ vfwOD;jzpfonfh a'gufwmodr;f armifonf
OD;ukd “ukd±lrm±l;” (Koreyu Maru) oabFmjzifh xkwfvmEkdifcJhjyefonf? ‚if; (11) vnf; 1940 ckEpS w f iG f wdu
k sKdo‹kd tvnfc&D;oGm;cJzh ;l onf? udak tmifqef;tygt0if
OD;wGif aemufqkH; (6) OD;rSm ocifApdef/ ocifxGef;tkyf tkyfpkrSjzpf_yD; ocifxGef; ocifudk,fawmfrd+if;. aemufvdkufrsm;rSm *syefrsm;tay:Y ta-umif;a-umif;udk
tkyfukd,fwkdif acgif;aqmifxm;onf? ocifxGef;tkyfESifhtwl ygvmolrSm tjcm;ol axmufqI oHo,&S-d uonf? wenf;tm;jzifv h nf; ratmifjrifaom w±kwjf ynf
r[kwf aemufykdif; Adkvfae0if;jzpfvmrnfh ocif±+armifjzpfonf? rpfqlwmeD (c) c&D;pOfonf jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;v+yf&Sm;r+twGuf tultnD&rnfh
oabFmaiGpm&if;ukid f &Sirf ifonf rsKd;cspf&aJ bmf (27) OD;teuf (18) OD;ukd yifv,f ae&mudk óud;pm;&Sm}uHjcif;w&yf[k jrif&ayrnf? odka‹ omf ,if;óud;yrf;r+ ratmif
jzwfI o,faqmifvmEkdifcJholjzpfonf? ,dk;',m;=jrefrme,fpyfrS jzwfausmfvm rjrifjzpfomG ;onft h cg jrefrmvli,frsKd;cspfrsm;twGuf (olwv ‹kd ckd sifonfh vGwv
f yf
ol ocifatmifoef;ESifh ocifoef;wifwkd‹tjyif ukdaqmif;ukdyg xyfaqmif;vkduf a&;udk E+wu f wday;aeonf)h *syefomv#if a&G;cs,fp&m &So d mG ;ayawmhonf?’
aomtcg emrnfausmf “&Jabmfo;Hk usdy”f t_yD;owfjzpfay:vmcJo h nf? *syefwt ‹kd aejzihf Ttcsufukd aumif;pGmoabmaygufxm;-uonf? od‹k jzpf
87 88
87 88
I olwdk‹onf olwdk‹. ppfoifwef;tpDtpOfwGif ‘0if±kd;wef;’ vdkvm;aom vusfm ukefqefu ‹ sifwGef;vSefae&m ,if;udk r[mrdwfu ulnDyHhydk;vsuf&Sdonf? xdktcsdef
tpGe;f a&muf0g'D ocifApdešf ocifxeG ;f tkyf tkypf u k kd xnfo h iG ;f I vuf0o J rm;rsm; Y armfpDwkef;wdk‹. w±kwfeDuGefjrLepfrsm;vnf; tjyif;txef awmfvSefaejcif;
tm; xdef;xm;&ef qHk;jzwfcJh-ujcif;jzpfonf? xkd‹a-umihfvnf; wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk; a-umifh csefau&Sdwf ulrifwefwyfrsm; ajcukyfpcef;wckjzpfaom w±kwfjynf
udk pwifwnfaxmifcJh&mY yg0ifcJhol wOD;jzpfaom ocifApdefonf ocifxGef;tkyf taemufawmifbufjynfe,fwckjzpfonfh ‘,leef’ od‹k r[mrdww f .‹kd ppfypPn;f wef
fh wl 1938 19 ckEpS cf efr‹ pS I *syefukd pwifqufo,
ESit G cf o
hJ nf? 0g&ifEh idk if aH &;orm; aygif;rsm;pGmudk tusOf;tusyfrsm;-um;rS ay;ydk‹ae&onf? &efukefqdyfurf;rS
rsm;xJrS Ekid if jH cm;om;rdwaf qGrsm;þcsOf;uyfrw d zf ŒJG orl sm;rSm ocifApdeEf iS hf ocifxeG ;f jrefrmjynftv,fyikd ;f tylyikd ;f uEœm&udk jzwfausmfvsuf &S r;f awmifwef;rsm;txd/
tkyfwkdu‹ þpcJh-uonfr[kwf? OD;apmomv#if yxrjzpfygonf? olonf owif;pm xkrd q S ufvufI ,leefjynfe,fo‹kd 0ifa&mufaom jrefrmvrf;r}uD; (Burma Road)
q&mwOD;taejzifh uk, d pf m;«yum *syefEidk if o
H ‹dk 1935 ckEpS w f iG f tvnfomG ;cJo h nf? onf xdktcsdefu vGefpGm ta&;}uD;_yD; *syefppfOD;udk wm;qD;Ekdifa&;twGuf wck
olonf xkcd &D;rStjyefwiG f &efuek -f rdw › iG f owif;pm}uD;wapmifjzpfaom “ol&, d ” wnf;aom axmufyahH &;vrf;a-umif;jzpfonf? xka‹d -umifh *syefwt ‹kd aejzihf jrefrm
owif;pm. t"du tpkydkif&Sifjzpfvmjcif;rSm wkdufqkdifr+w&yfjzpfykH&onf? olu jynfudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf_yD; ,if;qufoG,fa&;vrf;a-umif;udk jzwfawmufvdk
vlra+ ygif;oif;qufqaH &;taejzifh *syefot H &m&Srd sm;ESihf tvnftywfvmolrsm;ukd onf? xdkodðk‹ yvkyfEkdif&eftwGuf olwdk‹ ppfqifa&; atmifjrifacsmarmapjcif; tvdk‹
azsmaf jz{nfch cH o hJ nf? ,if;oka‹d om {nfch yH rJG sm;ukd *syefEidk if t H a-umif; aqmif;yg;rsm; iSm ±kyjf yaumif;aom jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om; wdu k cf u
kd af &;wyfwwyf tckid t f rm&S&d ef
tm; rSerf eS yf EHk ydS af zmfjyavh&adS om olo ‹ wif;pmwGif tjynft h pkoH wif;tjzpf a&;om; *syefwdk‹u vdktyfaecJhonf? TaxmufvS rf;a&;tpDtpOfudk ‘rDemrDuDuef’
azmfjycJoh nf? (Minami Kikan) [k v#KdŒ0Sufemrnfay;xm;cJhonf? odk‹ jzihf *syefa&muf jrefrm
aemufrS ay:aygufvmaom b0. oa&mfuu G w f &yfrmS *syefwE‹dk iS hf txufyg vli,frsm;rSm TtpDtpOf. t"dutoufaoG;a-um}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf?
twkid ;f qufo, G cf o
hJ nfh ocifApdet f m; *syefwu ‹dk yif t}uHay;r+a-umifh 1942 ckEpS f odk‹ jzpfonfhtwdkif; 'DZifbmvwGif &JabmfoHk;usdyfrS (28) a,mufudk bef
atmufwb dk mvwGif e,fpyfuae_yD; ,k;d ',m;Ekid if b H ufo‹dk jzwfu;l &ef ¯ud;pm;&m aumufodk‹ a&$Œajymif;vdkufonf? ukdaqmif; (okdr‹ [kwf) Adkvfxdef0if;ukd ,kd;',m;
zrf;qD;cH&_yD; tusOf;cscH&jcif; jzpfayonf? Ekid if &H dS *syefb&k ifw h yfrawmf. 0g'jzefc‹ sda&;Xmeok‹d wm0efcsxm;cJo h nf? ‘[kid ef ef’
rnfodk‹yifjzpfap ocifxGef;tkyfwdk‹ aemufqHk;tokwf a&muf&Sdvm_yD;onfh wGif tpysKd; ppfa&;avhusifrr+ sm; ðyvky_f yD;aemuf ppfoifwef;udk ‘azmfrq kd mu|ef;’
aemufwGifum; udkatmifqef;wdk‹ t&if *syefodka‹ &mufESihfaeaom udkaqmif;tyg od‹k a&$Œajymif;cJ&h m jrefrmvli,fwOD;jzpfonfh ocifoef;wifonf ,if;ae&mY iSuf
t0if pkpkaygif; rsKd;cspfvli,f (30) OD;&SdoGm;av_yD? odk‹ jzpfI olwdku ‹ dk jrefrmhordkif; zsm;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? xkd‹aemuf 'DZifbmv (26) &ufae‹wGif bef
wGif ‘&Jabmfo;kH usyd ’f [k ac:a0:cJah vonf? olw. ‹kd *syefwyfr;ª rSm Akv d rf ;ª }uD; ‘au aumufY ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (Burma Independence Army) udk w&m;
tD*sD=qlZluD;’ jzpfonf? olonf udkatmifqef;ESihf udkvSòrdifudk ‘trGdKif’ wGif zrf; 0ifzŒJG pnf;vdu k af vonf? Tta-umif;ESiyfh wfoufI ocifvaS z (Adv k v
f usfm) u
qD;cJhol t&m&Sdjzpfavonf? &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if ocifudk,fawmfrd+if;tkyfpk. wck aemufyikd ;f wGif Tod‹k jyefvnfajymjycJo h nf?
wnf;aom &nfreS ;f csufyef;wkid rf mS jrefrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&;jzpfaomfvnf; Adv k rf ;ª “tJ'aD e‹u orm;awmf}uD; OD;vGe;f aztdrrf mS vlawGtm;vH;k [m wtm; pdwf
}uD; qlZluD;ESihf *syefaxmufvS rf;a&;wdk‹ tzd&k‹ mYum; tjcm;&nfrSef;csufrsm; &Sif; xufoefae-uw,f? vlwdkif;qDu vufarmif;aoG;udk azmuf,l_yD; aoG;aomuf
&Sif;vif;vif;&Sdaeav_yD? opPmqdk-uw,f? tJ'DnrSm *syefppfoifwef;pcef;u jyefvm-uwJh olawGtm;vHk;
1938 ckEpS w f iG f *syefwo ‹kd nf w±kwjf ynf ajrmufyikd ;f ESihf ta&Sy› ikd ;f wdu ‹k kd usL; pk_yD; pnf;a0;-uw,f? udkatmifqef;u u|efawmfwdk‹pdwfóuduf twdwfedrdwf
ausmf0ifa&mufcJhonf? od&k‹ mwGif *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmf. w±kwfjynftwGif;ydkif; aumif;r,fh emrnfwckpD a&G;oifhw,fvdk‹ t}uHðyw,f? 'Demrnfu u|efawmfwdk‹
ESihf aemufqHk;wGif tdENd,jynftxd xdk;azmufrnfh taemufbufcsD ppfqifa&; udk *k%v f &J adS pr,f? ,H-k unfrv
+ J ay;Ekid rf ,f? vkyif ef;_yD;pD;atmif aqmif&u G &f r,fh
r[mAsL[mudk csefau&SdwfOD;aqmifaom (w±kwfjzL) ulrifweftpdk;&u tpGrf; todpdwf"mwfvJ 0ifapr,f? aemuf u|efawmfwdk‹ csDwufr+udk qufvufo,f
89 90
89 90
aqmifay;r,fh emrnfrsK;d jzpf&r,fv‹kd olu ajymw,f? 'Dt}uHtpnf[m u|eaf wmf rSm pm&if;. atmufajcwGifrS yg&Sdvmonf? jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd &efolwyfzGJŒrsm;udk
wdk‹ pkaygif;pOf;pm;xm;-uwmvJ r[kwfbl;? t&ifxJu t-um}uD; pOf;pm;xm;cJh 'kuQa&mufap&ef pDpOf!¸ef-um; vkyfudkifoGm;&rnfhwyfrSm 'k=Adkvfrª;}uD;±+armif
-uwmvJ r[kwfbl;? 'g[m udkatmifqef;&JŒ t}uHtpnfyJ jzpfw,f? u|efawmf &mxl;emrnfjzifh OD;pD;uGyfuJ&ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&onf? *syeft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;.
wdk‹udk tJ'Dvdk csjyawmh u|efawmfwdk‹tm;vHk; tJ'Dt}uHtpnfudk oabmusoGm; vlucJ wfru + m; rqd;k vSyg? olw ‹ iG f &Sad om yifu, dk t
f &nftaoG;ESifh xdw k m0efonf
20
-uw,f? tJ'DrSmyJ u|efawmfwdk‹ emrnfawG a&G;-uw,f? prf;ac: -unfh-uw,f? ododomomyif oihfavsmfvSayonfæ[k qdk&ayvdrfhrnf?
oabmus-uw,f? emrnftopfe‹J ud, k u hf ,
kd u
f kd eJeaJ wmif t&yfjriho f mG ;w,fvk‹d 1942 ckEpS f apmapmykid ;f wGif bDtikd af tonf *syefwyfrawmfEiS t fh wl jrefrm
cHpm;-u&w,f” jynfwGif;odk‹ 0ifa&mufcJhonf? tpueOD; (28) OD;rSvGJ_yD;v#if jrefrmtrsm;tjym;
xdkae‹wGifyif olwdk‹tm;vHk;. emrnfa&SŒ Y Akdvfwyfvdkuf-uonf? Akdvf[l onf xkdif;EdkifiHwGifvnf;aumif;/ wu,fhe,fpyfwav#mufwGifvnf;aumif; bD
onfrSm vltaygif;/ av;pm;cH&r+ESihf -oZmtm%m&Sdr+udk jyqdk_yD; t&m&Sdtqifh&Sd tdkifatwyfxJodk‹ 0ifa&mufvmcJh-uonf? 21 arG;&yfajray:wGif a&SŒodk‹csDwuf&if;
olwdkif;. emrnfa&S›Y (OD;/ armif/ udk) tpm; wGJoHk;oGm;&onfh a0g[m&wckjzpf olwdk‹ *k%f,l0ifhºuGm;pGmjzifh jrihfjrifhrm;rm; v$ihfxlcJhonfhatmifvHrSm t0g/ tpdrf;/
ayonf? teD oHk;a&mifjc,f/ tv,frS ua'gif;jzpfonf? 22 xdyfqHk;rS t0ga&mifvdkif;onf
Tod‹kjzifh udak tmifqef;u (Adv k af wZ) jzpfvmonf? udv k aS zu (Adv
k vf usmf ) bmoma&;,H-k unfru + kd azmfjyonf? tv,frS tpdr;f a&mifrmS aygrsm;ºuG,0f aom
emrnfcH,lonf? ocifatmifoef;u (Adkvfp}ufm) ESihf udk±+armifu (Adkvfae0if;) ajr,mESifh aumufyo J ;D ESt
H xGuu f kd jyqdo k nf? atmufajcrS teDa&mifrmS rl a-umuf
pojzihf jzpfvm-uonf? wckwnf;aom ¹cGif;csufrSm ocifxGef;tkyfjzpfonf? ol &GHŒr+uif;aom &JpGrf;owWdudk azmf!¸ef;vsuf&Sdonf? tv,fA[dkwGif tjzLa&mif
u *syefemrnfudk cH,lvdkufonf? Ttkyfpk. wyfr;ª jzpfol Adkvfr;ª }uD; qlZluD;udk aemufcHjzifh puf0kdif;twGif;rS rmefrmetjynfht0jzifh ab;taygif;rS vGwfajrmuf
‘Adv
k rf ;kd óud;’ [k emrnfay;vdu k -f uonf? *syeft&m&S}d uD;rsm;uvnf; jrefrmemrnf apaom (arm& y&dwaf wmf) udk ud, k pf m;ðyonfh jrefrmh u˜a'gif;udk jyoxm;onf?
&,lcsifonf? odk‹ jzifh TAdkvfrdk;óud;[laomemrnfudk udkatmifqef;udk,fwdkif a&G; ,if;onf EkdifiH. *k%fusufoa&wihfw,fr+ESihf xGef;ajymifr+wdk‹udk trSwftom;
cs,af y;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? oda‹k omf rd;k óud;wGi&f adS om pmt"dym` ,foufouftjyif Adv k f ðyxm;jcif;jzpf_yD; jrefrmbk&ifrsm; vufxufrSpI wdkŒArmtpnf;t±Hk;ESihf (BIA)
rª;}uD;qlZluD;udk ,if;jrefrmemrnfay;&mY vdrRmyg;eyfI av;eufaom t"dy`m,f acwftxd oH;k pGv J mcJah om tvHjzpf.? bDtidk af t. tiftm;rSm tpwGif (2˜300)
udkvnf; aqmifayonf? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf æ_Adwdo#wdk‹ tkyfpkd;pOfuyif om&Sad omfvnf;þr-umrDþjrefrmjynftv,fyikd ;f od‹k a&muf&o dS mG ;onft h csed Yf þtiftm;
“xD;±k;d ukd rd;k óud;ypfr,f” [laom wabmifpum;onf ysHŒEx ‹HS uG af y:vsuf&o dS nf? (30˜000) odk‹ wdk;wufoGm;avonf? 1942 ckESpf/ rwfv (7) &ufae‹wGif *syefwdk‹
Twabmif. t"dy`m,frSm æbk&ifheef;pOf ueuU'%f ‘xD;’ wnf;[laom u bDtidk af ttultnDjzifh &efuek òf rdu › kd acsmarmpGm odr;f yduk Ef idk cf ohJ nf? xda‹k emuf
(_Adwdo# tcsKyftjcmtm%m) onf ‘rdk;óud;’ wnf;[laom aumif;uifrS usvm _Adwo d #wo ‹kd nf a&$awmifY jyif;xefpmG ckcI H taemufbuf&dS tdE, dN od‹k ‘wrl;’vrf;
onfh vufeufa-umifh usKd;ysufaom tajcod‹k {uefqu kd af &mufomG ;vdrrfh nfæ[k rS pnf;urf;wus qkwcf mG oGm;cJo h nf? Ttcsed Yf urBmh 6 yH/k 1 yHu k kd pd;k ydik x
f m;aom
qdkvdkonf? TwGif Akdvfrdk;óud;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ‘rDemrD’ (Adkvfrª;}uD; qlZluD;) [l _Adwdo# t&Sifocifrsm;tm; rnfolr# rvSefEdkif[laom tawG;txifonf vGihfpif
aom &mxl;tqihfESihf emrnfcH,lum bDtkdifat ppfXmecsKyfudk uGyfuJvdkufum aysmufu, G o h nf? oda‹k omfvnf; wrif;ajymif;rS wrif;ta-umif;od qko
f mG ;cJo d uJh
AkdvfcsKyf ‘rl&mumrd’ (uy`wdef Ekd'g) u ppfOD;pD;csKyf tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ AkdvfcsKyf od‹k jrefrmEdik if t
H m; *syefrsm; odr;f ydu k &f mwGif &ufpufrE+ iS hf ywfoufI pHwifavmuf
‘tdkrdk'g’ (udkatmifqef;) u tqihfjrihfppfOD;pD;t&m&Sd (jrefrmrsm;xJwGif &mxl;t aom tppftrSefo±kyfouefrsm;udk r-umrD jrefrmrsKd;cspfwdk‹ pdwfysufzG,f&m awGŒ
}uD;qHk; tqifhtjrihfqHk;) tjzpfvnf;aumif; ceft ‹ yfjcif;cH&onf? tjcm; jrefrmt &Sdvm&awmhonf? 23 -rd›awmfokd‹ jyef0ifonfh tcsdefykdif;avmufuyif ol‹taejzifh
&m&Sd (8) OD;rSm 'k=Adv k rf ;ª }uD; &mxl;rS Adv
k }f uD;tqift h xd &mxl;rsm;jzifh ppfO;D pD;Xme *syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf pnf;±kH;&ef ¯ud;pm;cJha-umif;/ ppf_yD;aemuf AkdvfcsKyf
csKyfESihf tjcm;oD;jcm;wm0efrsm;wGif ceft ‹ yfcH-u&onf? Akdvfae0if;tm; ceft ‹ yfr+ atmifqef;u xkwfazmfajymqkdcJhonf? tcsdefapmvGef;ao;onfhtwGuf ‚if;tpD
91 92
91 92
tpOfukd ol±kyfodrf;vkduf&onf? *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmfu ArmhvGwfvyfa&; ta&;}uD;aom trsKd;om;EkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD; (3) ck yl;aygif;_yD; “ArmhxGuf

wyfrawmf (BIA) ukd zsufodrf;&ef qkH;jzwfcJh_yD; ysOf;rem;wGif tajccsxm;aom &yf*kd%f;” tjzpf 1939 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv (1) &ufae‹wGif jzpfay:vmcJhonf?
wyf&if; (3) &if;r#jzifh 1942 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f rSpI ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf (BDA) ol. OD;wnf&nfrSef;csufw&yfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH. ukd,fykdifqkH;jzwfEkdifonfh tcGihft
ukd zGJŒpnf;cGifh«ycJhonf? bD'Datukd Adkvfrª;}uD; &mxl;jzifh Adkvfatmifqef;u a&;ukd _Aw d od #tpk;d &u todtrSw«f y_y;D v#if vGwv f yfa&;ay;&eftwGuf awmif;qkd
uGyfuJcJhonf? 1943 ckESpf rwfvwGif a'gufwmbarmf/ ocifjrESifh AdkvfcsKyfwkdu ‹ kd &efjzpfavonf? tvm;wl &nfrSef;csufrsm;xm;&Sdaom “Armhta&;awmfykHygwD”
wku d sKo
d ‹dk zdw-f um;cJo h nf? xka‹d emuf a'gufwmbarmfu 0ef}uD;csKyf a['Duw D *dk sKEd iS hf [k ac:aom ajratmuftzGJŒwzGJŒukd ,if;u arG;xkwfay;cJhonf?
aqG;aEG;cJ_h yD; wk*d sKdu “jrefrmEkid if H vGwv f yfa&;twGuf vrf;!¸epf nf;rsOf;rsm;” [k tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ukd ocifrsm;/ qkd&S,fvpfrsm;/ uGefjrLepfrsm;-um;rS a&G;xkwfcJh
ac:onfh taxmuftxm;pmwrf;ukd a'gufwmbarmfokd‹ ay;tyfcJhonf? ukd,f _yD; ‚if;tzGJŒ. xif&Sm;aom acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf OD;ausmf_idrf;/ OD;AaqG/ ocif
pm;vS,ftzGJŒacgif;aqmifrsm;ukd *syef{u&mZfbk&ifukd,fwkdif taqmifta,mif atmifqef;ESihf ocifoed ;f azwk‹d jzpfvmcJo h nf? tcsKa‹d omEkid if aH &;orm;rsm;u *syef
bGJŒwHqdyfrsm; qifjref;ay;tyfcJh_yD; OD;atmifqef;rSm AdkvfcsKyf (ar*sm*sife&,f) ta-umif; tom;ay;ajymjyaomfvnf; uGefjrLepfw±kwfukdrl trsm;u ykdrkdvkdvm;
&mxl;okd‹ wkd;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&um wwd,wef; wufaetxdrf;trSwfbGJŒwHqdyf tyfESif; -uonf? odef;azurl zufqpf*syefESifh yl;aygif;a&;ukd tjyif;txefuef‹uGuf
jcif;cH&onf? a'gufwmbarmfonf jyefa&mufa&mufcsif; “jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyf oljzpfonf?
a&;jyifqifr+aumfrwD” ukd zGJŒpnf;vkdufonf? aemufqkH;Y 1943 ckESpf -o*kwfv 1942 ckEpS f tapmykid ;f wGif Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;u *syefb&k ifw h yfrsm;ESit hf wl
(1) &ufae‹wGif jrefrmEkdifiHukd vGwfvyfaomEkdifiHtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ a'gufwm Armhvw G vf yfa&;wyfrawmfudk OD;aqmifum trdajray:ok‹d atmifjrifpmG 0ifa&muf
barmfuv dk nf; Ekid if aH wmft"dywdtjzpfvnf;aumif; a-unmvku d of nf? bD'aD t vmcsdefwGif odef;azu ajratmufqufoG,fa&;uGef&ufuwqifh *syefqef‹usif
ukd ArmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf (BNA) tjzpf emrnfajymif;vkduf_yD; umuG,fa&;0ef a&;pm&Gurf sm;ukd jzefa‹ 0tvkyrf sm;aecJo h nf? TwGif orkid ;f wGirf nfh uH-urRmw&yf
}uD;&mxl; ,lxm;aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Adkvfr;ª ae0if; (Adkvfr;ª }uD;&mxl;okd‹ jzpfvmcJhonf? Armhta&;awmfykHygwDu odef;azukd tdENd,okd‹v$wf&ef tm;vkH;
vsifjrefpGm wkd;jr‡ifhcH&onf) ukd bDtifat. umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf a&G;cs,f oabmwlvu dk -f uonf? olwo ‹dk rd ;f oGi;f xm;ol rmhupf 0f g'Drsm;. aoG;aqmifpnf;
cJo
h nf? oka‹d omfvnf; umuG,af &;0ef}uD;Xmeukd _Adwo d #pepftwkid ;f jyefvnfjyif ±kH;r+ pGrf;&nfay:wGif ar#mfvifhcsufxm;&SdonfESifhtnD wzufuvnf; r[mrdwf
qifzŒJG pnf;cJ&h m aemufwESpt f apmykid ;f wGif _yD;pD;oGm;onft h cg Advk cf sKyfatmifqef; wkx ‹d rH S tultnDudk ,cifu rdwaf qGwOD;taejzifh &SmazG&ef qk;H jzwfvu dk -f ujcif;
u OD;pD;aoemywd &mxl;ukd jyefvnf&,lvkduf_yD; Adkvfrª;}uD;ae0if;ukd ppf±kH;okd‹ jzpfonf?
ppfO;D pD;csKyftjzpf ajymif;a&$Œvu dk of nf? vGwv f yfa&; ESpyf wfvnfae‹wiG f Adv k cf sKyf ulrifwefwyfrsm;. tultnDu&dk ,lum ode;f azu wifa&$EiS t hf wl uom
atmifqef;tm; *syef {u&mZfbk&ifu yxrwef; jrifhjrwfaom &wembGJŒwHqdyf ukjd zwfI taemufajrmufvrf;a-umif;twkid ;f oGm;&ef ¯ud;pm;cJah omfvnf; xkad 'o
(First Class Order of the Sacred Treasure) jzifh tyfESif;csD;jr‡ifhvkdufjyefonf? wGif *syefwkd&‹ SdaeonfhtwGuf jyefvSnfhvmcJh&onf? xkdtcsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmif
xkt d csed wf iG f pdw}f uD;0ifaeaom *syefb&k ifw h yfrawmfEiS hf olw.‹dk a-umufrufz, G f qef;ESifh Adkvfvusfmwkd‹u jrefrmjynftv,fykdif;&Sd a&$bkdwGif &Sdae-u_yD; olwkd‹ESifh
uifaywkdif axmufvS rf;a&;,Eœ&m;wkd‹tay: rauseyfr+rsm; qlyGufvsuf&Sdae tHh-op&maumif;avmufatmif rar#mfvifhbJ awGŒqkHrdcJh-uonf? tHhtm;woifh
av_yD? jzpfae-uaom ,cifa&mif;&if;ESpOf ;D rSm xkt d csdew
f iG f Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf
tjzpftysufrsm;aygif;pkHaeonfh Ttcsdefukd u|efawmf a&;om;ae&mwGif . tqifhjrifht&m&Sdrsm; jzpfae-u_yD; *syeft}uHay;rsm;teD;wGif vkdufyg&Sdaevifh
rdrt d csKyftjcmtm%mukd vk;H 0O\kjH yefvnf&,lvo dk nfh zufqpfqefu ‹ siaf &; jrefrm upm; aESmifhaES;jcif;r&SdbJ olwkdE‹ SpfOD;ukd tumtuG,fay;vsuf olwkdc‹ &D;ukd jzpf
rsK;d csprf sm;u usL;ausmo f rd ;f yku
d x f m;onfh *syefwyfrsm;ukd jyefvnfawmfveS o f nfh ajrmufatmif aqmif&Gufay;cJhonf? odef;azESifh wifa&$onf ajcvsifjzifhwoG,f
v+y&f mS ;r+udk pdw0f ifpm;zG,f tusOf;csKyfjyefvnfwifjyvkad yonf? avSjzifhwwef &ckdifukdjzwfI 1942 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif b*FgvDokd‹ a&mufoGm;cJh-u
93 94
93 94
onf? olw. ‹dk v+y&f mS ;r+udk t}uD;tus,o f o

H ,0ifvsu&f adS om _Awd o d #tm%mykid f qD;*&if; (Major H.P. Seagrim) u trSwf (136) wyfzGJŒokd‹ (3) vt-umwGif
rsm;u olwku d‹ kd csufcsif;yifzrf;qD;vkduf-uonf? owif;ay;yk‹d _y;D jzpfonf?
qif;rvm;wGif ckdv+Hae&aom ta0;a&muf_Adwdo# jrefrmtpkd;&taejzifh yxrqkH;vGwfvyfa&; ESpfywfvnfae‹wGif qef‹usifawmfvSefa&;acgif;
jrefrmhawmfvSefa&;v+yf&Sm;r+. ±kd;om;r+ukd tcsdefwkdtwGif; em;vnfvmonfh aqmifrsm; pkHnDpnf;a0;rd-uonf? zufqpf*syefrsm;ukd rvkdvm;a-umif;ESifh
tavsmuf odef;aztaeESifh ta0;a&muftpkd;&tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESifh awGŒcGifh&vmonf? tcGi&hf onfEiS hf olv‹ ufatmuf&dS vufeufuidk w f yfzŒJGrsm;u olwu ‹dk dk xºuGqefu ‹ sif
1943 ckESpf tapmykdif;wGif olwkd‹ukd w±kwfjynfokd‹ oGm;cGifh«yvkdufaomfvnf; (7) rnfjzpfa-umif; twdtvif; atmifqef;. ajym-um;csufu xkad e‹udk rSwrf w S &f &
vcef‹ -um_y;D aemuf olwo ‹dk nf a'vDo‹dk vufcsn;f oufoufjzifh jyefvmcJ-h u&onf? jzpfapcJhonf? EkdifiHa&;ygwDtm;vkH;taejzifh pkpnf;nD!GwfpGm &yfwnf-u_yD;
ulrifwefa&m/ uGejf rLepfrsm;uyg ±ky0f wˆKypPn;f tultnD wpkw H &mrygbJ oem; zufqpfqef‹usifa&; jynfol‹vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJŒcsKyf (AFPFL) wnf;[laom
-uifemr+ oufoufuo dk m ay;cJ-h uonf? emrnfukd vkdufavsmnDaxGpGm a&G;cs,fcJh-uonf? ygwDrsm;taejzifh zufqpf
_Adwdo#wkd‹taejzifh oabmxm;ajymif;_yD; olwkd‹bufygvmum v#Kd‹0Suf,l pepfudk acsr+e;f &efEiS hf jynfot ‹l pk;d &w&yf xlaxmif&eftwGuf tzGŒJ csKyfY yg0ifjcif;
epfwckjzpfonfh trSwf (136) wyfzGJŒtopf zGJŒpnf;ay;vkdufonfhtwGuf olwkd‹ jzpfa-umif; tpnf;ta0;rS xkwfjyefvkdufaom a-unmcsufwGif yg0ifvmcJhonf?
t}uD;tus,f 0rf;omyDwdjzpfae-uonf? xkdwyfzGJŒtaejzifh ta&S›awmiftm&S&Sd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. t_rJwrf;vufeufukdifwyfzGJŒrsm;ukd tiftm;&Sdaom
&efole‹ ,fajrrsm;ukd xkd;azmuf0ifa&muf/ vJAD;wyfrsm;ukd xlaxmifoifwef;ay;/ r[mrdwrf sm;tjzpf wGux f m;aomfvnf; *syefwr‹dk a&mufEidk o f nfh jrefrmjynfajrmuf
ajymufusm;ppfukd pnf;±kH;_yD;/ &Sd_yD;jzpfaom zufqpfqef‹usifa&; awmfvSefa&; ykid ;f awmifwef;rsm;&Sd ucsi/f csi;f / em*ESihf vl&;DS vlrsK;d rsm;rSvnf; vJA;D wyfzŒJGrsm;ukd
v+y&f mS ;r+rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&u G &f efjzpfonf? ok‹d jzpfI wifa&$udk a&ikyo
f abFm _Adwdo#u xlaxmifcJhonf? u&ifvlrsKd;wkdr‹ Sm vlrsKd;pkajymufusm;rsm;wGif t"du
ESifh ac:aqmifoGm;_yD; &ckdifurf;ajcwGif 1943 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif csxm;ay;cJh tiftm;pkjzpfonf? ,dk;',m;EkdifiHe,fpyf oHvGifc±kdif u&ifawmifwef;rsm;ukd
onf? aemufwESpf azazmf0g&DvusrS tzkd;rjzwfEkdifaom owif;rsm;ESifhtwl toufaoG;a-ume,fajrtjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf? tb,fa-umifhqkdaomf ,if;
ol‹ukd oGm;a&mufac:,lEkdifcJhonf? odef;azu tdENd,wGif qufaecJhonf? olu e,fajrwGif _Adwdo#ukdvkdvm;_yD; trsm;pkrSm c&pf,mefrsm;jzpf-uaom u&ifrsm;
r[mrdwfXmecsKyfESifh jrefrmhvGwfajrmufa&;v+yf&Sm;olrsm;t-um; qufoG,fa&; aexkdif-uaoma-umifhjzpfonf? Adkvfrª; qD;*&if; taejzifh xkda'oY aemufcsef
t&m&St d aersKd;aqmif&u G _f yD; wcsdew f nf;rSmyif jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;Xme. 0g'jzef‹ usef&pfaecJh_yD; vJAD;rsm; pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh avhusihfoifwef;ay;jcif;[lonfh
csda&;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd aqmif&u G af y;aecJo h nf? txl;vkyif ef;&yfrsm;ukd pnf;±k;H aqmif&u G &f ef rdrpd w
d q f ENt& oabmwlncD o hJ nf?
xkdtcsdefY 1943 ckESpf -o*kwfv (1) &ufae‹ Y jrefrmEkdifiHukd vGwfvyfa&; _Adwdo#vlrsKd; (2) OD;/ u&ift&m&SdwOD;ESifh tjcm;opPmapmifhodaom _Adwdo#
&&Sd_yDjzpfa-umif; a-unmvkdufonf? t"dywd a'gufwmbarmfu ocifacgif; tpk;d &0efxrf;rsm;ESihf vJA;D rsm; yg0ifonfh tkypf w k pkudk olu OD;aqmifra+ y;_y;D 1943
aqmif (4) OD;ukd tpkd;&tzGJŒ0if0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpf cef‹tyfvkdufonf? ocifjrukd ckESpf azazmf0g&DvrS 1944 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dvtxd ,if;awmifwef;rsm;wGif
'k=0ef}uD;csKyf/ ocifEk=EkdifiHjcm;a&;/ ocifatmifqef;=umuG,fa&;ESifh ocif aqmif&GufvkyfukdifaecJhonf? *syefuvnf; olwku d‹ kd trdt& &SmazGzsufqD;&rnfh
oef;xGef;=qufoG,fa&;wkd‹ jzpfonf? Tcef‹tyfr+rsm;rSm *syefwkd‹u aemufqkH; ppfqifa&;ukq d ifE_J$ yD; aemufq;Hk wGif qD;*&if;tkypf u k dk z,f&mS ;Ekid cf ohJ nf? qD;*&if;
twnf«y&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; TuJhokd‹ -oZmwduUr&Sdaom yk*~dKvfrsm; ukd,fpm;«y ESifhtwl&Sdaeaom _Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm; owfjzwfcHcJh&_yD; vlxktay:ESdyfuGyfr+rsm;
yg0ifjcif;ukd vG,fvifhwul oabmwl_yD;jzpfayonf? olwkd‹tm; jyefvnfqef‹ &yfwef‹oGm;ap&ef olukd,fwkdif vufeufcscJhonf? qD;*&if;ESifh ol‹vl (8) OD;rSm
usifawmfvSef&mwGif ‚if;wkd‹ (4) OD;pvkH; acgif;aqmifyg0ifrnfqkdonfukdum; ol &efukefwGif aemufykdif;Y uGyfrsufjcif;cH&onf? 'k=Adkvfrª;}uD; a*s/ c±kdrmwD=
wkd‹ rod&Sm-uacs? ocifoef;xGef;rSm xkdv+yf&Sm;r+. acgif;aqmifjzpfcJhonf? wl;avmh(cf) (Lt. Col. J. Cromarty-Tulloch) tygt0if trSwf (136) wyfzŒJG0ifrsm;
atmifqef;. &mxl;wm0efESifh ywfouf_yD; Ttajctaeukd Akdvfrª; tdyf(csf)/ yD/ ukd u&ifawmifwef;rsm;ay:ok‹d avxD;jzifch say;cJ_h yD; aemufq;Hk xk;d ppfajymufusm;
95 96
95 96
v+y&f mS ;r+rsm;ukd jyefvnftouf0ifapcJo h nf? jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;uvnf; (AdkvfcsKyf&mxl;udk &aeygvsuf) wyfrS

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. taetxm;ukd qD;*&if;u owif;ay;ykd‹cJh&mwGif xGuv f u kd af om OD;atmifqef;acgif;aqmifrj+ zifh jyefvnftpðyvmonf? vH;k 0vGwf
taxmuftxm;tcsufwcsufrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ay:xGufvmcJh_yD; bufwmpAD. vyfa&;udk wESpftwGif;[laom uef‹oef‹csuft& jywfjywfom;om; zdtm;ay;
pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm; (Battersby Papers) wGif yg&Sv d mcJo h nf? ,if;tcsufudk arm&pf awmif;qdkvmaom vlxkpnf;a0;yGJrsm; &efukefòrd›wGif topfwzefusif;y-ujyef
aumvpf (Maurice Collis) u ol. “jrefrmjynfY aemufqkH;ESifh yxrqkH; onf? tdENd,EkdifiH/ qif;rvm;òrdw › Gif ppftwGif; ESpfrsm;Y ta0;a&muftpdk;& (0g)
1941=1948” [laom pmtkypf mrsufEmS (205) wGif uk;d um;azmfjycJo h nf? jynfajy;tpd;k &tjzpf oGm;a&mufaexkid cf &hJ aom _Adwo d #bk&ifcH qm&,f*sDe,f a':
“1943 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif Adkvfrª;qD;*&if;ESifh ¯ud;rJha-u;eef;tquf refprpfonf 1945 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (16) &ufae‹wGif &efukefodk‹ jyefvnf
toG,f«yvkyfEkdifcJhonf? ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfrS atmifqef;u tajctae a&muf&Sdvmonf? odk‹aomf xdkrwdkifrD -o*kwfv (19) &ufae‹wGif *syefacwfu
ay:aygufonfESifh *syefukd olw ‹ yfjzifh jyefvnfwGef;vSef&ef pDpOfaea-umif; azmfjy ajratmuftzGJŒtpnf;b0rS ajray:tzGJŒtpnf;tjzpfodk‹ OD;atmifqef;OD;aqmif_yD;
onfh ol. tapmqk;H owif;ay;ykc‹d sufw&yfrmS rSwo f m;p&maumif;vSonf?” jyefvnfpnf;±H;k v+y&f mS ;cJah om ‘zufqpfqefu ‹ siaf &; jynfoŒlvw G af jrmufa&;’tzGŒJcsKyf
1945 ckESpfwGif _Adwdo#wkd‹ jrefrmjynfxJ jyefvnf0ifa&muf_yD; *syefukd (zqyv) . rsKd;cspfacgif;aqmifrsm;u &efukefòrd&› Sd aeol&def±kyf&Sif±Hkcef;r}uD;wGif
tEkdifwkduf_yD;rS atmifqef;u xkdokd‹vkyfaqmif&ef qkH;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfa-umif; vlxpk nf;a0;yG}J uD;w&yf usi;f y_yD;v#if "eo[m,jyify&Sd vH;k 0vGwv f yfaom jref
t*FvdyfvlrsKd;trsm;tjym;u rSm;,Gif;pGm,kH-unfaecJh-uonf[k bufwmpAD rmEdkifiHtjzpfudk awmif;qdkvdkuf-uonf?
(trSwf 136 wyfzŒJG/ txl;ppfqifa&;tr+aqmif) u jznfph u G x f m;jyefonf? “u|Eyfk f odk‹&mwGif ppftwGif;umvu awmfvSefa&;qifE$JcJhaom ,cifwyfrsm;rSm
ukd,fwkdif jrifawGŒcJh&aom Adkvfrª;qD;*&if; owif;ay;ykd‹csuf. ckdifrmr+ukd u|Ekfyf xkdtcsdefwGif vufeufrsm;±kyfodrf;jcif;udk cHcJh-u&onf? 1945 ckESpf/ pufwifbm
tmrcH&Jonf? xkd‹xufrapm&ifawmif tenf;qkH; 1943 ckESpfwGif atmifqef; vwGif oD[Vkd (f ,cko&D v d uFm) Edik if /H uef'òD rdY› _Adwo
d #tpd;k &ESihf jrefrmhrsKd;cspfacgif;
taejzifh *syefwu ‹dk dk u,fwif&iS rf sm;tjzpf xifrwS cf jhJ cif;ukd aemifw&cJ_h y;D awmfveS f aqmifrsm;t-um; &&Scd ahJ om oabmwlncD sut f & tcsKŒdwyf&if;tenf;i,fom ppf
a&;tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfcJh_yD; jzpfonfqkdonfukd ocifEk.pmtkyf “*syefvufatmuf yGt
J _y;D jyefvnfzŒJGpnf;cJah om jrefrmhwyfrawmfwiG f jyefvnfyg0ifciG &hf &Scd o hJ nf? vuf
jrefrmjynf” wGif taxmuftxm;trsm;}uD; wifjycJhonf? eufrsm;jyeftyf&ef jiif;qefcJholrsm;u 'DZifbmv (1) &ufae‹wGif jynfol‹&Jabmf
1944 ck ESpfukefcgeD;wGif atmifqef;u r[mrdwfwyfzGJŒrsm;ESifh qufoG,fr+ tzGJŒ (People's Volunteer Organisation) udk zGJŒpnf;cJh-uonf? ,if;tzGJŒonf
&&S_d yD;jzpfonf? ,cktcg rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmf (Patriotic Burmese Forces-PBF) wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; opPmapmihfodaom jynfol‹ppftzGJŒ
jzpfvmaom ArmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmfu 1945 ckESpf rwfv (27) &ufae‹wGif jzpfonf?
*syefwb ‹dk ufo‹dk olw. ‹dk aoewfajymif;ukd jyefvnfvn S chf ahJ wmhonf? “,if;pwif xda‹k emufyikd ;f rSpI tjzpftysufrsm;onf vsifjrefpmG jzpfysufco hJ nf? OD;apm
aygufurJG Y+ Adv k cf sKyf}uD; (2) OD;tygt0if *syef (700) cefu ‹ dk olwo ‹dk wfjzwfco
hJ nf? onf ‘qm&,f*sDe,f’ u ol‹udk 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf ig;ESpfoufwrf; tydkay;cJhaomf
aemufykdif; ppfqifa&;rsm;wGif &efukefokd‹ OD;wnfcsDwufvmaom _Adwdo#wyfukd jim;vnf; oufwrf;jynfh rxrf;aqmifcJh&acs? *syefu jrefrmjynfudk pwifxkd;
ydwq f w ‹dk m;qD;rnfh wyfzŒJG tawmfrsm;rsm;ukd olwu ‹dk rv+yEf idk af tmif «yvkyEf idk cf -hJ u azmuf0ifa&mufvmcsdefwGif olonf t*FvefEdkifiHodk‹ oGm;a&mufvnfywfae_yD;
onf” [laom armifhbufwefrSwfpkrsm;ukd arm&pfaumvpfu “jrefrmjynfY ta0;a&mufeef;&if;0eftjzpf aecJhonf? ta&SŒtm&SwGif *syefw. dk‹ t[kefjyif;pGm
aemufq;Hk ESihf yxrqk;H ” pmtkyf pmrsufEmS (236) wGif xyfru H ;dk um;xm;jyefonf? a&SŒw;kd csDwufaer+ukd -um;-um;csif; olonf (tvGe^f m%frsm;olyyD )D ay:wl*ED ikd if /H
tdENd,&Sd r[mrdwfwyfzGJŒrsm;u ta&SŒbufokd‹ zdqif;vm_yD; arvtpykdif;wGif ‘vpPbGef;’ &Sd *syefoHtrwfESihf qufoG,f&ef óud;pm;cJhonf? xkd‹a-umifh _Adwdo#
*syefwt ‹dk aejzifh &efuek rf S qkwcf mG ay;vku d &f awmhonf? wdk‹u ol‹udk r,Hk-unfawmhbJ zrf;qD;vdkuf_yD; 1942 ckrS ppf_yD;onftxd udkvdkeD
*syefrsm; qkwcf mG oGm;aomtcg _Adwo d #wd‹k jyefa&mufvmavonf? xkt ‹d wl tm%mydkifrsm;u csKyfxm;cJhonf? odk‹aomf ppf_yD;acwf oljrefrmjynfjyefa&muf
97 98
97 98
onfESifh 24 ol‹rsKd;cspfygwDudk jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;cJhonf? ol‹ ‘*VKefwyf’udkvnf; ol. vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef oabmwlnDr+ &&Sdonfhtcg OD;apmESihf ocifApdefwdk‹ ESpf
udk,faysmufrdwfaqGrsm; tultnDjzifh aqmvsifpGm jyefvnfwnfaxmifEdkifcJh_yD; a,mufv;kH u vufrw S af &;xk;d &ef jiif;qefc-hJ uonf? oda‹k omf oabmwlnrD u + m;
27
,if;wdk‹onf &efukefwGif tm%m&&Sda&;twGuf taqmwvsif pwifvkyfaqmif &cJah v_y?D jrefrmEdik if o
H nf "eo[m,jyifywGif vGwv f yfaom orRwEdik if jH zpfvm
&ef tqifoihfjzpfae-uavonf?25 ayawmhrnf? ol. vef'efc&D;pOftwGif; OD;atmifqef;. _Adwdo#wdk‹tay: xm;
ode;f azjrif/h “olwa‹dk cwf/ olwt ‹dk wdw/f olwt ‹dk &dy”f / wkid ;f vif;pmay/ &efuek f &Sdaom oabmxm;rSm aysmhaysmif;oGm;cJha-umif; ‘uvD;rifhtufwvD’ udk,fwdkif
2000 ckESpf/ pmrsufESm 206=208? (Adkvfwaxmifowif;pm/ Zlvkdifv 19/ 1966? u aemufydkif;wGif xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf? 28
“rsKd;cspfa,mifaqmif *VKeftwk OD;apm” aqmif;yg;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh tcsuf “olwdk‹ (jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ ) [m vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;eJ‹ orRwEdkifiHjzpf
tvufrsm;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mjzpfvsuf avsmfuefonf?) a&;twGuf olwŒkd &ŒJ pum;vGerf a+ -umihf olwa‹kd emufvu kd af wG&ŒJ oabmxm;tay:
“ppf}uD;t_yD; _Adwdo#tusOf;axmifrS jrefrmjynfokd‹ jyefa&mufaomtcg uHraumif;vSpGm vdkufemtav;ay;cJh-u&w,f? 'gayr,fh ajymqdkaqG;aEG;r+awG
zqyvukdyif axmufcHawmhra,mif/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhyif yl;aygif;awmh qufvufðyvkyaf ewmeJt ‹ r# u|eaf wmfwt ‹kd ay: olw&‹kd ŒJr,Hok uFmjzpfra+ wG aysmuf
ra,mif avoHypfao;onf? uG,fukefw,f? u|efawmfxifw,favæ wcsKdŒawG txl;ojzihf cdkifrmjywfom;
OD;apmu ol‹tdrfokd‹ owif;pmq&mrsm;ukdzdwf-um;_yD; owif;pmuGefz&ifh wJh vlwa,mufjzpfwJh olwdk‹&JŒ acgif;aqmif OD;atmifqef;[m "eo[m,xJrSm
ay;I ol‹ukd,f&nfaoG; ppftwGif;twˆKy`wWdukd Zmwf[eftjynfhESifh ajymjyykHukd qufvuf&adS eoihw f ,fqw kd mudk oabmaygufpðyvmygw,f”
jynfot ‹l m%m*sme,f. t,f'w D mwOD;taejzifh wufa&mufaom ocifoef;-rdiu f vef'efo‹kd oGm;a&mufco hJ nfh Eke,fi,f&, G af om jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ .
atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf? tzGJŒ0ifwOD;u aqG;aEG;aepOfwGifyif ododomom Todk‹ xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf?
ocifoef;-rdiu f OD;apmtm; “'krd eD , D uH dk vufco H ihof vm;” [k ar;vku d af om “trSeaf jym&&if u|eaf wmfww ‹kd awG[m tawGŒtóuHr&ihu f suaf o;wJh vli,fav;
tcg OD;apmu “usKyf0g'[m Armjynf jyef&a&;0g'yJ/ 'krd eD , D u
H v dk ufc_H y;D vufeuf wpkom jzpfygw,f”
tjzpf Armjynfudk jyef&atmifvyk &f r,f? tkid , f mvefvadk ygh” [k ajzvku d af vonf? rSwof m;p&mtaumif;qH;k onfum; ‘uvD;rift h ufwvD’ (Clement Atlee)
xkdtcsdefY 1946 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvwGif _Adwdef/ avbm0ef}uD;csKyftopf . OD;apmtay: oH;k oyfcsufjzpfonf? urBmausmf pma&;q&mESifh jyZmwfq&m}uD;
‘uvD;rifhtufwvD’ onf jrefrmEdkifiH. a&SŒa&;udk aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf vef'efodk‹ 0DvsH&SdwfpyD;,m; (William Shakespeare) . pum;&yfudk jyefvnftoHk;cs&if;
ºuGa&mufpum;ajymyg&ef OD;atmifqef;ESihf zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;udk zdwf-um; uvD;rifhtufwvDu Todk‹ ed*Hk;ur`wf tqHk;owfcJhonf?
vdu k of nf? 1947 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&DvwGif vef'efot ‹kd oGm; e,l;a'vD 26 wGif OD;atmif “vlenf;pkygwD&ŒJ ud, k pf m;vS,w f OD;jzpfwhJ OD;apmu vGv J ‹kd olwt‹kd m;vH;k [m
qef;u “u|efawmfwu dk‹ vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udkyJ vdkcsifygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf ESpfvdkzG,f&m aumif;vSygw,f? ppf}uD;r_yD;cifu u|efawmf OD;apmudk awGŒcJhzl;yg
'dkrDeD,eftqifheJ‹ ywfouf_yD; ajymp&mr&Sdygbl;” [k ajymqdkcJhonf? odk‹&mwGif w,f? ol[m’ òyH;òyH;uav;ESihf rdkufwJhol’ qdkwJh vlpm;rsKd;vdk‹ u|efawmfol‹udk
trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf&ef óud;yrf;onfhtaejzifh OD;atmif tuJcwf_yD; todtrSwðf ycJyh gw,f”
qef;onf vef'efu, kd pf m;vS,t f zGŒJwiG f olt ‹ m; qefu ‹ siaf om tjcm; jrefrmhEikd if aH &;
acgif;aqmifrsm;udkvnf; oabmxm;}uD;pGm xnfhoGif;yg0ifapcJhonf? xkdtcg
ppftwGif;umvu jrefrmEdkifiHESihf uif;uGmI OD;atmifqef;udk ±+H;edrfhoGm;cJhonfh Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô
oduQmrJhae_yDjzpfaom OD;apmESihf tjcm; OD;atmifqef;. qefu ‹ sifbufwOD;jzpfol
ocifApdew f o‹kd nf ykvif;ESihf bl;qdu‹k o hJ ‹kd r[mrdwrf sm;jzpfomG ;um twdu k tf cH tif
tm;pkjzpfvmonf? Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufae‹wGif _Adwdo#tpdk;&u jrefrmEdkifiHudk
99 100
99 100
101
101
AdkvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmif/ &JcsKyfESifh 'k=aoemywdcsKyf/ -o*kwfv=1948
w&m;qdik jf cif;
102
N
N
Adv
twGif;0ef±Hk;/ 'kwd,urBmppfrjzpfrD ±kdufxm;aom yHkjzpfonf? pwk&ef;yHkpH taqmufttHk}uD;wGif tpkd;&±Hk;rsm;rSm ta&SŒtaemuf/ awmifydkif;rsm;wGif xm;&Sdonf?
tm;vyfaeaom A[dkae&mrStp _cH0if; ywfywfvnfwGif ±kd;pifyHkpHOD;,smOfrsm; vSypGm pdkufxm;onf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ±Hk;cef;rSm (taemufbuf tay:xyf) rS wnf&Sd_yD; bk&ifcH. 0ef}uD;tzGJŒtpnf;ta0;ae&myg yg0ifygonf? puf0dkif;jzifh jyxm;onf?
ykvdyf±Hk;rSm tjcm;wbufjzpfaom ta&SŒwef;rSm&Sd_yD; axmufvSrf;a&;XmerSm ta&SŒawmifaxmifhY &Sdygonf? 1946=ckESpfwGif A[dkae&mvyfwGif
,m,DtaqmufttHkrsm; aqmufvkyfI wkdif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmftwGuf pwiftoHk;ðycJhonf?
102
w&m;qdik jf cif; Adv
TAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;±Hk;cef;ESihf 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ0ifrsm;. 1947/ Zlvdkif (19) &ufae‹wGif xkdifyHktpDtpOfrSm

txl;cHk±Hk;wGif tpdk;& yef;csDq&mwifjyonfhyHkudk xyfrHyHk-urf;qGJxm;jcif;jzpfygonf?
tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; txl;cHk±Hk;wGif ±Hk;wif ppfaq;&mwGif ‘*VKef’ OD;apm/ 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;ESifh
aomif;usef;aom tzGJŒ. acgifol}uD;[k pGyfpGJcH&ol/ oufaocHae&mwGif awGŒ&yHk?
vkyf}uHr+wGif vlowform;[k pGyfpGJcH&olrsm;= armifpdk;/ oufESif;/ pdef}uD;ESihf &ef}uD;atmifESihf }uH&myg

pGyfpGJcH&ol (txufykH) okc/ cifarmif&if/ armifeDESihf r+ef}uD;wdk‹tm; cHk±Hk;0uf_cHtwGif; awGŒ&yHk?
103 104
103 104
Adv
axmifrª; OD;pHwifhxH OD;apmvufa&;jzifh a&;ydk‹vdkufaom pmwdkESpfapmif? (w&m;0ef}uD; OD;aomif;pdefpkaqmif;cJhaom ypPnf;rsm;rS)?

tif;pdefaxmif= pDrHa&;qGJxm;onfh yHk-urf; (wdkif;wmtrSwft& r[kwf)?
1947= 48 ckESpf/ Tae&mwGifOD;apmtm; tusOf;csxm;jcif;/ ±Hk;wifppfaq;jcif;ESihf óud;'%fay;jcif;
ðyvkyfcJh_yD; ol. cef‹rSef;&aom ocsKõõif;ae&mjzpfonf?
(OD;bapmcif/ wlaqmifòrdŒ t&DZkdeme,f/ USA . arwWmvufaqmif)
105 106
105 106
Adv
w&m;qdkifjcif;udk tif;pdef&Sd txl;cHk±Hk;awmfwGif aemufqHk; pwif«yvkyfEdkif

aomtcg ‚if;w&m;qdkifjcif;onf _Adwdo#bk&ifESifh OD;apm (tzGJŒacgif;aqmiftjzpf
pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ armifpdk; (vlowform;tjzpf pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ oufESif; (vlowfform;t
jzpf pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ armifpdef (ac: ) pdef}uD; (ac: ) vSatmif (vlowform;tjzpf pGyf
pGJcH&ol)/ &ef}uD;atmif (ac: ) vSxGef; (vlowform;tjzpf pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ okc
tcef; (3) (twGif;0ef±Hk;odk‹ vlowform;rsm;tm; um;jzifh ydk‹aqmifay;cJh&ol um;'±dkifbm
tjzpf pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ cifarmif&if (}uH&myg ulnDoltjzpf pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ r+ef}uD; (ac: )
w&m;qkid jf cif; armifre+ f (}uH&myg ulno D t
l jzpf pGypf cJG &H ol) wd.
tmZmenf (9) OD; &SdvmcJh_yD; ‚if;wdkt
‹k tr+jzpfvmcJoh nf?
‹ m; owfr+jzihf tpGyfpGJcH&ol w&m;cHrSm
vnf; (9) OD; xGufay:vmcJhonf? w&m;cGifwGif rawGŒ&bJ ododomom aysmuf
vky}f uHowfjzwfrj+ zpfymG ;_yD; vtenf;i,ft-umwGif OD;apmESihf }uH&mygrsm; uG,af eolrmS wOD;wnf;omjzpf_y;D ‚if;rSm b!Ge‹fjzpfonf? aoewform;rsm; a&muf
w&m;rqdkif-u&ao;rD xdkpOfu bk&ifcHjzpfol (vGwfvyfa&;&csdefwGif aemufqHk; rvmrD twGif;0ef±Hk;odk‹ zdk‹'fqefum;jzifh uif;axmuftjzpf a&SŒajy;oGm;ESifh_yD;
bk&ifcHjzpfrnfh) qm[l;bwf&ef‹(pf) (Sir Hubert Rance) taejzifh OD;apmwdk‹tm; tajctaeavhvmolrsm;xJwGif olvnf;wa,muftygt0ifjzpfonf? odk‹aomf
w&m;pD&ifrnfh txl;cHk±Hk;zGJŒ&mY rar#mfvifhbJ tcuftcJtcsKdŒ óuHawGŒcJh&onf? vkyf}uHr+tzGJŒ0iftm;vHk;udk qefu ‹ sif_yD; b!Geu f‹ tpdk;&oufaotjzpf aqmif&Guf
w&m;v$waf wmf w&m;ol}uD; OD;ausmjf rift h m; cH±k ;kH obmywdtjzpf a&G;cs,&f mwGif &ef oabmwlvkdufaomtcg ol‹vltrsm;tjym;rSm xdwfvef‹tHh-ojzpfoGm;-u_yD;
acsmacsmarmarm jzpfcJhonfqdkaomfvnf; orBm&ifhOya'ynm&Sifrsm;xJrS tzGJŒ0if OD;apmrSm olu ‹ dk rsm;pGmem-unf;rkef;wD;oGm;onf? olonf t*Fvdyf=jrefrm ESpfbm
tjzpf oifhawmfrnfhol (2) OD;tm; jznfhpGufceft ‹ yf&mwGifrl ±kwfw&ufqdkovdkyif omoif txufwef;ausmif;wGif ynmoifvmoljzpfI OD;apm. aoewform;
tcuftcJrsm; jzpfay:vmcJhonf? vsmxm;ol tawmfrsm;rsm;onf ‚if;wm0efudk rsm;xJY ynmtwwfq;kH jzpfavonf? 2 od‹k jzpfonft h avsmuf OD;apm. *VKefwyfrS
r,lv-kd uacs? tcsKŒdu olwr‹kd mS ESv;kH a&m*g&Sod nf ponfjzifh qifajcay; a&Smifwrd ;f aoewf cvkwEf ydS &f v#if aysmfae-uaom tjcm;vl&rf;um;rsm;xuf T&mZ0wfr+
-uonf? tcsKŒdurl cH±k ;kH wGif wm0efr,lEikd af -umif; ajAmifjiif;qd-k uonf? aemufq;kH . trsKd;om;a&;ESifh orkdif;a&;±+yfaxG;r+rsm;udk olu ydkrdkem;vnfoabmayguf
usrS orBm&ifh puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;rsm;jzpf-uaom OD;atmifomausmfESifh OD;pDbl; onf[k qd&k ayvdrrhf nf? xdt ‹k jyif olt ‹ wGuf qkvmbfuvnf; &Sad o;onf? bk&ifh
(U Si Bu) wdk‹ ESpfa,mufu vufcHvdkuf-uonf? odk‹ jzifh qm[l;bwf&ef(‹ pf) onf oufao jzpfoGm;onfhtwGuf olonf tjypfrS vGwf_idrf;csrf;omcGifh&oGm;onf
1947 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (20) &ufae‹wGifrS (3) OD;tzGJŒ txl;cHk±Hk;udk w&m;0if r[kwyf gavm?
ceft‹ yf wm0efay;Edik cf ahJ vonf? Ttr+udk w&m;qdkifap&mY jynfolvlxka&SŒarSmufYjzpf_yD; tif;pdeftusOf;
aemufav;&uft-umwGif yxrqHk; ppfaq;r+udk pwif«yvkyfEdkif_yD; w&m; axmiftwGif;&Sd tcef;wcef;Y «yvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? owfrSwfxm;aom xdkifcHk
vdkbufrS pGyfpGJav#mufvJcsufudk a&S;OD;pGm -um;emcJhonf? wzef bk&ifhoufao ta&twGufrSm tueft ‹ owfESifh 3 jzpfonfhtjyif ESpfbufav#mufvJcsufrsm;udk
rsm;udk pwifppfaq;cJhonf? xdak‹ emuf ,cifu &efukefw&m;v$wfawmf. a&SŒae vnf; udk,fawGŒrsufjrif -unfh±+em;axmifcsifolrsm;uvnf; rsm;jym;vSonfh
wOD;jzpfcJh_yD; t*FvefwGif aexdkifaom rpPwm bif*srif&maz;&,fAmwefepf twGuf w&m;cGiftwGif; 0ifa&muf&ef cGifh«yvufrSwfrsm;jzifh xdef;csKyfcJh&onf?
(Mr. Benjamin Raphael Vertannes) udk iSm;&rf;Edkifa&;twGuf 1 OD;apmtm; cGifh«y cGifh«yvufrSwf&&ef jynfolvlxkrSm tvkt,uf wef;pD&,l-u&onf? a&S;±dk;
cJh&onfhtwGuf w&m;qdkifjcif;onf atmufwdkbmv (15) &ufae‹txd qdkif;iHh pOfvm _Adwdo# w&m;pD&ifa&;xHk;pHESifh jrefrmh±dk;&mjyZmwfwckrS taumif;qHk;
oGm;cJo
h nf? o±kyaf qmifuu G rf sm; axG;a&m,Suw f ifjzpfaeonfh jrifuiG ;f udk &ifoyf±a+ rmcHpm;
107 108
107 108
-u&rnf r[kwyf gavm? olxdkif_yD;r-umrD OD;apmu xkdav;a,mufvHk;udk txl;ojzifh OD;atmifqef;

OD;apmonf w&m;cGiu f kd ae‹pOfvm&_yD; at;aq;wnf_idrv f suf ±kyrf ysufbJ tm; t"duypfrw S x f m;I bk&ifc. H tr+aqmifwzGŒJ v;kH udk okwo f if&iS ;f vif;ypf&ef
ud, k u hf ,kd uf kd xde;f odr;f xm;Edik o
f nf? olonf ,ciftcgu eef;&if;0efa[mif; jzpf wm0efay;xm;a-umif; at;aq;pGmjzifh olu ‹ kd ajymjyonf? xdt k cg b!Geo ‹f nf r,Hk
cJhzl;onfESifhtnD vdkufavsmnDaxG tqifajyvSonfh jrefrmh±dk;&m ydk;xnfrsm;udk -unfEdkifavmufatmif -uufaoaooGm;onf? xdk‹ jyif v$wfawmfOuU@jzpfol
aumif;pGm 0wfpm;qif,ifxm;onf? 4 olt ‹ m; acsmarmonf[kum; qdkIr&acs? OD;Ekukd olu, kd w f ikd o f wf&ef wm0eftay;cH&onft h cgYum; olonf ydrk t kd t hH m;oifh
odk‹aomfvnf; txl;ojzifh cef;rtwGif; ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;,lxm;-uaom oGm;cJo h nf? yufpufvaS om TpDrcH sufukd oabmwlvu kd &f onfxuf olq ‹ &mudk
trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuu f m; rsupf jd zifrh jrifEikd af om olx ‹ rH S qef;-u,fonfh qGaJ qmif ykdrdkav;pm;onfh taejzifhom olonf acgif;ndwfcJh&avonf? wu,fwrf;wGif
r+ taiGŒtoufwpHkw&mum; xGufay:vsuf&Sdonf? xdktcgu ol. 0wfpm;qif vnf; ol‹q&m.trdef‹udk jyeffvnftwGef‹wuf&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ ol‹udk ay;
,ifr+rSm vHk;0_yD;jynfhpHkonfum; r[kwfacs? tb,hfa-umifhqdkaomf rif;crf;rif; tyfonfw h m0efukd jiif;qef&efaomfvnf;aumif; olw ‹ iG f enf;vrf;r&Sad cs?
em;rsm;wGif trsKd;om;rsm; qif,ifavh&Sdaom acgif;aygif;udk 0wfqifxm;jcif;r&Sd OD;apm.tdrfwGif «yvkyfcJhaom TtHh-op&maumif;vSonfh awGŒqHkyGJrwdkif
I jzpfonf? wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh wdkeH‹eH‹ !Syfxm;aom ol‹qHyifonf ol‹Zmwdjzpf rDuyif b!Gef‹ESifh ol‹tzGJŒonf ae&mtESH‹tjym;rS vufeufESifh usnfqefrsm;udk
aom atmufjrefrmEdik if H om,m0wDc±dik f aus;vufawm&GmrS v,form;wOD;ESihf pkaqmif;vmcJh-uonf? olwdko ‹ nf xdkvufeufrsm;ESifh usnfqefrsm;udk tvHkydwf
om olu ‹ kd wlaeapavonf? aowWm}uD;rsm;xJwGif xnfhodk_yD; OD;apmtdrfaemufbuf tif;vsm;uefxJwGif
OD;apmonf olESifh tvdkwltvdkyg }uHazmf}uHzufrsm;udk zcifwOD;yHkpHjzifh wcsKdŒukd od0k u S _f yD; wcsKdu ‹ kd OD;apm. Zmwdòrd› om,m0wDo‹kd o,fyx ‹kd m;cJ-h uonf?
r-umc% vS rf;-unfhwwfonf? olwdk‹onf ol. opPmawmfcH aemufvdkufrsm; tif;vsm;uef. ‘uAif’u|e;f ay:wGiv f nf; q&mrsm;u aoewfypf oifcef;pmrsm;
ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm jzpfc-hJ uonf r[kwyf gavm? vky}f uHowfjzwfr}+ uD;udk rusL;vGef ydkc‹ say;cJhonf[k b!Gefu ‹ xkwfazmfoGm;onf? OD;apm. at'Dvrf;aetdrf _cH0if;
&ao;cif olwdk‹onf tcsif;csif; opPmrazmufyg[k opPmqdk-u&onf? xdk‹aemuf twGi;f wGiv f nf; opfyifrsm;wGif ypfrw S rf sm;«yvkyI f aoewfypfavhusichf -hJ uonf?
wdik ;f jynftay: opPmazmufzsufrcd o hJ nft h wGuf rdrw d x‹kd u kd f rdrw
d u‹kd jH zifh ao-u& “'g[m b%fudk tEk-urf;pD;zdk‹yJvdk‹ usaemfwdk‹xifcJh-uw,f? vkyf}uHr+}uD;rwdkifrD
jcif;jzpfonf[k aowrf;pma&;_y;D vufrw S af &;xd;k -u&onf? b!Geo ‹f nf tpk;d &. ntxd tpdk;&wzGJŒvHk;udk okwfoif&Sif;vif;r,fh tpDtpOfudk usaemfwdk‹ vHk;0rodcJh
zdtm;ay;r+a-umifh yxrqH;k tav#mhay;cJo h jl zpfonf? &ygbl;”[k b!Geu ‹f ajymqdck ahJ vonf?
xdk‹a-umifh olonf tvGef&ufa&maom qk}uD;udk &cJhayonf? olodor# TuJo h ‹dk b!Geu ‹f olwt ‹dk aejzifh 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ 0iftm;vk;H ukd owfjzwf&ef qk;d
cH±k ;kH awmftm; ajymjy&ef oabmwlncD v hJ #if olt ‹ ouftm; csr;f omcGiahf y;rnfjzpfI ,kwfaomtpDtrHukd bmr#rodem;rvnfcJh-ua-umif; ajymqkdjcif;onf vSnfhjzm;
oluvnf; oabmwlncD ahJ yonf? a,mifaqmifaompum;jzpfonf? olwkd‹vlwpkonf ysm,mcwfpGm v+yf&Sm;wuf
vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+}uD; r«yvkyfrD Zlvdkifv (18) &ufnwGif OD;apm. at'D ºuGvyk u f idk af e-ujcif;ukyd if tenf;qk;H t&dyt f ¹rGuo f oH ,&Sv d m-u_yD; b%fwu dk f
vrf;tdrw f iG f tpnf;ta0;wck «yvkycf ahJ -umif; 5 b!Geu ‹f yxrqH;k xkwaf zmfajym ukd0ifpD;rnfhudpPxuf ykdrdk&efvkdaomta-umif;a-umifh jzpf&rnf[k xifvm-u&
qdck o hJ nf? twdck sKyf&iS ;f jyonfh xdt k csdet f xd vky}f uHowfjzwfr+ tpDtpOfEiS hf ywf vdrfhrnf? azmfaumifb!Gefu ‹ ol. oufaocHxGufcsufwGif trSefpifppf jzpfay:
oufI olbmrS roda-umif; ajymqdo k mG ;onf? olc&D;&Snw f cku jyefvm_y;D tdyaf rm cJo
h nfqo dk nfh tawGŒt¯uHrsm; wifjy&mwGif ta-umif;wckrmS olEiS hf armifp;dk wko ‹d nf
usaecsdef ±kwfw&uf tEd+;cH&_yD; ol‹q&m OD;apmu csufcsif;awGŒvdka-umif; qifh OD;apm. t}uHtpnfxifjrifcsurf sm; twGi;f usus odc&hJ onf? Zlvidk v f (15) &uf
ac:cH&jcif;jzpfonf? xdka‹ -umifh n (9) em&DavmufwGif ola&mufoGm;onfhtcgY ae‹wGif acgif;aqmifu xkwfazmfajymjyonfrSm “jrefrmjynfwGif EkdifiHa&; quf
um; *VKefwyf. aoemywdt}uD;tuJa&SŒ Y armifp;kd / oufEiS ;f / armifped Ef iS hf okcwd‹k vufaqmif&GufEkdif&ef twkduftcHEkdifiHa&;tzGJŒrsm;. acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd owf
xdik Ef iS ahf e-u_yD;jzpfonf? jzwfypf&rnfjzpf.”? xkd‹ jyif “trsm;qkH; vufeufukdif aemufvkdufrsm;&Sdaom
109 110
109 110
Ekid if aH &;tzGŒJ onf Ekid if u H dk tkypf ;dk rnfjzpfonf?” trdeaf‹ y;cJhonf? tdrfaemufaz;wGif OD;apmu olwrdk‹ dom;pkudk;uG,f&ef wnfxm;
olwkd‹. vltkyftxJwGif 0g}uD;olwa,mufjzpfonfh cifarmif&ifuvnf; aom apwDawmf&Sdonfh a&uefxJrS '\r (303) usnfqefrsm; xnfhxm;aom
a&SŒaqmifv}l uD;. t}uHtpnfrsm;udk em;vnfr&+ o dS wl OD;jzpfvrd rhf nf? ol. ajzmifh aowWm&Spv f ;kH / awmfr*D ef; (4) vuf/ pwif;*ef; (1) vufwu ‹kd kd &SmazGawGŒ&cdS ohJ nf?
csuw f iG f twdwu f mvujzpf&yfrsm;ukd wifjy&mwGif OD;apm.toufudk 1946 ckEpS f vufeufu|r;f usio f l ynm&Siw f OD;u xdo k o ‹kd rd ;f qnf;&rdaom vufeufusnq f ef
pufwifbmvwGif &ef&SmcJhonfhta-umif;rS qufI tHh-ozG,faumif;aom jzpfykH rsm;ESihf vky}f uHowfjzwfc&H olrsm;. ud, k cf E<mxJrS &&Sad om usnq f efrsm;udk ppfaq;
wpkH xkwfazmfajymjycJhonfrSm OD;apmu trdef‹ay;_yD; vkyfckdif;onfh wm0eft& -unf±h c+ &hJ m a&uefxrJ S &&Sad om aoewf (50) vuf teuf (4) vufrmS Zlvikd v f
“ppfO;D pD;Adv k cf sKyf. jynfvrf;aetdrf nykid ;f {nfch yH w JG iG f OD;atmifqef;tm; ypfcwf&ef (19) &ufae‹u twGif;0ef±Hk;Y vlowform;rsm; vkyf}uHowfjzwf&mwGif toHk;
apv$wcf &hJ m OD;atmifqef; um;jzifah &mufvmonfudk jrifaomfvnf; oljyefvmum «ycJah om aoewfrsm;jzpfonf[k aumufcsucf sco hJ nf?
OD;apmtm; OD;atmifqef; xkyd o JG ‹dk wufa&mufjcif;r&S[ d I l vdraf jymvku d af -umif;?” xdkae‹u owWKjzifh «yvkyfxm;aom armfawmfum;eHygwfjym;twk (2) ckudk
olajymwm rSew f ,fv‹dk ,k-H unf&v#if OD;apm vef'ef-rdr› S 1946 ck/ azazmf0g&DvwGif vnf; awGŒ&cdS o hJ nf? wckay:wGif (RC 1814) [k a&;om;xm;_yD; vlowform;rsm;
jyefa&mufvm_yD; r-umrDavmufujzpfvdrhfrnf? OD;apmonf ocifApdefESifhtwl pD;eif;aom *spu f m;aemufrS rSwo f m;rdvu kd o f nfh eHygwfjzpfaeonf? tjcm;wckrmS
atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyfukd jiif;y,fcJh-u_yD; olwkd‹ESpfOD;u a'gufwmbarmf (RA 3123) jzpf_yD; ,if;udk zd' ‹k q
f efx&yfum;wGif toH;k «ycJo h nf[k ,lq&ayonf?
tygt0if wjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;ygpkaygif;I zqyvtm; twkduftcHr[mrdwf yxrqHk;eHygwfjym;. aemufausmbufwGif t0ga&mifaq;okwfxm;_yD; eHygwf
wyfOD;jzpfrnfh ‘vGwfvyfa&; yxr r[mtzGJŒ’ ac: toif;zGJŒ&ef &nf&G,f¯ud;pm;cJh (RB 4140) udk a&;om;xm;onf? u|Efy k . f zcifonf Zlvikd v f (19) &uf/ ae‹v,f
-uaomfvnf; atmifjrifjcif;r&Sdonfhtcsdefvnf; jzpfcJhonf? xkdumv0,f *VKef wGifyif OD;apmaetdrfodk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;_yD; zdk‹'fqefum;ESifh tjcm;*spfum;ESpfpD;udk
ppfo}l uD;.pdwaf e b,fv&dk o dS vJqw dk m pOf;pm;om-unf-h uygpk?‹d awGŒ&SdcJhonf? zdk‹'fqefum;wGif (MTLA 183) eHygwfjym;udk wyfqifxm;_yD; aq;
b!Geo ‹f nf cH±k ;kH awmfa&SŒ Y xGuaf y:vmcJah om ta&;}uD;qH;k oufaojzpfchJ yif rajcmufao;aom trdk;ESifh *spfum;wpD;rSmrl (GEN 167) eHygwfjym; &Sdaeay
±Hkr#ru olonf OD;apmudk qef‹usifI oufaocHcJhonfh wOD;wnf;aom yk*~dKvf onf? (RB 9831) eHygwfrmS trSew f u,ftm;jzifh prf;acsmif;ZvGev f rf;rS OD;bat;
vnf; jzpfcJhavonf? (19) &ufae‹wGif twGif;0ef±Hk;Y &ufpuf,kwfrmaom vl qdok . l *spfum;eHygwfjzpfa-umif; ykvyd rf sm;u ajc&mcHazmfxw k Ef ikd cf o
hJ nf? OD;apm
owfr}+ uD;jzpfymG ;_yD;aemuf &efuek òf rdw › iG f vl (800) ausmfukd zrf;qD;cJo h nf? pDtikd f .ZeD;jzpfol a':oef;cif. wlawmfoljzpf_yD; olESifhtwl zdk‹'fqefum;wGif twl
'D (r+cif;pHkprf;axmufvS rf;a&;Xme)/ tif;pdefykvdyfwyfzGJŒESifh &efukefòrda› wmf ykvdyf vdkufygcJhol cifarmif&iftm; ,if;eHygwfjym;rsm;udk aq;okwf&ef wm0efay;cJh
wyfzŒJG wu ‹kd 6 ppfaq;ar;jref;_yD; vltrsm;pkukd jyefvnfvw $ af y;cJoh nf? aemufq;kH a-umif; b!Geu ‹f xkwaf zmfajymqdck o hJ nf?
wGifum; w&m;vdkjy oufao (131) a,mufteuf (87) a,mufonf _Adwdo# OD;apm. tdrfaemufbuf a&uefxJwGif xyfrH&SmazG-u&mrS ydkrdkpdwf0ifpm;
bk&ifbufrS xGufqdkay;cJhonf? olwdk‹xJrS trsm;tjym;rSm twGif;0ef±Hk;twGif; zG,faumif;aom &SmazGawGŒ&Sdr+}uD;w&yfudk xyfrHazmfxkwfEdkifcJhjyefonf? a&uef
wu,f 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufr+udk oufaoxGufqdkcJh-uonf? ,if;wdk‹rSm pma&; tpyfrS q,frDwmcef‹tuGmY avtvHkydwf oHjzLyHk;rsm;xJwGif xnfhoGif;xm;_yD;
xifay:/ wHcg;udk apmifh-uyfay;cJh&aom rif;apvkvif aomif;pdef ponfwdk‹ jzpf ajcmufaoGŒaeaom vufeufrsm;udk awGŒ&jyefonf? ,if;vufeufrsm;rSm b&if;
onf? ‚if;tjyif owif;pmq&marmifoef;onfvnf; udak xG;owfrt + wGuf ouf *ef; (37) vuf/ aoewfajymif;tydk (59) ck/ usnfqeftjynfhjznfh '\r (38)
aojzpfc_hJ y;D owd0&D , d &Sad om owif;axmuf udpk ed af rmifuvnf; vlowform;rsm; ajcmufv;kH jyL; (8) vuf/ udv ‹k w f f ypPww kd vuf/ tar&duefvyk f umbdik þf (3)þvuf/
xGufajy;vGwfajrmuf&mwGif pD;eif;oGm;onfh *spfum;.eHygwfudk a&;rSwfxm;Edkif awmfrD*ef; (5) vufESifh r*~Zif;awmifh (6) ck/ pwif;*ef; (3) vuf/ pwif;*ef;
cJhonf? ‚if;wdkt ‹ m;vHk;u cHk±Hk;awmfa&SŒwGif oufaoxGufqdkcJh-uonf? 7 usnfqeftawmifh (7˜000) cef‹ xnfx h m;aom *s,f&u D ef "mwfqyD ;kH (2) yH;k / '\
OD;xGe;f vSatmifuvnf; OD;apm. at'Dvrf;aetdru f kd tao;pdw&f mS azG&ef r (303) ±dkifz,f (3) vufESifh usnfqeftwGJtvdkuf tawmifh (7˜000)/ '\r
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111 112
(303) usnq f efrsm;xnfx h m;aom usnq f efb;l (15) bl;/ '\r (303) usnq f ef cJah omfvnf; ,ck Ttr+EiS yhf wfoufI tydu k ek u
f sp&dwrf sm; umrdomG ;ap&ef b%f
(500) awmifhpDyg&Sdaom ycHk;odkif;usnfqefpvG,f (30) ckESifh rwfcf (36) _Adwdo# rS acs;aiGtjref&&Sda&;twGuf ol‹rdom;pkydkif a&$aiG&wemrsm;udk taygifypPnf;
rD;vfvufypfA;kH (75) ckw‹kd jzpfonf? tjzpf tyfEcHS &hJ avonf?
OD;apm. *VKefwyfESifh qufEG,fr+&SdolwOD;ydkif &efukef&Sd tjcm;tdrfwtdrf 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae‹wiG f um;wpfbifepfonf OD;apmESihf yxrqH;k t}udrf
wGifvnf; vufypfAHk; (44) vHk;/ azmufcGJrdkif; (49) ck/ '\r (303) usnfqef awGŒqHk&ef tif;pdefaxmif*dwf0 usm;yg;pyfa&SŒodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg u|efawmfh
tawmifh (730)/ pwif;*ef;usnfqeftawmifh (3˜000)/ usnfumtusôudk a,muQrjzpfol w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdefu xkdae&mY ol‹tm; qD;óudE+wf
azmufEdkifaom usnfqefawmifhrsm;ESifh tcsdefxdef;cvkyfrsm;yg&Sdaom aowWm (7) qufcJhonf? _Adwdo# 0wfvHkawmf&rif;tm; vkyf±dk;vkyfpOft& olu ‹ dk&SmazG&ygrnf
aowWm/ vufypfAHk;rsm;tjyif b&if;*ef;/ awmfrD*ef;ESifh umbkdifaoewfusnfqef [k today;ajymqdkcJhonf? um;wpfbifepfuvnf; oabmwlnDcJhonf? odk‹ jzifh
r*~Zif;awmifrh sm; yg&Sad om aowWm (7) aowWmwdu ‹k kd ykvyd rf sm;u &SmazGawGŒcjhJ yef tjyeftvSeftjzpf olt ‹ r+onf OD;apmESifh vGwfvGwfvyfvyfawGŒqHkcGifhay;cJhonf?
onf? OD;apmESifh ola‹ emufvdkufrsm;wGif &efukefòrdw › Gif;Y awmfvSefa&;w&yf qifE$J odk‹aomfvnf; ol‹ydkufqHtdwfudkrl axmif0efxrf;tm; ay;tyfxm;cJh&onf? ‚if;
&ef ppfvufeufypPn;f tvHt k avmuf&adS ecJah vonf? ,if;awmfveS af &;rSmvnf; ydkufqHtdwftm; taotcsmcsdyfydwfI axmif. rD;cHaowWmxJY odrf;qnf;xm;
OD;apm. pDrHcsufw&yf jzpfaumif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? OD;apmESifh ol‹vlrsm;onf rnf vdu k &f onf? Tod‹k jzpfysuaf epOf ol‹ _Adwo d # 0wfvakH wmf&rif;tm; rzG,rf &mquf
onfudk OD;wnf&nf&G,fcJhygoenf;? TtcsufESifhywfoufI rnfolr# rodEdkifcJh qHonf[k OD;apmu -um;od_yD;v#if jyif;jyif;xefxef uef‹uGufcJhonf? um;wpf
ay? b!Geo ‹f nfyifv#if xdt k wGuf oJveG pf rsm; xyfraH y;Edik cf jhJ cif; r&Sad cs? bifepfu w&m;cGifodk0‹ ifa&mufvm_yD; jzpfysufcJhonfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;jyonfhtcg
w&m;±Hk;awmf. -um;emr+rsm;udk &ufowWywfaygif;rsm;pGm qufvuf«y usrSomv#if olpw d af useyfomG ;avawmhonf?
vkyfaecJhaomfvnf; wae‹wm w&m;pD&ifr+udk -unfh±+avhvmEdkifa&;twGuf _Adwdo#twdkifyifcH. Oya'a-umif;t& r[mAsL[mrSm r-umrDyif xif&Sm;
cGi«hf yvufrw S &f &S&d ef jynfov l x
l rk mS eHeufwikd ;f wef;pDae-uqJjzpfonf? OD;apmudk vmonf? ol‹tr+onfwGif tjypfr&Sda-umif; oufaojy&ef olonf vlowfr+t
qefu ‹ siaf om oufaorsm;rSm ydrk rkd sm;onfxuf rsm;vmaecJo h nf? ta&;}uD;aom wGuf yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+/ tm;ay;ulnDr+ ponfhtjypfqdk&ef pGJcsufrSefor#udk azmf
oufaotrsm;tjym;udk ppfaq;_yD;onfhtcgYum; vlowf&ef yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+/ aumifb!Geft ‹ ay:odk‹ ajymif;vGJyHkcsvdkufavonf? b!Gefo ‹ nfomv#if OD;atmif
vlowf&ef tm;ay;ulnDr+ESifh OD;apmudk,fwdkif yg0ifywfoufr+rsm;udk qufpyf qef;tm; vky}f uHonfh tpDtpOfwckv;kH . t"dupnf;±H;k vkyaf qmifol jzpfonf[k
azmfjyaom Oya'pum;&yf tjynft h pHtk &qdv k #if “wlnaD om&nf&, G cf suf tusK;d olu pGyfpGJvdkufonf? OD;apmonf b!Geft ‹ pDtpOfrsm;udk vHk;0rod&SdbJ vkyf}uHr+
pD;yGm;tvdk‹iSm vlowf&ef wm0efay;apcdkif;r+” ponfh pGJcsufrsm;jzifh olwdk‹ (9) }uD; jzpfyGm;onfhwdkifatmif ,if;udpPESifh ywfoufI wvHk;wyg'r# rodyg[k um;
a,mufvHk;udk w&m;pGJqdkEdkifcJhavonf? wpfbif;epfu qufvufav#mufvJonf? _Adwdo# 0wfvHkawmf&rif;u 1170 ck
rnfoq ‹kd akd p wcsdeu f ola‹ emufvu kd jf zpfcahJ om b!Ge. ‹f oufaocHcsufEiS hf ESpw f iG f uifwmbm&D*% kd ;f csKyf bke;f awmf}uD; aomrufpf bufuuf (Archbishop
ajymif;vJomG ;aom oabmxm;rsm;onf xl;qef;vSpmG yif OD;apmtm; [efw ‹ m;&ef Thomas Becket) tay: Y usa&mufcJhaom uH-urRmESifh Ed+if;,SOfcdkif;Ed+if;jyonf?
pGrf;EdkifcJhyHkr&acs? tjcm;aom ol‹vlrsm;. ajzmifhcsufrsm;a-umifhvnf; OD;apmt xdkpOfu [ife&Dbk&if. aemufvdkufrsm;u uHqdk;vSaom bkef;awmf}uD;tm;
aejzifh pdwEf v S ;kH wkev f y+ cf yhJ rkH &acs? xdt k pm; olonf Oya'tultnDukd xyfr&H ,l olb ‹ k&m; ausmif;awmf}uD;xJwGifyif olw ‹ b dk‹ mom owfjzwfcJh-uonf? bkef;awmf
&ef Edk0ifbmvv,fwGif qHk;jzwfcJhavonf? xdka-umifh t*FvefwGifaeaom olt ‹ }uD; bufuuftay:Y bk&ifu a'gotrsuaf jcmif;ajcmif;xGujf yvdu k of nfth wGuf
udkjzpfol OD;armifarmif}uD;. tultnDjzifh emrnfausmf-um;aom bk&ifhtwdkif rif;vdv k u kd f rif;óuduaf qmifonft h aejzifh rif;ajrm‡ ifrsm;u bke;f awmf}uD;udk owfypf
tyifcHwOD;jzpfol z&uf'&pf [ife&Dum;wpfbif;epf (Frederick Henry Curtis- vdu k -f ujcif;jzpfonf?
Bennett) udk iSm;&rf;vdu k o f nf? OD;apmonf csr;f omºuG,0f olwOD;tjzpf vlord sm; 0wfvHkawmf&rif;u ‘vlwdkif;tm; arwWm&yfcHr+’ wcktm; xyfrH wifjyaqG;
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aEG;jyefonf? EdkifiHa&;orm;wa,muftaejzifh rdrdtm; axmufcHolwdkif;udk vGwf uy`wdefcef;onf Zlvdkif (19) &ufae‹u vlowform;rsm;pD;vmaom *spfum;ESifh
vGwv f yfvyf/ vG,v f ,G u f u l l rdrEd iS ahf wGŒqckH iG hf ay;xm;&onft h wGuf ,if;odv ‹k m wdkufrdvkeD;yg; jzpfcJhonfjzpfonf? (17) &ufae‹wGif OD;xGef;vSatmifu OD;apm
a&mufawGŒqo kH l vltyk }f uD;xJrS wOD;wa,mufu usL;vGev f ukd o f nfh vkyaf qmif tdru f kd t_rJrjywf apmif-h unfah e&ef trdea‹f y;cJ_h yD;jzpfa-umif; xGuaf y:vmcJo h nf?
r+rsm;ESihf ywfoufIrl olt ‹ aejzifh wm0ef,El ikd rf r+ &Sad cs? oda‹k omf ol. jiif;qdck suf OD;apm. b0ifyrkd jkd rifw h ufvmr+EiS hf ol. _cH0if;xJY vufeufyek ;f rsm; v#Kd0‹ u S o f rd ;f
rsm;udk taxmuftyHhjzpfap&eftwGuf 0g&ifhEdkifiHa&;orm;jzpf-uaom a'gufwm qnf;xm;onf[laom oHo,jzpfr+rsm;u pDtkdif'D. tm±Hkudk qGJaqmifcJhonf?
barmfESifh ocifApdef ponfwu dk‹ dk w&m;cHjy oufaorsm;tjzpf ac:,lvdkuf_yD; jyef OD;apm. aetdru f kd apmif-h unh&f ef yxrqH;k wm0efay;cH&olrmS &Jwyf-uyf atmif
vSefar;cGef;rsm; ar;cJhonf? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+}uD; jzpfyGm;_yD; (2) &uft-umwGif ausmfped jf zpf_yD; (18) &ufae‹wiG f uy`wed cf ef;u qufvufwm0ef,cl o hJ nf? od‹k jzifh
ocifApdefudk umuG,fxdef;odrf;r+ «yvkyfonf? tb,fa-umifhqdkaomf xdktcgu uy`wed cf ef;u ol. pdwcf st,H-k unf&qH;k ol ESpOf ;D jzpfonfh olp‹ ma&;jzpfol vSwif
olESifh a'gufwmbarmfwdk‹ ESpfa,mufvHk;onf zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfudk qef‹usif&ef ESifh aemufwa,mufjzpfaom pdk;jrifhwdk‹udk tif;vsm;uef u|ef;qG,fay:&Sd oHo,
twGuf r[mrdwfzGJŒ&ef pnf;±Hk;v+H‹aqmfae-uonfhtavsmuf Tvkyf}uHr+}uD;Y &Sdp&maumif;vSonfh &JwdkufESifhwlaom at'Dvrf;_cH0if;}uD;udk (24) em&D tcsdef
olwdk‹ yg0ifywfoufEdkifjcif;a-umifhjzpfonf? OD;apmESifh olwdk‹. cifrif&if;ESD;r+rSm jynfhapmifh-uyf-unfh±+&ef trdef‹ay;cJhonf? uy`wdefcef;. vlwa,mufonf
vlwikd ;f todjzpfonf? olwq ‹kd ufqaH &;ar;cGe;f rsm;ESihf ywfoufI ajz-um;&mwGif ig;r#m;orm; a,mifaqmifaeonfhtwGuf uefpyfwGif em&Daygif;pGm xdkifaeEdkif
OD;apmajzouJo h y‹kd if Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;taejzifh olwo ‹kd nf olwu ‹kd kd axmufct H m; onfh taumif;qHk;tcGifhta&;udk &&SdcJhonf?
ay;olrsm;/ olwdk‹aemufvdkufrsm;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifbufEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk yHkrSef (19) &ufae‹ eHeufwiG rf l uy`wed cf ef;ESihf olv ‹ El pS af ,mufonf xd_k cH0if;tm;
tm;jzifh awGŒqHkae-u&onf[k wHk‹ jyefajz-um;cJh-uonf? 8 odk‹&mwGif OD;apmESifh taumif;qH;k taetxm;rsKd;pHrk S apmif-h uyf-unf±h v + suf&-dS uonf? eHeuf (10) em
tjcm; acgif;aqmifEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;t-um; cdkifrmaom tquftpyf&Sd-uonfh &DwGif vSwifu «yvkyfaeus 0wW&m;twdkif; OD;apmtdrf0if;twGif;rS *spfum;wpD;
vuQ%mudrk l rawGŒ jrif&ygacs? xGuo f mG ;a-umif; uy`wed cf ef;xH owif;ydv ‹k u
kd o f nf? vSwifonf ol. rSeaf jymif;
w&m;vdb k ufrS uifwmbm&D*% kd ;f csKyf bke;f awmf}uD; towfc&H r+EiS hf jrefrm xJrS rdk;umtusôuJhodk‹aom tay:±Hk0wfqifxm;onfh vl (4) a,muf odk‹r[kwf
tpd;k &wzGŒJ v;kH udk tpkvu kd t f òyHvu kd f owfjzwfrw + t‹kd m; um;wpfbif;epfu xl;xl; (5) a,mufudk um;xJwGif jrifvdkuf&onf? *spfum;. eHygwfudk (RC 1814) [k
qef;qef; Ed+if;,SOfjyr+udk ±dk;±dk;av;ESifh jiif;csufxkwfEdkifcJhygonf? OD;apmonf rSwo f m;rdvu kd &f onf? vSwifonf OD;apmud, k w f ikd f *dwaf ygufox‹kd uG v f m_yD; um;
bk&ifwyg;r[kwfonfhtjyif oltpGyfpGJcHae&onfh &mZ0wfr+udk olonf aemuf xGuo f mG ;onfukd -unf±h v + su&f o dS nfuv kd nf; jrifvu kd &f onf? xda‹k emuf tdrb f uf
uG,frS }uHpnfóud;udkifaeonfh t&nftcsif;ESifh tjynhfpHkqHk; yk*~dKvfvnf; jzpfae jyefroGm;rD t0ifaygufudk apmifhaeoltm; wpHkw&m wD;wdk;uyfajymoGm;onfudk
onf[k w&m;vkb d ufu wifjyEdik cf ahJ vonf? bke;f awmf}uD; aomrufpb f ufuuf vnf; awGŒvu kd &f onf? wem&D-um_yD;aemuf uy`wed cf ef;onf olwv ‹kd yk if ef;_yD;pD;
udk owfjzwfr+ESifh Ed+if;,SOf&mY oa&mfuGufjzpfoGm;jcif;rSm xdktr+a-umifh bk&if I jyefvmaom *spfum;ESiyhf if wdu k rf rd vdjk zpfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf?
[ife&Dtaejzifh t&SufwuGJtusKd;enf;jzpf&_yD; towfcH&ol bkef;awmf}uD;rSm w&m;qdik af eonfh tcsed u f mvtwGi;f wGif ydrk ykd a[Vdqefaom tjcm;tao;
olawmfpif pm&if;0ifoGm;jcif;yifjzpfonf? um;wpfbifepftaejzifh Ttcsufudk pdwt f csuftvufrsm; xGuaf y:vmcho J nf? vlowform;wd. ‹k *spfum;a&SŒreS w f iG f
*±krrl cd yhJ rkH &acs? wyfqifxm;aom tjzLESifh teDa&mif ‘v#yfyef;xnf’ ydwfpwdk‹. xl;jcm;r+ESifh
‚if;tjyif um;wpfbifepftaejzifh b!Gef‹. ta&;ygvSaom oufaocH ywfoufI (pDtdkif'D) t}uD;tuJ OD;xGef;vSatmifrSm tar;cH&onf? xdktcg u|ef
csuu f dk wu,fwrf;acszsu&f mwGif rwwfEikd o f avmufjzpfc&hJ onf? w&m;vdb k uf awmf. zcifu “tEœ&m,f&SdwJh vkyfief;wck vkyfcgeD;/ 'grS r[kwf c&D;oGm;cgeD;qdk
u OD;apm.tdrfeD;csif; (39) a,mufajrmuf oufao uy`wdefcef;udk wifjyonfh &if vlawG[m olwdek‹ J‹ olwd&k‹ JŒ rdom;pkawGtay: txdtcdkufysuftpD; rusa&muf
tcgwGifum; OD;apmtm; pGyfpGJxm;aom tr+onf ydkrdkuspfvpfcdkifrmoGm;cJhonf? apzd‹k ewfawGukd auseyfatmif ylaZmfyo&ygw,f” [k jyefajzcJo h nf? od‹k jzpfonfh
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twdkif; vrf;ab;Y &Sdaeolrsm;taejzifh ZlvdkifvtwGif; xdkae‹u &efukefòrd›xJ vdu k rf sm;onf r-umrDrmS yif av#mhay;p«yvmonf? olw. ‹kd jypf'%frsm; av#mhaygh
wGif t&Sdefjyif;pGmjzifh armif;ESifoGm;vmaeaom ‚if;*spfum;onf tvGef‹tvGef oGm;ap&ef ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh jzpfaumif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? yxr x&yfum;ay:wGif
ta&;}uD;aom vkyfief;wm0efwckjzifh oGm;aerSef; owdxm; oabmaygufrd ygoGm;ol OD;apmZeD;onf. wlawmfol cifarmif&ifu olonf OD;apm.tdrfwGif
-uayvdrrhf nf? 1942 ck/ ZGev f rSpI aexdik cf ahJ -umif;ESihf touft&G,u f mG jcm;r+t& olonf OD;apm
ol‹0wfvHkawmf&rif; aemufem;rS uyfvsufvdkufygvm_yD; 'DZifbmv (11) . pum;udk em;axmif&rSmjzpfa-umif; oufaocHxGufqdkcJhonf?
&ufae‹wGif OD;apmu a&SŒodk‹xGufI usrf;opPmqdkum oufaoxGufqdk&mwGifrl cH±k ;kH awmf. ar;jref;r+rsm;-um;wGif cifarmif&ifonf pdw"f mwfysufjym;oGm;
oem;!Smwmr+&Sdaom ewfrsm;taejzifh ol‹bufY &SdaeyHkr&acs? ‘ol. EdkifiH cJ_h yD; aemufyidk ;f wGif ±H;k awmfo‹kd oufaocHypPn;f tjzpf wifjycJah om OD;apm_cH0if;t
a&;oufwrf; tESpf (30) twGif; olonf t-urf;rzufr+udk tpOfojzifh tcdkift wGif;rS odrf;qnf;&rdonfh vufeufrsm;udk ol‹taejzifh aumif;aumif;od&SdcJhyg
rm ,Hk-unfoljzpfcJhonfhtwGuf b!Gef‹ESifh ol‹taygif;toif;rsm; TuJhodk‹ rdkuf a-umif; 0efcHavawmhonf? vlowform;rsm; pD;eif;aom *spfum;armif;ol okc
rdkufuef;uef; qifuef;awmwdk;ouJhodk‹ aumufuspf,kwfrmvGef;pGm yl;aygif;}uH ESihf aoewform;rsm;jzpf-uaom armifped /f armifeED iS hf r+e}f uD;wdu ‹k vnf; tvm;wl
pnf usL;vGefcJhonfh jypfr+rsKd;udk olt ‹ aejzifh axmufcHcGifh«yay;p&mta-umif;r&Sd’ 0efcHr+rsm;«y-u_yD; olwt dk‹ aejzifh OD;apmtrdeaf‹ y;or#udk aqmif&Gufae-ujcif;om
[k olu xGuq f o
kd mG ;ojzifh em;axmifaeol y&dowf}uD; r,Ho k uFm tht H m;woifh jzpfI av#mhayghI jypf'%fcsrSwyf g&ef awmif;yefav#mufxm;-uonf? b!Ge‹f 0ef
jzpfoGm;cJhonf? ta-umif;aomfum; OD;apmwGif *VKefwyfac: ol‹udk,fydkif ‘jynf cHouJhodk‹ vdkufvH0efcH-uolrsm;teuf q,fausmfouft&G,f &ef}uD;atmifom
ol‹ppf’tzGJŒ }uD; &SdaecJhonfr[kwfygavm? odk‹ jzpfI rnfolr# ol‹tay: jrefrmEdkifiH v#if ol‹tm; &Jrsm;u t-uyfukdifzdtm;ay;r+a-umifh[k ta-umif;jyI ol‹xGufqdk
. r[wWr*E<DuJhodk‹ ,Hk-unfav;pm;xifrSwfroGm;rnfrSmvnf; tvGefusdef;ao csufukd jyefvnf±yk o f rd ;f oGm;cJo h nf? azmfaumifb!Geu ‹f rl Tod‹k v#Kd0‹ uS }f uHpnfr+
ygonf? odka‹ omf olu ‘Zlvdkifv (18) &uf ae‹cif;ydkif;wGif olonf AdkufemI aer wGif tpGyfpGJcH&ol (9) a,mufvHk; yg0ifywfoufcJha-umif; jyoEdkifcJhonf?
aumif;jzpfaecJhum aemufwae‹vHk;vdkvdk tdyf&mxJ vSJaecJh&onf’[k qufvuf T&mZ0wfrr+ sm;udk tb,fah -umifh usL;vGe&f oenf;[k &SmazGar;jref;-unfh
xGuq f o
kd nf? (19) &ufae‹ rGe;f wnfyh ikd ;f avmufwiG rf S wpHw k a,mufu olu ‹ kd T aomtcg OD;apmrSm OD;atmifqef;. EdkifiHa&;òydifbufoufoufomrua-umif;
vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+owif;tm; ajymjycJh_yD; xdktcsdefusrS Ta-uuGJzG,f&m jzpf&yf ydkrdkxif&Sm;vmonf? twGif;0ef±Hk;Y jzpfyGm;cJhaom owfjzwfr+rwdkifrD (10) vcef‹
qdk;}uD;ESifh ywfoufI yxrqHk;t}udrf -um;zl;cJhjcif;jzpfonf’ [k olu ajymqdk tvdk 1946 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (21) &ufae‹wGif OD;apmrSm touf&ef&SmcHcJh&
vdu k of nf? onf? olonf xdkae‹u tpdk;&tdrfawmfodk‹ oGm;cJhonf? um;aemufbufwGif ol‹
ol. t&if;tESD;qHk; aemufvdkufrsm;vnf;jzpf_yD; olESifhtwl ckcHxkacsaeol vlESpfa,mufvkdufygvsuf olonf tpdk;&tdrfawmf taqmufttHkrS ae‹v,fydkif;
tjcm; (8) a,mufrSm ‚if;wdkt ‹ ay: ±Hk;awmfu pGJqdkonfh pGJcsufrsm;tay: pdwfryg wGif tdrfjyef&ef jyefvnfxGufcGmvmcJhonf? at'Dvrf;tdrfodkt ‹ jyef jynfvrf;ay:
wygjzifh jyefvnfwHk‹ jyefcJh-uonf? armifeDwOD;omv#if usrf;usdefum a&SŒxGuf &Sd ajreDukef;t0dkif;odk‹ta&muf olonf aemufbufodk‹ vSnfh-unfhvdkufaomtcg
oufaocHcJhonf? olw ‹ Gif tjypfr&Sda-umif; av#mufvJ_yD; Tv#KdŒ0Suf}uHpnfr+ESifh olwdk‹um;aemufrS *spfum;wpD; uyfygvmonfudk owdxm;rdcJhonf? t0dkif;
ywfoufI olbmr#rodcJh&a-umif;/ Zlvdkifv xdkae‹u zdk‹'fqefx&yfum;ay:wGif wbufxyd f uke;f udw k uf&if; vrf;tauGŒ jzpfonft h wGuf OD;apm. um;armif;ol
oltaejzifh c&D;onfwa,mufyrm vdkufygoGm;jcif;jzpfa-umif; ajymqdkcJhonf? u um;t&Sed af v#mhcsvdu k o f nf? *spfum;onf olwu ‹kd rkd vSD m_yD; ‘jynfo&‹l aJ bmf’ ,l
zd'‹k qf efx&yfum;ay:wGif vdu k yf gcJo
h l aemufwOD;jzpfonfh r+e}f uD;uvnf; wu,fh eDazmif;0wf vlav;OD;ESihf aoewfajymif;wck olwb ‹kd ufcsdex f m;onfukd OD;apmu
aoewform; oHk;OD;jzpfonfh armifpdk;/ oufESif;ESifh &ef}uD;atmifwdku ‹ Jhodky‹ if ±dk;±dk; vS r;f awGŒvu kd &f onf? aoewfjzifh wcsufvS r;f ypfvu kd _f yD; ‚if;um;onf t&Sed jf zifh
av; awmif;yefjiif;qdkoGm;cJhonf? armif;ajy;oGm;avonf? aoewfusnfqefonf OD;apm. um;jywif;rSef (2) ESpf
oda‹k omfvnf; ,cktcsed t f xd OD;apmtay: opPmapmifo h cd -hJ uaom ola‹ emuf bufpvH;k udk azmufxu G o f mG ;onf? usnq f efu olu ‹ kd rrSeaf omfvnf; rSeu f pJG rsm;
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117 118
u ol‹rsufvHk;rsm;udk qdk;qdk;0g;0g; pl;&SoGm;cJhavonf? rsufvHk;wbufrSm tajc Tod‹k pd;k &draf -umufvefa‹ e-u&onfukd rrSerf uef[q k Ikd r&acs? OD;apmudk
taetawmfqdk;ojzifh xdktcsif;jzpfyGm;_yD; OD;apmrSm aq;±HkwGif 9 &uftawmf-um csKyfaESmifxm;_yD; yxrtywftwGi;f rSmyif vGwaf jrmuf&ef óud;yrf;r+w&yfukd azmf
wufa&mufuo k r+caH ecJ&h onf? xda‹k emuf tdE, Nd od‹k acwWomG ;um txl;ukq&m xkwfEdkifcJhonf? xdt k‹ jyif tif;pdefaxmifudk ywfvsuf vHkòcHa&; wif;wif;usyfusyf
0efwOD;jzifh rsufpdudk ppfaq;prf;oyfr+ cH,lcJh&ao;onf? odk‹aomf ol‹tm; wdkuf csxm;cJhaomfvnf; axmiftwGif;Yrl tv#Hy,f aygaygrsm;rsm; &&Sdpm;aomufae
cdkufolrsm;rSm rnfolrnf0gjzpfrSef; rodcJh&vifhupm;æ xdkae‹u olt ‹ ouf&ef&Smr+ xdkif&onfh OD;apm. b0yHkpHudk tjcm;olrsm;u *±kpdkufrdcJh-uonf? ,cifu eef;
10
aemufuG,fwGif OD;atmifqef;&Sdaeonf [k OD;apmu oHo,}uD;pGm 0ifcJhonf? &if;0efjzpfczhJ ;l onfh tqift h wef;udk jyefveS af v;pm;aomtm;jzifh wcef;ESiw hf cef;
*spfum;xJrS vlrsm;rSm jynfo&l‹ Jabmf,leDazmif; 0wfxm;-uonfukd olu &Sif;&Sif; *H;k 0ifaygufrsm;jzifh ul;vl;oGm;vmaeEdik af om tcef;av;cef;yg&So d nfh tusOf;cef;
vif;vif; owdxm;rdco hJ nf r[kwyf gvm;? TuJo h ‹kd jzpfysufcahJ omfvnf; 1947 ck us,f}uD;xJwGif OD;apmudk xm;&SdcJhonf? ol‹tm; csuf«ywfay;&efESifh cdkif;apor#
ESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif _Adwdo#0ef}uD;csKyf ‘uvD;rifhtufwvD’ESifh jrefrmhvGwfvyf udk «yvkyaf y;&ef tusO;f om;wOD; ay;xm;&m xdo k tl m; olu ‘bwfwvm’ (Butler)
a&;twGuf awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;&ef OD;atmifqef; vef'efodk‹ oGm;&mwGifrl olu vdkuf [k ac:_yD; xdo k El iS t
hf wl olonf xdt k cef;us,f}uD;xJwiG f aexdik cf &hJ onf? axmif
ygoGm;cJoh nf? oda‹k omfvnf; pdwx f m;aumufuspv f aS om TjrefrmEdik if aH &;orm; twGif;&Sd tr+xrf;rsm;tm; acgufqGJa-umfau|;jcif;jzifh ol. ay;urf;&ufa&mr+
}uD;onf (27) &ufae‹wGif _Adwdo#wdEk‹ Sifh oabmwlpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfxdk;&ef jiif; udk yxrqHk;t}udrftjzpf olu jyocJhonf? xdkr#ru ol. usef;rma&;twGuf
qefcJhjcif;jzifh OD;atmifqef;tay: xm;&Sdaom ol. tmCmww&m;udk jyocJh eHeuf 0DpuDwyuf/ n 0DpuDwyuf aomufciG ahf y;&ef awmif;qdck _hJ y;D ESp&f ufo;kH &uf
avonf? udk 0DpuDwykvif;ukefatmif olu oHk;aqmifcJhonf?
w&m;&ifqikd af e&onfh umvwav#mufv;kH jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf_idr;f paumh0DpuDrsm;udk tvG,fwul tqifoifh&&SdoHk;aqmifEdkifapjcif;/ txl;
onf w&m;vdkbufrS oufaoxif&Sm;aer+udk wifjy&ef aESmifhaES;aejcif;ESifh ywf tcGifhta&;ESifh vGefpGmta&;}uD;aom TtcsKyfom;tm; apmifh-uyfxdef;odrf;&m
oufI pdk;&drfylyefaeyHk&avonf? xdkudpPESifh ywfoufI olonf }udrfzefrsm;pGm Y tbufbufu avsmh&aJ ejcif;wdu ‹k 0ef}uD;OD;ausmf_idr;f udk xdwv f efw ‹ -um; jzpf
11
rSwfcsuf«ycJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; w&m;a&;u|rf;usifolrsm;taejzifh Tordkif; oGm;apcJhonf? odk‹ jzifh OD;ausmf_idrf;u wm0ef&Sdol tusOf;OD;pD;Xmerif;}uD; Adkvf
0ifw&m;qdik rf t + ay: vH;k 0w&m;r#wap&ef/ Oya'a&;&mt& jynfph u kH v
kH rkH &+ adS p&ef rª;}uD;baomftm; xdkae&mrS z,f&Sm;vdkuf_yD; w&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xme twGif;0eft
ydkrdkI *±k"rRxm;aecJh-uonf? (pDtdkif'D) t}uD;tuJjzpfol u|Efkyf.zcif OD;xGef; jzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaeqJjzpfaom w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdefudk xdk&mxl;
vSatmifonfvnf; yÌ*HyHk&Sdaom tif;pdeftusOf;axmif}uD;tm; (24) em&D tcsdef tm; v$aJ jymif;,lapavonf? tif;pdet f usOf;axmif t0ef;t0dik ;f jyify&Sd wdik ;f jynf
jynfh vufeufudkiftapmifhrsm;jzifh vHk;00dkif;&Hxm;vdkufavonf? vufeufjynfh . aygufuv JG vk tk ajctaerSm ydrk q kd ;kd 0g;vmonft h wGuf pd;k &dryf yl efrr+ sm;u axmif
wyfqifxm;aom axmufvS rf;a&;wyfu *dwfayguf0rsm;udk vludk,fwdkif apmifh wGi;f vHòk cHa&;udk ydrk w kd if;-uyfapavawmhonf?
-uyfvsuf&_dS yD; OD;apm. v+y&f mS ;r+wikd ;f udk t_rJ-unf±h v + suf&odS nf? olZ‹ eD;onfEiS hf odk‹aomfvnf; w&m;qdkifjcif;udkrl aemufqHk; 'DZifbmv (30) &ufae‹txd
ae‹pOfawGŒcGifh&a&;twGuf ol. awmif;qdkcsufudk y,fcscJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; qufvuf«yvkyfcJhonf? pkpnf;&&Sdxm;aom xif&Sm;oufao tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf
olt ‹ m; tpm;taomufcsuf«ywfau|;&ef (5) ESpfoufwrf; uscHae&aom axmif udk qef;ppfoHk;oyf_yD;aemuf txl;cHk±Hk;awmftaejzifh pum;vHk;a& (52˜000) jzifh
uswa,mufudk olESifh wcef;wnf; aeapcJhonf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdef a&;om;xm;aom pD&ifcsufukd csrSwEf ikd cf ahJ wmhonf? xdak e‹u w&m;cGiu f kd zGiahf y;
u “u|efawmfwdk‹taeeJ‹ tjcm;axmifusawG&JŒ wdkufcdkufjcif;udk cH&r,fhab;u cJhojzifh Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;æpojzifh pk±Hk;a&muf&Sdvmvsuf
OD;apmudk vHkòcHr+&Sdapzdtk‹ jyif OD;apm&JŒvlawGu axmifwGif;xdk;azmuf0ifa&muf_yD; ,if;vltyk x f w J iG f jrefrm0wfvakH wmf&rif;vnf;jzpf_yD; pma&;q&mvnf;jzpfaom
vGwfajrmufatmif «yvkyfoGm;rSm/ olwdk‹u,fwifzdk‹ óud;yrf;oGm;rSmudkvJ pdk;&drfae a'gufwmarmifarmifvnf; yg&Scd yhJ gonf? a'gufwmarmifarmifu Tod‹k rSww f rf;
&ygw,f” [k ajymqdck o hJ nf? wifco hJ nf?
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119 120
‘pD&ifcsufuzkd wfcsderf mS wem&Dausmf-umavonf? yxrqH;k w&m;qdik o f nfh xdkaemuf Oya't}uHay;. eHab;&Sd ukvm;xdkifwGif;odk‹ olonf xdkifcs
ae‹uuJo h y‹kd if w&m;cGicf ef;rrSm vlrsm;jzifh jynfu
h syv
f su&f adS ejyefonf? w&m;cHrsm; epf0ifoGm;onf? olu ‹ dk w&m;cGifrS ac:aqmifoGm;cgeD; &Jt&m&SdwOD;u vufxdwf
tm;vH;k a&muf&adS e-uonf? (8) a,mufrmS w&m;cHrsm;tm; xm;aom _ct H wGi;f &Sd cwfrnf«yaomtcg olu “ighukd bmvdv ‹k ufxw d cf wf&rSmvJ” [k pdww f pkd mG aiguf
-u_yD; OD;apmrSmrl ol. Oya't}uHay; 0wfvHkawmf&rif;ab;&Sd ukvm;xdkifwGif ief;vdkufonf? odk&‹ mwGif olu eHab;&Sd w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdefudk tult
xdkifvsuf&Sdonf? pD&ifcsufudk qufvufzwfvsuf&Sd_yD; rqHk;EdkifonfESifhtr# nDawmif;onfht-unfhjzifh vS rf;-unfhvdkufaomtcgwGifum; olonf rmeaxmif
owif;axmufrsm;rSm *emr_idrjf zpfum pdwrf &SnEf ikd af tmif jzpfae-uonf? tr+wJG v$m;onfyh x kH uf pdw±f y+ af xG;um a0cGrJ &onfyh akH y:aeavonf? TwGif ol. ,Hk
wckvHk;udk jyefvnftusOf;csKyfjyaeonfudk em;axmifae&onfrSm u|efawmfh -unfr+ay;tyfjcif;cH&aom w&m;ol}uD;rif;uvnf; -um;0ifvdkuf_yD; w&m;cGif
twGuf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mjzpfawmhonf? zwfaeaom toHrSm aysmhaysmif;onf? cef;rtwGif;rS vufxdwfrcwfbJ apmifh-uyfac:,loGm;&ef OD;apmudk cGifh«yvdkuf
trSm;t,Gif;r&Sd? yk*~v"d@mefrS vGwfuif;onf? toHrSm teD;rSvmaomfvnf; avonf? oda‹k omf Zlvikd v f (19) &ufae‹ olt ‹ m; zrf;qD;pOfuwnf;u xm;cJah om
ta0;rSvmaeouJhodk‹yif? w&m;cHrsm;onf xdkifvsufem;axmifae-uonf? tcef;us,f}uD;twGif;odk‹ r[kwfawmhbJ ao'%fuscH&olrsm;udkom oD;oefx ‹ m;
rnfokd‹aom cHpm;rsKd;udkrS rjyo-u? t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh ajymqdkaeojzifh olwdk‹ &Sdaom óud;wdkuftusOf;cef;uav;odk‹ olt ‹ m; ac:aqmifoGm;avawmhonf?
trsm;pkrSm em;rvnf-uacs? tr+rSm aemufqHk;_yD;pD;oGm;_yDjzpfojzifh olwt dk‹ m;vHk; ‘ao'%fEiS hf ywfoufI t,lcv H m$ wifoiG ;f vdyk gu ,ck pD&ifcsucf srw S t f _y;D
pdwo f ufom&m &aumif;&oGm;-uayvdrrhf nf?’ (7) &uftwGif; av#mufxm;-u&rnf’ [k txl;cHk±Hk;awmfu jypf'%fuscH&ol
aoewform; (4) OD;jzpfaom armifpdk;/ oufESif;/ &ef}uD;atmifESifh armif rsm;tm; owday;cJhonf? xdkoDwif;ywfonf jrefrmEdkifiH. w&m;pD&ifa&; acwf
pdefwt dk‹ m; vlowfr+jzifhvnf;aumif;/ OD;apm/ okc/ armifeD/ r+ef}uD;ESifh cifarmif&if opfqDodk‹ olwdu k‹ dk ac:aqmifoGm;ayawmhrnf? tb,fa-umifhqdkaomf jrefrmEdkifiH
wdkr‹ Sm vlowfr+udk tm;ay;ulnDr+jzifhvnf;aumif; tjypf&Sda-umif; awGŒ&SdcJhonf? taejzifh 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae‹ Y "eo[m,tzGJŒrS uif;vGwfonfh
xdak‹ -umifh olwt dk‹ m;vHk;udk ao'%ftjypfay;vdkufavonf? vH;k 0vGwv f yfaom orRwEdik if aH wmf jzpfvmrnfjzpfaoma-umifah ywnf;? xdt k csed f
pD&ifcsufwckvHk;rSm t*FvdyfvdkjzpfonfhtwGuf ajymor#tm;vHk; OD;apmem; rSpI jrefrmEdik if o H nf (vef'ef&dS ‘y&DAaD umifp’D u r[kwaf wmhb)J &efuek &f dS w&m;
vnfygvdrfhrnfqdkjcif;rSm oHo,&Sdp&myifjzpfonf? ol‹ynma&;rSm a&S;acwf v$wfawmfcsKyfuomv#if t,lcHv$mwifoGif;r+udk aemufqHk; tqHk;tjzwfay;rnfh
tajccHynma&;tqihfr#om &SdI ol‹aemufvdkufrsm;rSm ydkI edrfhusao;onf? w&m;±H;k awmf}uD; jzpfvmayawmhrnf? _Adwo d # bk&ifrif;jrwfae&mudk jynfaxmif
odka‹ omfvnf; olwdkt ‹ ay: csrSwfvdkufaom jypf'%f. }uD;rm;av;yifr+udk w&m; pkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&u 0ifa&muftpm;xdk; aqmif&Gufayawmhrnf? tjcm;
ol}uD;rif; OD;ausmfjrifh. toHaetoHxm;t&vnf;aumif;/ w&m;cGifcef;r wenf;qd&k v#if ‘Edik if aH wmfEiS hf OD;apmšolv ‹ rl sm;’ jzpfvmayawmhrnf?
twGif;&Sd vltkyf}uD;. wHk‹ jyefr+t&vnf;aumif; olwdk‹cHpm;rdEdkif-uayvdrfhrnf? od‹k jzpfonft h m;avsmfpmG OD;apmESihf tjcm;jypf'%fuscH&olrsm;. t,lcv H m$
13
rdepftenf;i,f-um_yD;rS OD;apmu x&yfvkdufonf? w&m;ol}uD;u ±Hk;awmf. udk w&m;v$waf wmfo‹kd owfrw S cf suEf iS thf nDþwifoiG ;f cJah omfjim;vnf; ,if;t,l
tqHk;tjzwfudk olem;vnf/ rvnf ar;jref;vdkuf&m olu olem;vnfyga-umif; cHvm$ wifoiG ;f r+rsm;rSmþy,fcsjcif;cHc&hJ onf? ‘w&m;cHwOD;pDonf Tv#KŒd0u S yf ;l aygif;
avoHwdk;aomfvnf; cdkifrmonfh avoHjzifh jyefvnfajz-um;cJhonf? 12 }uHpnfr}+ uD;wGif toufaoG;a-umyrm ta&;}uD;aom tpdwt f ydik ;f w&yfpt D jzpf
olu toem;cH&ef óud;pm;av#mufvaJ omtcgwGirf l olt ‹ oHrsm;rSm wkeaf e yg0ifc-hJ uonf’ [k w&m;v$waf wmfu xkwjf yefa-unmcJo h nf? TpD&ifcsucf srw S f
avonf? tcsKdŒaom cdkifrmonfh oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk olwifjycJh_yD; r+ukd 0ifa&mufwm;qD;pGuzf uf&ef w&m;Oya'ta-umif;t& rnfoa‹kd omta-umif;
,if;wdk‹udk vufcHoifhaomfvnf; w&m;vdkbufrSwifjyaom oufaotaxmuf tcsufurkd # rawGŒ&cdS &hJ acs? xdak -umifh jypf'%fcscH&olrsm;u w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyf
txm;rsm;udkom ±Hk;awmfu vG,fvG,fulul ,Hk-unfcJha-umif; olu ajymqdk od‹k qufvuftoem;cHvm$ wifoiG ;f cJ-h ujyefonf? vef'ef&dS ‘y&DAaD umifp’D u jy@mef;
vdu k o f nf? xm;cJhaom ,cifpnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;rS vrf;!¸efr+rsm;udk&,lum w&m;v$wfawmf
121 122
121 122
csKyfu ,if;toem;cHv$mrsm;udk aocsmpGm pOf;pm;vsuf aemufqHk;wGif y,fcs rsm; «yvkyo f nft

h cgrsm;wGif ae&mawmfawmfrsm;udk zefw;D ulnaD y;xm;cJo h nf?
vdu k af vonf? obm0w&m;. jyuf&,f«yr+w&yfayyJvm;rod? OD;atmifqef;ESifh olv ‹ kyf
od‹kjzpfav&m jypf'%fcsc&H ol (9) OD;twGuf vrf;wvrf;om useaf wmhonf? azmfuikd b f ufrsm; vky}f uHowfjzwfjcif; rcH&rD ESpv f tvdw k iG yf if zqyv tzGŒJ csKyf
‚if;aemufq;kH ar#mfvifch sufrmS Edik if aH wmforRwxHrS ouf!mS axmufxm; u±k%m }uD;u wdkif;jynf«yv$wfawmfac:,la&; tóudtjzpf Tcef;rYyifv#if taxGaxG
yGm;r+ukd awmif;cH&efom jzpfavonf? orRwEdik if aH wmfopf. *k%u f suo f a& jrifh nDvmcHw&yf usif;ycJhao;onf? ,if;wdkif;jynf«yv$wfawmftaejzifh vGwfvyf
rm;vSaom orRw}uD;rSm &S r;f jynfe,frS anmifa&$apmfbmG ; ‘pyfa&$ou kd ’f jzpfonf? aom jrefrmEdik if aH wmf. yxrOD;qH;k aom zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya' rl-urf;udk
xdak emufq;kH csed w f iG uf srS (3) OD;omv#if woufwu|e;f axmif'%f/ wenf;tm;jzifh a&;qGJayawmhrnf? xdk‹a-umifh arv (19) &ufae‹wGif OD;atmifqef;udk,fwdkif
tESpf (20) axmif'%fodk‹ tjypf'%fav#mhayghjcif; cH-u&onf? ‚if;wdkr‹ Sm *spfum; yifv#if xdn k v
D mcHziG vhf pS af y;cJo h nf r[kwyf gvm;?
armif;ol okc/ vlowform;rsm; twGif;0ef±Hk;odk‹ a&mufrvmrD óudwifaxmuf OD;atmifqef;. ±kyftavmif;udk oltowfcH&_yD; aemufw&ufwGif ol.
vS r;f &ol cifarmif&ifEiS hf vlowform;rsm; xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmuf&mvrf;udk ajcmuf wm0gvde;f aetdrrf S *sLAvDcef;rod‹k o,faqmifvmcJo h nf? olEiS hf tjcm;tmZmenf
vH;k jyL;wvufjzifh apmif-uyfc&hJ ol armifew D ‹kd jzpf-uonf? usefaomoltm;vH;k rSm acgif;aqmif}uD; (5) OD;wdk‹onf *sLAvDcef;r. uZmwfpifjrifhay: Y rSefacgif;
óud;ay;cH&ayawmhrnf? TwGif &ef}uD;atmif. zcifjzpfolu ol‹om;i,f. rsm;twGif;wGif vJavsmif;vsuf&Sdae-uonf? rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD; ‘pyfpHxGef;’.
toufudk csrf;omay;ap&ef aemufqHk;enf;vrf;tjzpf olo ‹ m;onf touf (16) ±kyt f avmif;udrk l apmapmuyif um;jzifw h wef/ &xm;jzifw h oG,f &S r;f awmifwef;
ESpfom&Sdao;a-umif; oufaojy&ef óud;pm;cJh_yD; ±Hk;awmftzGJŒ0ifrsm;xHodk‹ &ef}uD; rsm;-um;&Sd ola‹ e&yfZmwdòrdo › dk‹ o,faqmifoGm;cJhay_yD? OD;tAŠ'l&mZwfESifh udkaxG;
atmif. Zmwmudk wifjycJo h nf? w&m;0ifarG;pm&if;um; r&Scd ahJ cs? aq;bufqikd f wdu ‹k vkd nf; rlqvifx;kH wrf;pOfvmt& ajrjr‡Kyfoò*õ[_f yD;av_yD?
&m ppfaq;ol q&m0efwOD;u &ef}uD;atmif.toufrSm tenf;qHk; (17) ESpf usqHk;av_yD;aom acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom jynf
&Scd _hJ yD[k qH;k jzwfcohJ nf? olvlxku aemufqHk;taejzifh vma&muf*g0&«y-uvsuf&Sd&m ppf&JESifh òrdj› y&Jrsm;/
Todk‹ jzifh cHk±Hk;awmfu &ef}uD;atmif. arG;zGm;onfh &ufpGJudk 1930 ckESpf/ (-unf;§a&§av) wyfrawmfrS ppfom;rsm;/ jynfol‹&JabmfwyfzGJŒrS jynfol‹ppf
Zefe0g&Dv (1) &ufae‹tjzpf twnf«yowfrSwfvdkufawmhonf? odk‹ jzpfI ol‹udk tzGJŒ0ifrsm;u tvSnhfuswm0ef,l apmifh-uyfay;vsuf&Sdonf? tmZmenf}uD;rsm;
1948 ckESpfaemufydkif; óud;ay;pD&ifonfh tcsdefwGifrl olonf touf (18) ESpf . OD;acgif;udk vltrsm;jrifomatmif jyoxm;&m olwdt k‹ om;ta&. aoG;qkwf
jynf_h yD;jzpfcahJ v_yD? jzLa&mfaer+u olwdk‹&&SdcJhaom '%f&mrsm;. trSwfvuQ%mrsm;udk jyovsuf
1947 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (30) &ufae‹ txl;cHk±Hk;awmfu pD&ifcsufudk zwf &Sdaeayonf? vma&muf-unfh±+oltrsm;pkrSm rsuf&nfrqnfEdkifavmufatmif
-um;onfhtcsdefwGif &efukefòrd› a&$wd*Hkbk&m;vrf;ay:&Sd *sLAvDcef;rY EdkifiHawmf jzpfc&hJ onf?
psmyetjzpf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tjcm;vkyf}uHjcif;cH&olrsm;. ±kyftavmif; vHòk cHa&;udrk l txl;wif;-uyfxm;&qJjzpfonf? vma&muf*g0&«yol wokwf
rsm;rSm vJavsmif;vsuf&SdaeqJyif? *sLAvDcef;ronf tcdkiftcHh tkwfwdkufjzpf_yD; u cef;rtwGif; wywfywf_yD;onfESifh olwdk‹udk acgif;rsm;a&SŒ Y pDwef;&yfapum
‘tdkifAD’ wdkifuyfyifwdk‹ jzifh pdrf;vef;pGm v$rf;òcHxm;um twifhtw,f pDjc,fxm; trdea‹f y;vsuf OD;!Gwt f av;«yaponf? xdw k okwx f uG o f mG ;_yD;rS aemuf wokwf
ojzifh yHko¿mefrSm t*FvdyfqefvSonf? ,if;udk rlvu Zmwfcef;rtjzpf wnf udk 0ifciG «hf yonf?
aqmufcJhjcif;jzpf_yD; wbufxdyfwGif uZmwfpifjrifh&SdI rsufESmcsif;qdkif tjcm; tmZmenfwdk. ‹ ±kyftavmif;rsm;tm; jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; *g&0«y&ef *sL
wbufxdyfwGif ab;wbufwcsufrS avSum;jzifh wuf&aom tay:xyf-unfh AvDa[mwGif (9) v-um xm;cJh_yD;aemuf 1948 ckESpf/ {_yDv (11) &ufae‹wGif
pif&Sdonf? yGJ-unfhpifcef;rrSm us,f0ef;_yD; u|ef;cif;-urf;jyifrSm ta&mifzdwf ±kyftavmif;rsm; yg&Sdonfhacgif;rsm;udk *sLAvDcef;rrS a&$wd*HkapwDawmf.
zdwfawmufvsuf&Sdonf? ywfywfvnf&Sd yef;_cHrsm;rSm jyyGJrsm;ESifh vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ ajrmufbuf topfaqmufvyk v f u
kd af om tmZmenfArd mefo‹kd aemufq;kH c&D;tjzpf
123 124
123 124
o,faqmifoGm;cJhonf? t_rJwrf; wyfrawmfom;rsm;u c&D;pOfwav#muf xdef;

odrf;apmifha&Smufvsuf vdkufygvmaom psmye,mOfwef;onf a&$wd*Hkbk&m;vrf;
twdkif; wufa&mufvmcJhonf? tmZmenf}uD;rsm;. rSefabmifoGif;"mwfyHk}uD;
rsm;udk csdwfqGJ/ zHk;tkyfxm;aom acgif;rsm;udk trdk;zGifhx&yfum;rsm;/ *spfum;rsm;
jzifh o,faqmifvmcJ-h uonf? jynfov l x
l k (5) ode;f ausmf vduk yf gvmcJah om ,mOf
wef;onf a&$wd*HkapwDawmf. awmifbufapmif;wef;bufqDodk‹ jznf;nif;pGm
a&$Œvsm;vmcJhonf? OD;atmifqef;tm; olwdk‹. AdkvfcsKyf}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/
tppftrSeaf cgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif; cspfjrwfE;kd -uaom jynfo&‹l aJ bmfwyfzŒJG
0ifrsm;onf eHab;0J,mrS c&D;pOfwav#mufv;kH csDwufvu kd yf gvmcJ-h uonf?
a&$wd*HkapwDawmfjrwf}uD;udk vuf0J&pfw0ufywf_yD;aemuf psmye,mOf
wef;onf tmZmenfAdrmefopfqDodk‹ qdkufa&mufvmcJhonf? -unf;wyfrawmf
om;rsm;ESifh a&wyfrawmfom;rsm;u acgif;aqmifrsm;udk yckH;rsm;ay:wGif xrf;
aqmifvsuf AdrmefopftwGif;odk‹ o,faqmifoGm;cJhonf? jynfol&‹ JabmfwyfzGJŒ0if
rsm;taejzifh olwdk‹acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;.tr+udk aemufqHk;xrf;aqmifjcif;tjzpf
cHpm;rdvu kd -f uayvdrrhf nf? acgif;rsm;udk olw‹ v‹kd ufajymif;,liifomG ;-uvsuf owf
rSwx f m;aom *lrsm;twGi;f od‹k oufqikd &f macgif;rsm;udk jznf;nif;pGm oGi;f ay;vdu k f
-u_yD; olwo dk‹ nf *lrsm;. xdyfeH&Hrsm;Y oGm;a&mufae&m,l &yfae-uonf? olwdk‹
. bGwfzdeyfrsm;rS tkwfeDcJESifh vwfvwfqwfqwf uGefu&pftptersm; yvuf
azmif;ay:odk‹ ususef&pfcJh-uonf? aemufqHk;wGifum; tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;
rsm;. ±kyftavmif;rsm;rSm xdkae&mY em;aeEdkif-uav_yD?
vltkyf}uD;rsm;rSm wpwp aysmufuG,foGm;cJh-uonf? *lrsm;udk t_yD;owf
ydwf_yD;aemuf yef;&Hq&mrsm;vnf; &Sif;vif;odrf;qnf;vsuf&Sd_yD? ntarSmifus
vmonfEiS t hf r# wtmtmatmfjrnfwwfaom us;D rsm;onfyifv#if olw. ‹kd E+wu
f kd
ydwfvsuf wdwfqdwf_idrfoufoGm;-uav_yDwum;?
Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô
125 126
125 126
v#KdŒ0Suq
f ef;-u,fjcif; Adv
1963/ &efukefòrdŒ? _Adwdo#oHtrwf ‘tm;vfarmifhbufwef’ twGuf {nfhcHyGJwGif armifhbufwefu

a':cifcif{tm; ol‹orD;ESifh rdwfqufay;aeykH?
txufygyH?k Adv
k cf sKyfxeG ;f vSatmifEiS fh
ZeD; a':cifcif{/ (1933)?
nmbufyHk? r[moD&dok"rR
w&m;0ef}uD;þOD;aomif;pdefESihf
ZeD;a':aiG!Gef‹/ (1953)?
127 128
127 128
129
129
OD;cifatmif=ZeD;a':cifcifpdefESifhom;rsm; cifOD;atmifESifh xGef;vSatmif/ (1996)?
130
Adv
130
Adv
atmfajymvdkufonf? jrefrmESpfOD; zsufqD;a&;vkyfief; qufvufvkyfudkifaeqJrSm

yif pwdek mESifh olo ‹ il ,fcsi;f rsm;u _ird o f ufpmG xdik af ecJ-h uonf? a*:&cg;wyfrS 'k=Adv k f
tqifh&Sdol cyfydefydefvli,fwOD;onf pm;yGJtao;wvHk;wGif ol‹bmomxdkifae_yD;
bD,mwcGufudk pkyfaomufaeonf? wkwfwkwfcdkifcdkif jrefrmvli,fonf ol‹qD
av#mufomG ;_yD; xdo k v‹l ufxrJ S bD,mcGuu f kd ±ku
d cf svduk o f nf? vli,ft&m&So d nf
ckef&yfvdkuf_yD; pm;yGJay:rdk;aeaom jrefrmtm; rsufESmudk xkd;csvdkuf&m jrefrmvl
i,fonf -urf;jyifay: yufvufvefusoGm;onf? pwkdemonf ol‹oli,fcsif;rsm;
tcef; (4) bufvSnfhvdkuf_yD; pdwf±+yfaxG;pGmjzifhæ “tJ'Dvl b,folvJ´” [k ar;vdkufonf?
t&m&Sdwa,mufu “tJ'g ocifoef;xGef;aygh? atmifqef;&JŒ a,mufzav” [k
v#KdŒ0u
S q
f ef;-u,fjcif; jyefajzvku d o
f nf?
xdtk csed rf mS yif wyfxed ;f wOD;a&muf&v dS m_yD; owdr&wcsu/f &wcsuf rl;a0
OD;atmifqef;wdk‹ vkyf}uHcH&pOftcsdefu _Adwdo# vli,fwOD;jzpfol tefwdkeD aeaom ocifoef;xGe;f udk qGx J _l yD; olo
‹ il ,fcsif;udyk g qGx J wk o f mG ;cJo
h nf? t&uf
pwdkem (Anthony Stonor) onf uavmòrdw › Gif wyfpGJxm;aom 0Jvfcsf (Welch) &D a&mif;olu zefcGuftuGJtprsm;udk odrf;qnf;aepOfæ qD'&pf0uf (pf) ESihf olw ‹ D;
*si;f rJiwhf yf. wyf&if; trSwf (2) wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaecJo h nf? olonf 1947 0dkif;u aemufqHk;ay:wD;vHk;rsm;udk pwifwD;cwf-uawmhonf? odk‹&mwGif pwkdem
ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (14) &ufae‹wiG rf l &efuek òf rda› wmfY wm0efuscJo h nf? ql;av ESihf ol‹oli,fcsif;rsm;twGufum; omarmzG,f&m naecif;av;rSm ysufpD;oGm;cJh
bk&m;vrf;ay:&Sd taqmufttHw k ck. yxrxyfwiG f wnf&_dS yD; ta&SŒtm&Swv$m; av_y?D xda‹k emuf olwo ‹kd nf qef;uaz;od‹k trJom;uifpm;&ef uvyfrS xGucf mG vm
wGif tvsm;t&SnfqHk; ‘t&ufbm;’ &Sdonf[k *k%f,l0ifhºuGm;jcif;cH&aom t&m cJ-h uavawmhonf?
&Sdrsm;. uvyftwGif;odk‹ ol0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? ,if;uvyfonf &efukefòrd›ae xkdtcsdefumvwGif OD;atmifqef;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ESihfywfoufI
emrnf}uD; tdE, dN vlrsKd; *DwmtwD;orm; ‘qD;'&pf0uf (pf)’ (Cedric West) acgif; _Adwdo#wdk‹ yg0ifywfoufaeonf 1 qdkaom aumvm[vowif;onf ysHŒESH‹vsuf
aqmifonfh tuwD;0dik ;f &So d nft h wGuv f nf; ydI k pGaJ qmifr&+ cdS ohJ nf? &Sdonf? odk‹ jzpfI a-uuGJzG,ftjzpfqdk;}uD;jzpfyGm;_yD; wywfrjynfhrD/ Zlvdkifv (25)
pwdkemESihf olw ‹ yf&if;rS t&m&Sdi,fwcsKdŒonf uvyftwGif; ae&m,lxkdifcJh &ufae‹wGifyif ocifEktpdk;&u ,if;aumv[vudk jywfjywfom;om; jiif;qef
-u_yD; t&ufrSmvdkuf-uonf? olwdk‹t&ufbm;wGif; a&muf_yD; r-umvS rD jrefrm vdkufonfh a-unmcsufudk atmufygtwdkif;xkwfjyefcJh&avonf?
(2) OD; t0ifwHcg;udk 0kef;ueJ aqmihfwGef;0ifvmcJh-uonf? xkdESpfa,mufteufrS ‘*k%foa&jrihfrm;vSaom OD;atmifqef;ESihf tjcm;tr+aqmifaumfrwDtzGJŒ
touf (30) 0ef;usif&Sd udk,fcE<mwkwfwkwfcdkifcdkifESifh wa,mufu “OD;apmu 0ifrsm;tm; r-umao;rDu ol&aJ bmenf;pGm owfjzwfcrhJ w + iG f _Adwo d #bk&ifth pd;k &
atmifqef;udk owfwmr[kwfbl;? 'gudk igvJodw,f? rif;wdk‹ _Adwdo#awGvJod tzGJŒESihf jrefrmEkdifiH. bk&ifcHwdkq ‹ ufpyfaeonf[laom aumv[vrsm; jynfol
w,f? bmjzpfvv ‹kd q
J akd wmh rif;wdu‹k tJ'v
D yk }f uHr&+ ŒJ aemufu, G rf mS &Sad evdy‹k ”J [k vlxt k wGi;f wcsKa‹d e&mXmersm;Y ysŒH E‹HS jzpfay:vsu&f ydS gonf? Taumvm[vrsm;
pwifatmf[pfajymqdk_yD; olESihf ol‹tazmfwdk‹onf bm;aemufbuf&Sd zefcGufrsm;/ onf vH;k 0tajctjrpfr&Syd ga-umif;ESifh _Adwo d #b&k iht f pd;k &/ bk&ifcEH iS fh jrefrmtpd;k &
t&ufykvif;rsm;udk ±kdufcGJzsufqD;-uawmhonf? wdt k‹ -um; eD;pyfaom em;vnfr+rsm; &Sdaea-umif; jrefrmtpdk;&taejzifh odaptyf
xdkae&mwGif&Sdaeaom tqihftjrihfqHk;t&m&SdrSm a*:&cg;wyfrS Akdvfrª;}uD; ygonf? aESmihaf ES;-uef‹-umr+tenf;qH;k jzifh w&m;cHrsm;tm; ta&;,lEidk &f ef _Aw d o d #
wOD;jzpf_yD;/ ‚if;uæ “bmrS rvky-f ueJ/‹ olwu ‹kd kd v$wx f m;vdu
k /f igwyfxed ;f awGukd bk&ihftpdk;&/ bk&ifcHESihf jrefrmtpdk;&wdo k‹ nf wufºuGpGm yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvsuf
vS rf;ac:vdkufr,f” [k tHhtm;woihfjzpfae-uaom usef_Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm;udk &Sdaeyga-umif;’ [lI yg&Sd.?
131 132
131 132
v#KdŒ0Suq
f ef;-u,fjcif; Adv
odka‹ omfvnf; jynfolvlxkrSm pdwfv+yf&Sm;ae-uonf? EkdifiHa&;tajctae &aom OD;tAŠ'&l mZwf. wljzpfaeavonf?

rSmvnf; wif;rmaeonf? TonfrSm tif;pdeftusOf;axmifudk vHkòcHa&; ydkrdkwif; OD;pHwifhonf csufcsif;yif xkdudpPudk pDtkdif'Dt}uD;tuJ OD;xGef;vSatmifxH
-uyfpmG csxm;&jcif;. tcsuw f csujf zpfonf? “vGr;f wylaqG;aewJEh idk if [ H m acgif; tpD&ifcHcJhonf? aemufwae‹wGif OD;pHwifhu OD;apmESihf oGm;a&mufawGŒqHk&m
jzwfcHxm;&wJh -uufvdkygyJ” [k w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdefu jyefvnfajymjy OD;apmu olvGwfajrmuf&ef tultnDay;rnfh uwdudk&v#if tvJtvS,ftjzpf
onf? jynfov l x
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f y+ &f mS ;atmif a&;wwfaom tcsKŒd owif;pmrsm;uvnf; ±ly;D aiG (50˜000) ay;rnfjzpfa-umif; jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifvmonf? xdt k cg OD;pH
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yrf;_yD; oHk;&uft-um/ Zlvdkifv (28) &ufae‹wGif The Rangoon Guide Daily twGif;0efjzpfol w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdeftwGufyg ±lyD; (100˜000)udk xyfrH
owif;pmwGif owif;wyk'fygvmcJhonf? ,if;owif;a-umihfyif bk&ifcH qm[l; awmif;qdkvdkufjyefonf? xkdtcgwGifrS TudpPY _Adwdo#vlrsKd;rsm; yg0ifywfouf
bwf&ef‹pf (Sir Hubert Rance) u vef'ef EdkifiHjcm;a&;±Hk;&Sd jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m aeaom v#KdŒ0Sufqef;-u,fonfh tquftoG,frsm; xGufay:vmjcif;jzpfonf?
twGif;0ef vpfwdk0J (vf) (rª;rwf}uD;) (the Earl of Listowel) 2 xH ta&;w}uD; aemufw}udrf OD;apmESifh awGŒaomtcg axmifr;ª }uD;u xkad iGukd xyfraH wmif;
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‘_yD;cJhonfh Zefe0g&Dv 1947 ckESpfwGif OD;atmifqef; OD;aqmifaom jrefrm qdkoludk qufoG,f&OD;rnfjzpfa-umif; ESpfudk,f-um;wD;wdk;uyfI ajym-um;av
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Guide Daily) taejzifh OD;apmudk aiG (5) odef; xdktcsdefuay;cJhol rsufESmjzL OD;apmtm; vufeufrsm; xkwfay;r+jzifh ‚if;tm; zrf;qD;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
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f ,fbwfpcf f (Michael Busk)
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f acwfopfjrefrmhorkid ;f wGif Tr#
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od&k‹ mwGif ,if;v#KdŒ0Sufcsufrsm;um; ay:xGufvmjcif;r&Sdacs? xkdot dk‹ ajct onf[k ajym-um;_yD; OD;atmifqef;udk,fwdkif ,if;t}uHðycsufudk y,fcscJhonf?
ae ±+yfaxG;aepOf OD;apmu xdktajctaetay: tjrwfxkwf&ef óud;pm;onfrSm bwfpcf f (Busk) u OD;apmtdru f kd &Sm&ef 0&rf;awmif;qdo k nft h cgwGivf nf;
xif&Sm;vmonf? axmifwGif;a&muf_yD; wywftwGif;rSm tr+rppf&ao;rD tcsKyf EkdifiHa&;ta-umif;jycsufrsm;jzifh y,fcscHcJh&jyefavonf? xkdtcsdefu OD;apmrSm
om;b0Y olonf axmifrª;}uD; OD;pHwifhESifh rdwfaqGzGJŒEdkifcJhonf? “cifAsm;om t"du oHo,&SdcH&oljzpfonf? odk‹ jzpfIvnf; ol‹tdrfrSm awmufav#mufapmihf
u|efawmhfudk ulnDcJh&if cifAsm;udk qk}uD;vmbf}uD;&atmif usdef;aoayguf u|ef -unfhcHae&jcif;jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf; Zlvdkif (19) &uf vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ jzpf
awmfvyk af y;Edik yf gw,f” [k olu OD;pHwifu h kd yGiyhf iG v
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jzifh aumif;aumif;odcyhJ &kH avonf? tm;vH;k udk pDpOfEidk yf gw,f? cifAsm;u t&yfjrihjf rihef ‹J vl}uD;vlaumif;udk bma-umifh
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f iG f at'Dvrf;&Sd ol‹ aetdrYf b!Gef‹u xkwfazmfvdkufonf? xkdvufeufrsm;udk oHk;wefwif avmf&Dum;jzifh
usif;yaom ygwDyGJodk‹ ,if;_Adwdo#t&m&Sd wufa&mufcJhzl;onf? xkdygwDyGJodk‹ ADAD w}udrw f nf;wif_yD; OD;apm. at'Dvrf;aetdro f ‹kd olarmif;ydc‹k ahJ -umif; olu ajym
,ef;vnf; a&muf&cdS o hJ nf? xdyk gwDyYJG OD;apmESifh _Adwo d #aumifprD S ‘bif*av’ qdk qdv k udk o f nf? aemufw}udrw f iG v f nf; jynfvrf;ay:&Sd tjcm; vufeufoakd vSmif±kH
oludk ar*sm,ef;u rdwfqufay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? xkdodka‹ wGŒqHk&mwGif bif*avu wckrS '\r (303) usnfqHtawmifh wodef;wdwdudk oloGm;a&muf,laqmifcJh&
OD;apmudk “u|efawmfwdk‹ cifAsm;udk tjynfht0ulnDzdk‹ jyifqifxm;_yD;yg_yD” [k toH a-umif; 0efcHonf? Zlvdkifv (20) &ufae‹wGif OD;apm. tdrfaemufbufuefxJrS
us,f}uD;jzifh tmrcHcsufay;cJha-umif; ,ef;u ajymqdkcJhonf? awGŒ&&dS aom tvHyk w d af owWmrsm;xJ&dS usnq f efrsm;rSm Txkw, f v
l mr+ taxmuf
137 138
137 138
v#KdŒ0Suq
f ef;-u,fjcif; Adv
txm;rsm; jzpfayonf? 0efccH sufEiS fh awGŒ&rdS w + r‹kd mS tH0ifciG u f sjzpfaeygonf? ar*sm'def;ESihf txl;ojzifh eD;pyfr+&Sdonf? _Adwdo#aiGa&;a-u;a&; tusKd;pD;yGm;udk
OD;apmZeD;onf. wlawmfol cifarmif&ifuvnf; qyfr&Sif;*ef;wvuf/ vdvk m;aom _Aw d o
d #t&m&Sid ,frsm;onf OD;apmudk axmufc-H u_y;D &efuek u f ek of nf
tar&duef umbdik o f ;kH vuf/ pwif;*ef;wvuf/ awmfr*D ef; (2) vuf/ vsL*gypPwkd todkif;t0kdif;tcsKdŒae&mrsm;wGif OD;atmifqef;. vuf0J,drf;aom tawG;tac:
wvuf/ ajcmufvHk;jyL; (2) vufESihf usnfqefrsm; 0,f,l&ef ar*sm,ef;qdkol rsm;a-umihf pdwfuoduatmufjzpfvsuf&Sd-u&m OD;atmifqef;tm; qef‹usifðy
ESihf qufoG,fr+ ðyvkyfcJha-umif; aemufqHk;wGif 0efcHcsufay;avonf? ar*smrdk;/ vkyf&ef OD;apmudk aoG;xdk;ay;cJhyHk&onf[laom t,ltqtm; Ttcsuftvuf
uy`wdef ADAD,ef;wdEk‹ Sihf OD;apm qufoG,fr+&SdyHk vufeufESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmufwdkuf rsm;u twnfðyay;ovdk jzpfaeavonf?
rsm;rS b&if;*ef;ESifh usnq f efrsm; rnfor‹kd nfyckH ;kd ,lcyhJ /kH ,if;wdu ‹k kd *VKefwyfzŒJG0ifrsm; OD;atmifqef;tm; qefu ‹ sifaom r[mrdwftpdwftydkif;w&yftjzpf zGJŒpnf;
&Sdaom c±kdiftwGif; jzefa‹ 0xm;yHkESihf OD;apmtdrfab;&Sd a&uefxJwGif 0Sufxm;yHkwdk‹ xm;aom tjcm; vusfmEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf? jrefrmjynfudk *syef
udk cifarmif&ifu ajymjyavonf? odrf;,lxm;pOfu *syef±kyfao;tpdk;&. EdkifiHt"dywdjzpfcJhol a'gufwmbarmfrSm
ukuUdKif;vrf;ay:&Sd ol (OD;apm) ydkif ajruGufay:wGif wnf&Sdaom ppfwyf vnf; xdo k rl sm;xJwiG f wa,muftygt0ifjzpfonf? vky}f uHowfjzwfr+ jzpfymG ;_yD;
o,f,lydka‹ qmifa&;pcef;. wm0efcHrSmvnf; ar*sm,ef;jzpfa-umif; cifarmif&if v#if_yD;csif; OD;xGe;f vSatmif vku d v f zH rf;qD;xm;aom oHo,t&Scd &H ol vl (800)
u xyfrx H wk af zmfjyefonf? 7 xd‹k jyif ar*smvefp‹ f (Major Lance) qdo k x l rH S py&if; xJwGif olvnf; ygavonf? xdk‹twl tjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;wOD;rSm ocif
zD;vf ±kid zf ,f (Springfield Rifle) wvuf/ awmfr*D ef; (2) vufEiS hf umbkid w f vuf Apdejf zpf_y;D olonf ocifxeG ;f tkyEf iS t fh wl &Jabmfo;kH usyd . f e,fcsŒJt*Fvyd tf m; qef‹
wdu ‹k kd OD;apm&&Scd ahJ -umif;vnf; olu qufvufxw k af zmfonf? xkt d &m&S. d trnf usifaom (*smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syef) 0if±kd;wef; vdkvm;ol (pro-Axis faction) udk
tjynft h pHrk mS ar*smyDwm tm;eufpf vefp‹ af vmh'ed ;f (Major Peter Ernest Lancelot acgif;aqmifr+ay;cJhonf? ‚if;wdkt ‹ kyfpkonf OD;atmifqef;ESihf Akdvfvusfmwdk‹ acgif;
Daine) jzpf_yD;/ olonf urm&Gwf a&mfbmpuf±Hkab;&Sd bef*vdk ESpfxyftdrfwGif aqmifaom ‘ocifu, kd af wmfrid+ ;f tkypf ’k ESifh qefu ‹ sifbufjzpfonf? ocifxeG ;f tkyf
aexkid cf o hJ nf? onf olESihftwlvkdufygrnfh ol‹ -oZmcH jrefrmrsKd;cspfvli,f (11) a,mufudk
OD;apmonf xdkbef*vdktdrfodk‹ r-umc% tvnfoGm;cJhzl;onf? ar*sm'def; OD;aqmifI aemufq;kH tokwt f jzpf *syefo‹kd a&muf&o dS mG ;cJo
h nf? ,if;tokww f iG f
onf jrefrmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf/ axmufvS rf;a&;wyfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifae_yD; ocif±a+ rmifac: Adv k af e0if;onfvnf; ygvmcJo h nf?
&efukefajrmufbuf&Sd r*Fvm'Hk yifrppfvufeufypPnf;odkavSmif±Hk. wyfr;ª vnf; txufyg vusmf Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;onf twlwuGpak ygif;um vusmf tpGe;f
jzpfonf? Todk‹ jzihf ar*sm,ef;ESifh ar*sm'def;wdo k‹ nf OD;atmifqef;wdt k‹ m; vkyf}uH a&muftkyfpktjzpf zGJŒpnf;vdkuf_yD; ,if;tkyfpkonf OD;apmESihfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiH
owfjzwfrw + iG f ypfcwftoH;k ðycJah om vufeufrsm;udk OD;apmtm; ay;tyfcahJ -umif; jcm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESihfvnf;aumif; eD;uyfpGm qufoG,fr+&SdcJhonf? xkd‹
,H-k unfavmufonfh ckid rf maom ta-umif;tcsufwu ‹kd kd &&Scd o hJ nf[k cH±k ;kH awmfu a-umifh olwo ‹kd nf OD;atmifqef;. òydib f ufrsm;jzpfonfrmS oHo,&Spd &mrvdak y?
azmfjyEkdifcJhonf? AdkvfwaxmifESihf tjcm;vufeufodkavSmif±Hkwdk‹rS vufeufrsm; ,if;Ekid if aH &;orm;wOD;pDonf Ekid if jH cm;pd;k rd;k r+rS vGwaf jrmufa&;&&S&d efEiS hf _Adwo d #
&,lEikd af &;twGuf uy`wed Af AD , D ef;u &JtzGŒJ . pm&Gupf mwrf;twkrsm; ðyvkyaf y; tkyfpdk;r+ae&mY olwu dk‹ dk,fwdkif tpm;xkd;0ifa&muf&ef wdkif;jynfudk acgif;aqmifvdk
cJhonf? ADAD,ef;onf &efukef zdkufcsf&dyfom (Fytche Flats) wGif aexdkifvsuf&Sd&m -uolrsm;jzpf-uonf? od&‹k mwGif olwu ‹kd kd ppfaq;ar;jref;&mYvnf; OD;atmifqef;
,if;wdkufcef;rsm;wGif tjcm; _Adwdo#t&m&Sdi,frsm;ESihf a'ocHpD;yGm;a&;orm; tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+wGif olwdk‹ tquftpyf&Sdaeonfh oufaocH tckdiftrm
tcsKdŒvnf; aexkdifvsuf&Sd-uonf? ,if;pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;txJrS rmvf[dkx&m rxGuaf y:cJah cs? od‹k jzpfI olwu ‹kd kd jyefvw $ af y;cJ&h onf?
(Malhotra) qdkolonf ,if;t&m&Sdrsm;ESihfvnf;aumif;/ OD;apmESifhvnf;aumif; OD;xGef;vSatmifu apv$wfxm;aom Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹u vlowfo
txl;tu|rf;w0if &Syd &kH avonf? tdE, dN tEG,jf zpfol rmvf[x kd &monf _Adwo d # rm;rsm;. um;ESihf um;wkdufr+jzpfvkeD;yg;jzpfcJhaom OD;apm. tdrfeD;csif; uy`wdef
ukr`%Dwckjzpfonfh vDvf tif ukr`%D (Leele & Co) wGif tvkyfvkyfvsuf&Sd_yD; cef; }uD;-uyfonfh t&yf0wf&aJ xmufvSr;f a&;orm;rsm;u oHo,&Sad om _Aw d o d #
139 140
139 140
v#KdŒ0Suq
f ef;-u,fjcif; Adv
t&m&Sdrsm;. v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk tcsdeftwef-um teD;uyfapmihf-uyf-unfh±+aecJh OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&_yD; aemufqufwGJ tusKd;quftjzpf ,if;tpD

onf? OD;apmaetdrf. tjcm;wbufESihf tif;vsm;uef. u|ef;qG,furf;pyfrsm; tpOfrsm; ysuo f Ok ;f cJ&h avawmhonf? OD;apmonfvnf; Ekid if ahH cgif;aqmifjzpfrvm?
ay:wGif ig;r#m;orm;toGif yHzk sux f m;-uaom uy`wed cf ef;. vlrsm;onf vky}f uH olonf w&m;±H;k p&dwrf sm;ay;&efEiS fh tu,fI ar#mv f ifch su&f cdS v
hJ #if olvw G af jrmuf
owfjzwfrr+ jzpfymG ;rDu OD;apm_cHtwGi;f vlt0iftxGuf v+y&f mS ;r+rsm;udk teD;uyf a&;udk aiGjzif0h ,f,&l ef csufcsif;vufiif; aiGvt kd yfaeaom pdwyf sufz, G f tusOf;
apmih-f uyf-unf±h a+ ecJ-h uonf? olwo ‹kd nf x&yfum;rsm; t0iftxGuEf iS fh av;vH om;wOD;omjzpfvmcJo h nf? od‹k jzpfonft h avsmuf rEœav;&Sd csrf;omºuG,0f aom
aom ypPnf;rsm; _cHtwGif; cscJhonfrsm;udk owdxm;rdcJh-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; rdwaf qGwOD;xH pmwapmifa&;om;cJo h nf? OD;xGe;f vSatmifonf xko d u l kd csucf si;f
xdt k csdeu
f rnfuo hJ a‹kd om ypPn;f rsm; o,fy;kd aeonfukd rnforl # twdtusrod&dS zrf;qD;xm;vdkufonf? OD;apmonf tvm;wlarwWm&yfcHr+rsm;udk wjynfvHk;&Sd
cJ-h uacs? ol‹aemufvdkufrsm;xH ay;ydk‹cJhonf? xdkolrsm;udkvnf; tvm;wl xdef;odrf;xm;
u|efawmf. a,muQrjzpfol w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdefu aemufydkif;wGif vku d o f nf?
u|efawmhu f kd Tod‹k jyefajymjycJo h nf? “jrefrmpum;rSm pdeu f kd pdeu f yJ jzwfEidk w
f ,f rwwfomonfhtqHk; OD;apmonf owdxm;a&Smif-uOf&rnfrsm;udkyif *±k
vd‹k qdxk m;w,f? OD;xGe;f vSatmif[m wcsdeu f *VKefwyf&ŒJ wyfr;ª }uD;wOD;jzpfcw hJ hJ rpdu k Ef ikd af wmhbJ ‘bif*av’ xHo‹kd ajymifajymifwif;wif;yif pma&;vku d af wmhonf?
OD;apmtwGufawmh w&m;Oya'udk qef‹usif_yD; oloGm;r,fhvrf;rSm tkwfwHwkdif; xkdpmY olwdk‹. tcsdef;tcsufae&mrsm;ESihf em;vnfxm;r+rsm;udk tusOf;csKH;azmf
}uD;wckygyJ” [kyifjzpfonf? jyxm;_yD; olonf aiGa&;a-u;a&;tusyftwnf; jzpfaea-umif;ESihf aiGtjrefvdk
OD;apmESihf ola‹ emufvu kd rf sm; rnfr#^m%frsm;I rnfuo hJ ‹kd pDpOfonfjzpfap æ a-umif; a&;om;xm;onf? jrefrmhxHk;pHtwkdif;yif wbufom;udk pdwftaESmihf
olwdk‹aoaocsmcsmrodonfrSm olwdk‹twGuf qef‹usifbuf (w&m;Oya' buf t,Sufray;vdka-umif;vnf; jznfhpGufa&;om;xm;onf? odk‹&mwGif tjref
awmfom;) &efo}l uD;wa,muf &Sad eonft h csufyifjzpfavonf? ta-umif;jyef&efum; olu awmif;qdkxm;avonf?
bk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&efp‹ f (Sir Hubert Rance) onf vef'efo‹kd a-u;eef;±ku d f axmifrS vGwfvmcgp axmifxGufwOD;yHkpH yHkzsufxm;aom ykvdyfwOD;udk
vdkufonf? “tcsKdŒaom twdkuftcH EkdifiHa&;orm;awGu vufeufrsm;udk cdk;,l &efukef&Sd ‘bif*av’ aexdkif&m tdrfodk‹ udk,fwdkifudk,fus ,if;pmukd oGm;ay;cdkif;
pkaqmif;_yD;/ wpwp vufeufudkifxºuGr+vrf;a-umif;twGuf jyifqifoGm;_yD;/ vdu k o f nf? ‘bif*av’ u pmtdwu f kd ,lvu kd _f y;D zGiafh zmufvu kd u f m pmo,faqmif
tm%mudk wdkufcdkuf&,loGm;vdrfhr,fvdk‹ u|efawmfjrifrdygw,f” [k jzpf.? vmoltm; ,H-k unfrt + jynfh xm;&So d nfyh pkH rH sKd;jzifh bif*avonf ola‹ &SŒwiG yf if pm
OD;apmtaejzifh uy`wdefADAD,ef;/ ar*sm,ef;/ ar*sm'def;ESihf tjcm;pdwfwl udk us,fus,favmifavmif toHxGufzwfvdkufonf? bif*avhrsufESmrSm pmudk
oabmwl _Adwo d #t&m&Srd sm;. tultnDrsm;udk &,lEikd af jcvnf;&Sad eav_yD? jynf zwf&if; toHwdk;oGm;vsuf aoG;rsm; csufcsif;qkwf,kwfoGm;onf? olonf pmudk
wGif;ppfudk zefwD;Edkifonfh vufeuftvHktavmufvnf; OD;apmESihf ol‹*dk%f;wGif tydkif;ydkif; tppjzpfatmif csufcsif;qkwf_zJvdkuf_yD; xdkpm&Guftptersm;udk vuf
&Sdaeav_yD? OD;apm_cH0if;twGif; tcsdefESihftr# ðyvkyfaeaom wdwfwqdwfv+yf xJuikd x f m;&if; twGi;f cef;od‹k tjref0ifomG ;onf? xdt k cdu
k f axmifxu G [ f efaqmif
&Sm;r+rsm;udkvnf; aoewform; ciffarmif&ifu w&m;±Hk;awmfwGif Zmwfa-umif; xm;ol &Jom;onf tdro f m a&qGcJ svu kd of -H um;vdu k &f onf? bif*avonf wHcg;
jyefjycJhonf? ar*sm,ef;.tdrfrSm ajrjyifvrf;rS oGm;v#if (4) rdkifr#a0;aomfvnf; rS jyefxu G vf m_yD;æ “rif;'Dae&mu xGuo f mG ;/ csufcsif;xGuo f mG ;” [k olu ‹ kd atmf
avSjzifh avSmo f mG ;v#if em&D0ufc&D;omjzpfonf? olEiS fh ol&‹ aJ bmfrsm;onf avSjzifh [pf&if; armif;xkwfvdkufonf?
(7) acguf/ (8) acgufcefo ‹ Gm;cJh_yD; uefudkjzwfI vufeufrsm; o,fycdk‹ Jha-umif; cif ueOD;od&&dS aom taxmuftxm;rsm;u bif*avESifh OD;apmonf qufqH
armif&ifu xGuq f ckd o
hJ nf? uef.w0ufcefa‹ vmufwiG f &Sad om uAifu|e;f (Cabin a&; tvGefaumif;cJha-umif; jyqdkaeonf? OD;apmonf -o*kwfv (22) ESihf (23)
Island) rSmvnf; urf;ESia hf 0;I olw‹kd aoewfypfavhusih&f m pcef;wckjzpfco hJ nf? &ufae‹txd ae‹pGJrsm; wyfxm;aom pmESpfapmif bif*avxH a&;cJhonf? olonf
pdwful;,Ofvsuf rnfonfhtpDtpOfudk olwdk‹ óudwifa&;qGJcJhonfjzpfap/ aiGxyfrHawmif;qdkvdkuf_yD; uy`wdefADAD,ef;[k ,lqolwOD;udkvnf; ‘VV’ [k pm
141 142
141 142
v#KdŒ0Suq
f ef;-u,fjcif; Adv
xJwGif &nf!¸ef;azmfjycJhonf? xdkpmrsm;u ol‹vGwfajrmufa&;ar#mfvifhcsufudk olt ‹ usôtdwfxJwGif OD;apmu bif*avxH aemufqHk;a&;om;xm;_yD; ray;&ao;
ajymqdkcJh±Hkomru jynfwGif;ESifhjynfy EdkifiHwum&Sd ±kdufcwfr+rsm;jzpfoGm;apEkdif onfh pmrdwWLwapmifygvmcJhonf? OD;xGef;vSatmifudk rar#mfvifhbJ awGŒvkduf&
aom xkwaf zmfrr+ sm; ðyvkyrf nfh _cdr;f ajcmufrr+ sm;yifv#if yg&Sv d mcJo h nf? OD;apmu pOfuyif wkefv+yfacsmufcsm;aeaom bif*avonf &Jt&m&Sd}uD;u “cifAsm;æ
pmo,faqmifvmolukd ,H-k unfpw d cf s&a-umif;vnf; bif*avudk tmrcHcsuaf y; 'Dvufa&;udk rSwrf yd govm;cifAsm” [lI ar;_y;D pmudjk yvku d af omtcg rsuEf mS wGif
xm;onf? aoG;r&Sad wmhbJ jzLqGwo f mG ;avonf?
xka‹d emufyikd ;f bif*avonf pmrsm;udk rnfonft h cgr# &&Sjd cif;r&Sad wmhacs? OD;xGef;vSatmifu olvdkvm;onfhtwdkif; zrf;qD;EdkifcGihftm%m ,ck ol‹rSm
ykvyd w f yfzŒJGu aemufxyfpmwapmifukd bif*avxHomG ;ay;zd&‹k ef pmo,faqmifol &S_d yjD zpfa-umif; ajymjyvku d o f nf? ‘bif*av’ onf a-umufvefw ‹ ek v
f y+ o
f mG ;onf?
tm; trdef‹ay;cJhpOfu xdkolonf bif*avtdrfodk‹ta&mufwGif ol‹udk pdwfwdk[ef “u|efawmhfrSm oHwrefqdkif&m tumtuG,f&Sdw,f? cifAsm;= u|efawmfhudk
wlaeaom t*FvdyfvlrsKd;wOD;u ab;odk‹wGef;xkwfypfcJhonf? bif*avonf ol‹ zrf;&ifvJ u|efawmf bk&ifcHqD toem;cHEkdifao;wmyJ” [k olu jyefajymonf?
ypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;_yD; ol‹aetdrfrS urf;em;vrf;[dkw,fodk‹ csufcsif;ajymif; xktd cg OD;xGe;f vSatmifuæ“bk&ifcu H 'Dupd rP mS odyt
f a&;}uD;w,fv‹kd xif
a&$ŒoGm;um urf;em;[kdw,fwGif wnwmae_yD;aemuf tapmqHk;&Edkifrnfh (bDtdk &if óudufovdk ta&;,lEdkifwJh tcGifhta&; OD;Ek&JŒ ,m,Dtpdk;&udk ay;xm;_yD; jzpf
atpD) a&jyifqif;av,mOfysH (Flying Boat) jzihf jrefrmjynfrS xGucf mG rnfjzpfonf? ygw,f” [k at;aq;odraf rGŒpmG jyefajymvku d o
f nf?
xdak v,mOfyso H nf aemufae‹eeH ufwiG f xGucf mG ayawmhrnf? OD;xGe;f vSatmifonf Tod‹k ‘bif*av’ udk xdyw f u
kd &f ifqikd af wGŒonfh OD;xGe;f vSatmif. &nf&, G f
jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf_idr;f tm; ,if;udpt P m; tvsiftjref tpD&ifcv H u dk o f nf? csufrSm &efukef&Sd _Adwdo#aumifpD. t}uD;tuJESihf (OD;atmifqef;ESihf trsKd;om;
OD;ausmf_idrf;u csufcsif;yif bk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&efp‹ fESihf oGm;a&mufawGŒqHkonf? acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm;) vufawGŒtaumiftxnfazmf vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhol
OD;ausmf_idrf;u ‘bif*av’ udk ykvdyfrsm;u pHkprf;ppfaq;Ekdifa&;twGuf csufcsif; rsm;t-um;&Sdaeaom uGif;qufudk oHo,uif;pGm qufpyfjy&ef óud;pm;jcif;om
zrf;qD;&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf? odka‹ omfvnf; bk&ifcHu oabmrwlacs? jrefrm jzpfavonf? aemufq;kH Y OD;xGe;f vSatmifu bif*avudk jrefrmEkid if aH jray:od‹k rnf
Edik if .
H tvGecf spfjrwfE;kd jcif;cH&aom acgif;aqmifrsm; vky}f uHowfjzwfrw + iG f _Adwd onfhtcgr# ajcrcsawmh&ef &nfrGef±kd;om;pGm owday;vdkufonf? bif*avonf
o#wdk‹ yg0ifaeonf[laom jzpfEkdifajc&Sdonfh owif;tpte xGufay:oGm;ygu bDtdkatpD a&jyifqif;av,mOfysHay:odk‹ tvsiftjrefwufoGm;_yD;aemuf ,ae‹t
jrefrmEdik if w H iG &f adS eaom Oa&myvlrsK;d pkrsm;tay: t-urf;zuf pD;eif;wdu k cf u kd rf r+ sm;/ xd rnfonft h cgr# olt ‹ a-umif;r-um;&awmhacs? bif*av jrefrmjynfrS xGucf mG
vufpm;acsrr+ sm; jzpfay:vmEdik o f nfth a&;udk bk&ifcu
H awG;awmpd;k &draf eyH&k onf? oGm;cJo h nfh &ufrmS 1947 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (4) &ufae‹ jzpfonf? xda‹k emufyikd ;f
olu OD;ausmf_idrf;udk oHo,&Sdaeaom xkdt&m&Sd}uD;tm; tenf;qHk; avmavm olu ‹ -H urRmESio fh l rnfonft h &yfa'ood‹k a&mufomG ;_yD; rnfor‹kd nfykH jzpfysucf o hJ nf
q,ftm;jzifh ta&;r,l&ef ajymqdkcJhonf? rsm;rSmrl rnforl #rodEikd af wmhaom v#KdŒ0u S q f ef;-u,fry+ ifjzpfaeayawmhonf? 8
xku d o hJ ‹kd jzpfcahJ omfvnf; OD;xGe;f vSatmiftaejzifh ‘bif*av’ udk ola‹ etdrf xdktcsdefY OD;apmonf jyifywGif jzpfysufaeonfrsm;udk vHk;0rod&SdcJhacs?
rS ra&$Œajymif;rD oGm;a&mufawGŒqHkcGihf&cJhonf? awGŒqHkr+onf (5) em&Dcef‹ -umjrihf tif;pdeaf xmiftwGi;f &Sd olt ‹ cef;av;ESifh teD;&Sd w&m;±H;k tcef;wdo ‹k nfom olu ‹ rBm
cJo
h nf? pdwv f y+ &f mS ;aeaom bif*avonf rnfonft h &mudrk # xkwaf zmfcjhJ cif; r&Sd av;jzpfaeawmhonf? zrf;qD;cHae&pOfumvrSmyif OD;apm. wufºuGaom tif
cJah cs? bif*avtaejzifh OD;apm pmrsm;ukd wk‹H jyef&ef óud;pm;cJyh v kH nf;r&[k OD;xGe;f tm;wdk‹rSm ododomomqkwf,kwfvsuf&Sdaeonf? vGwfajrmuf&ef ar#mfvihfcsuf
vSatmifu aumufcsufcscJhonf? rSefor#rSmvnf; vsifjrefpGm usqif;vsuf&Sdonf? ol‹udk 'kuQay;onfrSm axmif
&uftwef-umaomtcg urf;em;&Sd a&jyifqif;av,mOfysH qdu k uf yfxm;&m usaeonfh tcsufoufoufwckwnf;awmhr[kwfacs? olonf ,cifu axmif
qdycf w H wH m;ay:od‹k vufqt JG 0wfaowWmrsm;qGv J suf ‘bif*av’ wufvmaomt uscJzh ;l onf? jrefrmEkid if uH kd *syef0ifa&muford ;f ydu k x
f m;pOfumvwckv;kH (t*Fvef
cg OD;xGef;vSatmifonf ol‹qDokd‹ at;aq;_idrfoufpGm av#mufoGm;vkdufonf? rS jrefrmEkdifiHodk‹tjyef) ,l*ef'gwGif olonf (4) ESpfwm tusOf;uscHaecJh&onf?
143 144
143 144
v#KdŒ0Suq
f ef;-u,fjcif; Adv
urBmppf}uD;_yD;oGm;_yD;onfhaemufwGifvnf; wkdif;jynfqlylxºuGatmif v+Ha‹ qmfr+ ygoenf;?

jzifh axmiftwGi;f acwWtem;,lc&hJ ao;onf? vlowfrj+ zihf wOD;csi;f pDY tjypf&adS e yHkzsufxm;aom &Jt&m&SdwOD;udk ,cktxd rod&Sd&zl;ao;onfh OD;apm.
aom ol‹rdcif.armif (9) a,mufvHk;udk w&m;v$wfawmfw&m;±Hk;Y t,lcH0if_yD; taygif;ygxH ,if;pmwkdav;udk ay;yd&k‹ ef wm0efay;tyfvkdufonf? xkdolonf pm
tm;vHk;vGwfajrmufcJhonfudkvnf; ol. EdkifiHa&;w&m;yGJrsm;wGif olu t_rJ udk zwfvu kd _f yD; OD;apmvdak om ajcmufv;kH jyL;aoewfudk olt ‹ aejzifh &&Sad tmif &Sm
0gºuGm;ajymqdak vh&o dS nf? Toda‹k om ol&owWjd yoEdik rf r+ sm;rSm ,cktcg twdww f iG f azGay;Ekid v f rd rhf nfrxifa-umif; tEl;t!Gwaf wmif;yefajym-um;&Smonf? 'vòrdr› S
usef&pfcJhav_yD? Tw}udrfwGifrl OD;apmtaejzifh tjypfrSausat;cGihfv$wf&ef ,if;vufzuf&nfqkdifydkif&Sifudk ppfaq;ar;jref;&ef zrf;qD;vdkufonf? aemufqHk;
aomfvnf;aumif;/ oem;-uifempGm tjypfukd av#mah yghpOf;pm;&efaomf vnf;aumif; wGif pmyg v#KdŒ0u S pf um;rSm t"dym` ,fay:vmonf? OD;apmonf Oya'jyifyrS &SmazG
ar#mv f ifEh ikd af wmhrnfr[kwaf wmhacs? xm;aom vufeufrsm;udk tvHkydwfaowWm}uD;rsm;wGif xnfh_yD; tif;vsm;uefxJ
OD;apmonf uy`wdefADAD,ef;xH pmxyfrHa&;jyefonf? Tw}udrfwGifrl Y 0Sufxm;cJhonf? ‚if;wdk‹udk tm%mydkifrsm;u &SmazGawGŒ&Sd_yD; odrf;qnf;xm;cJh
yGifhyGihfvif;vif;yifa&;onf? Todka‹ &;om;vmjcif;rSm aemufqHk; rvkyfrjzpfonfh _yjD zpfonf? OD;apmtaejzihf t0Su&f vG,u f al om ajcmufv;kH jyL; (od‹k) ypPwakd oewf
tajctae/ odrk‹ [kwf ar#mfvifhcsufqHk;±+H;aeonfhtajctae/ odrk‹ [kwf ESpf&yfvHk; wvufudk wae&m&mrS &&Sd&ef ta&;w}uD;vdktyfaeonf?
a-umifhvnf; jzpfEkdifajc&Sdayonf? pmwapmifwGif OD;apmu ADAD,ef;udk ol‹tae v#KŒd0u S o f auFwpmrsm;udk t"dym` ,fziG q fh Edk ikd af omfvnf; 'vrS vufzuf&nf
jzihf jrefrmEdkifiHjyifywGif rnfonfhae&mwGif cdkv+HEdkifrnfenf;[k ar;jref;xm;onf? qdik yf ikd &f iS Ef iS hf wcsdew f nf;wGif zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;xJrS tenf;tusOf;om azmfxw k f
ADAD,ef;u tdENd,urf;±kd;wef;&Sd ay:wl*Dydkife,fajrjzpfonfh ‘*dktm’ tdENd,jynf EdkifcJhonf? rnfodk‹qdkap OD;apm. tquftoG,f uGef&ufrSm vsifjrefpGm usOf;
e,fwGif jzpfEkdifa-umif; raorcsm ra&&mvSpGm jyefvnft}uH^m%fay;ajz-um; ajrmif;vmvsuf&o dS nf?
cJhonf? ,if;ae&monf olESihf yl;aygif;}uHpnfolrsm;twGuf cdkv+H&ef oufqdkifol uy`wdefADAD,ef;onfyifv#if uH-urRmudk t±+H;ay;pðyvmav_yD? wae‹wGif
rsm;u a&G;cs,fxm;onfah e&mjzpfygovm;? rnforl # twwfrodEidk af cs? ADA, D ef; olonf w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdeu f kd csOf;uyf_yD; olt ‹ aejzifh ajzmifch sufwckay;vdk
onf rnfodk‹aomtaetxm;wGifrqdk tdENd,wdkufqG,f. xdktpdwftykdif;udk a-umif; ajymqdck o hJ nf? OD;aomif;pdeu f þolt ‹ aejzifh olajymor#udk pmjzifh a&;om;
aumif;pGm od&x dS m;avonf? ,lxm;Edkifaomfvnf; xdkoadk‹ om pm&Gufpmwrf;rSm twdtusqdk&v#if w&m;r0if
Ttcsdeftxd ‘bif*av’ jrefrmEkdifiHrS xGufcGmoGm;onfudk OD;apmu rod a-umif; t}uH^m%fay;ajymqdkcJhonf? rnfodkq ‹ dkap ADAD,ef;u olTodk‹ jzpf&jcif;
acs? xkt ‹d wGuf bif*avxHrS rnfonfjh yefpmr# r&&Sad omtcg OD;apmonf axmif rSm olwdk‹u uavmòrd›wyfpcef;teD; ppfom;rsm; pD;eif;vmaom &xm;wpif;udk
jyify&Sd tjcm;qufo, G &f rnfo
h rl sm;udk &Sm}uHavonf? OD;apmonf v#KŒd0u S o
f auFw 1947 ckESpf/ {_yDvtwGif; rdkif;AHk;jzifh azmufcGJcH&ojzifh ol‹&Jabmftawmfrsm;rsm;
jzihf aemufxyfpmwapmifa&;jyefonf? toufqHk;±+H;&onfhta-umif;udk w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdeftm; aemufa-umif;
“tif;vsm;uefxJ ig;r&Sd” vSeI f qufvufajymqdjk ycJo h nf? Toda‹k om taumuf}uHzsuq f ;D r+EiS fh ywfoufI
axmifr;ª }uD; OD;pHwifhonf ‚if;pmudk &efukefjrpfwbufurf;&Sd 'vòrda› v;rS oHo,&Scd &H olrsm;rSm ‘jynfo&‹l aJ bmf’ wyfzŒJG 0ifrsm;jzpf-u_yD; xdjk ynfo&‹l aJ bmfwyf
vufzuf&nfqdkifydkif&Sif jrefrmukvm;ujym;wOD;xH udk,fxdvufa&mufay;&ef zGJŒrSm wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh OD;atmifqef;. udk,fykdifjynfol‹ppftzGJŒ jzpfavonf?
vufcH&&SdcJhonf? pmygowif;pum;rSm xl;qef;vSonf? OD;apm. at'Dvrf; ae aoqHk;ol/ '%f&m&ol ppfom;rsm;rSm a0v &J*sD;rJifh. wyf&if; (2) wyfcGJ (u) rS
tdrfESihfuyfvsuf&Sdaom tif;vsm;uefrSm ig;rsm;ESihf wif;-urf;jynfhvsuf&Sdonf? jzpf-u_yD; a0ve,fom;jzpfol ADA, D ef;taejzihf ,if;tjzpftysuftwGuf Akv d cf sKyf
‘ig;rr#m;&’ [laom qkid ;f bkwu f av;rsm;rSm ae&mtES&‹H adS eaomfvnf; OD;apmtdrf atmifqef;tay:Y cg;cg;oD;oD; em-unf;cHpm;rdonfjzpf&m aemufq;kH tusK;d quf
udk apmihf-uyf-unfh±+aeaom uy`wdefcef;. vlrsm;utp rnfolur# ,if;udk t tm;jzifh olonf OD;atmifqef;. t"duòydifbuf}uD;jzpfaom OD;apmESifh r[mrdwf
av;wrl rvkdufem-uacs? odk‹ jzpfv#if pmygowif;pum;rSm rnfonfudk qdkvkd zGŒJ rjd cif; jzpfavawmhonf?
145 146
145 146
v#KdŒ0Suq
f ef;-u,fjcif; Adv
ADAD,ef;. pdwfv+yf&Sm;zG,f&m jyefajymif;ajymqdkcsufrsm;wGif OD;apmxHrS tpm;xk;d Ekid &f ef vef'ef &Sd tm%mydik &f yfuu G rf sm;rS 13 pDro H nfh yl;aygif;}uHpnfrw + &yf
,cifu ol&&SdcJhaom rsm;jym;vSonfh tcGihfta&;ay;r+rsm;ESihf aemiftem*wfwGif jzpfygovm;? odrk‹ [kwfygu ADAD,ef;/ 'def;/ ,ef;ESihf rdk;wdv k‹ dk vlrsKd;rsm;onf yk*~vd
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfydkifcGihf/ cHpm;cGihfrsm;udkyg ay;vmrnfh uwdcH0efcsufrsm;udk zHk;uG,f u vufeufarSmifcdkorm;rsm;ESihf rdrdwb dk‹ mom pGepf‹ Gepf‹ m;pm;vkyfvdkolrsm;om jzpf
xm;avonf? ADA, D ef;onf OD;apm. vkyaf zmfuikd b f ufwOD;jzpfol xdyw f ifarmif -uygovm;? xdt ‹k jyif ‘bif*av’ qdo k rl mS twdtus rnforl nf0gjzpfygoenf;´?
uav;ESihf avmf&Dum;o,fylyadk‹ qmifa&;vkyfief;wGif tpkpyftzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfonfh OD;apmESihf ol. vufyg;aprsm;udk zrf;qD;jcif;/ ±Hk;wifppfaq;jcif;rsm;onf rnf
tavsmuf ,ckupd YP olyg0ifaejcif;rSm a0vtrsK;d om;þrsK;d csppf w d xf ufoefrx + uf r#avmuf aoaooyfoyf/ pepfwusESihf u|rf;usifvdrRmpGm aqmif&GufcJhonf
TpD;yGm;bufvkyfief;uom OD;apmESifh ADAD,ef;wdk‹ qufEG,fr+. t"du aESmifóud; jzpfapumrl ,if;tr+}uD;wckvHk;onf rsufpdwqHk; jrifEdkifavmuf±Hkxuf tq
ta-umif;tcsufjzpfayvdrrhf nf? aygif;rsm;pGm ydrk ±kd y+ af xG;ywfoufrr+ sm; &SEd ikd cf ahJ yvdrrhf nf?
_Adwo d #t&m&Srd sm;udk ppfaq;ar;jref;r+rsm;u OD;atmifqef;wd‹k vky}f uHc&H r+
ESifh ywfoufI rnfonfh oufaotcdik t f rmudrk # xkwaf zmfEidk jf cif;r&Scd ahJ cs? ar*sm
rdk; (Major Moore) onf w&m;±kH;wGif w&m;pGJqdkjcif; vHk;0rcHcJh&bJ ar*sm,ef; Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô
(Major Young) rSmrl axmif'%f (2) ESpf tjypfay;jcif;cHcJh&aomfvnf; t,lcHwif
&mwGif jyefvw G of mG ;_yD; jrefrmjynfrS csufcsif;xGucf mG oGm;cJah vonf? uy`wed f ADAD
,ef;onfum; axmif'%f (5) ESpEf iS fh '%faiGw&yfv#if ±ly;D (5˜000) pD '%faiGEpS f
&yf csrSwfjcif;cHcJh&onf? odk‹aomf 1949 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&DvwGif u&ifolykefxr+
ay:aygufcJh_yD; tif;pdefòrdu › dk u&ifolykefrsm;u pD;eif;cJhpOfu &efukefajrmufbuf&Sd
emrnfqdk;vSonfh tif;pdeftusOf;axmifrS tjcm;axmifusrsm;ESihftwl ADAD,ef;
vnf; vGwaf jrmufomG ;cJo h nf? xda‹k emufoo l nf axmifajy;b0jzifh tjcm;oGm;&rnfh
ae&mr&So d nft h wGuf aemufq;kH Y ADA, D ef;onf u&ifoyl ek rf sm;ESifh aygif;rdomG ;onf?
1950 ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif xkdif;e,fpyf&Sd aumhu&dwfY u&ifolykef acgif;
aqmif apmbOD;}uD;ESihftwl ADAD,ef;vnf; towfcHvdkuf&onf[k &efukefrS ppf
wyftm%mydik rf sm;u ,lqae-uqJjzpfonf? olonf u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh
ESpftawmf-umaexkdifcJh_yD; 1950 ckESpfrsm;tv,fwGif ,dk;',m;rSwqihf _Adwdefodk‹
jyefvnfa&muf&o dS mG ;cJo
h nf? ajratmufwiG f aexkid pf OfumvY Txl;qef;vSaom
_Adwdo#uy`wdefESihf eD;eD;uyfuyf&SdcJh-uaom u&ifolykefrsm;taejzifh olt ‹ m; t_rJ
ai;idik u f m rdwaf qGzŒJG&efcufcaJ om vlwa,muftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ OD;atmifqef;
wdu ‹k þkd vky}f uHowfjzwfrE+ iS þfh ywfoufaomþrnfonft h a-umif;t&mudrk #þajymqdv k kd
9
pdwf tv#if;r&SdolwOD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; rSwfrdae-uonf?
odk‹ jzpfv#if TudpPY _Adwdo#wdk‹ rnfr#avmuf eufeufeJeJ yg0ifywfouf
cJyh goenf;? 10/ 11/ 12xkt d csdeu f jrefrmawmfawmfrsm;rsm; t±k;d cH,-kH unf-uouJo h ‹kd
OD;atmifqef;tm; z,f&mS ;I olwv ‹kd ufa0udck _H yD; olwt ‹kd m; rvSerf nfo h w l OD;tm;
147 148
147 148
Adv
uifbm&mòrd›awmfY 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;olrsm; qENjy&mwGif cifOD;atmifESihf xGef;vSatmifwdk‹ wyfOD;rS yg0ifcsDwuf-upOf (1996)?

a&wyfAv kd af v;cifatmif/ _Adwo
d #
t&efa&wyf (1945)? (1945 rS
1952/ _Adwdo# t&efa&wyfESifh
Armh a &wyf r awmf (t_rJ w rf ; )
t&m&Sd tr+xrf;cJhonf?)
1991/ -opa-w;vsjynf/ uifbm&mòrd›awmf ‘8=av;vHk;’

vlowfyGJ ta&;awmfyHk qENjy&mwGif OD;cifatmifESihftwl
apmvGifOD;wdk‹tm; SLORC oH±Hk;a&SŒwGif awGŒ&yHk?
149 150
149 150
151
151
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifrsm; usqHk;_yD; &ufvnfaomae‹wGif Armha&wyfrawmf ‘&wemyHk’ urf;em;pcef; XmecsKyfY oHCmawmf (9) yg;tm; qGrf;uyfvª'gef;_yD;
tr#twef; ay;a0cJh-uonf? (0wfðyaeolrsm;twGif; Adkvfcifatmifudk a&SŒwef; vuf0JbufwGif awGŒ&onf)
152
Adv
1948 ckESpf/ {_yDv (11) &ufae‹wGif usqHk;oGm;cJhaom jynfol‹ acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. tokbydk‹aqmifonfh tcrf;tem;Y Armha&wyfrawmf *k%fðywyfzGJŒtm;
pnfol Akdvf}uD; ausmfodef;vGif OD;aqmifvsuf *sLAvD cef;raqmifrS tmZmenfAdrmefodk‹ wyfOD;rS taES;csDwufvmyHk?

152
Adv
aumvif;wk (cf) (Colin Tooke) onf TcH±k ;kH . ppfaq;r+_yD;onfah emuf OD;apm.
tr+ukd v#KŒd 0u S pf mG pwifppkH rf;axmufvS r;f cJo h nf? wpHw k ck rSm;,Gi;f ae_yD[k olxif
cJo
h nf? wae‹ oltrd jf yefa&mufaomtcg olA‹ rmtdraf zmfu olt ‹ ,fvaf Z;&Si;f acG;
}uD;rSm acG;±l;jyefae_y[ D k ajymcJoh nf? od‹kjzifh ola‹ cG;udo k l aoewfjzihf ypfowfvu kd &f
_yD;/ ola‹ cG;rSm teD;&Sd jrpfurf;ab;wGif vJaoaeav_yD? wk (cf) rSm ,Hk-unfI r&
Edik af tmif jzpfaeonf? xH;k pHtm;jzifh acG;±l;jyefa&m*grSm tcsdet f wef-um pwifjzpf
yGm;&_rJjzpf_yD; xdkae‹eHeufuyif ol‹acG;rSm taumif;yuwd jzpfaeonfr[kwfyg
tcef; (5) vm;? odk‹ jzpfI wk (cf) onf ol‹acG;. acgif;udk jzwfum &efukefòrd›&Sd wd&p>mefuk
q&m0efxH ,loGm;_yD; ppfaq;-unhf&m wd&p>mefukq&m0efu ol‹acG;wGif acG;±l;
tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm; jyefa&m*gr&Sda-umif; twnfðycJhonf? xdk‹aemuf ol‹tdrfudk azmufxGif;cHcJh&_yD;
Adv
k cf sKyf}uD; atmifqef; vky}f uHc&H r+EiS fh ywfoufaom ol. pm&Gupf mwrf; zdik w f JG
rsm; aysmufq;kH oGm;cJ&h jyefonf? &ufowWywftenf;i,f-um_y;D aemuf tpmtqdyf
OD;apmESifh ola‹ emufvu kd rf sm;. ±H;k awmfY w&m;qdik &f r+onf bufaygif;pHu k oihf_yD; wk (cf) onf aq;±HkwGif aoqHk;oGm;cJhavawmhonf?
-unfhv#if w&m;r#wr+&Sdonf[k qdk&aomfjim;vnf; orm"dw&m;ol}uD;rif; OD; OD;apmtr+ESifh qufEG,fvsuf tqef;w-u,faoqHk;cJh&ol aemufwOD;rSm
aomif;pdefonfyifv#if tcsKdŒae&mrsm;wGif oHo,0ifrdcJhygonf? Oyrmjy&ygv#if OD;wifxÉG jf zpfonf? olonf OD;atmifqef;. vH;k 0,H-k unfru + kd cH&aom wOD;wnf;
xHk;wrf;tpOftvmt& pD&ifcsufudk cHk±Hk;obmywduom a&;om;_yD; zwfjy&_rJ aom AsL±ku d &uft&m&Sjd zpfonf? tdE, dN yËdnmOfcH 0efxrf;t&m&S}d uD;wOD;jzpfc_hJ y;D /
"rRwm&Scd o hJ nf? 'DZifbmv (30) &ufae‹u w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;ausmfjriho f nf cH±k ;kH 1940 ckEpS w f iG f &efuek w f uUov kd . f 'k=t"dywdtjzpf aqmif&u G cf zhJ ;l onf? 1941
.pD&ifcsufukd trSew f u,fzwfjycJah omfvnf; ,ckO;D apmudk ppfaq;onft h r+wiG f ckEpS w f iG f OD;apmESit hf wl _Adwed Ef iS hf tar&duefEidk if w
H o‹dk ‹dk vku d yf goGm;cJ_h yD; vpfbeG Ef iS hf
rl txl;cHk±Hk;. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;r#omjzpfonfh OD;atmifomausmfu xkdpD&ifcsuftm; [kid zf m-rdr› sm;ukjd zwfI ava-umif;c&D;jzifh jyefvm&mwGif 1942 ckEpS f Zefe0g&DvwGif
a&;om;wifjycJo h nfukd olowdxm;rdco hJ nf? TpD&ifcsucf sro + nf jrefrmjynfvw G f [kdifzmavqdyfY ESpfOD;vkH; tzrf;cH&onf? xkd‹aemuf rsm;r-umrD OD;wifxGÉfrSm
vyfa&;&&Sd&ef (5) &uftvdkwGif jzpfcJhonfhtwGuf vef'ef&Sd y&DADaumifpD (Privy jyefvnfv$wfay;jcif;cH&_yD; tdENd,EkdifiHokd‹ apv$wfum jrefrmppfajy;tpkd;&tzGJŒ.
Council) ac: w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfodk‹ toem;cHpmwif&ef rjzpfEkdifawmhay? xdk‹ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;qkdif&m t}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&onf? 1942
jyif Ttr+EiS fh ywfoufI txl;cH±k ;kH tzGŒJ 0ifrsm; ceft ‹ yf&mwGiyf if ueOD;tcuftcJ ckESpfrS 1945 ckESpftxd tdENd,EdkifiH/ qif;rvm;òrd›wGif aexdkifvsuf jynfya&muf
rsm; &SdcJhonf? vmrnfh q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHudk ajcmufvSeaf‹ e aecJhonf? ppf_yD;aemuf bk&ifcH.aumifpDwGif b¾ma&;ESihf taumufcGefqdkif&m
rnfh tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m jy\emrSm TcHk±Hk;jzpfvmEkdifonfudk vltrsm;tjym;u em; aumifpt D zGŒJ0ifjzpfvmcJo h nf? 1947 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&DvwGif jrefrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&;
vnfoabmaygufxm;-uonf? tcsKdŒrSm vHk;0O\Hk a-umufvef‹ae-uonf? twGuf !SdE+dif;aqG;aEG;&ef OD;atmifqef;ESihftwl vef'efòrdo › dk‹ vdkufygoGm;cJhonf?
tu,fI OD;apmwa,mufwnf;omr[kwfbJ usef&Sdaom tjcm;}uH&mygrsm;u xdck &D;pOfwiG f _Aw d od #tpd;k &ESifh oabmwlpmcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;xk;d &ef jiif;qefjcif;
,cktcsdefxd vGwfajrmufaecJhaomf xkdolrsm;u ,cktr+udpPwckvHk;udk rnfuJhodk‹ jzihf OD;apmonf OD;atmifqef;udk twdtvif; qefu ‹ sifvmcJhonf?
wk‹H jyefrnfqo kd nfrmS rodEikd af cs? jrefrmjynfvw G vf yfa&;&&S_d yD; yxrqH;k tpd;k &tzGŒJ wiG f OD;wifxÉG o f nf Ekid if H
±kH;awmf. aemufqHk;pD&ifcsufxufausmfvGef_yD; óud;yrf;rdoltcsKdŒrSm ouf jcm;a&;0ef}uD;tjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cHcJh&onf? odk‹aomf 1948 ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif
qdk;r&Snf-uay? &efukefteD;&Sd [Hom0wDrS c±dkif&J0efaxmufa[mif;wOD;jzpfol Ekwx f u G cf _hJ yD; Adv k rf ;ª csKyf&mxl; 1 jzihf t&efvufeufuikd w f yfrsm;. ppfO;D pD;csKyfjzpf
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tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm; Adv
vmcJo h nf?Ekid if x hH yd w f ef;t}uD;wef;0efxrf;wOD;ESihf tpk;d &tzGŒJ 0if 0ef}uD;wOD;tm; ypfcJhjyef_yD[lIvnf;aumif;/ OD;wifxGÉfudk EkdifiHa&; òydifbufwOD;. tiSm;a-u;
ppfwyfrS jrifhrm;vSaom &mxl;wckokd‹ ay;tyfcH&jcif;rSm xl;qef;aumif;xl;qef; pm;orm;rsm;u vky}f uHcjhJ cif;jzpfonf[I l vnf;aumif;’ a&;om;cJo h nf? oda‹k omf
aeayvdrrhf nf? oka‹d omfvnf; ol. toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r+b0onf ppfrx + rf;b0 vnf; xkd EdkifiHa&;òydifbuf rnfolrnf0gjzpfonfudkrl rnfolur# azmfxkwfEkdifjcif;
rS pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonfukd awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rod-uacs? olonf tdENd,&Sd tif'kd r&Scd ahJ cs?
ppfwuUov dk rf b S ŒJG&cJ_h y;D tdE, dN yËdnmOfcH 0efxrf;b0ok‹d 0ifa&muf&eftwGuf ppfwyf OD;wifxÉG t f owfc&H r+onf OD;atmifqef;vky}f uHc&H r+}uD;tm; olu okaw
t&m&S&d mxl;ukd pGev ‹f w $ cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf? orRwEkid if aH wmfopftaejzifh jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D oeðyvkyaf ejcif;ESifh qufE, G yf wfoufaeoavm/ odr‹k [kwf vufeufuikd w f yfrsm;
awmufavmif_yD; ysufpD;vkeD;yg;tajctaeokd‹ qkdufa&mufaecsdefwGif ppfr+xrf; twGif; tm;òydifaejcif;ESihf oufqdkifygoavm? 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif jrefrm
a[mif;rsm;ukd &Ekid o f avmuf jyefvnfppk nf;I ckid rf monfh t&HwyfrawmfzŒJGpnf;a&; EkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;_yD;csif;yif uGefjrLepfrsm;onf tpdk;&udk vufeufudkif qef‹
av;vHvSonfhwm0ef}uD;ukd olz‹ momurf;vS rf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? The New Times usifcJh-uonf? u&ifwdkif;&if;om; olykefrsm;vnf; vufeufudkifxºuGcJh-uonf?
of Burma owif;pmudk pwifxlaxmifolESihf ,if;. t,f'DwmjzpfvmcJhonf? xdkt‹ jyif tiftm;toifhtwifhom&Sd_yD; ao;i,fvSao;aom Armhwyfrawmf wyf
olonf w&m;ol}uD;OD;ausmfjrihf.tudkvnf; wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkifjzpfaecJhonf? &if; trsm;tjym;vnf; ykeu f efc-hJ uonf? xkt d cgu tpd;k &udk qufvufopPmapmihf
xdt ‹k jyif olo‹ wif;pmwGif toH;k ðy&eftwGuf OD;apm.tr+ukd xdt k csed u
f OD;wifxÉG f odaom wyf&if;rsm;teuf t"dutusqHk;rSm Adkvfr;ª csKyfae0if; OD;pD;uGyfuJaom
onf pl;prf;avhvmaecJhonf[k trsm;u ,Hk-unfcJh-uonf? trSwf (4) Armhvufeufuidk w f yf&if;jzpfonf? Tykeu f efrr+ sm;a-umifh 1948 ckEpS f
1948 ckESpf pufwifbmvtwGif; wnY OD;wifxGÉfonf pywfvrf;&Sd tukeyf ikd ;f wGif ydrk pkd nf;pepfusaom wyfrsm;udk wd;k csŒJ zŒJGpnf;cJ&h onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh
olo ‹ wif;pmwku d ±f ;Hk cef;rS um;jzifh xGucf mG &m aygufuaJG pEkid af om ud&, d mwcku OD;wifxGÉf uGyfuJaom jynfaxmifpkt&efwyfzGJŒ (Union Auxiliary Forces) ESihf
ol‹um;twGif; aygufuGJoGm;onf? qD'ifum;twGif;&Sd um;armif;olESifh tapmifh xdka‹ emuf ‘ppf0efxrf;’ [k ac:aom e,fjcm;a'owyfzGJŒ (The Territorial Forces,
a*:&cg;ESpOf ;D (wOD;rSm ola‹ b;wGif xkid af eonf) rSm csucf si;f yif aoqk;H oGm;cJo h nf? sitwundan) wdk‹ jzpf-uonf? xdkwyfzGJŒrsm;onf c±kdife,frsm;wGif a'oqdkif&m wm
Adkvfr;ª csKyftaejzifh aoavmufatmif '%f&m&oGm;onf? obm0w&m;u jyuf 0efrsm; ,lxm;-u&onf? ppfa&;wGio f mru Ekid if aH &;wGiyf g -oZmwdurU }uD;rm;r+
&,f«youJo h y‹dk if vGecf ahJ om wESpcf cJG efu ‹ OD;atmifqef; vky}f uHccH &hJ aom twGi;f a-umihf OD;wifxÉG t f aejzihf ppfa&;&nfreS ;f csuw f iG of m &yfwefr‹ aebJ Ekid if aH &;wGif
0ef±;Hk ukd vS r;f jrifEidk o f nfah e&mY T&mZ0wfrj+ zpfymG ;jcif;jzpfonf? xkt d cif;jzpfymG ; yg tjrihq f ;kH tm%m&,lvckd si-f uaom ArmhwyfrawmftwGi;f &Sd t&m&Srd sm;twGuf
onfah e&mESihf "m;vG,cf w k f vrf;wzufwiG &f adS om pdea‹f ygvfausmif;twGi;f wGif a& tiftm;aumif;aom òydib f ufwOD;jzpfaecJah vonf?
wyfpcef; ,lbDtufpf ‘&wemykH’ (U.B.S. “Ratanabon) wnf&Sdonf? xkdnu u|ef 1947 ckESpftwGif;u armfvòrdifY jynfaxmifpkppf&JwyfzGJŒ (Union Military
awmfu wm0efust&m&Sw d OD;jzpf_yD; xkad ygufurJG t + oHrsm; -um;&jcif;ukd rSwrf ad e Police) wGif 'k=Adkvftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom wkdif;&if;om;u&ifeDvlrsKd;
onf? t}uD;tuJ y=t&mcHAdkvfjzpfol au/ 'D=*0kduf(pf) (K.De-Goise) vuf (u,m;) jzpfonfh apm,dk;±ª; (Saw Yoo Shoo) onf ol. _Adwdo#t&m&Sdjzpfol
atmuf&Sd a&wyfOD;aqmifv+yf&Sm;wyfzGJŒu xkdae&mokd‹ tajy;tv$m;a&muf&SdoGm; Akvd }f uD; rduk u f ,fvaD v; (Captain Michael Lilley) Zlvikd v f (18) &ufae‹wiG f ol‹
_yD; a*:&cg; (2) OD; vJaoae_yD; Adkvfrª;csKyfrSm touf&Sif±kHom&Sdonfh owfjzwf xHodk‹ a&mufvm_yD; “atmifqef; r-umrD vkyf}uHcH&vdrfhr,f? r_idrfroufjzpfvm
r+jrifuGif;ukd awGŒ -u&onf? a&wyfom;rsm;u ol‹ukd *spfum;ay:wif_yD; odyfr cJh&if armfvòrdifòrdu › dk xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifzdk‹ toifhjyifxm;yg” [k ajymcJhonfudk ,ae‹
a0;vSaom &efuek af q;±k}H uD;ok‹d wufow k ±f u
dk yf ‹dk-uaomfvnf; aq;±k}H uD;a&muf_y;D xufwkdif rSwfrdaeao;onf? Adkvf}uD;vDav; rnfr#avmuf ydkrdkodxm;onf qdk
odyrf -umrDrmS yif OD;wifxÉG f aoqk;H oGm;avonf? [l;wifum (Hugh Tinker) u onfukd rnforl # rodEidk af wmhacs? tb,fa-umihq f akd omf olonf rsm;r-umrD tcsed f
ol. *E<0ifajrmufavhvmr+jzpfonfh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if aH wmf (The Union of twGi;f armfvòrdiòf rdw › iG f ±kwwf &ufaoqH;k oGm;cJah oma-umihjf zpfonf?
Burma) wGif ‘jynfaxmifpk. r¾dKif}uD;wckudk aorif;u 'kwd,t}udrf z,f&Sm; rSeuf efr&+ odS nfjzpfap=r&So d nfjzpfap/ TZmwfvrf;tm;vH;k ESifh tjcm; tvm;
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wl '¾m&DqefqefZmwfvrf;rsm;onf OD;atmifqef;ESihf ol‹vkyfazmfudkifbuf wif;pmrsm;uvnf; tmZmenf}uD;rsm;ESifhywfoufI t,f'Dwmhtmabmfrsm;

t&if;tcsmrsm;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfonfh yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+}uD;wGif OD;apmtjyif wav;wpm; t_rJa&;om;avh&o dS nf? usq;kH av_yD;aom tmZmenf}uD;rsm;. pGe‹f
tjcm;olrsm; ydkrdkyg0ifywfoufaea-umif; vltrsm;tjym;tm; ,Hk-unfr+ jzpfap v$wfr+rsm;udk vuf&Sdtm%mydkifwd. k‹ óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr+rsm;ESifh qufpyfazmf!e¸ f;
ayawmhonf? jyif;jyaom remvdk0efwdkr+a-umihfjzpfap/ tm%m&ruf irf;irf; &ef óud;pm;-u&if; tmZmenf}uD;rsm;. txkyw ` rdW sm;udv k nf; azmfjyavh&-dS uonf?
wufaoma-umihfjzpfap/ odrk‹ [kwf tcsKdŒae&mXmersm;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;u u|Efkyfw. dk‹ TtpOftvmtwdkif; 1992 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹xkwf ppftpdk;&ydkif ysif;
i,f&G,fvSaom trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;udk vGefrif;pGm r,Hk-unfonfhtwGuf &d_iD;aiGŒzG,faumif;vSonfh ‘vkyfom;jynfola‹ e‹pOf’ owif;pmwGif ‘rsKd;cspfpdwfESihf
a-umihfjzpfap/ rnfodyk‹ ifjzpfap/ tppftrSefwu,f&Sdaom odrk‹ [kwf awG;xifrSef; EdkifiHcspfpdwf ðypkysKd;axmifa&;’ [k a&S;qefqefacgif;pOfjzihf csD;rGrf;cef; zGihfxm;
qr+r#omjzpfaom xkæ d xdæ k xdæ
k xdæ k yk*Kd~ vfrsm;u OD;atmifqef;udk z,f&mS ;ypfcsif onfh aqmif;yg;wapmifY ‘,ae‹tcsed t f cgwGif Ekid if aH wmf_ird 0f yfyjd ym;r+wnfaqmuf
cJh-uayvdrfhrnf? OD;atmifqef;onf avmh'farmifhbufwef. ta&;ay;jcif;udk a&;tzGŒJ onf rsKd;cspfpw d &f iS o
f efaeap&ef rsm;pGm vkyaf qmifvsuf&o dS nf? Ekid if aH &;
cHc&hJ oljzpfonf? oda‹k omfvnf; ti,fwef; _Adwo d #t&m&Srd sm;taejzifh ppfyt JG wGi;f rsufESmpmESihf pD;yGm;a&;rsufESmpmwGifyg enf;rsKd;pHkjzihf EdkifiH.*k%foduQmESihf tcsKyf
OD;atmifqef;u *syefESihf yl;aygif;cJhonfudk rarhEkdif-uacs? ArmhwyfrawmftwGif; tcsmtm%mudk zsufvdkzsufqD;ðyvkyfum taxGaxGrauseyfr+rsm;udk aygufzGm;
&Sd a&S;±kd;tpOftvm t&if;&SiftawG;tac:orm;rsm; (conservative elements) aponfh trsKd;rsKd;aom tiftm;pkrsm;. &efvdkonfh vkyf&yfrsm;a-umihf ,ckuJhodk‹
ESihf tvGrf;oifhaom &efukef&Sd EkdifiHjcm;om; t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&; tkyfpkrsm;twGuf rsK;d csppf wd u
f kd a&SŒwef;wifum xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jyefvnfazmfxw k af e&jcif;jzpfonf’
um; OD;atmifqef;. vuf0J,drf;aom EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:rsm;onf pdwfysuf [lI a&;om;xm;onf?
p&mjzpfaeayawmhonf? Ttcsufudk Adkvf}uD;ADAD,ef;/ Adkvfr;ª ,ef;ESihf 'def;wdk. ‹ jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDta&;twGuf ay:aygufvmaom 1988 ckESpf/ vlxk
yg0ifywfoufaer+rsm;u &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; azmf!e¸ ;f jyovsuf&adS yonf? tHkºuGr+}uD;udk ESdrfeif;cJh&mwGif _idrf;csrf;pGm qENjyae-uaom vli,fvl&G,f axmif
rnfoq ‹kd akd p/ jrefrmh&w J yfzŒJG . &mZ0wfrc+ if; ppfaq;a&;Xme (Criminal In- aygif;rsm;pGmudk ppfwyfu aoewfjzifh ypfcwfowfjzwfcrhJ t + m; 1947 ckEpS u f vkyf
vestigation Department) taejzihf OD;apmuvGI J rnfow l OD;wa,mufurkd # vuf }uHowfjzwfrE+ iS fh qufpyfvsuf tqdyk gaqmif;yg;Yæ‘wkid ;f jynfwiG f jzpfymG ;cJah om
n‡Kd ;xd;k rpGypf cJG ahJ cs? Zlvikd v
f (19) &ufae‹u twGi;f 0ef±;kH Y jzpfymG ;cJah om vlowf raumif;r+ ted@m±Hrk sm;rS u|Ekyf w f t ‹kd aejzifh oifcef;pmrsm; &&Scd _hJ yD;jzpfonf? 1988
r+}uD;wGif OD;apmtaejzifh &nf&G,fcsuf/ OD;wnfcsuf &Sd±Hkwifru óudwif}uHpnfI ckESpf/ tzsufvkyf&yfrsm;rS awGŒóuHcHpm;cJh&aom rif;rJhp±kdufESifh ted@m±Hkrsm;udk
yd&daocsmaomtpDtpOfjzifh aemufuG,frS óud;udkif!¸ef-um;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? ol oifcef;pmtjzpf u|Ekfyfwd&k‹ ,l_yD; TuJhodk‹ aemufwzef xyfrHrjzpfay:a&;twGuf
udk,fwkdif um,uHajrmufaoewfcvkwfudk rqGJcJhonfhtwGuf ol‹tm; ‘vlowf wm;qD;&vdrhfrnf” [k qufvufa&;om;xm;avonf?
r+’ jzifh pGcJ surf wifEikd af omfvnf; ‘tm;ay;r+’ jzihu f m; pGcJ suwf ifcahJ yonf? xkad cwf tmZmenf}uD;rsm;tm; t_rJwap *k%ðf yavh&adS omfvnf; vlowform;rsm;
u jrefrmbmomjzihf xkwfa0aom pme,fZif;ESihf pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;wGif xkdtjzpf rSm rnfolrsm;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;udk rnfonfhtwGuf owfjzwfonfudkrl wvHk;
tysufEiS fh ywfoufI yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+ t&dyt f ¹rGurf #udak omfvnf;aumif; w&m; wyg'r# azmfjy±dk;xHk;pHr&SdcJhacs? Oyrmtm;jzihf txufazmfjyyg vkyfom;jynfoal‹ e‹
±Hk;awmfY -um;emppfaq;r+rsm; ðyvkyf&mwGif Oya'ta-umif;t& c|wfacsmfwdrf; pOf owif;pmyg aqmif;yg;Yyifv#if vufonfw&m;cHrsm;udkom &nf!¸ef;_yD;
yg;r+rsm;tm; &nf!e¸ ;f Iaomfvnf;aumif; azmfjya&;om;cJjh cif;r&Scd ahJ cs? tvGefa00g;vsuf qdkvkdcsuf t"dy`m,fESpfcGxGufaeom pum;vHk;rsm;jzihfæ
1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf ‘EdkifiHawmf vkyf}uHr+}uD;’ ESpfywfvnfae‹ ‘ (19) Zlvdkifonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtzdk‹ tarSmifusaomae‹ jzpfonf?
wdkif;udk ‘tmZmenfae‹’ tjzpf trsKd;om;±Hk;ydwf&ufowfrSwfum ,ae‹wdkif ESpfpOf tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf e,fcsJŒ0g'Drsm;u olwdk‹. a-u;pm;orm;rsm;udk cdkif;ap_yD;
usif;yavh&o dS nf? xdak e‹wae‹v;kH usqH;k oGm;av_yD;aom acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; wdkufcdkufcJhI jzpfonf? aemufwESpft-umwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf vGwfvyfa&;udk
vGrf;qGwfwo owd&vsuf jrefrmwrsKd;om;vHk;u *k%fðyr+ðy-uonf? tpdk;&o w&m;0if&&SdcJhaomfjim;vnf; e,fcsJŒ0g'Drsm; rsKd;aphcscJhaom udk,fhvlrsKd;tcsif;csif;
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oabmxm;rnD!w G rf r+ sm;onf jy\emw&yftjzpf }uD;rm;pGm aygufzmG ;vmcJ_h yD; aom taxmuftxm;rSm OD;apm.tr+ukd ckcu H muG,&f eftwGuf &efyakH iG pkaqmif;
,ae‹wdkif &SifoefaeqJjzpfonf? t-urf;zufvufeufudkif a&mifpHkaomif;usef; cJhaom OD;apm.tudkt&if; OD;armifarmif}uD;qkdoljzpfonf? OD;apmtaejzihf
olykefrsm; wwkdif;wjynfvHk; r+daygufouJhodk‹ aygufvmcJh_yD; 0g;tpnf;ajyouJhodk‹ t*Fvefjynf&dS ‘y&DAaD umifp’D ac: ‘w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyf’ od‹k toem;cHpm wifyikd cf iG fh
jzpfum ysupf ;D qH;k ±+;H r+rsm;udo k m jzpfay:apcJo h jzihf wyfrawmfu _ird 0f yfyjd ym;atmif &&Sdoifha-umif; 3 urBmausmf pmapmif}uD;wckjzpfaom ‘wkdif;rf’ (The Times) .
aqmif&GufcJh&jcif;jzpfonf ’ [k qdkxm;jyefonf? t,f'DwmxHodk‹ olu ay;pmrsm; a&;om;ay;ydkc‹ Jhonf? ‚if;tjyif tr+r_yD;qHk;rDyif
wzef 1990 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvxkwf vkyo f m;jynfoa‹l e‹pOfowif;pmYvnf; jrefrmEdik if .H zGŒJpnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:cJo h nf? tu,f
vkyf}uHr+}uD;wGif _Adwdo#wdk‹ yg0ifywfoufaeyHkudk rD;armif;xkd;um a&;om;wifjy I xko d o‹kd m rjzpfcv hJ #if OD;apmonf ‚if;ydik cf iG Efh iS fh tusLH;0ifr+ &Sad yvdrrhf nf?
aom tcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm; yg&Sdvmjyefonf? TonfrSm _Adwdo#wdk‹ESihf ywf oda‹k omfvnf; OD;atmifqef;udk &Si;f ypf&ef }uHpnfrt + m; vef'ef&dS tcsKdŒaom
oufI ¹cGi;f csufxm;apmihx f ed ;f cJah ompnf;udk yxrqH;k pwifazmufzsufvu dk jf cif; todkif;t0dkif;rsm;u axmufcHcJhjcif; &Sd=r&Sd[laomtcsufESihf ywfoufI _Adwdef&Sd
yifjzpfonf? xdt k csdeuf e,l;a,muf&dS urBmu h vk or*~}uD;Y _Adwo d #tpd;k & ud, k f yk*~dKvfwcsKdŒyif oHo,0ifcJh-uonf? OD;atmifqef;aov#if ol‹ae&mY OD;apmudk
pm;vS,frsm;u jrefrmEkdifiH. vlt ‹ cGihfta&;csKd;azmufr+rsm;udk wifjyaecdkufjzpfI 0ef}uD;csKyftopftjzpf jyefvnftpm;xd;k Ekid cf ahJ omfvnf; jrefrmEdik if u H kd _Adwo
d #wd‹k
_Adwo d #tpd;k &tm; odumQ usap&ef aqmif&u G o f nfh óud;yrf;r+w&yfom jzpfayvdrhf vufckyfxJwGifyif qufvufxdef;xm;Ekdifayrnf?
rnf? odak‹ omfjim;vnf; xkdtcsdefu vDvfESifh ukr`%DrS rmvf[dkx&m (Malhotra of vkyf}uHr+}uD; jzpfyGm;_yD; (2) &uft-um 1947 ck/ Zlvdkifv (21) &ufae‹wGif
Leele Co.) uJhodk‹aom xifxifay:ay:r[kwfonfh pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsKd;ESihf quf _Adwdo#atmufv$wfawmfY avbmtrwf wGrf'&Dbwf (cf) (Tom Driberg) u
EG,fr+&Sdaom &efukefrS ADAD,ef;ESihf ti,fwef;t&m&SdtcsKdŒrSvGJI _Adwdo#tpdk;&. ‘OD;atmifqef;ESifh ol‹vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm;udk av;pm;&aumif;rSef;odaom v$wf
xdyfydkif;tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m tm%mydkifyk*~dKvfrsm;xJrS Ttr+ESihf ywfoufqufpyf awmf. Tbufjcrf;&Sd trwfrif;rsm;taejzifh trSefwu,f eufeufeJeJ 0rf;enf;
aejcif;udrk l xkwaf zmfEidk jf cif;r&Sad o;acs? a-uuGJr+udk azmfjyvdkufygonf? ‘opPmazmuf taumuf}uH&ef v+H‹aqmftm;ay;
Tyk*Kd~ vfrsm; yg0ifywfoufaer+rmS trsm;todyifjzpfonf? Tt&m&Sd tcsKŒd vlrdkufarG;-uvsuf ,cktcg oufawmihfoufom jzpfae-uukefaom uGefqm
ESihf _Adwdo#pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;onf _Adwdo#aumifpDrS v#KdŒ0Sufqef;-u,fvSonfh aA;wpf vl}uD;vlaumif;rsm;xuf &efuek Yf &uf&ufpufpufðycJ-h uaom vlrorm
a*stufpf bif*av (J.S Bingley) uJhodk‹aom yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifhtwl yl;aygif;um rsm;taejzihf Tvkyf}uHr+}uD;. udk,fusihfydkif;qkdif&m tjypf&Sdr+rSm enf;yg;vdrfhrnf
OD;apmESifh ol. vusmf *d% k ;f 0ifEidk if aH &;orm;tkypf u k kd wdwwf qdwaf xmufychH o hJ nf r[kwfa-umif; u|Ekfyf pGyfpGJajym-um;vdkufygonf’ 4 [k wifjyajymqkdvdkuf&m '&D
[lIom vufwGif;&Sd taxmuftxm;rsm;t& qGJ,loHk;oyfcJh&onf? xdkrSwyg; bwf (cf) udk olt ‹ wkud t f cHtcsKdŒu avSmifajymifatmf[pfc-hJ uonf? avbmtpd;k
bk&ifcHudk,fwkdif vef'efodk‹ ta-umif;-um;onfh a-u;eef;pmxJY Tyl;aygif;}uH &ESihf uGefqmaA;wpftwdkuftcHwdk‹ yl;wGJvsuf v+dufv+dufvSJvSJ 0rf;enf;a-umif;
pnfr+}uD;wGif xdyfydkif; _Adwdo#t&m&Sd}uD;rsm; yg0ifywfoufaea-umif; azmfjy xkwfazmfajym-um;cJh-u_yD; T&mZ0wfjypfr+}uD;wGif ygwDESpfbufvHk;rS tvdkwl
rxm;onft h wGuf rdro d abmt& pdwv f ukd rf mefyg aqmif&u G af e-uaom &efuek f tvdkyg vdkufavsmnDaxGr+ r&SdcJha-umif; jiif;y,fcJh-uonf?
òrd&› Sd _Adwdo#t&m&Sdi,frsm;xJrS tcsKdŒyg0ifa-umif; oufaojy±HkrSvGJI txufazmf 1990 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv (17) &ufrS (22) &uftwGif; vkyfom;jynfoal‹ e‹pOf
jyyg aqmif;yg;taejzihf _Aw d o d #tqihjf rift h &m&S}d uD;rsm;udk pGypf &JG ef rwwfEidk cf ahJ cs? owif;pmwGif ydkrdkI ±+yfaxG;_yD; ykp>mqefaom aqmif;yg;rsm; tcef;qufyg&Sdvm
OD;atmifqef;ESifh ol‹vlrsm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&pOfu &efukef&Sd tpdk;&tdrfawmf cJhonf? Edk0ifbmv (13) &ufae‹wGif rdwˆDvmcsnfr#ifpuf±HkY ajym-um;aom
twGi;f Yomru t*Fvefjynf/ vef'efòrd&› dS Edik if jH cm;a&;±H;k tqihjf rihf _Adwo d #tm%m AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD; apmarmif. rdef‹cGef;udk txl;tqef;ðyI udk;um;xm;onf? Adkvf
ydik rf sm;yg tjcm;olrsm;enf;wl odoo d mom xdwv f efw‹ ek v
f y+ of mG ;cJ-h u&avonf?2 csKyfatmifqef;. tcef;u¾udk uyfajr‡miftoHk;csI vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r+wGif
OD;apmtaejzifh vef'efEiS fh tquftoG,&f adS -umif; jyoEdik af om wckwnf; OD;ae0if;. tcef;u¾udk yH}k uD;csŒJ &ef &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;&nf&, G x f m;onf? &efuek f
159 160
159 160
&Sd udv
k ekd tD m%mydik rf sm;u vef'efo‹kd ay;yda‹k om tcsKŒda-u;eef;pmta[mif;rsm;wGif vnf; vrf;ay:xGuo f l rnforl qdk aoewfjzihf ypfrnf[k _cdr;f ajcmufw‹kH jyefco hJ jzihf
yg&Sdonfh OD;ae0if;tm; tom;ay;azmfjyxm;csufrsm;udk owif;pmrsm;wGif jyef xdkae‹u vlxkcsDwufyGJudk zsufodrf;cJh&_yD; vlajrmufjrm;pGm tzrf;cHcJh&onf? xkd‹
vnfazmfjycJ-h uonf? aemuf wESpfausmfcef‹t-umwGif tpdk;&ydkif owif;pmrsm;Y 1990 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbm
‘umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; ae&mtwGuf vSaz (Adkvfvusfm) ESifh ae0if;t-um; vtwGif; tcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm; yg&Sdvmonf? ,if;aqmif;yg;rsm;taejzifh
&Sad eaom atmifqef;. axmufccH sufukd u|Ekyf f tpysKd;aqG;aEG;vku d yf gonf? ae OD;atmifqef;. tarGqo kd nfukd cgxkwyf pfvu dk u
f m OD;ae0if;tay: vlxu k -unf
0if;onf (ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfrS ajymif;vJzGJŒpnf;cJhaom) ArmhrsKd;cspfwyf !kdav;pm;onf[laom tcsufjzihf tpm;xkd;Ekdif&ef óud;pm;-ujcif; jzpfaumif;jzpf
rawmf trSwf (4) wyf&if;. wyf&if;rª;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJh_yD; tpOftvmaumif; ayvdrrhf nf? xkt d csed w f iG f tvGetf rif; xifay:ausm-f um;vmaom a':atmifqef;
cJholjzpfI ppfwyftjrifrS-unfhv#if olonf tvm;tvm ydkrdkaumif;rGefolwOD; pk-unfu OD;ae0if;. tjrihfqHk; tm%mydkifqdkifr+udk pdefac:vsuf&Sdae_yDr[kwfyg
jzpf[ef&o dS nf? oda‹k omfvnf; vSazudk a&G;cs,fv#if ydrk v kd ól udurf sm;ayvdrrfh nf’ vm;? odak‹ omf xdkr#jzihf r_yD;ao;? 1991 ckESpf/ ZGefv (28) &ufrS Zlvdkifv (2) &uf
‚if;tjyif atmufyg _Adwdo#umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfAdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifyvm txd vkyo f m;jynfoa‹l e‹pOfowif;pmwGif oufwrf;-umjrihv f _S yDjzpfaom OD;apm.
(Templer) . ajym-um;csuf taxmuftxm;udkvnf; vkyfom;jynfol‹ ae‹pOf ol&d, (The Sun) owif;pmrS OD;atmifqef;tay: wdkufcdkufxm;aom aqmif;yg;
owif;pmwGif yHw k u l ;l I azmfjycJoh nf? tpOfvkdufwckvHk;udk rl&if;twkdif; jyefvnfazmfjycJhonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹. trsKd;om;
‘jrefrmvlrsKd;wd. k‹ rqHk;Edkifaom oHo,rSm tvGet f‹ vGef _iD;aiGŒp&mjzpfvm acgif;aqmif}uD;tay: OD;apmu apmfum;wdkufcdkufajymqdkxm;r+rsm;ESifh ,SOfwGJ
cJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; u|Ekfyfwdk‹taejzifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;udk tultnDay;&ef vsuf OD;atmifqef;udk &,forG ;f aoG;_yD; oa&mfxm;aom umwGe;f yHrk sm;udyk ifv#if
twGuf wwfpGrf;or# aqmif&Gufay;&ef tvGefpdwftm;xufoefvsuf&Sdygonf’ jyefvnfazmfjycJhao;onf? 0efwdkr+ESihf avSmifajymifr+rsm; jynfhESufaeaom yk*~dKvf
OD;atmifqef;. emrnfonf jrefrmjynfwGif xdktcsddeftxd udk;uG,ftyfol a&;&m/ rl0g'a&;&mESifh tzGŒJtpnf;a&;&m wzufapmif;eif; wdu k cf ukd rf r+ sm;udk jyo&ef
ozG,fjzpfaeonf? vGefpGmav;pm;&aom AdkvfcsKyf}uD;qdkonfrSm wyfrawmf. jyefvnfyHkESdyf&oa,mif a0zefcsufa&;om;xm;aomfvnf; tqdkygaqmif;yg;rsm;
zcifomru EdkifiHawmf. zcifvnf; jzpfaecJhonf r[kwfygvm;? &JabmfoHk;usdyf jyefvnfay:xGuv f monfh tcsed u f rkd l jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfu owdxm;rdcyhJ gonf?
0ifwOD;jzpfcJh_yD; OD;atmifqef;ESifh &Jabmf&Jbufjzpfvmjcif;onf OD;ae0if;tm; xkdtcsdefu a':atmifqef;pk-unftaejzifh tdrfwGif;tus,fcsKyf (2) ESpfausmfcef‹
tjrihfqHk;acgif;aqmifr+udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm awmif;qdkxm;Edkifzdk‹ jzpfvmcJhonf? cHcJh&_yD;jzpf_yD; csufukdpvkdAuforRw Am;uvuf(Af) [mA,f(vf) (Vaclav Havel)
&JabmfoHk;usdyfwGif OD;atmifqef;ESihf OD;ae0if;wdko ‹ nf qefu ‹ sifbuftkyfpk (2) pkrS u olrukd Ekdb,fvf_idrf;csrf;a&;qktwGuf emrnfpm&if; tqkd«y_yD;cgpjzpfonf?
jzpf-uvsuf ,if;wdE‹k pS af ,muf rnfonft h cgr# tap;ruyfc-hJ uacs? Ttcsufukd wòydiw f nf;vdv k ydk if tpd;k &owif;pmY jrefrmhwyfrawmfxal xmif&mwGif OD;ae0if;
tpd;k &owif;pmrsm;u rnfonft h cgr# azmfjycJjh cif;r&Scd ahJ cs? . ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾udk xyfrHtxl;ðy a&;om;xm;aom wyfrawmf.
oda‹k omfvnf; 1988 ckEpS f jrefrmjynftES‹H jzpfymG ;cJah om 'Dru kd a&pDvy+ &f mS ;r+ acgif;aqmifr+orkdif;a-umif;udk tcef;qufaqmif;yg;tjzpf azmfjycJhonf?
wGif t"duacgif;aqmiftjzpf ay:xGuv f maom Adv k cf sKyf. orD; a':atmifqef;pk vkyo f m;jynfo‹l ae‹pOfowif;pmyg ,if;tcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm;onf ta&;
-unfonf ‘OD;atmifqef;. tarGudk olu qufcHcJh&ygonf’ [laom OD;ae0if; ygvSaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk jzpfay:apcJhonf? yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+ESihf ywfoufaom
. tqku d kd vlo&d iS -f um; pdeaf c:vmcJoh nf? od‹kjzihf tmZmenfae‹t_y;D aemufw&uf ,lqcsuo f t D &kd tD rsm;pkonfvnf; ‚if;ar;cGe;f rsm;udk A[kcd surf ðyvsu&f adS yonf?
1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (20) &ufae‹wGif OD;ae0if;onf a':atmifqef;pk-unfudk olu, kd wf ikd f tjrihq f ;kH acgif;aqmifjzpfvm&eftwGuf OD;ae0if;onf OD;atmifqef;udk
tdrw f iG ;f Y tus,cf sKyfcsxm;vdu k af vonf? 5 a':atmifqef;pk-unfu usq;kH av pDrHudef;cs z,f&Sm;cJhoavm? vGefpGmaumufuspf,kwfrmvSaom }uHpnfr+wGif
_yD;aom zcifjzpfolESihf &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;udk *k%fðy&ef tmZmenfAdrmefodk‹ &efukef ppfw&k if e,f±yk u f av;wckyrm OD;apmonf qifxm;onft h uGux f J 0ifrcd ahJ vo
òrd›wGif;rSjzwfI vlxkcsDwufyGJudk OD;aqmifoGm;&ef pDpOfcJh_yD; OD;ae0if;ppfwyfu avm? òydifbufwOD;tjzpf ‚if;tjyif olESihf tjrihfqHk;tm%mt-um; -um;cHydwf
161 162
161 162
qdka‹ eol wOD;wnf;aom yk*~dKvftjzpf OD;atmifqef;tay: OD;ae0if;cHpm;rdcJhonf ‘tppftrSef yl;aygif;}uHpnforl sm;xHrS tm±Hv k aJG jymif;oGm;ap&ef tuGucf s_y;D
rSm xif&mS ;vSonf? olw&‹kd aJ bmfo;kH usdy0f ifrsm; *syefEikd if /H wdu k sKdwiG &f -dS upOfu ol OD;apmudk w&m;±Hk;wifum tjypf'%fcscJhjcif;rSm qifuGufwckomjzpfa-umif; cdkif
wdk‹ tcsif;rsm;cJh-uonfrsm;udk touft&G,f Eke,fi,f&G,f-uao;aom tzGJŒxJ vHkaom oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdaeonf? tu,fI OD;apmonf tuGuf
rS uset f zGŒJ0iftm;vH;k aumif;pGmod&cdS -hJ u_y;D taxmuftxm;rsm;vnf; &Scd yhJ gonf? qifccH &hJ onf[q k v kd #if jrefrmEdik if .
H vGwvf yfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk rnfow l u‹kd
twdkcsKyfqdk&v#if tjrifoHk;rsKd; ay:xGufvmonf? ‚if;wdkr‹ Sm æ wrSefwu,f owfcJh-uygoenf;? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;/ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkESifh tjcm;
1? w&m;qdkifr+onf w&m;r#w_yD;v#if OD;apmtm; t"duvufonfw&m; yk*~dKvfrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonfqdkonfh -um&SnfpGm pGJ_rJaeaom aumvm[v
cHtjzpf azmfxw k Ef idk cf o
hJ nf? rsm;wGif trSew f &m; rnfr#avmuf &Sad eygoenf;’
2? OD;apmonf qifuGufxJ 0ifrdcJh_yD; w&m;qdkifr+ w&yfvHk;onf w&m;a&; jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; OD;ausm_f ird ;f / tjcm;qd&k , S v f pf trmcH Adv k cf ifarmifuav;
jy,k*o f mjzpfonf? wdk‹tygt0if OD;Ek/ OD;ae0if;ESihf tjcm;wif;rmaom oabmxm;&Sdol jrefrmrsm;.
3? OD;apmonf tjypfvnf; &Sdonfhtjyif qifuGufxJodv k‹ nf; 0ifrdcJhonf? tvdq k ENukd qefu ‹ sifvsuf u&ifEiS fh tjcm;vlenf;pk wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;tay:Y }uD;
yxrtjrifonf jrefrmtrsm;pk udk,fwdkif ,Hk-unfaomtjrifjzpf_yD; jrefrm rm;aom vku d af vsmr+rsm; ðyvky&f ef OD;atmifqef;u pDpOfco hJ nft
h csufukd pOf;pm;
&Jtm%mydkifrsm;ESihf pma&;q&mrsm; wifjy-uaom w&m;0iftjrifw&yfvnf; awG;awmp&mtjzpf xkdaqmif;yg;Y qufvufa&;om;xm;onf? xdk‹ jyif Zlvdkifv
jzpfonf? 'kw, d tjrifrmS 1940 ckEpS f aESmif;ydik ;f umvu jrefrmEdik if w H iG f tr+xrf; (19) &uf/ eHeufcif;wGif &efukefajrmufbuf&Sd u&ifvlrsKd; trsm;tjym; aexkdif
cJhzl;_yD; ,cktcg _AdwdefEkdifiHwGif a&muf&Sdaexdkifae-uaom _Adwdo#t&m&Sd trsm; aom tif;pdefòrd. › c±kdif&J0efaxmufjzpfol wdkif;&if;om; u&ifvlrsKd; apmpdefr+H qdk
tjym; pG_J rJaomtjrifjzpfonf? wwd,awG;ac:r+tjrifrmS rl tajccHtm;jzihf jynfy olonf OD;apmtm; zrf;qD;&ef trdef‹&&SdcJhojzihf ‘wu,fhvkyf}uHowfjzwfr+}uD;
a&muf oabmxm;uGv J o JG l jrefrmrsm;t-um; r-umrDtcsed u f rS ay:xGuv f monfh rjzpfyGm;rD eHeuf (9) em&Dcef‹wGif ‚if;u oGm;a&mufzrf;qD;cJh&onf’ [k a&;om;
tjrifjzpfonf? xm;&m xdak zmfjycsufrmS tH-op&maumif;vGe;f vSaom tqdðk ycsufjzpfaeayonf?
txl;ojzihf xdwv f efw ‹ ek v f y+ zf ,G af umif;vSaom vky}f uHowfjzwfr}+ uD;jzpf ‘xdktcsdefu OD;apmonf wpHkw&m xl;xl;jcm;jcm; vkyfaejcif;r&SdbJ olr‹ dom;pk0if
yGm;_yD; tESpf (40) eD;yg;cef‹ jzpfonfh 1986 ckESpf/ {_yDvtwGif;u u&iftrsKd;om; rsm;ESihftwl eHeufcif;tcsdefav;udk ðzef;aejcif;omjzpfonf’ [k apmpdefr+Hu ajym
tpnf;t±k;H (KNU) rS xkwaf 0onfh pmapmifwckwiG f yg&Sv d maom aqmif;yg;wyk'f qdak -umif; xdak qmif;yg;wGif a&;om;xm;jyefonf? xda‹k emuf apmpderf o H+ nf nwGi;f
onf txufazmfjyyg 'kw, d tjrifudk axmufcx H m;onf? ,if;onf 'kw, d tjrifEiS hf csi;f yif yJc;l od‹k c±kid &f 0J efaxmuftjzpf ajymif;a&$Œ jcif;udck cH &hJ onf[k qdx k m;jyefonf?
ywfoufI a&;om;xm;aom trsm;od&onfh wckwnf;aom yHkESdyfrSwfwrf;jzpf TwGif OD;apmudk u|eaf wmf. zcifjzpfol OD;xGe;f vSatmifu ae‹v,fyikd ;f wGif
onf? aqmif;yg;.acgif;pOfrSm ‘atmifqef;udk wu,f b,folowfovJ’ [lI zrf;qD;cJhjcif;tpm; apmpdefr+Hu Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ eHeufcif;wGif zrf;qD;cJhonf
yif jzpf_yD;v#if a&;om;oltrnfudk ‘u|Ekfyfwdk‹. &efukefowif;axmuf’ [k azmf qdjk cif;rSm vH;k 0rSm;,Gi;f vGaJ csmfaeonf? twGi;f 0ef±;kH rS jyefvmaom vlowform;
jyxm;onf? ed'gef;udk atmufyg pmyd'k Ef pS yf 'kd jf zihf tpðyxm;onf? rsm;udk OD;apmu eHeuf (11) em&DwGif óudqdkvufcHcJhjcif;udk oludk,fwdkif jrifawGŒ
‘1947 ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;atmifqef;udk v#KdŒ cJh&ygonf[k w&m;±Hk;awmfwGif xGufqdkcJhaom uy`wdefcef;rSmrl OD;apmudk zrf;
0Sufqef;-u,fpGm vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhr+onf u&ifvGwfajrmufa&; óud;yrf;r+wGif onft h csdeEf iS hf ywfoufI rrSm;,Gi;f Ekid af y? olonf OD;apmESihf OD;apmtdru f kd tcsdef
}uD;rm;aom tcsKd;tauGŒwckukd jzpfapcJo h nf? (39) ESp-f umjrihcf _hJ yDjzpfaomfvnf; -umjrihpf mG apmih-f unfah ecJo h v S yg; KNU pmapmifwiG f a&;om;
l nf;jzpfonf? xdrk w
xdv k ol wfrt + m; tppftrSef }uHpnfzefw;D cJo h rl sm;udrk l ,ae‹xufwidk f vlo&d iS -f um; ol/ tqdyk g aqmif;yg;&Sirf v S IJG xdak e‹u OD;apmtdro f ‹kd &Jrsm; eHeufyikd ;f 0ifzrf;jcif;ukd
razmfxw k Ef idk af o;acs? tr+. tcsut f vufrsm;udv k nf; ,ae‹xufwikd f rajz&Si;f OD;apmudk,fwdkifujzpfap/ tjcm;wOD;wa,mufujzpfap rnfonfhtcgur# a&;
Edik af o;acs’ om;ajymqdkcJhjcif;r&SdcJhacs? OD;apmtdrfudk &Jrsm; vma&muf0dkif;0ef;xm;onfhtcsdef
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rSm ae‹v,f (2) em&D &Sd_yD[k azmfaumfb!Geu f‹ vnf; twnfðyajymqdkcJhygonf? ^m%fay;cJo h nf?
oda‹k omfjim;vnf; aqmif;yg;wGif yg&So d nfh tjcm;tajctjrpf&adS om a&;om; 1969 ckESpf/ ZGefv (2) &ufae‹wGif OD;ae0if;u ,if;t}uHðycsufudk jiif;
csufrsm;tm; avhvm-unfv h #if OD;Ek (,cifu ocifE)k ESifh Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; tp y,fvdkufonf? xdk‹aemuf OD;Ekvnf; pdwfysufum wdkif;jynfrS xGufcGmoGm;cJhav
&Sdonfh oabmxm;wif;rmol jrefrmrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonf[laom pGyfpJGcsuf onf? olonf vef'efodk‹ oGm;cJh_yD; xdkae&mYyif OD;ae0if;. ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd
udrk l owdcsyo f ihv f yS gonf? (_Adwo d # tvdak wmf&rd sm;) [k pGypf cJG xH m;&aom u&if vufeufuikd af wmfveS &f ef pnf;±H;k vkyaf qmifrnfh olt ‹ pDtpOfrsm;udk -o*kwv f (29)
vlrsKd;pkrsm; (ppftwGi;f Y u&iftajrmuftjrm; r[mrdwb f ufrS &yfc-hJ uonf) ESifh &ufae‹wGif a-unmcJhonf? aemufqHk;wGif ,if;vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJonf xdkif;=
jrefrmjynfrS qkwcf mG oGm;aom _Adwo d #wda‹k emuf xd;k ppfqifvu kd yf gvmcJah om Armh jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf&dS jynfwiG ;f rS xGuaf jy;vm&olrsm; cdv k &+H mpcef;rsm;rS pwif
vGwv f yfa&;wyfrawmfxrJ S pnf;rJu h rf;rJh y&rf;ywm jzpfae-uao;aom wyfrsm; cJo
h nf? OD;Ek. vGwaf jrmufa&;v+y&f mS ;r+rS aygufzmG ;vmaom ppfwyfuv kd nf; ‘jynf
t-um; aoG;ajrus cdkuf&efjzpfr+rsm; trSefwu,f jzpfay:cJhavonf? jrefrmEdkifiH cspfvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf’ (Patriotic Liberation Army- P.L.A) [k trnf
vGwv f yfa&;&_y;D onfah emuf u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t±k;H (KNU) awmcdo k mG ;onfh ay;vdu k -f uonf? xkw d yfukd ArmhwyfrawmfY xifay:ausm-f um; vlord sm;-uonfh
tcsdefYum; xdkvlrsKd;pktcsif;csif;t-um; jzpfyGm;cJhaom roifhrwifh &efrD;yGm;onf 0g&ifx h yd w f ef;ppfacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfc-hJ uaom &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if Adv k v
f usmf / Adv
k f
jynfwiG ;f ppftjzpfo‹kd t&Sed w f ;kd jr‡iofh mG ;cJah wmhonf? 6 &efEikd Ef iS fh Adv k rf ;ª atmifwt ‹kd jyif vGwv f yfa&;&ptcsed u f Armhwyfrawmf. ppfqif
Todk‹ qdkyifqdk&jim;aomfvnf; OD;Ekonf u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;tay: touf!Sm a&; OD;pD;csKyf/ u&iftrsK;d om; Adv k rf ;ª csKyf [ifqef-um'd;k (Brig. Henson Kya Doe)/
qH;k Armacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfayvdrrhf nf? u&ifaomif;usef;r+ ray:aygufrD 1948 Armhavwyf OD;pD;csKyfa[mif; AdkvfcsKyfawmfrDuvpfzf (Air Commodore Tommy
ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif olonf u&ifrsm;. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk avhvm&ef Clift) wdku ‹ OD;aqmif-uonf? OD;Ek. v+yf&Sm;r+tzGJŒonf yl;wGJppfqifa&;twGuf
a'oqdkif&m udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; aumfr&Sifw&yfudk cef‹tyfcJhonf? rsm;r-umrD xkdif;=jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf tajcpdkufxm;-uaom autJif,lESihf rGefwdkif;&if;
1949 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&DvwGif u&ifrsm;ESihf tpdk;&ppfwyft-um; jynfwGif;ppf om;olykefwEdk‹ Sihf oabmwlnDr+ vufrSwfa&;xdk;-uonf? odak‹ omf r-umvSygacs?
jzpfyGm;aepOf OD;Ekonf _idrf;csrf;a&; tqdkðycsufw&yfudk urf;vS rf;cJhygao;onf? jrefrmEkid if t H aejzihf yxrqH;k a&;qGjJ y@mef;cJah om 1947 ckEpS f zGŒJpnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajc
od‹k jzpfI u&ifw. ‹kd ykeu f efxºuGru + kd ppfwyftiftm; oufoufjzifo h m acsr+e;f vdk cHOya'wGif &S rf;ESihf u,m;jynfe,fwdk‹udk ay;tyfxm;aom ‘cGJxGufvdku cGJxGuf
-uaom oabmxm;wif;rmol jrefrmrsm;u olt ‹ m; odumQ csonft h aejzifh ‘u&if ydik cf iG ’fh &Sod nfh &ydik cf iG t
fh ay:Y oabmuGv J tJG jiif;yGm;r+rsm; jzpfay:vmawmhonf?
Ek’ [k ‘emrnfajymif’ ay;cJ-h uonf? tu,fI ppftm%m&Sifwdu k‹ dk wGef;vSef_yD;onfESifh wòydifeuf olwdt k‹ m;vnf; ‚if;
Ttjzpftysufrsm; jzpfyGm;_yD; ESpftwef-umrS autJif,lrsm;u txifvGJ &ydkifcGihfudk ay;ygrnf[laom uwdu0wfudk wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;u ,ck
rSm; rkef;wD;r+rsm; jzpfcJh-u[efwlygonf? 1962 ck/ rwfvwGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; awmif;cHvm-uonf?
tm%modrf;vdkufonfhtcg ol‹udk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJh_yD; 1966 ckESpf/ atmufwdk Todk‹ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. ‘cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufydkifcGifh’ udk zGJŒpnf;yHktajccH
bmvtxd v$wrf ay;cJah cs? ydrk I kd zGŒJpnf;yHt k ajccHOya'enf;usaom tpd;k &pepfw Oya't& umuG,fwm;qD;xm;&efom vdkvm;ESpfòcdufaom OD;Ekonf 1973 ck/
&yf jrefrmEdik if w H iG f jyefvnftoufoiG ;f &mY tultnDay;&ef OD;Ektygt0if ,cif Zlvikd v f wGif ol. acgif;aqmif&mxl;udk Adv k v f usmf tm; v$aJ jymif;ay;tyfum xkid ;f
Ekid if ahH cgif;aqmifa[mif; (21) OD;jzifh ‘t}uHay;tzGŒJ ’ udk ^m%fe^D m%feufrsm;aom EkdifiHrS 0rf;enf;pdwfysufpGmjzifh xGufcGmoGm;cJhavonf? Adkvfvusfmonf tjrihfrm;
ppftm%m&Sifu zGJŒpnf;ay;vdkufonf? 1962 ckESpfwGif OD;ae0if; oGwfoGif;cJhaom qH;k pGr;f &nfEiS fh jynfph akH omyk*Kd~ vfwOD;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;. yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& cifrif
‘jrefrmhq&kd , S vf pfvrf;pOfygwD’ wnf;[laom ‘wygwDtm%m&Sipf epf’ tpm; 1962 &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? 1978 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvtwGif;wGif
ckEpS f rwkid rf u D usio hf ;kH cJah om ‘ygwDpkH 'Dru dk a&pDpepf’ ESifh ‘vGwv f yfaom aps;uGuf vufeufudkifwyfzGJŒ (2) zGJŒt-um; em;vnfr+vGJ&mrS jzpfyGm;yHk&aom autJif,lwdk‹
pD;yGm;a&;’ odk‹ jyefvnfOD;wnfvkyfudkifoGm;&ef (21) OD;tzGJŒ. trsm;pku t}uH u ol‹pcef;tm; 0ifa&mufpD;eif;wdkufcdkufr+wGif AkdvfvusfmusqHk;oGm;cJhonf?
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165 166
yDt,fvaf t wyfrawmfrmS vnf; xdt k usKd;quftjzpf tpdwpf w d t

f ¹r¸m¹r¸m uGo J mG ; om;wOD;jzpfol 'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef; (Lt. Gen. Smith-Dun) udkyif wyfrawmf
cJhonf? xdk‹aemuf (10) ESpfr# -umonftxd Armhvufeufudkifqef‹usifr+rSm r&Sd . umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf tpd;k &u ceft ‹ yfco hJ nf? olv ‹ ufatmufwiG rf S 'k=OD;
cJhawmhacs? xdk‹aemufwGifrS &efukefESihf te,fe,ft&yf&yfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom ppf pD;csKyf (2) OD;&Sdonf? wOD;rSm AdkvfcsKyfjzpfvm_yDjzpfaom OD;ae0if;ESihf aemufwOD;
wyf. vlowfuiG ;f rsm;rS xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifvmaom 'Dru kd a&pDwu kd yf 0JG if ausmif; rSm &JAdkvfcsKyfjzpfol u|Efkyf.zcif AdkvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmif jzpfonf? 8 ppfwyf&mxl;
om;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm e,fpyfodk‹ a&muf&Sdcdkv+Hvm-u_yD; yDt,fvfatwyfrsm; tpOfwiG f eHygwf (4) ae&mY &Sad eaom OD;wifxÉG o f nf vufonfw&m;cH vlowf
tajccsomG ;onfah e&mrsm;Yyif tajccsum &efuek pf pftpk;d &udk vufeufuikd af wmf orm;ray:bJ 1948 ckESpf pufwifbmv (8) &ufae‹wGif towfcHcJh&onf? xdk‹
vSew f ukd cf ukd &f ef topfwzef óud;pm;-ujyefawmhonf? aemuf vtenf;i,ft-umwGif u&ifyek u f efr+ ay:aygufvmcJo h nf? 'k=Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
autJi, f pl mapmifwiG f tpGypf cJG &H aom jrefrmacgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS wOD;jzpf prpf'Gef;taejzifh tpdk;&tay: qufvufopPmapmihfodaeaomfvnf; olonf
ol Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;rSmrl OD;EkEiS fh tajccHupI jcm;em;aom yk*Kd~ vfwOD;jzpfonf? &uftueft ‹ owfr&Sd cGi&fh uf&n S , f cl ikd ;f jcif;udk cHc&hJ onf? olu ‹ kd 1949 ckEpS f azazmf
OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHcH&r+ESihf ywfoufI &efukefbk&ifcH±Hk;rS vef'efodk‹ yxrqHk; 0g&Dv (1) &ufae‹wGif tem;ay;vdkuf_yD; tvkyfrvkyfolrsm; pm&if;wGif xnfh
tao;pdwaf &;om;ay;ydv ‹k ukd af om a-u;eef;wGif aoewform;rsm;udk Adv k af e0if; oGif;jcif;cH&um olonf ucsifjynfe,ftwGif;wGif rdrdoabmESifhrdrd ta0;odk‹
. trSwf (4) Armhvufeufuikd w f yfrS wyfzŒJG 0ifrsm;tjzpf azmfjyxm;onfukd owd oGm;a&mufaexkdifcJhavonf? 9
csyfoihfonf? 7 xdak‹ emufydkif; bk&ifcH±Hk;rS ay;ydak‹ om a-u;eef;pmrsm;wGifrl ya[Vd OD;xGef;vSatmifonf qif; ('f) [wf (pf) (Sandhurst) bk&ifhppfaumvdyf
qefvSaom ,if;owif;udk csefvSyfxm;cJhawmhonf? ,if;onf rSm;,Gif;azmfjyr+ odk‹ 0ifcGifh&cJhol yxrOD;qHk; jrefrmtrsKd;om;jzpf_yD; 1922 ckESpfwGif oifwef;_yD;qHk;
ayyJvm;? odk‹r[kwf EdkifiHa&;&m axmufxm;p&m ta-umif;rsm;a-umifh tm%m I bGŒJ &onfEiS fh bk&if. &mxl;cefx ‹ m;jcif;udk cHc&hJ oljzpfonf? olonf 1948 ckEpS f
ydkifrsm;u ueOD;owif;ay;ydk‹r+udk qufvufpHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;rðybJ a&Smif&Sm;cJh aESmif;ydik ;f wGif vef'ef&dS jrefrmoH±;kH od‹k jrefrmppforH ;ª tjzpf apv$wjf cif;cHc&hJ onf?
jcif;ayyJvm;? u|Ekfyfwdk‹ rnfonfhtcgr# odEdkif-uawmhrnfr[kwfacs? odk‹aomf xd&k mxl;rSm ,cifu oluikd w f , G cf &hJ onfh &mxl;xuf tqifrh sm;pGmedrahf om &mxl;
vnf; ^m%feD^m%feufrsm;vSaom trSwf (4) Armhvufeufudkifwyf. wyf&if; jzpfavonf? 1951 ckEpS w f iG f _Adwed Ef ikd if YH olw ‹ m0efoufwrf;ukeq f ;kH cJ_h yD; olonf
rª;onf xdt k csed rf pS I jrefrmhjrifuiG ;f wGif ajcmufveS v ‹f su&f adS eayawmhonfwum;? rdcifwkdif;jynfodk‹ jyefvmcJhonf? odka‹ omf olpD;vmaomoabFm oD[dkVfu|ef; (,ck
1911 ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJoh nfh w±kw=f jrefrmujym;jzpfol i,femrnf ±+armif oD&v d uFm) udv k b
H qkd yd u
f rf; qku d u f yfcsdew f iG f olu ‹ kd jrefrmaxmufvS r;f a&; t&m
ac: OD;ae0if;onf OD;Ekxuf (4) ESpfi,f_yD; OD;atmifqef;xuf (5) ESpf}uD;oljzpf &Sdrsm;u vma&mufawGŒqHk_yD; oludkifaqmifxm;aom EkdifiHul;vufrSwfudk y,f
onf? &Jabmfo;kH usdyt f zGŒJ 0if jzpfyifjzpfaomfjim;aomfvnf; OD;ae0if;onf 1946 ck zsufypfvdkuf-uonf? TonfrSm &Sif;vif;jyI r&Edkifavmufaom xl;qef;r+jzpf
ESp/f aemufyikd ;f usro S m ,SOòf ydio f rl sm;udk &uf&ufpufpufz,f&mS ;_yD; xdyyf ikd ;f ae&m onf? Tod‹k jzifh olonf oD[Vkd w f iG f 1954 ckEpS t f xd aomifwifaecJ&h onf? jrefrm
od‹k r&rae pwifwufvS r;f vmEkid cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf? vGwv f yfa&;&_yD;aemuf uGejf rL Edik if .H ArmhwyfrawmfY t&if;cH tqiht f jrihq f ;kH ppfwyft&m&S}d uD; (4) OD; &So d nfh
epfrsm;/ jynfo&l‹ Jabmfrsm; awmcdkoGm;_yD; trSwf (1) ESihf trSwf (3) Armhvufeuf teuf 1949 ckEpS t f a&mufwiG rf l OD;ae0if;wa,mufom usefcahJ yawmhonf?
udkifwyfrsm; ykefuefxºuGonfh tcsdefwGif Adkvfae0if;. trSwf (4) Armhvufeuf OD;ae0if;onf ‘rufcsD,m A,fvD’ t,ltqorm;/ tm%mt±l;trl;orm;
udkifwyfonf tpdk;&twGuf wckwnf;aom rDScdktm;xm;&m t"dur¾dKif}uD;jzpf jzpfonfrmS ,cifuvnf; rSecf o hJ nf? ,ckvnf; rSeaf eao;onf? oHo,jzpfp&m
vmcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; EkdifiHawmfumuG,fa&;udk wjynfvHk; jzef‹usufxm;Ekdif r&S?d Ekid if aH &;avmutwGi;f Y jzpfap/ ppfwyftwGi;f Y jzpfap/ olò‹ ydib f ufreS o f r#ukd
&eftwGuf OD;wifxÉG . f jynfaxmifpt k &efwyfzŒJGrsm;uJo h a‹kd om wyfzŒJGtopfrsm;udk 1940 ckESpfrS ,ae‹txd z,f&Sm;ypfcJhonfh olv ‹ ufoal‹ jcrsm;udk jrefrmtrsm;pk jrif
xlaxmifc&hJ onf? awGŒae&onfr[kwfygvm;? xdak‹ emuf ydkItvS rf;us,f/ ydkI vufoGufvmonf?
trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&; ckdifrmap&ef &nf&G,fI wdkif;&if;om; u&iftrsKd; 1947 ckESpfY trsm;jrifuGif;rS OD;atmifqef; aysmufuG,foGm;cJh&onfudk OD;ae0if;
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167 168
taejzihf pdwfoufom&m&um usdwf_yD; 0rf;tom}uD;omaeayvdrfhrnf[k ,lq xkwaf jymjyavawmhonf?

v#ifum; ta-umif;usKd;qDavsmfonf[k qdk&ayvdrfhrnf? tb,fa-umifhqdkaomf olESifh &efukefbaqGwkEd‹ SpfOD;rSm OD;apm.toufukd &ef&Smoa,mif }uHpnf
tjrihfqHk;tm%mtwGuf olt ‹ "du ,SOfòydifbuf}uD; r&SdawmhIjzpfonf? odka‹ omf Ekdif&eftwGuf (2) v-um oifwef;ay; avhusifhcH&a-umif;/ xkdokd‹ }uHpnfjcif;jzifh
OD;atmifqef;ESifh olv ‹ yk af zmfuikd bf ufrsm;tm; OD;apmu owfcsiv f matmif olt ‹ ae OD;atmifqef;ukd aoG;xk;d ajrm‡ ufyifah y;oltjzpf txifrmS ;tjrifrmS ;ap&efjzpfa-umif;
jzifh aemufuG,fu óud;udkifI tuGufqifEkdifavmufatmif pGrf;aqmifEdkifygrnf olu twdtvif;zGifh[cJhonf? Tokd‹aom ol&Jabmfa-umifvSonfhvkyf&yftm;
avm? ,if;odkq ‹ dkv#if odyfudk vGefoGm;avrnfvm;? odka‹ omfvnf; ,ae‹tcgwGif pnf;±kH;pDrHolrsm;rSm tjcm;olrsm;r[kwf? AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ESifh ol. teD;uyfqkH;
jynfya&muf jrefrmtcsKdŒu xdktwdkif;yif ,Hk-unfvsuf &Sdae-uayonf? vkyfazmfukdifzufjzpfol Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;wkd‹omjzpfonf[k OD;jrv+difu ajymjy
1992 ckESpf/ arvwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ‘zdak‹ vmh'f'ga'; (vf)’ (Fort cJyh gonf?
Lauderdale) Y ±kdufESdyfxkwfa0aom pmtkyfi,fwtkyfwGif ,if;wwd,tjrifudk a'gufwm-uif[;kd jyefajymif;ajymjyonfh OD;jrvdi+ . f ajymqdck sufrmS atmuf
aemufqHk;xkwfazmfxm;onf? zavmf&D'g (Florida) Y tvkyfvkyfaeaom jrefrm ygtwdik ;f jzpfonf?
q&m0efwOD;jzpfonfh a'gufwm-uif[dk; (ac: ) a'gufwmEdkif0if;u xkdpmtkyfi,f “wae‹ u|efawmf ppf±Hk;rSm tvkyf_yD;vdk‹ tdrfjyefr,ftvkyfrSm u|efawmhf
udk a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf? ,if;pmtkyrf mS Adv k v f usmf .nDi,f &Jabmfjrv+id Ef iS hf olw‹dk q&m Adkvfatmif}uD;uæ “udkjrv+dif cifAsm;tdrfrjyefeJt ‹ Hk;/ u|efawmhftdrfvdkufcJh?
pum;ajymqkrd t + a-umif;tcsuw f cktay: tajccHI a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? OD;jr ta&;}uD;wJu h pd w
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r*~Zif;ukd t,f'w D mcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,x l w k af 0cJo h nf? olonf 1987 ckEpS f Zlvidk f awmh&Sdw,f” vdk‹ jyefajzawmh oluæ“aumif;w,f/ 'gqdk cifAsm;tdrftwGuf vHk
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jzifh 1957 ckESpfu zwfrdcJhaom vlxkOD;vS. pmtkyfwtkyfxJrS a&;om;xm;onfh oGm;zdk‹ tdrfuae b,ftcsdefxGufw,f? b,ftcsdefjyefa&mufw,fæpojzihfaygh?
*VKefOD;apm.touftm; &ef&Sm&ef ¯ud;pm;jcif;ESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tjcm; OD;apmtoufudk &ef&Smzdv k‹ kyfwJhae‹u olu olt ‹ eufa&mifum;}uD;xJrSm '±kdifbm
tmZmenfrsm;tm; vky}f uHowfjzwfjcif; ponft h a-umif;jcif;&mwko ‹d nf xkpd OfryS if ab;u xkdifvkdufvmw,f? u|efawmfwdk‹ ola‹ emufu uyfvdkufoGm;w,f? ae&m
q&m0ef.pdwu f dk ±+yaf xG;apvsuf ykpm> wyk't f vm; tawG;yGm;apcJyh gonf? 1988 aumif;vJ a&mufa&m/ u|efawmfu olu ‹ m;udk ausmfwufvu dk wf ,f? tJ't D csderf mS
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wkd‹tay: pum;pyfrdoGm;-uonf? q&m0efu ar;cGef;rsKd;pkHukd tm;wufwa&m xyfypfw,f? tJ'gu OD;apmudk rxdbl;? bmjzpfvdk‹vJqdkawmh OD;apmu ol‹xkdifcHk
ar;onf? olr‹ w d af qGu Ekid if aH &;orm;wOD;jzpfonfh &efuek b f aqG[k vlord sm;aom atmuf av#mcsvdkufvdk‹yJ? wwd,tcsufuawmh rdk;ay:axmifypfvkdufwmyg?
ol.wGJzufwOD;yg/ yg0ifywfoufcJhonfh tHh-o&ifzkdp&m Zmwfvrf;w&yfukd azmf &efuek b f aqGu æ“a[;/ udjk rv+id /f armif;ajy;ayawmh” vd‹k atmfajymvdu k w f ,f?
169 170
169 170
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vmrSef;awmif rodawmhbl;? aoewfuawmh Adkvfae0if;&JŒ udk,fydkifaoewfyg? orm;wOD;jzpf_yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. t"du òydifbuf}uD;jzpfaom OD;apmudk
&efukefbaqGeJ‹ u|efawmfwdk‹vkyf}uHwmudk OD;apmvHk;0rodcJhygbl;? 'guawmh aoewfjzihyf pf&ef aoewform; (2) OD;udk wm0efay;tyfco hJ nf?”
u|efawmfwdk‹ (4) a,muf/ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/ &efukefbaqGeJ‹ u|efawmf OD;atmifqef;tm; vky}f uHowfjzwf&ef }uHpnf&jcif;. &nf&, G cf suf tao;
wdy‹k J odwmyg”? pdwf twdtusudk od&SdcJh-uol AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif;rsm;ESihf ppfwyfacgif;aqmifrsm;
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[k a'gufwm-uif[;kd u jznfph u G of nf? xkt d csdeu
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toH;k tjzKef;}uD;aom Adv k af e0if;udk OD;atmifqef;u qly}l udr;f armif;aecJ&h onf? onf? wyfrawmf pwifwnfaxmifcJhol OD;atmifqef;om toufxif&Sm;&SdcJhygrl
Advk af e0if;u OD;apmtouf rqH;k ±+;H apbJ &ef&mS ±Ho k ufouf jrif;orm;^m%f 10 ESihf ,if;tm%modr;f r+ukd oabmwlnaD yvdrrhf nf[k jynfov l x l u
k kd jyo&efjzpfonf?
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OD;atmifqef;. udk,fydkifwyfjzpfonfh jynfo&l‹ Jabmfwyf (PVO) rS ,leaD zmif;rsm; a&;ESiyfh wfoufonfh tpnf;ta0;od‹k wufa&mufc-hJ uonf? Adv k rf ;ª csKyfwifazu
udk 0wfxm;apjcif;jzifh ol‹toufukd &ef&Smr+aemufuG,fwGif OD;atmifqef;&Sdae Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;aoqH;k cJ&h r+ukd 0rf;enf;woajymqdck o hJ nf? Akv d cf sKyfae0if;u
onf[k OD;apmxifoGm;ap&efjzpfonf? odkr‹ Som OD;apmu OD;atmifqef;udk &efwHk‹ x&yfvdkuf_yD; æ “bmvdk‹ 0rf;enf;ae&rSmvJ? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m vlaysmhw
jyefvufpm;acsayvdrrfh nf? a,mufyJ? 'ghtjyif wkdif;jynf&JŒ jy\emawGtay: olx ‹ ufpm&if b,fvdkudkifwG,f
aoewform;rsm; rnforl nf0gjzpfonf[al om tcsuEf iS fh olw. ‹kd &nf&, G f &r,fqdkwm ig trsm;}uD; ydkodw,f” [k cyfjywfjywfajymqdkvdkufonf?
csuf/ OD;wnfcsufrsm;rSvGJI Ttjzpftysuf. tao;pdwfudk 1940 ckESpfrsm; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. tmZmenfArd mefo‹kd oGm;a&mufrnfh r[mpDru H ed ;f }uD;
aemufydkif;wGif rSwfwrf;wifxm;EdkifcJh_yD; jzpfavonf? OD;atmifqef;towfrcH& rSm csufcsif;yif aysmufu, G o f mG ;cJah wmhonf?
rD (10) vtvdk 1946 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (21) &ufae‹wGif OD;apmtoufudk acwfòydif*sme,f xkwfa0ol OD;wifarmif0if; 13 onf 1997 ckESpf/ azazmf
12
&ef&mS jcif;ESihf tcif;jzpfymG ;&mwGif jynfo&‹l aJ bmfrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeyH&k jcif;wdu ‹k kd 0g&Dvxkwf *sme,fwGif 'kwd,t}udrfxkwfa0aom u|Ekfyf. pmtkyftay:wGif òcH
vkyf}uHr+twGuf aphaqmfcsuftjzpf w&m;qdkifaepOftwGif;wGifyif udk;um;jcif;cH iHak &;om;&mYæ
cJh&avonf? odk‹aomf OD;jrv+dif. Zmwfa-umif;jyefzGihftefjcif;rsm;onf cdkifvHkr+ “‚if;tjyif TT xdkxdk tESDodk‹aom acgif;aqmifwdk‹. aemufvdkufqdkol
rnfr#&Sdonfudkrl rnfolr# odEkdifawmhrnfr[kwfacs? &efukefbaqGonf twef tcsKŒdwo ‹kd nf rdrw d q ‹kd &m. Edik if aH &;&efo[ l k xifrwS of rl sm;tay: rdrw d b‹kd mom rdrd
-umuyif OD;aESmufuifqma&m*gjzifh aoqH;k oGm;cJ_h yD; OD;jrv+id rf mS vnf; zavmf&'D g wdt ‹k pDtpOfjzifh }udrzf efrsm;pGm yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+ ðyvm-uonf? pma&;q&m &efuek f
odk‹ oGm;a&mufvnfywf_yD; ESpftenf;i,ft-um 1991 ckESpftwGif;wGif &efukef baqGudk,fwdkifu olESihf OD;jrv+difwdk‹onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. &nf&G,fcsuf/
aq;±H}k uD;Y uG,v f eG of mG ;cJah oma-umihjf zpfavonf? OD;wnfcsufrsm;tay: txiftjrifrmS ;ap&ef cyf±;l ±l;/ cyf&rf;&rf; tjrwfxw k f vkyf
olwr‹kd uG,v f eG rf D 1989 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v
f tmZmenfae‹txl;xkwf ‘The Burma aqmifrr+ sm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u G cf ahJ -umif;/ 1972 ckEpS yf ikd ;f Y befaumuf&dS rdwaf qG
11
Review’ pmapmif trSwfpOf (6) wGif armifxl; (0dZm… =ody`HwuUodkvf) a&;om; t0ef;t0kid ;f twGi;f wGif zGi[ fh 0efccH zhJ ;l onf” [k azmfjycJo h nf?
aom ‘'Drdkua&pDodk‹ aemufqHk;c&D;’ aqmif;yg;yg&SdvmcJhonf? ,if;aqmif;yg;wGif txufygjy\emESiyhf wfoufI u|eaf wmf. ,k-H unftm;xm;onfh vkyaf zmf
aqmif;yg;&Sifu OD;atmifqef;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+wGif ukid b f ufwOD;jzpfco hJ l OD;wifarmif0if;. &efuek b f aqGEiS Ehf iS hf awGŒqpHk Ofu ajymqkd
Adv
k cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;taejzifh OD;aqmiftcef;u¾rS yg0ifcyhJ EkH iS fh OD;atmifqef;tay: csurf sm;tm; aumufEw k rf wS o f m;xm;jcif;rsm;rSm OD;jrv+id u f trnfazmfxw k cf ahJ om
xm;&Sad om OD;ae0if;. oabmxm;wdE‹k iS fh ywfoufI pGypf aJG &;om;xm;onf? olEiS hf &efuek b f aqG twlwI JG *VKefO;D apmESihf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wkt ‹d ay: Edik if aH &;
171 172
171 172
t& vkyf}uHcJh-uykHrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeonftavsmuf *VKefapmtm; vkyf}uHcJh 'DZifbmv (1) &ufae‹wiG f ±kww f &ufaoqk;H oGm;jcif;a-umifh rar;vku d &f awmhyg?
olrsm;rSm olwkd‹ukd,fwkdif zGifh[0efcHcsuft& &efukefbaqGESifh ukdjrv+difwkd‹ESpfOD; xk&d ufrwkid rf D u|efawmfonf 1993 ckEpS w f iG f t*Fvyd b f momjzifh a&;om;cJh
jyefvnfxif&Sm;oGm;onfhtwkdif; OD;wifarmif0if;. rSwfom;csufrsm;rSm ta&;yg onfh “atmifqef;ukb d ,foo l wfovJ” trnfyg pmtkyu f dk ykEH ydS x
f w k af 0cJ_h y;D wzef
aom tjrifopfw&yf[k ,lqEkdifygawmhonf? okd‹&mwGif w&m;Oya'tjrifjzifh 'kw, d t}udrf wk;d csŒJpmwGt J jzpf 1996 ckEpS w f iG f xkwcf o hJ nfph mtkyu f dk jrefrm±+axmifh
qifjcifokH;oyfvkdufaomf (u) &efukefbaqGESifh ukdjrv+difwkd‹u *VKefapmtm; rS jyefvnfa&;om;wifjyoGm;Ekdif&ef rdwfaumif;wpkESifh wkdifyif-u_yD; 1998 ck
vkyf}uHjcif;onf olwkd. ‹ ukd,fa&;ukd,fwm em-unf;r+ESifh rauseyfcsufwpkHwck ESpu f ek af vmufwiG f vkyif ef;p-uygonf? xkwaf 0oltaejzifh OD;wifarmif0if;uyif
a-umifah vm? okr‹d [kwf (c) a-u;pm;vlowform;rsm;uJo h ‹dk olwv‹dk v
dk m;aom tc wm0ef,lcJhygonf? xkdtwGif; jynfyawmfvSefa&;wGif tcsdef-umjrifhpGm ukdwif
a-u;aiG wpkHw&m&&Sdjcif;a-umifh ,if;okd‹vkyfvkduf-ujcif;avm? okd‹r[kwf (*) armif0if;ESihf vufwaJG qmif&u G cf ahJ om &Jabmf&b J ufwOD;jzpfc_hJ y;D “acwf-ydi”f *sme,f
wpkHwa,mufaomolu ckdif;apI jzpfap/ rdrdoabmtwkdif;jzpfap EkdifiHa&;t& wGif t,f'DwmtzGJŒ0iftjzpf vkyfukdifvmcJhol jr0wD&JacgifrSmvnf; -opa-w;vs
vkyf}uH-ujcif;avm? okd&‹ mwGif *VKefapmtm; um,uHajrmufvkyf}uHolESpfOD;ESifh EkdifiH/ qpf'eD-rdo › kd‹ aexkdif&ef a&mufvmaoma-umifh ol.apwemqENtavsmuf
*VKefapmrSm aoqkH;oGm;-u_yDjzpfonfhtjyif t"duq&morm;taejzifh !¸ef-um; wefzkd;}uD;onfh tultnDukday;cJh&mY pmrlrsm;tm; wnf;jzwfonfhwm0efukd ,l
ckdif;apolESifh vufeufxkwfay;ol Adkvfae0if;rSmvnf; uG,fvGefoGm;_yDjzpfonf? cJhygonf? ,if;okd‹ xkdvkyfief;wGif tvkyfrsm;ae-u_yD; 2000 ckESpf ZlvkdifvusrS
wa,mufawmh usefao;onf? 'DudpPwGif Adkvfae0if;ESifh teD;uyfqkH; yl;aygif; pmtkyfxGufvmojzifh xkdtcsdefa&mufrS OD;&JacgifESifh aumif;rGefpGm pum;ajymcGifh
}uHpnfbufjzpfol Adkvfatmif}uD; (84) toufxif&Sm;&Sdao;onf? ol‹taejzifh &ygawmhonf?
ol‹q&m Adkvfae0if;ESifhtwlwGJI xkd&mZ0wfr+ukd usL;vGefcJh-uygonf[k ajzmifh u|eaf wmfpOf;pm;rdonfrmS 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ekonf 1962 ckEpS w f iG f tm%mtvk
csufay;v#if w&m;Oya't& ta&;,lppfaq; tjypfay;Ekid rf nfjzpfonf? oka‹d omf cH&_y;D onfah emuf 1969 ckEpS rf S 1978 ckEpS t f xd vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;enf;t&
rnfoy‹dk ifjzpfapumrl vGepf mG ya[VdqefveG ;f aom Tjzpf&yfrmS pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f m OD;Ek. &JwcH eG x f &l m ,d;k ',m;Ekid if o H ‹dk jrefrmrsKd;cspfy*k Kd~ vfrsm; 0kid ;f 0ef;az;r pnf;±k;H
aumif;aejcif;a-umifh ,if;uJhokd‹ a&;om;xm;jcif;ukd u|efawmf jrifjrifjcif; vkyu f idk -f uonfuh mv0,f &Jabmfo;Hk usdy0f if Akv d v f usfm/ Akv d &f efEidk /f Adv k rf ;ª atmif
OD;wifarmif0if;tm; tjrefqufoG,far;jref;ygawmhonf? OD;wifarmif0if;xHrS wko ‹d mru avwyfO;D pD;csKyf wDuvpf/ Adv k rf ;ª csKyf apm-um'k;d / 0ef}uD;a[mif; OD;oGif
od&onfrmS xkt d csdeu f olt ‹ aejzifh &efuek b
f aqG.pum;rsm;onf olp‹ w d x
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azsmufzsufIr&atmif pGx J ifusef&pfvsuf&adS omfvnf; xkt d csdeu
f ,k;d ',m;Ekid if H wuGyg0ifcahJ -umif; -um;odc&hJ onf? 14 xkt d csed yf idk ;f wGif ukb
d aqGonf OD;wifarmif
‘y&mu|y=f u&Dcef’ -rdt › eD; jrefrme,fpyftwGi;f &Sd txl;wyf&if; (1) “ewf&iS af emif” 0if;ukd pum;0kdif;wGif ajymcJhonfhenf;wl ola&mufcJhor# ae&mwkdif;wGif pum;pyf
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baqG. ajymqkdcsufrsm;tm; ckdifrmaomtaxmuftxm;jzpfap&ef toHzrf;,l ajymjyavh&Sd&m OD;&Jacgifukd ar;jref;&mwGifvnf; atmufygtwkdif; olodor#
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wGiv f nf; ±k;d ajzmifjh cif;r&Sad om vufeufuidk ef nf;rsm;jzifh tm%m&,l=rmefwcH eG f orm;yDyD trSm;trSefukd t"durxm;bJ tEkdift±+H;ukdom t_rJwrf; t"duxm;
xlae-uonfhþ,leDazmif;0wf EkdifiHa&;orm; tajrmuftjrm;ESifhvnf; ywfouf wwfoljzpfI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wyfrSxGufum EkdifiHa&;e,fxJokd‹ 0ifa&mufoGm;
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173 174
173 174
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ynmt&nftcsif;tm;jzifv h nf; _Adwo d #yËdnmOfc0H efxrf; (I.C.S) jzpfaoma-umifh twGif;a&;owif;uav;wuGufjzpfownf;?”
rsKd;cspfygwDtpkd;&wGif {uefrkcs umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; jzpfvmvdrfhrnf? xkd‹a-umifh OD;jrv+difESifh &efukefbaqGwkd‹ ajymjyonfhZmwfa-umif;ESpfrsKd;ukd E+dif;,SOf
Adkvfae0if;onf a&SŒqufrawG;awmhbJ &efukefbaqGESifh vGefpGm&if;ESD;aom pl;prf;ppfaq;-unh&f mwGif Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmif}uD;. -oZmt&Sed t f 0gukd cH&yk&H onfh
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(jr0wD&Jacgif jyefajymif;ajymjyonfh &efukefbaqG. ajymqdkcsufrSm atmufyg rnf[k ,kH-unfcJhygonf? &efukefbaqGrSmawmh pifppftm;jzifh Adkvfae0if;. ,kH
twkid ;f jzpfygonf? vky}f uHra+ e‹ naeykid ;f rSpwifIjzpfonf?) -unftm;xm;jcif;wnf;[laom tumtuG,fukd&cJh_yD; ola‹ oewfukdyg tyfESif;cH
“*VKefOD;apmtm; a&S;OD;pGm okwfoif&Sif;vif;&eftwGuf olESifh ukdjrv+difwkd‹ &oljzpfI olt ‹ m; Adv k af e0if;u ESpOf ;D csi;f awGŒqIHk trdea‹f y;vkud o f nfrmS OD;apmtm;
onf pywfvrf;wae&mrS *VKefapmtm; ol. ‘ol&d,’ owif;pmwkduf±kH;ay:rS aoatmif ypfowf&efyifjzpfonf? xkt d a-umif;ukd ukjd rv+id yf ifv#if odrnfr[kwf
qif;vm_yD; um;ay:wufcsdet f xdapmifI h olu ‹ m;ESihf rvS r;f rurf;rS uyfvu dk o f mG ; acs? ,if;okd‹v#if xkdudpPESifhywfoufI aoatmifypfonf/ acsmfypfonf[laom
-uonf? *VKefOD;apm t_rJoGm;avh&Sdaom tdrfjyefvrf;rsm;twkdif; vkdufoGm;&mrS tEkrme t,ltq tqkd-urf; (2) rsKd; ay:xGufoGm;apumrl xkdolESpfOD;onf
tcgtcGiahf umif;rnfh &efuek af xmif}uD;ESihf jynfvrf;xdyw f ae&mwGif &efuek b f aqG rkdufrJaomjypfr+}uD;wGif um,uHajrmuf tultnDay;cJh&olrsm;jzpf-u_yD;
onf xkdtcGifhaumif;ukd vufrv$wfbJ olu ukdjrv+dif.um;ukd t&Sdefav#mhapI Adv
k af e0if;ESihf Akv d af tmif}uD;wko ‹d nf aoG;xk;d ay;cJ-h uol txufq&m}uD;rsm;jzpfchJ
ol.vufwiG ;f rSþaoewfjzifþh um;'±kid b f mESi,hf OS xf idk _f yD; vku d yf gvmaom *VKefapm -uonfrSm xif&Sm;yg.? olwkd‹.t}uHt& olwkd‹.om;aumif *VKefapmrSmum;
. aemufaphwnfw h nfu h cdk sdeu f m yxrtcsufypfxnfv h u dk of nf? oka‹d omf vGepf mG raorD rsufpw d vk;H qk;H ±+;H &±koH mru toufyif qk;H ±+;H &onft h ajctaeok‹d a&muf
tuif;yg;I t_rJrjywf owduyfaeaom *VKefapmonf ola‹ &SŒum;rSefxJrS ‘jynf cJh&onf? xkdpGyfpGJcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI ,cktcsdefwGif Oya'txufrS aeEkdif
ol&‹ aJ bmf’ ppf0wfp0Hk wfxm;onfh vlEpS af ,mufteuf acgif;wk;H qHawmufEiS o hf ul ao;aomolrsm;u ,if;udpPonf olwkd‹ESifh vkH;0rywfoufa-umif; rD;aoatmif
olt ‹ m;aoewfjzifþh csdev f u dk of nfuþdk vS r;f jrif&aomtcsdeYf yifþaoewfow H csufEiS hf rajz&Si;f Ekid o f r#umvywfv;Hk TrSww f rf;rsm;onf aemifaomtcg jynfor‹l sujf rif
twlþol‹ezl;ylceJjzpfoGm;onf? xkdtcsdefYyif olonf um;zifxkdifckHab; '±kdifbm ±ky&f iS t f jzpfo‹dk a&mufvmOD;rnfrmS tvGeaf ocsmyga-umif;?
&Sd&mbufokd‹ olu ‹ kd,fukdvSJtcs aemufxyfaoewfoH (2) csuf xyfxGufvmonf? xdo k q ‹kd v kd #if OD;atmifqef;udk rnfol trSew f u,fowfoenf;? Tar;cGe;f
'±kdufbmuvnf; um;ukdb&dwftkyfI um;xJiakH‹ evkdufonf? um;rSefuGJprsm;rSm rSm tvGef}uD;us,faom ar;cGef;jzpfayrnf? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf }uHpnfr+}uD;
olwE‹dk pS Of ;D vk;H ukd vGiphf ifxrd eS -f uonf? wck. jzpfEkdifajc&Sdaom óud;udkifpDrHcJhol ^m%f}uD;&SifwOD;wa,muf. aocgeD;
‘ukd&Jacgif&,f/ vlawG&JŒuHqkdwm rSefyJrSefovm;awmh rajymwwfygbl;? ajzmifch suu f vGI J rnfonft h &mu trSew f &m;udk tusK;d w&m; xdxrd rd d azmfxw k f
cifAsm;vJ u|efawmhfvufukd todom;yJ/ u|efawmfypfvkdufwmuawmh ola‹ emuf Ekdifygvdrfhrnfenf;? xdka-umifhvnf; tjcm; rnfolwOD;wa,mufr#r[kwfbJ OD;
aphwnfw h nfu h dk ypfxnfv h udk w f mygyJAsm? 'gayr,fh olu um;rSex f rJ mS u|efawmhf apmom tjypf&Sda-umif; ±Hk;awmf. ed*Hk;ur`wf tqHk;owfaumufcsuf. aemuf
ukjd rifv‹dk vSnt hf -unfv h u dk rf mS u|eaf wmfypfvu dk w
f uhJ sn[ f m ola‹ emufaphurdk rSeb f J ydkif;Y jzpfEkdifajc&Sdaom OD;apmtjyif tjcm; yl;aygif;}uHpnfolrsm;ESihf ywfoufI
ole‹ zl;ukd &Syrf eS o f mG ;wmyJ’ [k }udwrf Ekid cf rJ & ajymjyygonf? cdik cf idk vf v kH kH &SmazGawGŒ&rdS + r&Scd ahJ cs?
Tum; vGecf ahJ om 1972 ckEpS cf efu ‹ &Jabmfo;Hk usyd 0f if Adv k rf ;ª atmif/ pma&; OD;jrv+dif. zGihf[0efcHcsufonf ya[Vdqefqef pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m aumif;
q&m &efukefbaqGESifh ajrmif;jrbaqGwkd‹onf ,dk;',m;EkdifiH uvef'ef-rd› -oZm onft h jyif trSew f &m;tcsKŒdonfvnf; ygayvdrrhf nf? vGwv f yfaom oufaorsm;
_cH}uD;twGi;f v#Kd0‹ u S zf iG v
hf pS x f m;onfh toHvi$ Xhf meok‹d OuU@}uD; OD;EkEiS ahf wGŒq&Hk ef r&Sb d v J suf tvGwo f abmpum;0kid ;f wckwiG f ava-umoiho f vdk xkwaf zmfajymqdk
175 176
175 176
oGm;onfhta-umif;t&m tcsuftvufwpHkwckay:wGif tajcðyvsuf orkdif;udk

jyefvnfjyifqifI &Edik yf goavm? tar&duef orRw *|eftufzu f ae'D vky}f uHc&H
15
r+ ESifh urBmo h rdik ;f wGif ,ae‹wikd f rajz&Si;f Edik af o;aom tjcm;v#KŒd0u S q
f ef;-u,fr+
rsm;uJhodky‹ if trSefw&m;wckvHk;udk rnfonfhtcgr# odEdkifrnfr[kwfawmhacs? odk‹
1994 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv? uifbm&mòrdŒawmfwGif vGwfvyfa&;ae‹ (46) }udrfajrmuf tcrf;tem; e0w oH±kH;a&SŒwGif ,SOfòydifqifE$J-upOf?
&mwGif odxm;_yD; taxmuftxm;rsm;ESifh rdrdwdk‹ vHk;0rod-u&ao;bJ vGwfae
onfh tcsuftvuftajrmuftjrm;udk tajccH_yD;v#if OD;apmwa,mufxJr[kwf
0JrS,m apmvGifOD;/ a'gufwmat;ausmf/ yD=awm±kd/ rmvfuGefbGwfum;/ OD;cifatmif/ a'gufwmwifha0ESifh a':trmcsKd?

[k ,lqv#ifvnf; &Ekdifayao;onf?
rnfuo hJ y‹kd ifjzpfap tvGevf eG u
f s,jf yefa‹ om orkid ;f a-umif; taetxm;t&
ydkrdkta&;}uD;onfrSm OD;apm. aoewform;rsm;u &efukefòrd›v,f&Sd twGif;0ef
rsm;±H;k txJo‹kd twif;0ifa&muf_yD; aoG;at;at;ESihf jrefrmEdik if . H tav;pm;&qH;k
Ekid if aH &;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; ypfcwfowfjzwfc_hJ yD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk vkyf
}uHcJhjcif;onf rsKd;quf (2) qufcef‹ (49) ESpfr# -umjrihfcJh_yDjzpfaomfvnf;þ,ae‹t
xd &SifoefaeqJjzpfaom t-urf;zufr+ESifh r,HkouFmjzpfr+ tarGudk csefxm;&pfcJh
jcif; jzpfayawmhonfwum;?
Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô
177 178
177 178
Adv
1992 ckESpf/ rwfv?

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmjynf
!Ge‹f aygif;tpk;d &0ef}u;D csKyf
a'gufwmpdef0if;
-opa-w;vsjynfokd‹
c&D;vSnfhvmpOf
qpf'eDòrdŒavqdyfY
a'gufwmwifha0 óudqkdykH? 1971 ckESpf/ aomif;&if;jrpfwae&m? A[kdpdwf"mwfppfqifa&;Xme jynfcspfvli,fwyfaygif;pk
toHv$ifhtzGJŒ0ifrsm;? 0JrS,m jr0wD&Jacgif/ ukdaxG;jrifh/ rcifrsKd;at;/ ukdwifarmif0if;ESifh ukdoka0?
1990 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv?

uifbm&mòrdŒawmf e0w oH±kH;okd‹
'k=Akdvfrª;}uD; &JxGÉf
v#Kd‹0SufpGmvm_yD; ppftpkd;&tm;
u±k%moufol jrefrmrsm;ESifh
awGŒqkH&mwGif uef‹uGufaeaom
'Drkdua&pDbufawmfom;rsm;ukd
vma&mufyl;aygif;tm;ay;onfh
ygarmuQ *sKd;ZufqD(vf)yg;pwkdif;
(Prof. Josef Silverstein,
Rutgers University, N.J, 1991 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv? tar&duef zavmf&D'gòrdŒwGif jrefrmjynfaqG;aEG;yGJusif;ypOf a-u;rkHOD;aomif;
USA tm; (FDB twkdifyifcHtzGJŒ0if) ESifh OD;wifarmif0if; (CRDB OuU@) wkd‹ wufa&muf-upOf? (OD;wifarmif0if;
a'gufwmat;ausmEf iS t
hf wlawGŒ&yk?H rdef‹cGef;wGif NCGUB !Gef‹aygif;tpkd;&tm; axmufcHulnD&ef wkdufwGef;ygonf?)
179 180
179 180
Adv
w,f? vlpkvla0; tpnf;t±Hk;udk tajccHwJh acgif;aqmifr+ enf;twwfynmeJ‹

vufeufwyfqifxm;olrsm;&JŒ tm%meJ‹ wifhw,fr+jzpfw,f? jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ tem
*wfukd a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyaJG wGu qH;k jzwfrmS r[kwb f J aoewfu qH;k jzwfrmS jzpf
w,f? jrefrmhEidk if aH &;rSm cifAsm;wd‹k vdt
k yfwmu Ekid rf ,fb h ufu prdze‹kd ‹J aoewfawG
tcef; (6) tajrmuftjrm; &Szd y‹kd jJ zpfw,f” [k rSwcf sufcscJzh ;l onf?
a'gufwm barmf. taumif;rjrifaom óudwiferd w + nf 4 OD;apmESifh
d zf wfro
t-urf;zufr+ tarG wu,fvufawGŒ jzpfvmcJhonf? eef;pOfrudkÉfudk t&,leef;wufEkdifa&;twGuf
òydib
f uf[o l r#ukd vH;k 0O\k&H iS ;f vif;ypfonfh okwo f ifa&;udk jrefrmtm%m±l;rsm;
,ae‹wdkif usihfoHk;vsuf&Sdonf? trSeftm;jzifh Ttcsufudk pwifoabmaygufol
jrefrmtrsK;d om; trSww f q H yd rf S rmef0ifx
h ,fvaS om Oa'gif;udk twk,o l nfh rSm OD;atmifqef;udk,fwdkifyifjzpfonf? 1946 ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif olonf xdktcsdefu
tvm; olonf cyfrwfrwfav#mufvmonf? olt ‹ em;&Sdvlrsm;udk vufqGJvsuf cGJ bk&ifcjH zpfaom qm&,f*seD ,fa':refprpfEiS fh awGŒ _yD; ol. txD;userf E+ iS hf rdwaf qG
cGmumeD; E+wfqufpum;qdkonf? jznf;nif;pGm/ wnf_idrfpGm/ tòyH;wpGef;wpjzifh enf;yg;r+wdk‹ESihf ywfouf_yD; ESpfudk,f-um;ajymcJhonf? xkdtcsdefu OD;atmifqef;
OD;apmonf óud;pifay:od‹k wufomG ;avonf? xkt d csed o f nf 1948 ckEpS /f arv (8) onf rsuf&nf0Jvsufæ “trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif qdkolawG[m b,favmuf-um
&ufae‹/ t±k%fwufcsdefjzpfonf? jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&_yD;I (4) vESifh (4) -umcHovJ/ 'Dwidk ;f jynfrmS awmh ody-f um-umrcHygbl;? olwr‹kd mS &efoo l yd rf sm;vGe;f
&uf&SdcJh_yD? OD;atmifqef;ESihf olv ‹ kyfazmfudkifbufrsm; vkyf}uHcH&_yD; (10) vausmf w,f? touf&iS af ezd‹k (3) ESpq f w kd m trsm;qH;k ar#mv
f if&h rSmyJ? usaemht f wGuaf wmh
-umjrihfcJhav_yD? ‘owf&J&if ao&J&r,f’ 1 [laom olv ‹ ufoHk;pum;twkdif; owWd aemufxyf (18) vxuf ydkae&zdk‹ wGufrxm;ygbl;” [k qdkcJhonf? 5
udjk yonfh aemufq;kH vuQ%mtjzpf OD;apmonf ol‹ jrifuiG ;f udk zH;k tkyrf nfh acgif;pGyf aemufxyf (18) v -um_yD; oltoufrqHk;±+H;rD (6) &uftvdkwGif OD;atmif
udk jywfom;pGm jiif;y,fvdkufonf? qef;onf &efukefòrd›Y vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ}uD;wckudk rdef‹cGef;ajymcJhonf? xkdae‹onf
ol‹aemufqHk;c&D;udk oufaocH&ef pk±Hk;vsuf&Sdol vltenf;i,fudk olonf Zlvdkifv (13) &ufae‹ jzpf_yD; vwfwavma&G;cs,fjcif;cHxm;&aom wkdif;jynfðy
cyf&J&Jyif wcsuf tjrefvS rf;-unhfvdkufonf? óud;ay;olonf olv ‹ nfyif;udk óud; v$wfawmf. wdk;wufr+ tajctaeESihf ywfouf_yD; olu ajymqdkcJhonf? xkdpnf;
uGi;f pGyv f u kd _f yD; óud;udk aqmihq f v JG u
dk of nf? puUey‹f ikd ;f twGi;f wGif vl-urf;rif;om; a0;yGJ}uD; wufa&mufolrsm;onf olr‹ defc‹ Gef;udk E+wfqufrdefc‹ Gef;tvm; cHpm;-u&
toufxu G o 2
f mG ;avonf? armifp;kd / oufEiS ;f ESihf r+e}f uD; 3 wdo ‹k nf tif;pdeaf xmif onf? “cifAsm;wdk‹udk usaemf uae‹ajymcJhcsifw,f” [laom edrdwfjyaemufqHk;p
wGiyf if olwa‹kd cgif;aqmifaemuf óud;pifay:vku d o
f mG ;-uonf? armifped Ef iS fh &ef}uD; um;jzifh OD;atmifqef;u olr‹ decf‹ Gef;udk tqHk;owfcJhavonf?
atmifwo ‹kd nf &efuek w f iG f óud;ay;cHc&hJ onf? 1947 ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ wzGJŒvHk;eD;yg;udk &Sif;vif;ypfjcif;onf
w&m;pD&ifa&; cHk±Hk;.wm0efum; _yD;pD;cJh_yD? w&m;Oya'onf wOD;aumif; okwfoifa&; tawG;tac:. yxrqHk;ESihf t±kdif;tpdkif;qHk; &v'fjzpfonf? uHwl
pGefp‹ m;r+ 0g'tay: tEkdif,lEkdifcJh_yD? odka‹ omfjim;vnf; ,ae‹xufwdkif wdkif;jynft tusK;d ay;jzpfrnfh aemufwzGŒJ rmS wyfrawmfjzpfonf? orkid ;f . ta&;ay: tajct
aejzifh cHpm;ae&qJjzpfaom jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;. t-urf;zufr+tarGudk OD;apmESihf ol‹ aersm;u ocifwjzpfvJ ppfom;jzpfol OD;ae0if;udk _Adwdo#u avhusifhoif-um;cJh
vlrsm;u csefxm;cJhavonf? olrsm;jzpf-u_yD;/ ynm&nfjrihrf m;vSaom t&m&So d ;kH OD;jzpfonfh Akv
d rf ;ª csKyf wifxÉG /f
OD;atmifqef; vky}f uHjcif; rcH&rDuyif jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;. ppftwGi;f acgif; AdkvfcsKyf xGef;vSatmifESifh 'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef;wdk‹ESifhtwl vkyfazmfudkifbuf
aqmifjzpfaom a'gufwmbarmfuæ “aoewfu;kd uG,rf [ + m tpGt J vrf;}uD;aewJh tjzpf ae&mcsxm;ay;cJo h nf?
t&mudk ud;k uG,o f vdk jzpfvmw,f? *syefawGqu D jrefrmawG ESpcf sufavhvmcJ&h AdkvfcsKyfae0if;taejzifh ola&muf&Sdae&aom tajctaewGif tawmf rtD
181 182
181 182
t-urf;zufrt
+ arG Adv
rvnfcHpm;&ayvdrfhrnf? olò‹ ydifbufrsm;rSm r-umrDyif towfcH&olcH&/ &mxl;rS tuG,f ,lxm;r+w&yfjzpfa-umif;æ‘jrif;òydifuGif;onf vltrsm;pka0;&m ae&m
z,f&mS ;cH&olc&H jzpfuek -f uavonf? jzpfonf? olonf jrif;wpfay;r+rsm;udo k m em;axmifonfr[kw/f tpd;k &Xme toD;
u|eaf wmf.þzcifjzpfoþl Av kd cf sKyfxeG ;f vSatmifEiS þfh '=k Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;þprpf'eG ;f wdo
‹k m oD;wGif vkyu f ikd af e-uaom olt ‹ odrw d af qGrsm;xH vSnyhf wfomG ;vm_yD; aemufq;kH
ta-umif;jycsuf tcdik t f vHrk &Sb d J &mxl;rS xkwyf ,fjcif;cH&onfr[kwaf cs? u&if owif;rsm;udk ar;jref;pHkprf;cJhonf’ [k a'gufwmarmifarmifu OD;ae0if;.
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESihf tjcm;e,fpyfa'o&Sd vlxkudk pdwfauseyfap&eftwGuf vli,fb0udk pdwful;pdwfoef;aumif;aumif;jzihf qufvufyHkazmfxm;onf?
'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef;udk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpf&ef rsm; OD;ae0if;tm; axmufcHtumtuG,fay;olrsm;xJwGif wOD;jzpfaejcif;
ygonf? xdk&nf&G,fcsuftwGufyif tjcm;u&ifvlrsKd;ESpfOD;jzpfonfh qif;'f[wfpf twGuf olr-umc% xkwyf ,fypf&mwGif a'gufwmarmifarmif yg&Srd oGm;bJ &Sio f ef
ppfausmif;qif; Adkvfr;ª csKyf apm-um'dk;udk ppfqifa&; OD;pD;csKyftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ vGwfajrmufaejcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? Tonfudk óudwifcef‹rSef;I &Edkifonf[kqdk
Adv
k rf ;ª }uD; &S±D ;d+ udk avwyfO;D pD;csKyftjzpfvnf;aumif; wyfrawmfxyd w f ef; &mxl; Ekid yf gonf? a'gufwmarmifarmifonf aysm! h o
hH w
l OD;jzpfonf? olonf OD;ae0if;t
rsm;twGuf a&G;cs,fcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? ay: rnfonf_h cdr;f ajcmufrr+ # rjzpfapcJ?h ‚if;tjyif uyfzm;owW0gjzpf&eftwGuf ol
'k=Adv
k cf sKyf}uD; prpf'eG ;f ESit fh wl olwE‹kd pS Of ;D onfvnf; &mxl;rS xkwyf ,fjcif; . ,cif ynmwwft&nftcsif;rsm;udk pGefŒv$wfypf&efvnf; olu 0efrav;acs?
cHcJh&onf? 1949 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±Hk; (KNU) u 1988 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f twGi;f xkt d csed uf jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f Oya't& &yfwnfEidk af om
vufeufuikd af wmfveS cf sdew f iG f wyfrawmfxrJ S ,if;xdyw f ef; u&if (3) OD;rSm tpd;k wckwnf;aom EkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD;jzpfonfh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD (rqv)
&udk qufvufopPmapmiho f q d jJ zpfonfrmS ,Hrk mS ;oHo,jzpfp&m r&Syd gacs? od‹kjzpfI . OuU@ESifh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if . H orRwtjzpfyif rnfrnf&&r[kwaf om a'guf
olwdk‹xkwfy,fcH&jcif;onf vlrsKd;a&;oufouftay:wGif tajccHIaomfvnf; wmarmifarmifuykd if wifajr‡mufapcJah yonf?
aumif; odk‹r[kwf olwdk‹udk &Sif;vif;ypfEkdifa&;twGuf csufaumif;&&SdoGm;ol òydif od&‹k mwGif ydrk tkd pGr;f tp&Sad om tjcm;yk*Kd~ vfrsm;rSmrl okwo f ifa&;vrf;pOf.
bufwOD;a-umihaf omfvnf;aumif; jzpfEidk af yonf? om;aumifrsm; jzpfcJh-u&onf? OD;atmifqef;. ausmif;om;b0u t&if;ESD;qHk;
tm;aumif;aom òydifbufwdkif;udk z,f&Sm;ypf&ef OD;ae0if; pGJpGJ_rJ_rJjzpf&jcif; a&mif;&if;wOD; jzpfcJholjzpf_yD; 'k=0ef}uD;csKyf/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;wm0efrsm;ukd
. tpdwftydkif;w&yfonf ol. tm;i,fpdwfrS trsm;qHk; tajccHjcif; jzpfEkdifacs vGwfvyfa&;_yD;aemuf xrf;aqmifcJhol Adkvfvusfmonf olt ‹ aejzifh tpkd;&&mxl;
&Sdayonf? OD;ae0if;. i,femrnfrSm ±+armifjzpfonf? udk±+armifonf *syfqif tm;vkH;rSEkwfxGuf_yD; pD;yGm;a&;avmutwGif;okd‹ 0ifa&muf&ef taumif;qkH;jzpf
aumvdyrf S 1931 ckEpS w f iG f ausmif;xGucf &hJ _yD; ,cifcsmcsv D rf; (,ck ud, k rhf if;ud,k f a-umif; qkH;jzwfcJhonf? 6
csif;vrf;) &Sd &efukefòrd›/ qifajczkH;&yfuGuf pmwkdufcGJwckwGif ti,fwef;pma&; OD;atmifqef;. tjcm; t&if;ES;D qH;k a&mif;&if;wOD;rSm Adv k af usmaf Zmjzpfonf?
av;jzpfcJhonf? ol. txky`wWdudk a&;om;ol a'gufwm armifarmifu ‘jrefrm olonf 1950 ckESpfrsm; tv,ftxd wyfrawmfxJwGif qufvuf&SdaecJhonf?
jynfESihf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;’ (Burma and General Ne Win) pmtkyfwGif ‘xdkpma&; w±kwjf ynf}uD;wGif uGejf rLepfwa‹kd tmifycJG _H yD; wqufwnf; ,leefjynfe,frS jrefrm
tvkyo f nf ocifvil ,fuav;tm; pmrsm;/ a-u;eef;rsm;udk wdww f qdwpf pfaq; jynfxx J u G af jy;_yD; usL;ausmv f mol ulrifwefwyfrsm;tm; qefu ‹ siwf eG ;f vSeaf om
zwf±+_yD; ykvdyftzGJŒ. v+yf&Sm;r+udk ol‹&Jabmf&Jbufrsm;tm; óudwiftoday;EkdifcJh wdkufyGJtrsm;tjym;udk olonf atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEkdifcJhonf?
onf? olonf axmufvS rf;a&;tvkyfwGif xufoefonf? xkdtvkyfonf owif; 1950 ckESpfrsm; apmapmydkif;wGif AkdvfausmfaZmonf tvGefausmf-um;aom
&,la&; pcef;aumif;wckjzpfco hJ nf’ [k a&;om;cJo h nf? wyf&if;rª;wOD;jzpfcJhonf? OD;ae0if;udk,fwdkifuvGJI ArmhwyfrawmfxJwGif quf
xdktcsdefu ol. &Jabmf&Jbufa[mif;jzpfcJhol wOD;wa,mufur# OD;ae vufwm0efxrf;aqmifaeol &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifxJrS olwOD;om usefawmhonf?
0if;xHrS wpHkw&m owday;cHcJh&jcif;udk jyefvnfrSwfrdjcif; r&Sd-uacs? OD;ae0if; tvGet f rif; ±dak oav;pm;jcif;cH&aom &Jabmfo;kH usyd o f nf acwfopfjrefrmhordik ;f
jrif;òydifuGif; r-umc%oGm;cJhjcif;onfvnf; ol. EkdifiHa&;v+yf&Sm;r+udk tum wGif '¾m&Dqefqef taetxm;eD;yg;rsKd;okd‹yif a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf? olwdk‹onf
183 184
183 184
t-urf;zufrt
+ arG Adv
jrefrmEkid if .H vGwv f yfa&;zcifrsm;ESifh Ekid if v hH ufeufuikd w f yfrsm;udk pwifxal xmif xrf;rsm;/ tqifhjrihf ppfwyft&m&Sd}uD;tcsKdŒESifh 'kwd,urBmppfrS ppfjyef}uD;rsm;
h rl sm; r[kwyf gvm;? xka‹d -umifh bDtidk af t (BIA)/ bD'aD t (BDA) ESifh bDtifeaf t
cJo trsm;pka-umihfjzpfonf? tpdk;&rl0g'onf t&if;&Sif0g'jzpf_yD; vufawGŒusonfh
(BNA) wdk‹. ti,fwef;t&m&Sdrsm;udk OD;ae0if;taejzifh pdk;&drfylyefp&m r&Sdacs? twGuf rl0g'onf tvkyjf zpfco hJ nf? 1960 ckEpS w
f iG f uwdðyxm;aom a&G;aumuf
AdkvfausmfaZmomv#if wyfrawmfwGif tm%mtwGuf wOD;wnf;aom ol. ,SOf yGJrsm;udk usif;ycJh_yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;onf OD;AaqGESihf OD;ausmf_idrf;acgif;aqmif
òydibf ufjzpfonf? aom tkypf b k uf tav;ay;cJo h nf? 1958 ckEpS w f iG f tusyt f wnf;jzpfcv hJ ifuh pm;
bmwD;vfvifhwem (Bertil Lintner) u ‘a'grmef[kef’ (Outrage) wGif OD;Ekonf vlxkaxmufcHr+udk qufvuf&&SdcJh_yD; tjywftowf tEkdif&&SdcJhonf?
‘txufjrefrmjynf&dS uGejf rLepfygwD Armjynfukd 1956 ckEpS w f iG f atmifrmCtrnf rJqEN&Sifrsm;taejzifh EkdifiHa&;wGif ppfwyf0ifpGufr+udk rESpfòcdufa-umif; OD;AaqG/
0Sujf zifh tðywfwu dk pf pfqifa&;ðyvky&f mwGif odr;f ydu k rf ad om uGejf rLepfpcef;wckrS OD;ausmf_idrf; tkyfpkudk jiif;y,fvdkufjcif;jzifh jyovdkuf-uonf?
v#KdŒ0SufpmtcsKdŒudk &&SdcJhonf? oufaocHtaxmuftxm; (odkr‹ [kwf) wdkuf±dkuf odk‹aomfvnf; 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae‹wGif wkdif;jynfonf uHqdk;rdk;
qufo, G rf w+ pHw k &mudk jyojcif;r&Sb d v J suf Adv
k af usmaf Zmonf owif;ayguf-um; arSmifuscJhavonf? vlóudufrsm;pGmjzifh a&G;cs,fcHxm;&aom 0ef}uD;csKyf/ 0ef}uD;
r+jzihf tpGyfpJGcH&onf? jynfolvlxkonf wkefv+yfacsmufcsm;oGm;_yD; rnfonfudk tm;vHk;/ jynfaxmifpk}uD;. wkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;. jynfe,facgif;aqmif
,Hk&rnfrod jzpfoGm;cJhonf? odk&‹ mwGif AkdvfausmfaZmudk wyfrawmfrS xkwfy,fcJh rsm;ESihf qefu ‹ sifbuf ðyvmEkdifolrSefor# tzrf;cHcJh&avonf? 1947 ckESpf/ 'Drkdu
_yD; acwW,m,Dxdef;odrf;xm;cJhonf? ol‹pGJcsufcdkifrmaprnfh taxmuftxm; a&pD zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'}uD;udk zsuford ;f vdu k o
f nf? jrefrmEkid if . H zuf
wdwu d sus ray:aygufvmonft h wGuf 1957 ckEpS w f iG f Akv
d af usmfaZmudk jyefvnf '&,fwnfaqmufyHkonf ppfwyfpdk;rkd;aom A[dktajcðyEkdifiHawmf,Eœ&m;udk vrf;
v$wfay;cJhonf? odk‹ jzihf olb ‹ 0wdk;wufr+vrf;a-umif;rSm ysufpD;oGm;cJh_yD; olonf z,fay;cJ&h avonf? tm%modr;f &jcif;tm; tvGet f rif; ,d, k iG ;f ysufp;D vmaom
&efukefòrd/› prf;acsmif;&yfwGif wyfrawmfrS ay;aom oihfwifh±Hkr#om&Sdaom yifpif jynfaxmifpk}uD;. tajctaersm;a-umifh[lI ta-umif;jycJhonf? &efukef.
vpmav;jzifh tajccsaexkdifcJhonf’ 7 [k a&;om;cJhonf? xdkumvudk rSwfrdol u|efawmftygt0if jynfoljynfom;rsm;taejzihf xdkodak‹ om
aomif;usef;r+a-umifh wpdwfwydkif;taejzifh ppfwyfonf tiftm;&&Sdvm ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;aeonfh rnfonfht&dyfvuQ%mudkr# xkdtcsdefu rawGŒrdcJhygacs?
cJoh nf? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;onf wyfrawmfwiG f olq ‹ yk uf ikd rf _+ rJ_rHap&ef tvkyrf sm; aomif;use;f r+ukd aumif;pGmxde;f xm;Ekid o f nf? pD;yGm;a&;rSm aumif;rGev f su&f o dS nf?
aecJo h nf? 1958 ckEpS /f atmufwb dk mvwGif tH-h op&majcvS r;f tjzpf olu ‹ kd 0ef}uD; 1960 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJ_yD;aemuf EkdifiHa&;&moDOwkonf ododomomyif wnf
csKyfwm0ef,&l ef jynfov ‹l w
$ af wmfu tqdðk yvdu k o f nf? OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom oef‹ _idrv f suf&o dS nf?
&Sif;zqyvESihf OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf_idrf; qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifESpfa,muf OD;aqmif AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;. ppftm%modrf;r+onf aoG;ajrusr+r&Sd[k r-umc%
aom wnf_rJzqyv[lI OD;aqmif zufqpfqefu ‹ sifa&; jynfolv ‹ Gwfajrmufa&; a&;om;cJhaomfvnf; trSefpifppfwGif xdkodrk‹ [kwfacs/ 1948 ckESpfrS 1952 ckESpft
tzGŒJ csKyf}uD;onf ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;cJ_h yD; tusK;d quftjzpf Ekid if aH &;tusyt f wnf;}uD; xd jrefrmEkdifiH. yxrqHk;aom orRw}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom pyfa&$
ay:aygufcJhonf? a&G;aumufyGJopf _yD;pD;onftxd tdrfapmifhtpdk;&udk OD;aqmif odu k . f (17) ESpt f &G,f om;i,fjzpfol pdik ;f _rD;onf tm%modr;f r+. yxrqH;k om;
&ef Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;udk vkyyf ikd cf iG t fh m%m tyfEiS ;f cJah vonf? aumifjzpfcJhonf? pyfa&$odkufonf &S rf;vlrsKd;wd. k‹ t"duacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpf_yD;
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;. tdrfapmifhtpdk;& pGrf;aqmifr+rsm;onf trSefwu,f zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepft& jrefrmEkdifiH. pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr+udk xdef;odrf;xm;
tm;jzifh cs;D rGr;f zG,jf zpfonf? &efuek òf rda› wmfonf oef&‹ iS ;f oGm;onf? Oya'ESifh wnf Ekid rf nf[k tckid t f rm ,H-k unfaxmufco H wl OD;jzpfonf? xkt d csdeuf u|efawmf ae
_idrfr+udk jyefvnftpm;xkd;EkdifcJhonf? ESpfOD;ESpfbufr#waom tajccHrsm;jzifh xkid af omtdro f nf ukuKdU if;ESifh [mrpfwpfvrf;qHw k iG &f o
dS nfh pyfa&$ou kd .f &efuek f
aomif;usef;oltajrmuftjrm; vufeufcscJhonf? Tatmifjrifr+onf tkyfcsKyfr+ tdrEf iS fh uduk t f enf;i,fr#om uGma0;onf?
,Eœ&m;twGif;&Sd t&nftcsif;jynfhrD_yD; oGufvufxufjrufaom t&yfom;0ef pyfa&$ou kd x f H u|efawmf t}udrrf sm;pGm oGm;vnfz;l _yD; tdrrf }uD;ESiw fh v JG suf
185 186
185 186
t-urf;zufrt
+ arG Adv
aqmufxm;aom tcef;wGif aexkdifvsuf&Sdaom ol. t}uD;qHk;orD;ESihf cifyGef; xyfuom opfom;eJ‹aqmufxm;wmyg? ypfcJhwJh aoewfusnfqeftrsm;pk[m
onfwx ‹kd H r-umc%qdo k uJo h ‹kd oGm;vnfavh&o dS nf? pdik ;f _rD;. nDtudrk sm;jzpf-u eH&Htxl}uD;awGudk razmufEkdifcJhygbl;? ppfom;awGu ajrnDxyfeH&Hxl}uD;awGeJ‹
aom apmqdkif;anmifa&$ (,l*sif;odkuf) ESihf apm[efzwdo k‹ nf ,cktcg uae'gEkdif tawmf eD;eD;uyfypfwmrd‹k ypfwahJ xmifh usO;f vGe;f _yD; odyt f Eœ&m,frjzpfcw hJ myg? ol
iHY aexdkifvsuf&Sd-uonf? tm%modrf;onfhnY jzpfysufcJhonfhrsm;udk apm[efz wd‹k typf&yfwt hJ cgusrS ppfom;awGu u|efawmfw‹kd 0if;xJae˜aewJh vlwa,muf
u u|efawmhftm; atmufygtwkdif; jyefajymif;ajymjycJhygonf? udk tdraf &SŒwcH g;aygufukd ac:vm_yD; ppfwyfu tm%modr;f vdu k w
f t hJ a-umif; &Si;f
“tJ'aD e‹ eHeuf (1) em&De‹J (2) em&D-um;rSm &efuek u f u k KdU if;vrf;/ trSwf (74) jyygw,f? olwdku ‹ tdrfwHcg;zGihfay;zdk‹ trdefa‹ y;awmh u|efawmhftazu zGihfvJay;
rSm &SdwJh (9) {u us,fwJh u|efawmfwdk‹tdrfudk ppfwyfu vm0kdif;ygw,f? _cHxJrSm vdkufa&m ol‹udk zrf;awmhwmygyJ? u|efawmhftazeJ‹ ,l*sif;udk _cHudkjzwf_yD; tdrf
aeaewJh tdrfapawG/ tvkyform;awG/ rDScdkaeolawG/ tapmifhawGeJ‹ olwdkr‹ dom;pk ywfywfvnf _cHpnf;±kd;umxm;wJh yef;±HkawG wae&mrSm olwdk0‹ ifayguf vkyfxm;
awG tm;vHk;udk xdef;odrf;xm;vdkufygw,f? 'Daemuf ppfom;awG[m tdrf&Sd&mudk wJhae&mudk ac:oGm;ygw,f? tJ'DrSm u|efawmhftazudk um;wpD;eJ‹ ac:oGm;awmh
a&SŒwdk;vm-uygw,f? ay (100) avmufawmif ra0;awmhwJh ae&mvJ a&muf wmygyJ? ,l*sif;udak wmh olw‹kd tapmift h -uyfe‹J tdrbf ufjyefac:vmcJ_h yD; usefwo hJ l
a&m/ atmfwdkrufwpfaoewfawGeJ‹ bufaygif;pHkuae_yD; tdrfudk y&rf;ywm ypf awGtm;vHk; xGufvmcJhzdk‹ ajymygw,f?
awmhwmygyJ? (45) rdepfavmuf qufwu kd yf pfaecJyh gw,f? bma-umifh olw‹kd pypf tdrb f uftjyefvrf;rSm t&m&Sw d a,mufu olwa‹kd oewfey‹J pfwm wa,muf
_yD;/ bma-umifh olwt dk‹ ypf&yfoGm;&ovJqdkwm b,folrS rod-uygbl;? a,mufxdoGm;w,f/ tJ'g rif;nDjzpfEdkifw,fvdk‹ ajymygw,f?
aoewfoH-um;-um;csif; u|efawmf&JŒ tudkwa,mufjzpfwJh ,l*sif; (Eu- ppfom;awGu 'Daemuf tdrfudk p&SmawmhwmygyJ? uHqdk;csifawmh olwdk‹
gene= 23 ESpf) [m ol‹tdyf&may:u vSdrfhcsvdkuf_yD; ol‹tdyfcef;xJu wGm;oGm;_yD; ypfvu kd wf hJ aoewfusnq f efwcku v#ypf pfzsLŒpaf owWmudrk eS x f m;awmh wtdrv f ;kH
xGufcJhygw,f? tdrfa&SŒwHcg;r tus,f}uD; yGifhaewmudk olawGŒvdkuf&ygw,f? arSmiftwdusaeygw,f? olwdku ‹ kd acsmif;ajrmif;wkdufcdkufrSmudk pdk;&drfawmh tcef;
,l*sif;&JŒtyd &f m[m tdraf tmufxyfrmS yGiahf ewJh jywif;aygufa&SŒwnfw h nfrh mS &Syd g wcef; 0ifwkdif;/ 0ifwdkif; ,l*sif;udk a&SŒu t&ifqHk;0ifapygw,f?
w,f? tdyf&mxJu vSdrfhrcsbJ xrsm;xdkifcJh&if tckxd ol touf&Sifvsuf &SdrSmr r-umcifubJ u|efawmhftaz EkdifiHawmforRwtaeeJ‹ csufudkpvdkAufuD;
[kwfygbl;? ol&JŒ jcifaxmiftjzLav;[m aoewfusnfqef&mawGeJ‹ rGpm}uJae ,m; oGm;vnfwkef;u csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m; tpdk;&u vufaqmifay;vdkufwJh
awmhwmygyJ” [k jyefajymif;ajymjycJyh gawmhonf? atmfwdkrufwpf ypPwdkaoewf (2) vufuvGJvdk‹ olwdk‹bmrS rawGŒygbl;? tJ'D
“u|efawmf&ŒJ aemuftudw k a,mufjzpfwhJ pdik ;f _rD; (17) ESpf aysmufaewmvJ aoewf (2) vufvHk;udk u|efawmfhtaz&JŒ bD±dkxJrSm vHkvHkòcHòcH aomhcwfodrf;xm;
oda&m/ u|efawmfhtaz[m atmufxyfqif;oGm;ygw,f? yGihfaewJh tdrfa&SŒwHcg; wmjzpfygw,f?
aygufem;rSm ,l*sif;udk olawGŒawmh olwdkE‹ Spfa,muf tdrfa&SŒwHcg;udk ydwf_yD;aomh tJ'Dreufaemufydkif;rSm olwdk‹ u|efawmfwdk‹ _cHxJu jyefxGufcgeD;rSm t&m&Sd
cwf csufxkd;xm;vdkuf-uygw,f? wa,mufu olv ‹ lawGudk olwydk‹ pfxm;wJh usnfqeftcGHawG jyefaumufcJhzdk‹ trdef‹
reufusawmh tJ't D rd af &SŒwcH g;[m usnfqef&mawGe‹J jynfah ewmygyJ? u|ef ay;ygw,f? 'gawmifrS ppfom;awG awGŒroGm;wJh usnfqef tcGH (100) avmuf
awmhftazeJ‹ ,l*sif;wdk‹ b,fvdk usnfqefrrSefcJhovJ qdkwmuawmh tawmfqef; tcsKdŒopfyifawG yef;±Hak wGatmufu u|efawmfw‹kd &cJyh gao;w,f?
-u,fygw,f? ppfom;awG xGuo f mG ;_yD; reufvv J if;vma&m pdik ;f _rD;udk u|efawmfw‹kd vku d f
taqmufttHw k ckv;kH ysufp;D aewmudk jrif&olwikd ;f u tJ'aD oewfypfcwf &Sm-uygw,f? tdraf &SŒqif0ifayguf&ŒJ vuf0b J uf yef;cif;xJrmS pdik ;f _rD;tavmif;udk
r+a-umifh u|eaf wmfw‹kd rdom;pkwckv;kH aoEkid w f ,fv‹kd oabmwl-uygw,f? ppfrjzpf awGŒ -u&ygw,f? ol‹acgif;eJ‹ ajcaxmufrSm aoewfusnfqefrSefxm;ygw,f?
cifu udv k ekd aD cwfypkH þH taqmufttHt k rd jf zpfaewmu u|eaf wmfwt ‹kd oufukd u,f taqmifta,mifwcktjzpf toHk;ðywJh vSHwHwacsmif;udk olc‹ E<mudk,fab;em;rSm
cJhwmyg? ajrnDxyfrSm&SdwJh tkwfeH&HawGu (18) vufravmuf xlygw,f? tay: awGŒ -u&ygw,f?
187 188
187 188
t-urf;zufrt
+ arG Adv
rwfv (1) &ufae‹ nrSm pdik ;f _rD;u olAu kd af tmifah ew,fv‹kd nnf;aeygw,f? ‚if;tcef;ESihf wGJbufxm;aom rSwfpkrsm;wGif apmqdkif;anmifa&$u ola‹ vh
olaumif;aumif; tdyfraysmfawmh wdwfqdwfaewJhnrSm toHAvH-um;wmeJ‹ ol vmawGŒ&Sdr+udk TuJhodk‹ txl;ðy a&;om;xm;jyefonf?
xGuf-unfhwmvdo k‹ m u|efawmfwdk‹ xifrdygawmhw,f? pmrsuEf mS (28)æ‘t&efppf&rJ sm; xlxyfpmG apmih-f uyfaeaom 0ef}uD;csKyfEiS fh
pdwfv+yf&Sm;aewJh ppfom;awGu ta-umufvGefoGm;_yD; olu ‹ dkvJypf/ aemuf 0ef}uD;rsm;. tdrrf sm;udrk l aoewfwcsufr# rypfcwfcjhJ cif;rSm xl;qef;vSygonf’
qufwdkuf qufypfwmvJ jzpfEkdifw,f? 'grS r[kwf óudwifpDrHxm;wJh tpDtpOft tm%m&Sifpepfonf ppfwyf. vlowf,Eœ&m;udk w&pyftoHk;csvsuf ol‹
wdkif; ppfom;awGu pypfwmrSm olu ‹ dk rSefoGm;wmvJ jzpfEkdifygw,f? reufcif;rSm vrf;a-umif;wGif&Sdaeaom tjypfrJhjynfolrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wdkufpm;oGm;cJhonf?
&JawG ppfaq;zdk‹ a&muf&Sdvmygw,f? &Jpcef;rSm 0ifa&mufae&m,lxm;-uwJh ppf wcsed uf jynforl sm;. cspjf rwfE;dk r+uckd &H _y;D *k%, f 0l ifºh uGm;zG,jf zpfaom wyfrawmf
om;awGu tJ'Dvdk ppfaq;r+rðyvkyfzdk‹ &JawGudk wm;jrpfcJhygao;w,f? vlowfr+ onf tm%m&SifwOD;. tm%mwnf_rJa&;twGuf ol‹cg;ydkufaqmif udk,fydkifppf
tjzpf tr+zGihfvdkufygw,f? wyftoGio f ‹kd ajymif;vJjcif; cHvu kd &f avonf? apmqdik ;f anmifa&$u ol‹ nt D owf
owif;pmq&mrsm; a&mufvmawmh jzpfysufcJhwmudk tjynfhtpHkowif; cH&r+ukd ajzrajyEkid pf mG atmufygpum;&yfrsm;jzifh jyefvnfowdw&&Scd jhJ yefygonf?
ay;vdkufygw,f? 'gayr,fh owif;pmq&mawG olwdk‹ owif;pmwkdufawG jyef “u|efawmfn h uD kd u|efawmf ppfaq;-unfah wmh '%f&m (2) ck awGŒ&ygw,f?
a&mufawmh 'Dtjzpftysufowif;trSefudk owif;pmxJ rxnfhzdk‹ olwdk‹ydwfyif ±kdifz,fusnfqefwcku olajcusif;0wftwGif; azmuf0ifxm;ygw,f? ol‹acgif;
wm;jrpfc-H u&ygw,f? aemufbufrmS vnf; ao;i,fwhJ usnq f aH yguf&mwck &Sad ejyefygw,f? 'g[m aoG;
tJ'Dowif;tpm; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu ppfom;rsm;taeeJ‹ olwdk‹ wm0ef at;at;eJ‹ owfxm;wm xif&Sm;ygw,f? ppftkyfpku aoG;at;at;eJ‹ wGufcsuf
xrf;aqmif&mrSm ckcHr+eJ‹ &ifqdkifcJh&vdk‹ rdrdudk,fudk umuG,fwJhtaeeJ‹ tajctae owfjzwfc&H wJh vufeufrhJ vli,fv&l , G f jrefrmEkid if o
H m; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmxJrmS
t& jyefvnfypfcwf&mrSm pyfa&$odkuf.om;i,f rawmfwq aoqHk;cJh&w,fvdk‹ ol[m yxrqH;k jzpfvrd rhf ,fv‹kd ajymEkid yf gw,f”
owif;xkwjf yefa-unmcJyh gw,f” orRwa[mif; udk,fwkdifyifv#if xdkae‹eHeufY zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;cH&
‘jrefrmEdkifiH. &S rf;vlrsKd;= jynfya&muf &S rf;wOD;. rSwfwrf;rsm;’ [laom _yD; tif;pdefaxmifxJY Ekd0ifbmvtwGif;wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhavonf? ,if;ESifh
ol. pmtkyfwGif rw&m;r+ aumufuspf,kwfrmr+wdk‹ }uD;pdk;aecJhonfh xdkn. ywfoufI tao;pdwt f csuftvufrsm; xkwjf yefa-unmjcif; rðycJah y? &S r;f jynf
em-unf;zG,t f awGŒtóuHrsm;udk cHpm;r+jyif;jypGmjzifh apmqdik ;f anmifa&$u a&;om; e,fY oDaygapmfbGm; apm-umqkdif 8 udk ppfwyfu ac:aqmifoGm;cJh_yD; olonf
xm;jyefonf? olr‹ dom;pkxHodk‹ rnfonfhtcgr# jyefa&mufrvmawmhacs? OD;ae0if; tm%modrf;
‘1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae‹/ eHeuf (4) em&Dcef‹wGif aoewfoHrsm; _yD; r-umrDyif awmif}uD;òrd› ajrmufbuf&Sd Axl;òrd› wyfpcef;wGif olu ‹ dk w&m;pD&if
a-umihf u|eaf wmf ±kww f &ufE;dk vmcJo h nf? aoewforH sm;onf yxrwGif wd;k wd;k om jcif;rðybJ uGyrf sufypfco hJ nf[k ,H-k unf&avonf?
jzpfaomfvnf; u|eaf wmf ydrk Ekd ;dk vmonfEiS t hf r# wpwpydu k s,v f mygonf? aoewf 1958 ckESpfrsm;uJhodk‹ tdrfapmifhtpdk;& oufwrf; c%wmr#om r[kwfbJ
ypfcwfr+rSm tdrfa&S›tjyifbufwnfhwnfhrS jzpfonf? aoewfusnfqefrsm;onf tm%mudk a&&SnfudkifpGJ&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh ppfwyfu tm%modrf;,lrSef;odom
jywif;aygufreS rf sm;/ abmifrsm;udk azmufxiG ;f 0ifa&mufvm_y;D eH&rH sm;udk xdreS v f i$ fh xif&mS ;vmaomtcg Zlvikd v f twGi;f &efuek òf rda› wmfY ausmif;om;qlyrl + ay:ayguf
pifusvsuf&Sdygonf? ppfwyfwyfzGJŒwzGJŒonf ntarSmiftwGif;wGif u|efawmfwdk‹ vmavonf? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf[k ac:wGifaom OD;ae0if;. rl0g'topf
tdrfbuf wGm;oGm;wufvm_yD; tdrfudk ab;wbufwcsufpDrS 0kdif;&Hum ypfcwf udk OD;b_idrf;/ OD;odef;azjrihf (ocifodef;az) tp&Sdonfh tpGef;a&muf0g'a&;&m
cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? touf (17) ESpfom&Sdao;aom u|efawmf. nDi,fjzpfol pdkif; orm;rsm;udk ac:I axmufccH ikd ;f cJo h nf? 'Dru dk a&pDo‹kd jyefomG ;&ef a0;oGm;yH&k onf
_rD;rSm towfcHcJh&ygonf? oufqkdif&m tm%mydkifrsm;. tqdkt&rl wm0efxrf; ESihftr# ausmif;om;rsm;u olwdk‹obm0t& uef‹uGufqENjy-uavonf? olwdk‹
aqmifaeonfh vufeufuikd w f yfzŒJG ukd ckccH ohJ nft h wGu[ f k qdyk gonf’ . qENjyr+rsm;onf t-urf;zuf&ufpufrr+ sm;ESio hf m &ifqidk óf uHawGŒ&avonf?
189 190
189 190
t-urf;zufrt
+ arG Adv
tm%modrf;_yD; (4) vt-um Zlvdkifv (7) &ufae‹wGif &efukefwuUodkvf a,mufòrdw › Gif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? olt ‹ avmif;udk ajrðr‡yfoò*õ[f&eftwGuf jref
0if;udk ppfwyfu 0dkif;&Hvdkuf_yD; atmfwdkrufwpfaoewfrsm;/ pufaoewfrsm;jzifh rmEkid if o
H ‹kd av,mOfysjH zifh o,faqmifomG ;cJo h nf? wurBmvH;k u av;pm;-unf!_kd y;D
ypfcwfcJhavonf? (15) a,mufom aoa-ucJhonf[k w&m;0ifa-unmcJh&m urBmausmyf *k Kd~ vfwOD;jzpfonfh ‘OD;oef’‹ 9 tay: OD;ae0if;onf tvGet f rif; remvdk
,if;ta&twGufrSm t"dy`m,fuif;rJhvS_yD; enf;vGef;vSonf? rsufjrifoufao 0efwrkd j+ zpf_y;D olt‹ avmif;udk &efuek òf rdp› eG &f dS omrefocsKiõ ;f wckwiG o f m ðr‡yEf v
HS o
kd nf?
rsm;u ppfwyf. om;aumifrsm;rSm &mausmfonf[k qdck -hJ uonf? aemifaomtcg odk‹aomfvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;u trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;wOD;ESihf xkdufwefaom
EkdifiHhacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfvmrnfh udkatmifqef;/ udkausmf_idrf;/ udkEk/ udkAaqGESihf EkdifiHawmfpsmye jzpfapcsif-uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf OD;oef‹tavmif; xnfh
tjcm;vli,frsm; 1930 ckESpfrsm; ywf0ef;usifwGif pwifawGŒqHkcJh&m ae&mjzpf_yD; xm;onfh acgif;udk vk,l-u_yD; &efukefwuUodkvf0if;twGif;odk‹ o,faqmifoGm;cJh
acwfopf jrefrmhrsK;d csppf w d "f mwfaygufzmG ;cJ&h m orkid ;f 0if wuUov kd o f r*~taqmuf -uonf? Ak'<bmom &[ef;awmfrsm;uvnf; xdkv+yf&Sm;r+wGif yl;aygif;yg0if-u
ttHu k ykd if ppfwyfu aemufwae‹wiG f 'dik ;f erdu k jf zifh azmufcyJG pfvu dk af vonf? onf? ,if;v+yf&Sm;r+onf óudwifwGufqxm;ouJhodk‹yif aoG;at;at;jzifh acs
OD;ae0if;onf rnfoa‹kd om qefu ‹ sirf r+ sK;d udrk # onf;rcHcahJ cs? 1960 ckEpS f a&G; r+ef;jcif;cH&avonf? ppfom;rsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;udk aoewfrsm;jzifh ypfcwfcJh
aumufyGJwGif oltav;ay;cJhaom OD;AaqGESihf OdD;ausmf_idrf;wdk‹udkyif OD;ae0if;u _y;D ausmif;om;&maygif;rsm;pGmrSm tpkvu kd t f òyHvukd f towfccH &hJ avonf? w&m;
zrf;qD;_yD;av_yD? ,cifu ol‹q&ma[mif;rsm; jzpfcJh-uaom ocifxGef;tkyfESifh 0ifxkwfjyefa-unmr+rSm aoqHk;ol (9) OD;/ '%f&m&ol (74) OD;ESihf zrf;qD;cH&ol
ocifApdefwdk‹onfvnf; vljrifuGif;rS aysmufuG,foGm;-u&onf? ,if;wdk‹onf (1˜800) OD;jzpfonf?
OD;ae0if;xuf tqihjf rihcf -hJ uolrsm;jzpfI ab;z,fjcif; cHc&hJ avonf? OD;oeft ‹ a&;tcif;jzpfyGm;_yD; (2) ESpft-umwGif wyfrawmftwGif;wGif }uD;
wyfrawmftaejzifh ‚if;. jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efjzifh jrefrmhq&kd , S vf pf vrf; rm;aom xkwfy,fr+wck xyfrHjzpfjyefonf? aròrdp› pfwuUodkvf ausmif;qif;t&m
pOfudk vufawGŒtaumiftxnfazmf_yD; wESpfcef‹t-umwGif tkyfcsKyfaeaom ppf &Sdi,ftcsKdŒu OD;ae0if;udk &Sif;vif;ypf&ef }uHpnfóud;pm;cJh-uonf? -unf;wyfrS
tkypf t k wGi;f wGiyf if &mxl;rS xkwyf ,fjcif;rsm; pwifjzpfay:vmavonf? ,cifu Adkvf}uD;tkef;ausmfjrihf OD;aqmifaom t&m&Sdi,frsm;onf ydkrdkvGwfvyfI ydkrdk 'Drdk
vGwv f yfcahJ om owif;pmrsm;rSm csKyfuikd jf cif; cHvm&onf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; ua&pDusaom jrefrmEkid if aH wmfukd wnfaqmuf&ef pdwu f ;l ,Ofc-hJ uonf? oda‹k omf
udk jynfolydkifodrf;_yD; ppfwyfu ajymif;vGJudkifwG,fvmonf? OD;ae0if;. udk,f olwdk‹.t}uHtpnfrSm ay:aygufoGm;cJh_yD; acgif;aqmifrsm; tzrf;cHcJh-u&onf?
ydkifjrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDrSvGJI usefygwDtm;vHk;onf w&m;r0ifa-umif; Adkvf}uD;tkef;ausmfjrihf 10 onf ao'%fuscH&_yD; uGyfrsufjcif;cHcJh&onf?
a-unmjcif;cH&onf? ,if;vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G cf surf sm;udk olv ‹ rl sm;xJuyif vlwikd ;f ratmifrjrifjzpfomG ;onfh tm%modr;f &ef óud;yrf;r+wiG f yg0ifywfoufjcif;
oabmwlnDcJh-uonfawmh r[kwfacs? olt ‹ ±kduft&m qufcHrnfhol[k ,lqjcif; r&Sad omfjim;vnf; wyfrawmf. OD;pD;csKyfa[mif; Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ol&wifO;D 11 taejzifh
cH&aom a&mif;&if;a[mif;jzpfol Akv d rf ;ª csKyfa[mif; atmif}uD;onf 1963 ckEpS w f iG f ,if;tr+ESihf qufEG,fr+&SdaecJhonf? olonf ESpf&Snfaxmif'%ftjypfay;jcif;cHcJh&
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDrS xkwfy,fjcif;cH&_yD; axmifoGif;tusOf;cscH&avonf? avonf? OD;wifO;D tay: opPmapmiho f o d nf[k txifc&H ol wyfrawmft&m&Sd (200)
ppfwyfu wnfaqmufaeaom acwfopfjrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif vHk;0tav#mhay;/ cef‹ ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;cH&_yD; 1976 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvwGif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;
t±+H;ay;rSomv#if touf&Sif&yfwnfEkdifayrnf? jrefrmEkdifiHawmfudk ,Hk-unfr+ESihf pOfygwD0ifESihf au'g (50˜000) ausmftm; vuf&Sd tkyfcsKyfaeaom ygwDrS xkwf
tm;vH;k oabmwlnrD t + ay:wGif wnfaqmufjcif;r[kwb f J wOD;wnf;. tm%m y,fa-umif; OD;ae0if;ud, f ikd f a-unmcJah vonf? 12 OD;wifO;D onf jrefrmEkid if .
k w H
&Sif tkycf sKyfra+ tmufwiG o f m wnfaqmufjcif;jzpfavonf? ppfO;D pD;csKyfrsm;xJwiG f vlcspv f cl iftrsm;qH;k OD;pD;csKyfwOD;jzpfonft h wGuf tiftm;
1970 . q,fpkESpf tv,fydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif ausmif;om;qlylr+rsm;u jrefrm aumif;aom òydib f ufwOD;tjzpf owfrw S cf &H _yD; ola‹ emufvu kd [
f k ,lqcH&olrsm;
EkdifiHudk udkifv+yfaecJhonf? 1974 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv (25) &ufae‹wGif urBmausmf ESit fh wl z,f&mS ;cH&jcif;jzpfavonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHom; urBmhukvor*~}uD;. twGif;a&;rª;csKyfa[mif; OD;oefo ‹ nf e,l; 1980 ckESpf apmapmydkif;umvwGif ‘okwfoifa&;’ onf vufawGŒtoHk;cs
191 192
191 192
t-urf;zufrt
+ arG Adv
cH&jyefavonf? Tw}udrfwGif ypfrSwfonf EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;vnf;r[kwf/ 'Drdk xkod ifwef;ay;r+rsm;wGif axmufvS r;f a&;wyfzŒJG0ifrsm;udk oifwef;ay;r+rsm;
ua&pDa&;wdkufyGJ0if ausmif;om;rsm;vnf;r[kwf/ oabmuGJvGJaom ppfwyf vnf; aemufyikd ;f wGif wd;k csŒJyg0ifvmcJo h nf? jrefrmEkid if t H aejzifh t&nftcsi;f &So d nfh
t&m&Sdrsm;vnf;r[kwf/ OD;ae0if;tpdk;&twGuf t"du taxmuftyHh a'gufwkdif vli,fvl&G,frsm;udk _AdwdefEdkifiHodk‹ apv$wfI vef'efòrda› wmf &JwyfzGJŒ r+cif;ppfaq;
}uD;jzpfaom jrefrmEkdifiH. tiftm;aumif;vSonfh ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;wyfzGJŒ jzpf a&;Xme (paumhwvef,'f) rS omru _Adwdo#axmufvS rf;a&;XmerS (MI. 6) u
avonf? yg oGefoif!¸ef-um;r+rsm; &,lapcJhonf? oifwef;trsm;pkrSm &SufzD;vf &Jody`H
&Jabmfo;kH usyd Ef iS tfh wl *syefwiG f &Sad epOfumvY OD;ae0if;onf a-umufp&m (Sheffield Police Academy) wGif ðyvkyfjcif;jzpf_yD; vufa&G;piftcsKdŒomv#if ydkrdk
aumif;vSaom *syef ppfykvdyf uifaywkdif. axmufvS rf;a&;oifwef;twGuf tqifjrihfonfh v#KdŒ0SufaxmufvS rf;a&; oifwef;ausmif;jzpfonhf &Sufrd'f
txl;a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJh&onf? *syefacwfwGif uifaywdkifwdkv ‹ ufcsuf cHcJh&olrsm; (Shetmead) odk‹ oGm;a&mufwufcGihf&&Sd-uonf?
onf olwdk‹vkyf&yfrsm;udk ,ae‹wdkif rSwfrdaeqJjzpfonf? vlwa,mufudk olv#Kd TuJhodk‹ axmufvS rf;a&;tpOftvmjzifh jynfhpHkolwOD;rSm pufbD;vufudkif
(spy) [k pGyfpGJvdkufjcif;rSm uifaywdkif. vufpGJpum;vHk;jzpfonf? Tpum;vHk; yHpk H E+wcf rf;ar$;ydik &f iS jf zpfI E+wcf rf;ar$;vGi[ f k emrnfay;jcif;cH&aom Adv k rf ;ª }uD;vGif
onf olwdk‹tenf;tusOf;omwwfaom t*FvdyfpmrS ,loHk;vdkufaom a0g[m& jzpfonf? 1930 jynfv h eG Ef pS rf sm;wGif olonf ocifwOD;jzpfcu hJ m rsK;d cspyf gwD acgif;
jzpfonf? olv#Kd[w k o
f nfjzpfap/ r[kwo f nfjzpfap/ vufonf;cGcH mG jcif;/ oGm;ESifh aqmifjzpfol OD;apmESihf tcsif;rsm;cJhzl;onf? 1962 ckESpfY OD;ae0if; tm%modrf;
qHyifwu dk‹ dk qGJE+wfjcif;jzifh vlwa,mufonf trsm;tm;jzifh olv#Kd[k 0efcHr+ðyav ,lcsdew f iG f E+wcf rf;ar$;OD;vGio f nf ppfaxmufvS r;f a&;wyfzŒJG . t}uD;tuJ jzpfae
awmhonf? qJyif? xkd‹aemuf rsm;pGmr-umrD ol‹udk tem;,lcGihfðycJhonf? tem;,lcGihfðyjcif;
oHo,&Sdolrsm;udkom Todk‹ &ufpuf-urf;ñuwfonfr[kwf? jrefrmAdkvf qdo k nfrmS xkwyf ,fvu kd jf cif;udk w&m;0ifo;kH E+e;f onfh toH;k tE+e;f jzpfonf? olu ‹ kd
avmif; ausmif;om;rsm; ppfa&;jyavhusihf&mwGifyif xdkodk‹ &ufpuf-urf;ñuwf qufcHolrSm ‘Akdvfr;ª csKyfwifOD;’ jzpfonf? vkyfief;cGifoHk; rsufvHk;jyL;rsufqefjyL;
wwfonf? Tenf;vrf;rsm;onf tusKd;xda&mufr+&SdrSef; tcsKdŒu oabmayguf rsurf eS rf sK;d wyfavh&o dS nft h wGuf Akv d rf ;ª csKyfwifO;D ukd rsurf eS w
f ifO;D [k ac: -uonf?
yif aygufjim;aomfvnf; ppfa&;jyavhusihfuGif;twGif; rw&m;_cdrf;ajcmufðyr+ 1950 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif qdkifyef ypPzdwfu|ef;Y olonf tar&duef A[kd
cH&_yD; jynfov l xl wk &yfv;kH tay: zufqpft-urf;zuf0g' usio fh ;kH r+wu
‹kd kd jyefvnf axmufvS rf;a&;Xme (CIA) . oifwef;udk wufa&mufcJhonf? olonf trSef
-um;odvm&aomtcg jrefrmAdv k af vmif; ausmif;om;trsm;pktaejzifh aemufq;kH wu,ftm;jzifh OD;ae0if;. arG;pm;om;jzpfonf? OD;ae0if;onf ol‹udk 1972 ck
wGif *syeftm; jyefvnfqefu ‹ sifavawmhonf? ESpfwGif ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;wyfzGJŒ. t}uD;tuJtjzpf cef‹tyfvdkufonf? ol‹wm
ppf}uD;_yD;onfESihf jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf *syefudk tajccHcJh&r+ trsm;tjym; 0efonf _Adwdo#tpOftvmudk azmufxGuf_yD; ppf}uD;_yD;onfhaemuf zsufodrf;cH
tm; ajrðr‡yo f ò*õ[yf pfvu kd af wmhonf? 1947 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (29) &ufae‹wiG f um cJ&h aom uifaywkid f (odr‹k [kw)f *smr%D. oGuv f ufxufjrufvo S nfh *wfpwm
uG,fa&;0ef}uD; Adkvfvusfmonf _Adwdo#udk,fpm;vS,f a*s 'AvsL z&D;rif; (J.W ydkwdk‹. vrf;a-umif;twdkif; axmufvS rf;a&;wyfudk v#KdŒ0Suf&Jwyf toGifajymif;
Freeman) ESifh oabmwlpmcsKyfw&yf vufrw S af &;xd;k vdu
k o
f nf? TpmcsKyf oabm vJypf&efjzpfonf? Todk‹vkyfaqmifjcif;onf Adkvfrª;}uD;vGif t"duxm; vkyf
wlnDr+t& ppftoHk;taqmifypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;ESifh ppfa&,mOfwpD;udk _Adwdo#wdk‹ aqmifcJhouJhodk‹ vdktyfonfh ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;owif;rsm;om pkaqmif;&efr
u jrefrmEkid if t H m; ay;&rnfjzpf_y;D _Aw d o
d # -unf;wyf/ a&wyf/ avwyfwu ‹kd jrefrm [kwfbJ jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udk xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifrnfh v#KdŒ0Suf&Jwyf zefwD;xl
EkdifiHwGif tajcpkduftzGJŒwzGJŒudk xlaxmifum jrefrmhumuG,fa&;wyfzGJŒ topfjyef axmif&ef &nf&G,favonf? ydkrdkta&;}uD;onfhtcsufrSm ppfwyftwGif; tqihf
vnfzGJŒpnf;&mwGif ulnDoifwef;ay;&rnfjzpfonf? xdkoabmwlnDr+udk 1954 ck wkdif;wGif &SdaeEkdifaom oabmxm;uGJvGJolwdkif;udk &SmazGazmfxkwfI z,f&Sm;jcif;
ESpfwGif aemufqHk;Y zsufodrf;cJhaomfvnf; _AdwdefEkdifiHwGif oifwef;ay;r+rsm;udkrl jzifh ppfwyfukd teD;uyfapmih-f uyf-unf±h x + m;&efjzpfonf? ppfwyfu olu ‹ kd qefu ‹ sif
xkdaemufydkif;wGif tvGwfoabmtm;jzifh qufvufaqmif&GufcJhonf? umjyefonfEiS fh olZmwford ;f _yDjzpfa-umif; OD;ae0if;u odavonf?
193 194
193 194
t-urf;zufrt
+ arG Adv
ta-umif;w&m; wdkufqdkifr+wdk‹a-umifhr[kwfbJ olwdk‹avhusihfay;vdkufol cJah om emrnfq;kd vSonfh a&-unftikd f xde;f odr;f a&;pcef;od‹k apv$wjf cif; cHc&hJ av
u zefwD;v+HŒaqmfonfhtwGufa-umihf uifaywdkif tpOftvmonf Todk‹ TES,f onf? Adkvfrª;csKyfwifOD;. tawmfqHk; axmufvS rf;a&;olv#Kd &maygif;rsm;pGm
wzef jyefvnfarG;zGm;vmcJhavonf? Todk‹ jzihf ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;wyfzGJŒonf vnf; txkwyf ,fc-H u&onf? jrefrmEkid if . H oGuv f ufxufjrufvaS om axmuf
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a-umufvef‹r+ rif;rlaeaprnfh EdkifiHa&; &JtzGJŒtpnf;wck jzpfvm vS r;f a&; vkyif ef;&yfrsm; ,m,D&yfomG ;avmufatmifyif ppfaxmufvS r;f a&; wyf
avonf? Adv k cf sKyfwifO;D onf ppfa-uma&;pcef; tajrmuftjrm;udk tif;pdeaf xmif zGJŒwckvHk; tiftm;csdeo J‹ Gm;cJhonf?
wGif }uD;-uyfwnfaqmufc_hJ yD; A[dak xmufvS r;f a&;±H;k udk tif;pdeaf xmifo‹kd ajymif; Ttajctaeay:wGif yxrqHk; tcGihfta&;,loGm;olrsm;rSm ajrmufudk;&D;
a±$Œvu kd of nf? xkpd pfa-uma&;pcef;rsm;xJwiG f emrnfysufjzifh tausmf-um;qH;k rSm ,m;rsm;jzpf-uonf? rsufrSefwifOD;udk xkwfy,f_yD; (5) vt-um/ 1983 ckESpf/
r*Fvm'HkavqdyfteD;&Sd a&-unftkdifpcef;jzpfonf? txdef;odrf;cH EdkifiHa&;orm; atmufwdkbmvwGif awmifudk;&D;,m;rS tm%mtqihfjrihfudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ jref
rsm;tm; !SOf;yef;EdSyfpufI ppfaq;ar;jref;&mwGif Akdvfrª;csKyfwifOD;udk,fwdkif rmEkdifiHodk‹ tvnfa&muf&SdvmcJhonf? (9) &ufae‹ Y xkdudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒonf
tm;wufoa&m yg0ifavh&o dS nf[k owif;jzpfay:cJo h nf? &efukefòrd›awmf&Sd tmZmenfAdrmefodk‹ oGm;a&mufI usqHk;av_yD;aom jrefrmhol&J
oabmxm;uGv J oJG [ l k oHo,&Scd &H olrsm;onf eHeufr;kd rvif;rD olwa‹kd etdrf aumif;rsm;tm; *g&0ðy-uonf? xdak wmifu;kd &D;,m;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf olw‹kd
rS zrf;qD;cH&avh&Sd_yD; rsufpdrsm; pnf;aESmifcH&um a&-unftdkif odkr‹ [kwf tvm; . orRw c|rf'l;0S rf (Chun Doo Hwan) ESifh ZeD;onfwdk‹ qdkufta&muftvmudk
wl pcef;rsm;odk‹ ac:aqmifoGm;cH&avh&Sdonf? rsufpdusdef;avmufatmif xkd;xm; apmihfar#mfae-upOf eHeuf (10) em&D/ (55) rdepfwGif jyif;xefaom AHk;wvHk;
onfh rD;a&mifatmufwGif ppfaq;ar;jref;r+ ðyvkyfonf? pD;u&ufaq;vdyfrD;jzifh aygufuGJcJhavonf? tmZmenfAdrmef. acgif;rkd;tv,fydkif;aygufxGufoGm;_yD; r+d
tom;udk xkd;onf? *syefwdkv ‹ ufpGJ a&pufcs ESdyfpufenf;tjyif taemufwdkif;yHkpH yGihfyHk rD;cdk;vHk;}uD; tlxGufvmcJhonf? ,if;aygufuGJr+toHudk &efukefwòrdv › Hk;vdkvdk
jzpfaom v#yfppfusifpuf (electric shock) udkvnf; toHk;rsm;onf? -um;cJ&h _yD; awmifu;kd &D;,m; vHòk cHa&;tapmifh w&mausmfcefr‹ mS aoG;rsm;pd&k v J$ suf
OD;ae0if;.t±kduft&mqufcHrnfhol 'kwd,tqihfyk*~dKvf[k ,lqcH&aom ajy;v$m;aeonfukd jrifawGŒ -u&onf?
Akv
d rf ;ª csKyfwifO;D onfvnf; ola‹ &SŒu oGm;ESi_fh y;D ol Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmif}uD;. uH-urRm (15) OD; yGcJ si;f _y;D aoqH;k cJ_h y;D xdt
k xJwiG f 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ0if (4) OD; yg&So d mG ;cJoh nf?
rsKd;udk ta-umif;jycsuf vHk;0 uGJjym;jcm;em;pGmjzifh óuHawGŒ&avonf? 1960 ckESpf ,if;0ef}uD; (4) OD;rSm pD;yGm;a&;&m pDrHudef;0ef}uD;ESihf 'k=0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfol ±+qyf
rsm; apmapmydkif;umvu xm;&SdcJhaom jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD. wif;rm *|ef; (Shu Suk-Joon) / EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; vDbrfqyf (Lee Bum-Suk) / ul;oef;
aom rl0g'rsm;jzihf -unfrh nfqv kd #if Akv
d rf ;ª csKyf atmif}uD;onf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh pufr+0ef}uD; uifa'gif0SD; (Kim Dong-Whie) ESihf pGrf;tifESihf
orm; vpfb&,f0g'Djzpfonf? rdbrJh Adv k rf ;ª csKyfwifO;D onf ola‹ rG;pm;zcif OD;ae0if; obm0t&if;tjrpfqdkif&m 0ef}uD; qlqefcsL; (Suh Sang-Chui) wdk‹ jzpf-uonf?
. ,Hk-unfpdwfcs&aom aemufvdkufwa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; ppfaxmufvS rf; orRw. pD;yGm;a&;&m twGif;0efcsKyfvnf; aoqHk;cJh&onf? '%f&m&ol (12) OD;
a&;wyfzGJŒudk wnfaqmuf&if; olonf tm%m tqrwef}uD;xGm;vmonf? ol‹ wGif yl;wGpJ pfO;D pD;csKyfrsm;. OuU@jzpfol Adv k cf sKyf}uD; vDuAD ufEiS fh awmifu;kd &D;,m;
vlrsm;omv#if EkdifiHjcm;odk‹ oGm;csifovdk oGm;vmEkdifonf? EkdifiHjcm;xkwf pmapmif owif;axmuf (5) OD; yg0ifonf? orRwESihf olZ‹ eD;twGuf &nf&G,fI AHk;axmifcJh
rsm;udkvnf; axmufvS rf;a&;udpPtvdik‹ Sm zwfcGihf&&Sd-uonf? jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; rdepftenf;i,faemufus_yD;rS olwdk‹ a&muf&SdvmonfhtwGuf
Todk‹ E+dif;,SOftaetxm;jzifh xGef;awmufvmaom ‘EkdifiHtwGif;rS EkdifiH’ tysuftpD;rsm;vSaom TAH;k aygufurJG '+ %frS olwv ‹kd w
G af jrmufomG ;cJ-h uonf?
udk ol. wOD;wnf; òydib f ufr&Sd tjrifq h ;kH tkypf ;kd oltaetxm;tay: tm;aumif; jrefrmppfwyfEiS fh &JwyfzŒJGrsm;u AH;k azmufco JG rl sm;tm; csufcsif;vdu k v f &H mS azG
aom _cdrf;ajcmufr+w&yftjzpf OD;ae0if; cHpm;rdvmonf? 1983 ckESpf/ arvwGifrl -uonf? wywftwGif;wGifyif ajrmufudk;&D;,m;olv#KdESpfOD;udk t&Sifzrf;rdaomf
Akv
d rf ;ª csKyfwifO;D tz,f&mS ;cH&avawmhonf? axmufvS r;f a&;t}uD;tuJ aemuf vnf; wOD;rSm ypfcwfzrf;qD;pOfwiG f aoqH;k oGm;cJo h nf? trSew f &m;ay:aygufc_hJ yD;
wOD;jzpfol Adv k rf ;ª }uD;bdek ED iS t fh wl olonf xkwyf ,fjcif;cH&_yD; olu, kd w
f ikd f zefw;D jrefrmtpkd;&udk EkdifiHwumu csD;usL;cJh-uonf? odk‹&mwGif avhvmoltrsm;pk
195 196
195 196
t-urf;zufrt
+ arG Adv
owdrrlro d nfh t"dutcsufw&yf&adS vonf? ,if;tcsufrmS wcsdeu f oGuv f uf ckESifh 1980 ckt-um; tv,fydkif;ESpfrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; &efukefY ausmif;om;
xufjrufvSaom ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;tzGJŒtaejzihf vGefcJhonfh (5) vcef‹uom rsm;udk tpkvdkuf tòyHvdkuf owfjzwfcJh-uao;onf?
qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; tiftm;csdeJ‹ roGm;cJhv#if ,ckAHk;aygufuGJr+ ay:aygufvmEkdifp&mt ‘om;owform;’ [k emrnf&aom OD;pdefvGifrSm 1988 ckESpf/ vlxkqENjyr+
a-umif;r&So d nfh tcsufjzpfayonf? rsm;udk OD;pD;ESdyfuGyf&ef w&m;0ifwm0efay;jcif;cHcJh&onf? Twm0efwGifrl odom
,cktcg axmifoGif;tusOf;uscHae&_yDjzpfaom Adkvfr;ª csKyfwifOD;uJhodk‹ cdkif jrifompGm ol ta&;edrfhoGm;cJhonf? -o*kwfv (8) &ufae‹wGif wwdkif;wjynfvHk;
rmI tvkyóf ud;pm;aom axmufvSr;f a&;rª;csKyftopfwOD; xyfrcH eft ‹ yf&ef vdt k yf tESH‹ jynfoloef;aygif;rsm;pGmonf vrf;rrsm;ay:odk‹ xGufI ppftkyfpkd;r+&yfpJ&ef
a-umif; OD;ae0if;taejzifh &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; oabmaygufro d nf? ola&G;cs,v f ufkd f awmif;qdck -hJ uonf? jynfov l x
l t
k wGuf (26) ESp-f um zdEydS cf cH &hJ r+onf vHak vmuf
olrmS Adv k rf ;ª }uD; cif!eG ‹f jzpfonf? Akvd rf ;ª }uD;cif!eG o ‹f nf jrefrmEkid if H ta&SŒbufjcrf; cJh_yD? pxGufonfESihf ppfwyfonf -urf;-urf;wrf;wrf; wHk‹ jyefcJhonf? qENjyr+rsm;
&Sd u&ifppfrsufESmpmwGif wyfpGJxm;aom trSwf (44) ajcjrefwyfr. wyfrrª; tm; aoewfjzihf ypfcwfvlpkcGJ&ef ajcjrefwyfr (22) rS ppfom;rsm;udk apv$wfcJh
jzpfonf? ol. ppfoufwrf;wav#mufvHk; olonf ±Hk;vkyfief;t&m&Sdom jzpfcJh onf? qENjyaeol vltyk }f uD;rsm;xJo‹kd ppfwyfu vufvw G pf y,fypfcwfcrhJ a+ -umifh
onf? Adkvfrª;}uD;cif!Gef‹tm; a&G;cs,fr+onf toifhawmfqHk; a&G;cs,fr+jzpfonf? tenf;qHk; vl (3˜000) cef‹ aoa-ucJh&onf?
tb,fa-umihef nf;? olonf ArmhwyfrawmfwiG f ppfom;yDyo D o jzpfco hJ rl [kwaf cs? TonfrSm rqvorkdif;wGifyif r&SdcJhaom aoG;ajrusr+jzpfonf? ,if;ypf
wdu k yf rJG sm;jzifh jynfEh uS af eaom wyfrawmfwiG f olonfwu kd yf wJG yGrJ # rE$cJ zhJ ;l acs? ol‹ cwfr+rSm rawmfwq jzpfysufcJhr+r[kwfonfhtjyif vufeuf[lI tyfwacsmif;r#
vdv k rl sK;d wyfrawmfwiG f &Sm;yg;vSonf? TuJo h ‹kd &mxl;opfwiG f ceft ‹ yfjcif;a-umihf r&Sdaom qENjyolrsm;. aoG;xkd;v+HŒaqmfr+a-umifhvnf; r[kwfygacs? OD;pdefvGif
olonf tvGeftusL; aus;Zl;wifayvdrfhrnf? odk‹ jzpfI olt ‹ aejzifh opPmapmifhod taejzifh ol‹q&morm;.trdef‹udk vG,fvifhwul taumiftxnfazmf aqmif
±dak oawmhrnfqo kd nfrmS ar;p&m rvdak wmhygacs? &GufcJhjcif;r#om jzpfygonf? OD;ae0if;onf ZlvkdifvwGif &mxl;rS EkwfxGuf&mY
Advk rf ;ª }uD; cif!eG . ‹f yxrqH;k ppfajrjyifrmS 1988 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmEkid if H wrsK;d “wEkid if vH ;kH u vlxak wGuakd jymr,f? qlqyl yl v l yk vf ‹kd &S&d ifawmh ppfwyfqw kd m ypf&if
om;vH;k u ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd qefu ‹ siaf wmfveS cf o hJ nft
h csed u f rSjzpfonf? rwfv rSefatmifypfw,f” [k wjynfvHk;&Sd vlxk}uD;tm; aemufqHk;ydwf E+wfquftrSm
twGif; ausmif;om;rsm; qENjyr+rsm;u ZGefvwGif r_idrfoufr+rsm; ydkrkdjzpfyGm;ap_yD; pum;ajym-um;oGm;cJo h nf r[kwyf gavm?
Zlvidk v f wGirf l jrefrmhq&kd , S v
f pfvrf;pOfygwDtaejzifh ta&;ay: ygwDnv D mcH usif; xdkokda‹ jymcJhonfhtwdkif; ppfwyfonf ypfcJhavonf? odk&‹ mwGif ,ckw}udrf
y&avawmhonf? pdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;onfrmS OD;ae0if;u ol. aemufq;kH w&m; ypfcwfro + nf rnfor‹kd # rpGr;f aqmifEidk cf ahJ cs? vlx}k uD;tm; tpkvu kd t
f òyHvu kd f owf
0if&mxl;jzpfonfh rqvygwD OuU@&mxl;rS EkwfxGufa-umif; a-unmvdkufjcif; jzwfcJhaomfjim;vnf; &efukef/ rEœav;ESihf jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif; ucsifawmifwef;
jzpfonf? rqvygwDOuU@ESifh jynfaxmifp}k uD;. orRwtjzpf acgif;aqmiftopf &Sd jrpf}uD;em;rS awmifydkif;tpGef&Sd aumhaomifòrd›txd wjynfvHk;tESHŒ òrd›e,fwdkif;/
jzpfvmolrmS OD;pdev f iG jf zpfonf? aus;&Gmwdkif;u twef;tpm; tv$mrsKd;pHkrS EkdifiHol EkdifiHom;tm;vHk;onf vrf;r
trSwf (4) Armh±kdifz,fwyfwGif ESpfOD;twl&SdaepOfumvuyif OD;pdefvGifrSm rsm;ay:wGif qufvufcsDwuf qENjyqJyifjzpfonf? OD;ae0if;. ±kyjf yorRwtjzpf
OD;ae0if;. ,H-k unfpw d cf s&aom opPmcHwOD;jzpfco hJ nft h wGuf ,if;od‹k acgif;aqmif (18) &uf-um oufwrf;om wnf_rJc_hJ yD; -o*kwv f (12) &ufae‹wiG f OD;pdev f iG f &m
ajymif;vJvdkufjcif;udk jrefrmvlxk}uD;u cyf!Hh!Hh jyufvHk;wckuJhodk‹ oabmxm; xl;rS EkwfxGufay;vdkuf&avonf?
-uonf? 1950 ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif u&ifaomif;usef;r+acgif;aqmif apmbOD; zJxkyfxJrS aemufxyf *sKdumwaumifudk a&G;&jyefavonf? ,ckw}udrf
}uD;udk ajc&mcH&mS azGEikd cf _hJ y;D owfjzwfEidk cf ahJ om jrefrmppfwyfwyfzŒJGukd acgif;aqmif ta&G;cH&olrmS Oya'ynm&Sif wydik ;f / pma&;q&m wydik ;f jzpfaom a'gufwmarmif
cJholrSm Akdvfrª;pdefvGifjzpfI olonf xkd‹twGuf emrnf}uD;oGm;cJhonf? Adkvfrª;}uD; armifjzpfonf? -urf;-urf;wrf;wrf; udkifwG,fr+rSm t±+H;ESihf&ifqdkifcJh&_yDjzpfI
pdev f iG Of ;D aqmifaom wyfzŒJG rsm;onf 1962 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f wGiv f nf;aumif;/ 1970 ydkrdkaysmhaysmif;aom vrf;a-umif;udk toHk;cs-unfhjcif;jzpfonf? od&k‹ mwGif jynfol
197 198
197 198
t-urf;zufrt
+ arG Adv
vlxkudk Todkt ‹ ±l;vkyfI r&awmhacs? jynfolvlxktaejzifh rqvtm%mydkifwdk‹ onf? touf (80) ausm_f yjD zpfaom ,cif0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;u 1962 ckEpS f tm%m
. ta-umudk aemausaeav_yD? ausmif;om;rsm;/ Ak'<bmom&[ef;awmfrsm;/ odrf;r+onf w&m;r0ifbJ ,if;. tpdk;&onfomv#if w&m;0ifwckwnf;aom
a&SŒaersm;/ ausmif;q&mrsm;/ q&m0efrsm;/ v,form;}uD;rsm;/ puf±Hktvkyf±Hk tpd;k &jzpfonf[k a-unmvdu k af vonf?
tvkyform;rsm;ESihf qdkufum;orm;tp olawmif;pm;tqHk; jynfolrsm;onf ydkrdk od&k‹ mwGif ‘'Drkdua&pDv+yf&Sm;r+}uD;rSaeI vlóuduftrsm;qHk; acgif;aqmift
rsm;jym;pGm qENjyr+rsm;wGif yg0ifvm-uonf? Tr# xkEiS x fh nfEiS fh tkwaf tmfaomif; jzpf Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;. orD;jzpfol a':atmifqef;pk-unfþay:xGuv f mjcif;onf
13
eif; qENjyr+rsKd; óuHawGŒ&v#if urBmhrnfonfhae&m&Sd rnfonfhtpdk;&rsKd;rqdk òyduGJ ydrk kd ta&;}uD;aumif; }uD;ayvdrrhf nf ’ -o*kwv f (26) &ufae‹w ‹ iG f a&$w*d bkH &k m;
ysufp;D oGm;_yD; yËdyuQ ajz&Si;f I&Ekid af om vduk af vsmr+rsKd; ðyvky&f ayvdrrhf nf? od‹k . taemufbufapmif;wef;rkcfOD;wGif ðyvkyfaom vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ}uD;Y olr yx
aomfvnf; okwfoifa&; tawG;tac:udk tppftrSef udkifwG,fxm;aom jrefrm rqHk;t}udrf ay:xGufvmonfhtcg jynfolvlxk axmifaomif;csDI wufa&muf
ppfwyfonf wvufrr# qkwfray;cJhacs? vkdufavsmr+rsm; ðyvkyfrnfhtpm; ,if; vmcJ-h uonf? trsm;pkrmS ausm-f um;vSaom olr. zcifjzpfoal -umifh olrudk vm
wdk‹. vHk;0O\Hk tm%mqkyfudkifxm;r+tm; apm'uwufrdaom jynfolvlxkudk a&muf-unfh±+vdk-ujcif;jzpfonf? odak‹ omfvnf; ra-umufr&GHŒ&Sdr+/ OD;ae0if;. vl
wyfrawmfu tjypfay;'%fcwfavawmhonf? owf&ef 0efrav;aom ppfom;rsm;. _cdrf;ajcmufr+rS rwGef‹r&GHŒr+ ponfh olr.
pufwifbmvþ(18)þ&ufae‹wiG f jrefrmhwyfrawmf.t}uD;tuJ Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ud, k yf ikd t
f &nftcsif; oufoufrsm;uom olrudk r-umrDyif xifay:ausmfapmap
apmarmif. tcef;u¾ a&mufvmonf? [efjytm%modr;f yGjJ zifh a'gufwm armif cJah vonf?
armifudk z,f&mS ;ypfvu kd o
f nf? ppfwyfrsm;udk xyfraH pv$wjf yefonf? taumif;qH;k olr &Sad ejcif;uyif OD;ae0if;twGuf _crd ;f ajcmufrw + &yfjzpfaecJo h nf? usq;kH
zGJŒpnf;yHkjzifh v+yf&Sm;&if; ppfwyfonf jynfolwtkyfpk_yD;wtkyfpkudk jruf&dwfonfh oGm;&Smaom wyfrawmf. zcifxrH S t,H-k unf&qH;k &Jabmf&b J ufwOD; 14 taejzihf
yrm &Sif;csoGm;avonf? jynfolvlxktajrmuftjrm; xyfrHaoaus&jyefonf? wyfrawmfukd vufajymif;tarGqufc&H ,lc&hJ [ef Zmwfvrf;/ vl-um;xJ ysHEa‹HS eap
vwfvwfqwfqwftowfcx H m;&aom vufeufrhJ jrefrmt&yfom; axmifaygif; &ef 1962 ckEpS u f pI OD;ae0if;u óud;pm;cJo h nf? ,cktcgwGirf l Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;
rsm;pGm. tavmif;rsm;tay:wGif EkdifiHawmf_idrf0yfydjym;r+wnfaqmufa&;tzGJŒ . orD;jzpfou l ,kd wf ikd u
f OD;ae0if;ESihf ol. wygwDtm%m&Sipf epfukd twdtvif;
[laom ppftpkd;&w&yfudk xlaxmifvdkufavonf? (9) vcef‹ _idrfoufoGm;aomf pdeaf c:vsu&f adS eav_yD?
vnf; omom,m,mum; r[kwfacs? ppfaxmufvS r;f a&; t}uD;tuJjzpfvmol Adv k rf ;ª }uD;cif!eG t ‹f aejzifh olrudk
uefu ‹ u
G qf ENjyr+rsm;. xkxnfyrm%omru tpkvu kd tf òyHvu
kd f owfjzwf wefjyefacszsuf&efESihf wwdkif;wjynfvHk; ay:aygufvsuf&Sdaom v+yf&Sm;r+}uD;udk
r+twdkif;twmonfvnf; 1988 ckESpf ta&;awmfyHkudk 1962 ckESpfESihf 1974 ckESpf z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;ypf&ef wm0ef&Sdvmavonf? a':atmifqef;pk-unf. t&if;ESD;
ta&;tcif;rsm;rS uGJjym;jcm;em;apayonf? ,cifu uef‹uGufqENjyr+rsm;udk qH;k aemufvu kd wf OD;rSm ,cifa&wyfrawmfrS Adv k rf ;ª a[mif;wOD;jzpf_y;D u|eaf wmf.
tenf;ESit fh rsm; ausmif;om;rsm;uom ðyvkycf -hJ uonf? ,ckw}udrf v+y&f mS ;r+wiG f rdwfaqGa[mif;ESihf &Jabmfa[mif;wOD;jzpfol OD;baomf (odr‹k [kwf) armifaomfu
rl jynfolvlxku av;pm;-unf!kdonfh xif&Sm;aom acgif;aqmifwcsKdŒ yg0ifvm jzpfonf? -o*kwv f (31) &ufae‹wiG f armifaomfuonf ol. rdwaf qGjzpfol {&m
avonf? ,if;yk*~dKvfrsm;onf OD;ae0if;. tjrifhqHk; tm%mydkifqdkifr+udk twdt 0wDa&wyfpcef; wyfrª;Adkvfrª;}uD; oef;!Gef‹xH yk*~dKvfa&;pmwapmif atmufyg
vif; pdefac:cJh-uonf? OD;ae0if;ae&mwGif ol‹±kyfao;±kyfrsm; jzpfonfh OD;pdefvGif/ twkdif; a&;cJhonf?
a'gufwm armifarmifESihf ,ckAdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifwkd‹u tajymif;tvJ jrefqef “wyfrawmftaeeJ‹ a':atmifqef;pk-unfukd &efov l o
kd abmxm;_y;D vky}f uH
pGm tqihfqifh qufcHcJh-u&onf? -o*kwfv uefu ‹ GufqENjyr+wGif yxrqHk; vlod owfjzwfzdk‹ tpDtpOfawG vkyfaew,f? tJ'DtxJrSm udk,fvJ vlowform;wdk‹&JŒ
&Sif-um; xkwfazmfajym-um;vmol jrefrmEkdifiH. EkdifiHhacgif;aqmifa[mif;}uD;rSm ypfrw S w f ck jzpfaew,f”
vGefcJhonfh (8) ESpfu EkdifiH&yfjcm;wGif cdkv+H&mrS jrefrmEdkifiHodk‹ jyefvmcJhol OD;Ekjzpf armifaomfuonf aemufwESpft-umwGif tzrf;cHcJh_yD; tvkyf-urf;ESihf
199 200
199 200
t-urf;zufrt
+ arG Adv
tESpf (20) axmif'%fcsrSwfcHcJh&onf? 1991 ckESpfwGif olonf tif;pdefaxmif OD;ae0if;aexkid &f m tif;vsm;uefeaH b; tjcm;wbufurf;Y olr aeae&_yD; xdak e
twGif;wGif aoqHk;cJhavonf’ 15 &monf olr.zcifukd vky}f uHowfjzwf&ef *VKefO;D apmtkypf u k tpDtpOfqJG Zmwf
1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif ta,mifaqmif tm%modrf;r+jzpfyGm; wdkufcJhonfhae&m teD;wGifyif jzpfavonf? olrwnfaxmifcJhaom ygwDjzpfonfh
_yD;aemuf a':atmifqef;pk-unfonf wEkid if v H ;kH tES‹H c&D;oGm;_yD; vlxt k m; awGŒqkH trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf. 'k=OuU@onfvnf; zrf;qD;cHc&hJ _yD; axmif'%fEpS f
cJo
h nf? olroGm;av&mwkid ;f wGif olrtm; ol&aJ umif;wOD;tjzpf óudqckd -hJ uonf? &Snu f soGm;cJo h nf? olonf ,cifuvnf; axmif'%fuscHc&hJ zl;onf? ,if;yk*Kd~ vf
1989 ckESpf/ {_yDv (5) &ufae‹wGif &efukeftaemufawmifydkif;wGif&Sdaom {&m rSm 1988=89 'Dru dk a&pDta&;awmfy. kH a&SŒwef;rS ay:xGuv f mcJah om wyfrawmf
0wDjrpf0u|e;f ay:a'orS "EkjzLòrdu › av;od‹k olra&muf&o dS mG ;cJoh nf? olrESifh vlw . ppfOD;pD;csKyfa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD; jzpfavonf? a':atmifqef;pk-unfrSm
pk vrf;wcktwdkif; av#mufvmcJh&mwGif ppfwyfrS Adkvf}uD;jrifhOD;onf olw ‹ yfESihft xdef;odrf;cHvdkuf&aomfvnf; olr. vlóudufrsm; a&yef;pm;r+rSm usqif;roGm;cJh
wl olrudk xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifvmcJhonf? ‚if;t&m&Sdu ol‹ppfom;rsm;tm; aoewf ay? olrudk ab;z,fxw k v f ukd _f y;D aemuf 1988 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvu tm%modr;f
udk usnx f ;kd I olrudck sed &f , G &f ef trdea‹f y;vdu
k o
f nf? oda‹k omfvnf; a':atmifqef; pOfu uwday;cJo h nft h wdik ;f taxGaxGa&G;aumufyu JG kd usif;yay;&ef pdwcf soGm;
pk-unfu olr‹ dwfaqGa&mif;&if;rsm;tm; vrf;ab;odq k‹ if;&ef ajymvdkuf_yD; olrw &_yD[k ppfwyfu awG;xifcJhavonf? odk‹ jzihf 1990 jynfhESpf/ arv (27) &ufae‹
OD;wnf; owWd&SdpGm a&Sq › ufwdk;oGm;cJhonf? uHaumif;axmufrpGmyif Adkvfr;ª wOD; wGif jrefrmjynfolvlxkonf a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;cJh-u&onf? trsKd;om;'Drkdu
xdktcsif;jzpfyGm;&modk‹ a&muf&Sdvm_yD; Akdvf}uD;jrihfOD; qufvufrvkyfaqmifEkdif&ef a&pDtzGŒJcsKyfonf jynfov ‹l w $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af e&m (485) ae&mteuf (389)
wm;jrpfcJhonf? rnfodk‹yifqdkap e0w. oabmwlnDr+t&om Akdvf}uD;jrihfOD;u ae&mudk tHh-op&m aumif;avmufatmif tEdkif&&SdcJhavonf? rqvwjzpfvJ
,if;od‹k aqmif&u G cf jhJ cif;jzpfayonf? olonf &mxl;wd;k jr‡ichf cH &hJ onf? Akv d rf ;ª . uH wpn (wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;ygwD) onf (11) ae&mr#om tEdkif&&Sd
-urRmudrk l rod&awmhacs? cJhonf? ,if;qENrJonf OD;ae0if;udk qefu ‹ sifa-umif;ESihf a':atmifqef;pk-unfudk
tajctaeonf wif;rmvmcJo h nf? {_yDvapmapmydik ;f wGif &efuek òf rdY› usif; axmufcaH -umif; jyovdu k af yonf?
yaom e0w. owif;pm &Sif;vif;yGJwGif (7) &ufae‹xkwf vkyfom;jynfola‹ e‹pOf jynfolvlxku rdrdwdk‹.toHudk xkwfazmfcJhaomfvnf; ppfwyfu emcH&ef
owif;pmtwdkif;qdk&v#if ‘tajctjrpf r&Sdolrsm;. rdk;vHk;jynfh rkom0g'rsm;’ ESihf jiif;qefcjhJ yefavonf? jynfov ‹l w $ af wmfukd usif;yjcif;rðycJah y? xkt d pm; a&G;cs,f
ywfoufI Akv d cf sKyf}uD;apmarmifu &Si;f vif;jycJo h nf? ,if;oda‹k om aumvm[v cH v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f (60) ausmfudk zrf;qD;cJh_yD; trsm;tjym;rSm tao;tzGJ
wckrmS {_yv D (2) &ufae‹xw k f befaumufae‹pOfxw k f ‘The Nation’ owif;pmwGif pGJcsufrsm;jzifh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfrS ±kyfodrf;cHcJh-u&onf? v$wfawmf
yg&Sdaom owif;wyk'fjzpfonf? ,if;owif;u ‘aemufqHk; aumv[vwckrSm ukd,fpm;vS,f (10) OD;cef‹ xkdif;=jrefrme,fpyfodk‹ xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifoGm;cJh-u
weoFm&Dwdkif;twGif;wGif tpdk;&. OD;aqmifr+jzifh vl (30) yg0ifaom wyfzGJŒwzGJŒ onf? ‚if;xGufajy;oGm;olrsm;onf 1990 jynfhESpf/ 'DZifbmv (18) &ufae‹wGif
udk zGJŒpnf;cJha-umif;/ ,if;wyfzGJŒudk 'kwd, *VKefOD;apmtkyfpk[k emrnfay;xm;_yD; trsKd;om;!Gef‹aygif;tpdk;&udk xlaxmifvdkuf-uonf? 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19)
vufeuftjynfw h yfqifxm;a-umif;ESifh ,if;wyfzŒJG. vkyif ef;wm0efrmS a':atmif &ufae‹wGif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&ol wOD;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;. tudkawmfol OD;
qef;pk-unfudk vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef jzpfa-umif; [lIjzpfonf’ [k a&;om;xm; b0if;. om;jzpfol a'gufwm pdef0if;u ,if;tpkd;&tzGJŒudk OD;aqmifcJhavonf?
onf? olw. dk‹ &nf&G,fcsuf txajrmufatmifjrif_yD;ygu ‚if;tkyfpkonf tcsdeft 'Dru dk a&pDenf;uspGm a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&aom tpd;k &w&yfu &efuek òf rdw › iG f tkycf sKyf&
wef-um ajratmuf0ifomG ;&efjzpfonf? rnfhtpm; OD;ae0if;. vufa0cHom; ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;wyfzGJŒ. t}uD;tuJ
rnfoydk‹ ifjzpfap/ a':atmifqef;pk-unfrSmrl ypfcwfjcif; rcHcJh&ay? odak‹ omf Akvd rf ;ª }uD; cif!eG ‹f ESptf enf;i,ftwGi;f tvsiftjref -oZmtm%mwufvmonf
vnf; ‘1989 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (20) &ufae‹wiG f &efuek w f uUov kd &f yd o
f mvrf;&Sd olr udo k m jynfov l x
l u k rsufjrifu, kd af wGŒ jzpfc&hJ avonf? ‚if;. oabmxm;wif;
aetdrfudk ppfwyfu 0dkif;vdkuf_yD; olrudk tus,fcsKyfcsxm;vkdufawmhonf?’ 16 rmol tkypf 0k ifrsm;onfvnf; ae&m ydrk ckd idk cf efv ‹ mcJ-h uonf?
201 202
201 202
t-urf;zufrt
+ arG Adv
OD;apm. aoewform;rsm; twGif;0ef±Hk;twGif; 0ifa&muf_yD; OD;atmif

qef;ESihf ol. vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhonfrSm ,cktcg (59)
ESpf&SdvmcJhav_yD? OD;apmonf tm%mtwGuf ol‹òydifbufrsm;ukd &Sif;vif;ypfcJh
onf? odak‹ omfvnf; xdyfqHk;acgif;aqmifum; oludk,fwdkifjzpfrvmEkdifcJhacs? ol.
tarGrSmrl qufvuf&SifoefaeqJyif? OD;atmifqef;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ jzpfyGm;
_yD;onfhaemufydkif; okwfoifa&;enf;udk OD;ae0if;ESihf ol. twGif;pnf;&Sd aemuf
vdkufrsm;u atmifatmifjrifjrif usihfoHk;cJhavonf? 1947 ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvtwGif;
-urRmiifonfh xdkae‹wGif trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifwOD; usqHk;cJh&±Hkwifru wEkdifiH
vHk;. ±kd;om;jrihfjrwfr+ESihf vufawGŒtouf0ifv+yf&Sm;aeaom 'Drkdua&pDpepf
tay:wGif xm;&Sdonfh EkdifiH. *k%f,l0ihfºuGm;r+onfvnf; tpdwfpdwft¹r$m¹r$m
ysujf ym;use&f pfc&hJ avonf?
OD;ae0if;taejzihf vky}f uHowfjzwfru + kd rpDrH r}uHpnfcv hJ #iyf if olonf OD;apm
. tpOftvmtwdkif; xJxJ0if0if usihfoHk; rif;vkyftkyfcsKyfolwOD;jzpfavonf?
OD;atmifqef;.orD; a':atmifqef;pk-unfurl touf (32) ESpft&G,fwGif eef;&if;0efOD;apmESifh twGif;0efOD;wifxGÉf ICS wkd‹ukd vef'efòrdŒawmfwGif 1941 ckESpf
owfjzwfjcif;cHvdkuf&I _yD;qHk;atmif rvkyfaqmifoGm;EkdifcJhaom trsKd;om;ol&J atmufwkdbm§Ekd0ifbmvrsm;twGif; awGŒ&ykH? _Adwdo#tpkd;&. zdwf-um;csuft&
aumif;.tvkyfudk qufvufaqmif-uOf;vkyfaqmif&ef óud;pm;jcif;om jzpfav 0ef}uD;csKyf 0ifpwifcsmcsDESifh wjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh pum;vufqkHaqG;aEG;cJh-uonf?
onf? jrefrmEkid if t H aejzifh ,ae‹tcgor,wGif _ird ;f csr;f aom 'Dru dk a&pDpepfusaom
om,m0ajymaom EkdifiHwEkdifiHtjzpf &yfwnfaeoihf_yD;/ ,if;o±kyfouef.
trSwt f om;tjzpf a':atmifqef;pk-unfukd jrefrmtrsm;pku ±+jrifae-uavonf?
17
wae‹ae‹wcsdecf sdeYf vGwv f yfaom 'Dru
dk a&pD jrefrmEkid if aH wmfwiG f ,if;oda‹k om
pGr;f &nfEiS jfh ynfph okH nfh acgif;aqmifrsm; ay:xGuv f mrnfrmS aocsmvSygonf?
ydkrdkaysmf&$ifzG,faumif;aom tem*wfae‹rsm;odk‹ ar#mfrSef;&if; xkdtcsdefwGif
,if;acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm;udk xyfrHvufv$wf tqHk;±+H;cHI rjzpfawmhay?
Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô
1948/ arv (8) &ufae‹/ tif;pdefaxmifwGif; t±k%fwufcsdefwGif

OD;apm uGyfrsufcH&csdefeD; óud;pifay:wGif awGŒ&ykH
203 204
203 204
Adv
aumvm[vaygif;ac|;cH
befaumuf. ‘The Nation’ owif;pmwGif yg&Sdvmonfh emrnfausmf pm
tcef; (7) a&;q&m r,f,m'l;AGKd ufpf (Mair Dubois) . u|efawmfph mtkyt f ay: aumufEw k f
&v'f oHk;oyfcsufrSm tao;pdwfus_yD; tawG;tac: eufeJvSayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
olonf jrefrmEkdifiHom;ESihf EkdifiHjcm;om; pma&;q&mrsm; a&;om;r+tcsKdŒay:wGif
om ol.awG;ac:r+udk tajcpdkufxm;ayonf? txl;ojzifh OD;xGef;vSatmif yg0if
‘Adv
k cf sKyfEiS t hf wl tzd;k wefacgif;aqmifaumif;rsm; u|Eyfk w
f -‹kd um;rS cJh&onfhtcef;u¾ESihf ywfouffI t_idrf;pm;Akdvfr;ª csKyfa[mif; OD;armifarmifa&;
aysmufu, G of mG ;cJah v_y?D ol&aJ bma-umifvaS om &efo. l om;aumifjzpf om;aom “jrefrmhtrsK;d om;a&;v+y&f mS ;r+rsm; (1940=1948)” ‘ (Burmese Nation-
cJ-h u&onfh ‚if;wdt ‹k m;vH;k rSm jrpfa&jyifvm$ Y jzpfay:vmaom a&ðryfyrm alist Movements (1940-1948)’ udk tppftrSef t&if;cHtjzpf udk;um;xm;av
(odrk‹ [kwf) a&yef;yGm;rsm;rS wzef jzpfwnftyfaom a&ylaygif;rsm;yrm onf? r,f,m'l;AGKd ufpu f ,if;pmtkyyf g atmufygpmyd'k rf sm;udk ud;k um;xm;onf?
tvm;o¿mefwv l . S ? u|Ekyf w
f ‹kd cHpm;&or#um; Oyrmtm;jzifh E+id ;f ,SOf pmrsufEmS (317) æ“0ef}uD;tzGŒJ cef;rrSm OD;atmifqef;. ud, k yf ikd t
f cef;jzpf
wdik ;f wmI r&Ekid af umif;wnf?h ’ _yD; jrefrmh&JwyfzGJŒ. &mZ0wfr+cif; pHkprf;axmufvS rf;a&;Xme t}uD;tuJ 'kwd,
(ocifEk toHvi$ rhf ed c‹f eG ;f =22 Zlvikd v
f / 1947) &JAdkvfcsKyf ±Hk;cef;.tay:wnfhwnfh txyfwGif&Sdonf? vkyf}uHr+jzpfyGm;csdefu
Oa&myppft&m&Sd (2) OD;/ 'kw, d &JAv kd cf sKyf (pDtidk 'f )D tcef;wGif &Sad e-u_yD; ypfcwf
r+rsm; jzpfyGm;_yD;_yD;csif; ‚if;wdkE‹ SpfOD; *spfum;wpD;jzihf armif;xGufoGm;cJh-uonf[k
aemufw&ufae‹xkwf owif;pmrsm;u a&;om;cJh-uonf? aemufydkif;wGif ‚if;wdk‹
jrefrmEdik if .
H xdyw
f ef;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (19) &uf ESpfOD;rSm jrefrmhppfOD;pD;XmerS awmifydkif;c±kdif/ ppfOD;pD;rª;=Adkvfrª;csKyfeuf&Sf (Brig
ae‹ Y owfjzwfcJhonfh OD;apm. &mZ0wfjypfr+a-umihf xdk‹twGuf jypf'%fuscH&r+ Nash) ESifh jrefrmhppfO;D pD;XmecsKyfrS axmufvS r;f a&;ppfO;D pD; Adv k rf ;ª csKyf=Adv k rf ;ª csKyf
ESihf ywfoufI ‘The Burma Bulletin’ 1 pmapmifwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmt-um u|ef Edkuf (Brig Knight) wd‹k jzpfa-umif; od&&dS onf”
awmf aqmif;yg;oHk;yk'fa&;cJhzl;onf? xdkaqmif;yg;rsm;udk “òyH;r,f/ òyH;r,f= vl pmrsufESm (321)æ“tH-op&maumif;onfhtcsufrSm pDtkdif'Dt}uD;tuJ
-urf;jzpfw,f”/ “wap>/ iSuaf ysmoD;ESifh oHy&m&nf”ESifh “u|eaf wmht f m; vufrid+ cf s taejzifh bmjzpfaeonfukd od&adS e_y;D tcif;jzpfymG ;_y;D _y;D csi;f rnfou ‹l kd zrf;qD;&rnf
umþE+wq f ufyg”þ[lIþacgif;pOfwyfc. hJ ? xdak qmif;yg;rsm;u u|efawmftm; tH-h o udk od&Sdaeonfhtcsufjzpfonf? r+cif;pHkprf;axmufvS rf;a&;Xme (pDtkdif'D) t}uD;
p&m aumif;avmufatmif wk‹Hjyefun l rD r+ sm; &&Sad pcJo
h jzifh u|eaf wmht
f aejzifh pmtkyf tuJ/ 'kwd,&JAdkvfcsKyf OD;xGef;vSatmiftaejzifh aoewfypfcwfr+rsm; jzpfyGm;_yD;
yHpk H a&;om;&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfapcJah yonf? pmtkyjf zpfvmaomtcgYvnf; rdepfydkif;twGif;rSmyif &JAkdvfcsKyf (IGP) udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tcef;xJodk‹ ac:
pHkprf;ar;jref;r+rsm; a0zefcsufrsm; &&SdcJhjyefygonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹ trdajr. vGwfvyf aqmifoGm;cJh_yD; ae‹rukefrDrSmyif &JwyfzGJŒwzGJŒudk OD;aqmifI OD;apm_cH0if;odk‹ oGm;cJh
a&;r&rD aoG;jzifh ay;qyfcJh&aom acwfopforkdif;udk pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;twGuf onf? (,if;wyfzGJŒrSm BAPS ac: jynfol&‹ Jabmf wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESifh zGJŒpnf;xm;aom
tcsKdŒrSm ya[Vdqefqef pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;vSonfhtwGuf u|Ekfyfwdk‹taejzihf t&efppfwyftzGŒJ jzpf_yD; ppfrjzpfru D _Adwo d # &J*s;D rifh (wyf) rS _Adwo d #t&m&Srd sm; OD;
xyfrpH ak qmif;r+rsm;/ jyefvnf&iS ;f vif;csufrsm; csufcsif;ðyvkycf &hJ ayonf? aqmif_yD; yef*syfESihf e,fpyfa'orsm;rS tdENd, rlqvifrsm;ESifhom zGJŒpnf;xm;
205 206
205 206
&v'f Adv
onfh BMP ac: Armppfyv k yd t f zGŒJ ukd tpm;xk;d zGŒJ pnf;xm;onft h zGŒJ jzpfonf” jzpf_yD; xkt d csed w f iG f {nfoh nfjzpfol ArmhppfO;D pD;XmecsKyf OD;pD;Adv k cf sKyf (General Of-
pmrsufESm (339)/ rSwfcsuf (123) æ“vlowform;rsm; twGif;0ef±Hk; ficer Commanding Burma Command) . ukd,f&Hawmf (aide-de-camp)
taqmufttHw k iG ;f rSþxGucf mG oGm;_yD; rdepftenf;i,f-um_yD;aemuf (pDtidk 'f D t}uD; Adkvfoef;0if;ESifh pum;ajymvsuf&Sdonf? aoewfrsm; ypfcwfonfESifh olwkd‹ -urf;
tuJ/ 'kw, d &JAv
kd cf sKyf OD;xGe;f vSatmifonf olt ‹ cef;rS &JAv
kd cf sKyftcef;od‹k ul;oGm; jyifwiG f 0yfaecJ-h uaomfvnf; r-umcif jyefx-u_yD; Adv k xf eG ;f vSonf pnf;a0;cef;
_yD; tay:xyftcef;rS ±kw±f w k o f o J tJ oH-um;&a-umif;ESifh oGm;-unf±h o + ihaf -umif; r}uD;twGi;f ok‹d tajy;0ifa&mufco hJ nf? olonf yxrqk;H a&muf&v dS moljzpfonf?
ajymqdkI tay:xyfwufoGm;cJh&m tjzpfqdk;}uD;udk awGŒ jrifcJh&jcif;jzpfonf” (tcef; 1/ pmrsufESm 46)? vufeufudkif vlowform;rsm; avSum;ay: wufvm
Todk‹ txufwGif qufpyfwifjycJhonfh jzpfpOfrsm;wGif yg&SdcJhaom u|Ekfyf onfudk jrifvdkuf&aom tpdk;&tr+aqmiftzGJŒ. vufaxmuftwGif;a&;rª;jzpfol
zcif. tcef;u¾ESihf ywfoufI a&;om;ajymqdkr+rsm;udk u|efawmfhtaejzifh OD;wift;Hk onf xkcd ef;rod‹k aemufxyf0ifa&mufvmoljzpfonf?
tav;wrl jyefvnfrwH‹kjyefcahJ -umif; r,f,m'l;AGKd uf (pf) u a&;om;azmfjycJo h nf? xkdae‹/ paeae‹ eHeuf (9) em&DrS pwifI TtaqmufttHktwGif;wGifyif
&nf!e¸ ;f csurf sm;rSm &efuek x f w k f owif;pmrsm;rS owif;rsm;tay: tajccHxm;yH&k jrefrmEkdifiH &JAdkvfcsKyf OD;barmifonf tqihfjrifh òrdj› y&Jt&m&Sdrsm; tpnf;ta0;udk
avonf? vky}f uHowfjzwfrj+ zpfymG ;_y;D aemufw&ufwiG f yHEk ydS af zmfjycJah om Oa&my }uD;-uyfðyvkyv f su&f o dS nf? &efuek òf rda› wmf &Jrif;}uD; OD;atmifcsed Ef iS fh 'kw, d &JAv kd f
3
t&m&Sd (2) OD; owif;udk &nf!e¸ ;f xm;a-umif; 0efcrH + ðyxm;avonf? xdo k ‹kd tkwf csKyf OD;xGe;f vSaS tmifwv ‹kd nf; xkt
d pnf;ta0;od‹k wufa&mufvsuf&o dS nf? olw‹kd
atmfaomif;wif;jzpfaeaom tcsed w f iG f u|eaf wmfpak qmif;&&Sx d m;aom owif;rsm; onfvnf; aygufurJG r+ sm;a-umihf xdwv f efa‹ csmufcsm;oGm;-uonf? ,if;aygufuJG
rSm tjzpfrSefrsm;ESifh vkyf}uHowif;rsm; a&maxG;aeonf? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+udk r+udk oufaoxGufqdk&mwGif &efukefòrd›&Jrif;}uD;u tkwfrsm; òydusoHuJhodk‹vnf;
e,fcsJŒ _Adwdo#wdk‹u }uHpnfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? 2 jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;rSm e,fcsJŒ aumif;/ u|Efyk . f zcifu tH;k tH;k ºuGuºf uGuq f n
l oH rH sm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; xifjrif
_Adwdo#wdk. ‹ xifovdk jc,fvS,ftoHk;csr+udk cHcJh&onf? a'ocH jrefrmtrsKd;om; cJ-h uonf? od‹k jzifh xdak e‹tpnf;ta0;onf wefo ‹ mG ;cJoh nf?
yËdnmOfcH 0efxrf;rsm;rSm olwdk. ‹ (txuft&m&Sdšq&morm;) _Adwdo#wdkt ‹ ay: &JwyfzGJŒ. ±Hk;cef;rsm;onf ESpfxyftaqmufttHkjzpfaom twGif;0ef±Hk;.
,dr;f ,kid rf t
+ wGuf tjypfqzkd , G &f mjzpfonfæponfwr‹kd mS vlxt k -um; xif&mS ;onfh ta&S›buftaqmifwGif wnf&Sdonf? tpdk;&±Hk;cef;rsm;rSmrl ta&S›/ taemufESihf
,lqcsufrsm; jzpfaecJhonf? T,lqcsuf oHk;csuftay: a0zefwdkufckduf&mwGif awmifbufww ‹kd iG f qufpyfwnf&adS eaom taqmufttHrk sm;twGi;f ae&m,lxm;
vusfmorm;rsm;xuf vuf0Jorm;rsm;u ydkrdkjyif;xefpGm wdkufcdkufonf? uGefjrL -u_yD;/ ajrmufbufwGif taqmifao;wckom&Sdonf? ,if;ajrmufbuftaqmif
epf ae‹pOfowif;pmrS a&;om;wdkufcdkufr+rSm tjyif;xefqHk;jzpfavonf? ,if;odk‹ onf (xdt k csed u f a&wyfrS ,m,Dawmif;,lwyfpx JG m;aom) pdea‹f ygvf (St. Paul's)
v#if tydkiftEkdifa&;om;ajymqdkr+rsm;rSm vkyf}uHowfjzwffr+}uD; _yD;_yD;csif;yif ydkrdk ausmif;udk rsuEf mS rlvsu&f _dS yD; av;axmifyh /kH twGi;f 0ef±;kH taqmufttH. k pwkwˆ
qd;k &Gm;vm_yD; xde;f rEkid o f rd ;f r& jzpfvmonf? ajrmuf rsufESmpmjzpfvsuf&Sdayonf? ta&SŒbuftaqmif ajrnDxyfwGif&Sdaom
1947 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv (19) &ufae‹ eHeufcif; tv,fcef‹wGif *VKefwyfzGJŒ0if jrefrmEdik if H &JAv kd cf sKyf±;kH cef;rSmrl Akv d cf sKyf.tcef;ESifh wnfw h nfq h efu ‹ sifbufwiG &f dS
vlowform; (4) a,mufonf 0ef}uD;rsm;aumifpDcef;rtwGif;odk‹ twif;0if onf?þtaemufbuftaqmifþyxrxyfwiG &f adS omþAkv d cf sKyf.tcef;onf ðzwfIwyf
a&muf_yD; tcef;wGif;&Sd olrsm;tm; olwu dk‹ dkifaqmifvmaom atmfwkdrufwpf ao I&aom eH&t H &Sirf sm;&S_d yD; tpd;k &tr+aqmiftzGŒJ cef;rtjzpf wd;k csŒJtoH;k csI&onf?
ewfrsm;jzifh puUe‹f (30) cef‹ -um ypfcwfc-hJ uonf? aoewfypforH sm;rSm taqmuf txl;cHk±Hk;u oufaorsm;udk -um;emr+ pwifv#if pwifcsif;yif Ttr+}uD;
ttHkwck òydusoGm;ouJhokd‹ vnf;aumif;/ vufypfAHk; 'gZifaygif;rsm;pGm aygufuGJ . w&m;0ifwikd w f ef;oljzpfaom &efuek òf rda› wmf &Jrif;}uD; OD;atmifcsed o f nf w&m;
ouJo h v‹kd nf;aumif;/ ajymif;us,f atmfwrkd ufwpfvufeuf}uD;rsm; ypfcwfouJh vdb k ufrS yxrqH;k pwifoufaocHojl zpfvmonf? olonf jrefrmEkid if H &JAv kd cf sKyf
odk‹ vnf;aumif; tvm;o¿mefwlvSonf? ±Hk;cef;rS taemufbuftaqmifodk‹ vrf;av#mufvmcJh_yD; aumifpDcef;rodk‹ a&muf
uyfvsut f cef;um; Adv k cf sKyf. uk, d af &;vufaxmuf Adv k xf eG ;f vS.tcef; aomtcg AdkvfxGef;vSESihf OD;wiftkH;wdk‹udk ,if;ae&mwGif awGŒcJh&a-umif; olu
207 208
207 208
&v'f Adv
oufaocHxu G q f ckd ohJ nf? ajymif;rsm;jzifh apmihf-unfhaecJh&m OD;apmonf vl (4/ 5) OD;ESihftwl avSwpD;jzifh
OD;xGef;vSatmifonf w&m;vdkjyoufaotrSwf (38) jzpfonf? olonf t}udrftawmfrsm;rsm; rouFmzG,f&m tif;vsm;ueftwGif; oGm;vmaeonfudk
zswfvwfoGufvufoltjzpf vlodrsm;jym; xifay:ausmf-um;oljzpfonf? olonf awGŒ&cdS &hJ a-umif; owif;rsm; u|Eyfk t f m; xyfraH jymjycJo h nf? OD;apmtaejzihf aumif;
taemufawmifbufxGufaygufrS pywfvrf;odk‹ um;armif;xGufcGm_yD; taemuf aumif;rGefrGef t_rJ0wfpm;qif,ifxm;wwf&m ol0‹ goemt& rdef;rr+ayyJvm;[k
bufydkif;odk‹oGm;um awGŒor#vltaygif;udk ar;jref;awmhonf? ar;jref;I c&D; ,lqcJhonf? ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;taejzihf OD;apmonf vufeuftajrmuftjrm;
ra&mufonft h cg olonf taemufajrmufbuf*w d rf S jyefvmcJo h nf? xdt
k csed wf iG f pkaqmif;aecJah -umif;þ,H-k unfae-uonft h csuu f þkd eufþ(&S)f þuþ[ef‹ (Lt.Col. Hunt)
jrefrmEdik if aH wmf &JAv kd cf sKyf OD;barmiftaejzihf ypfcwfrr+ sm;ESifh ywfoufI od&EdS iS _fh y;D udk owday;cJh&ao;onf? ‘[ef’‹ qdkonfrSm jrefrmppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf/ umuG,fa&;
jzpfaeum OD;xGef;vSatmif jyefa&mufa&mufcsif; olu xkdowif;udk ajymjyvdkuf Xme/ vHkòcHa&;t&m&Sd 'k=Adkvfrª;}uD;wOD;jzpfonf? TonfrSm vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+
onf? xda‹k emuf olwE‹kd pS af ,mufv;kH owfjzwfr+ tcsi;f jzpfymG ;&mae&mod‹k csucf si;f wu,frjzpfymG ;rDtcsdeu f jzpfonf? ‘[ef’‹ onf ppfrjzpfru D &efuek w f iG f pD;yGm;a&;
oGm;cJh-uonf? xdk‹aemuf twGif;0efcsKyf (Chief Secretary) OD;umpD. ±Hk;cef;odk‹ vkyif ef;wckY tvkyv f yk u f ikd cf zhJ ;l oljzpf_yD; OD;apm.pdwt f xmudk od&cdS o hJ jl zpfonf?
qufvufoGm;-uum a-uuGJzG,f&m tjzpfqdk;udk today;cJh-uonf? OD;xGef;vS 'kw, d &JAv kd cf sKyfþ(pDtidk 'f )D þuvnf; olt ‹ m;þuefujkd zwfIþOD;apmtdru f þkd axmufvS r;f
atmiftaejzifh OD;umpDESihf pum;ajymaeqJrSmyif uy`wdefcef;xHrS w,fvDzkef; apmihf-unfhcdkif;xm;cJhonf? OD;apm.tr+wGif pDtkdif'D&JwyfzGJŒ. oufaoxGufqdk
tac:0ifvmonf? uy`wdefcef;tm; twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;odk‹vm&ef ajymvdkufojzifh csufu-kd unfyh g?)”
‚if;onf em&D0uftwGif; a&muf&Sdvm_yD; pDtkdif'Dt}uD;tuJtm; oludk,fwdkif owfjzwfr+jzpfyGm;aecsdefwGif tpdk;&tr+aqmiftzGJŒcef;ratmufwGif &Sdaom
tpD&ifcaH vawmhonf? ±Hk;cef;wGif qm[l;bwfpf&ef‹. vufaxmuftwGif;0efjzpfol ‘qmepfavrdktm
OD;armifarmifu olp‹ mtkyfxJwGif azmfjycJhaom Oa&mywdkufom; ppfwyft (Sir Nick Larmour)’ 5 onf tvkyv f yk af ecJah -umif; od&onf? Tonfu u|Eyfk w f ‹ kd
6
&m&Sd (2) OD;rSm jrefrmhppfOD;pD;±Hk;/ jrefrmjynfawmifydkif;c±kdifa'o wyfrif;jzpfol tm; ‘zdvpfeuf (&Sf)’ . tjcm;xGufqdkcsufwckudk tm±Hka&mufoGm;apcJhonf?
Adkvfr;ª csKyf ‘euf (&Sf) ESifh jrefrmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf±Hk; ppfOD;pD; (axmufvS rf;a&;) Adkvf ,if;xGufqdkcsufrSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf?
rª;csKyfjzpfol ‘Ekduf’ wdt k‹ jzpf xkwfazmfod&SdcJh&onf? olwo dk‹ nf ypfcwfr+rsm;jzpf_yD; “TrESpòf rdz› , G f tjzpftysufowif;. tjcm;±+axmifw h ckrmS vky}f uHrr+ jzpf
_yD;csif; *spfum;wpD;jzifh armif;xGufoGm;cJh-uonf? tmZmenfae‹ ywf0ef;usif yGm;rD wywftvdkavmufY tpdk;&tr+aqmiftzGJŒwGif tpnf;ta0;&Sdaecdkuf tr+
avmufwGif xkwfa0aom ppftm%mydkifwdk‹. owif;pmrsm;u wdkufwdkufqdkif aqmifcef;rodk‹ wufa&mufoGm;aom avSum;t0ifwHcg;0Y jrefrm&JwyfzGJŒESifh wGJ
qdik f r-umc%qdo k vdk pmrsuEf mS (317) wGif yg&Sad om Ttv,fpmyd'k u f kd ud;k um; zufI wm0efcsay;xm;aom _Adwdo#t&m&SdESpfOD;udk wm0efcsxm;cJhjcif;yif jzpf
azmfjyavh&Sdonf? 4 pma&;olu Tta-umif;t&mudk &nf!¸ef;azmfjycJhaom pm onf? TonfrSm jrefrmvlrsKd; &JwyfzGJŒ0ifw. dk‹ *k%foduQmudk xdcdkufapojzihf ‚if;
rsufESm (339) &Sd rSwfpk trSwf (125) udk udk;um;v#ifvnf; qDavsmfayvdrhfrnf? t&m&Srd sm;udk jyefvnf±yk o f rd ;f ay;cJ&h onf? od‹k jzpfav&m (19) &ufae‹u ‚if;t&m
(“Adv k rf ;ª csKyf euf (&S)f rSm tpd;k &tdraf wmftwGi;f &Sd bk&ifc. H vufatmufcH &Sdrsm;om wm0efcsxm;onfhae&mwGif &SdaecJhaomf rnfodk‹ jzpfysufEkdifonfudk cef‹
ud, k yf ikd t
f wGi;f 0eftzGŒJrþS twGi;f 0efcsKyfjzpfol yD*stD ;D euf (&S)f (P.G. E Nash) (tdE, dN rSe;f wGuq f -unfI h &ayonf? tb,fa-umihq f akd omf olwo ‹kd nf vufeufrsm; udik f
yËdnmOfcH0efxrf;= ICS) . tudkawmfoljzpfonf? Zlvdkifv (28) &ufae‹pGJjzihf aqmifxm;-u_y;D rouFmzG,&f m vlowform;rsm; 0wfqifxm;-uaom ppfwyf,l
ay;ydk‹aom a-u;eef;trSwf (313) (Telm.Gvr-SSB, No. 313) pmydk'f (6) wGifæ eDazmif;ta[mif;rsm;a-umihf vG,fvG,fESihf ausmfjzwfcGihfay;vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs?”
Zlvdkifv (18) &ufae‹wGif u|Ekfyfonf zdvpf (&Sf) wufa&mufaeaom aq;±Hkodk‹ Zlvikd vf (19) &ufae‹/ nae (4) em&D (25) rdepfwiG f ‘qm*D;vfbwfvw d 0f w
d ’f
tvnfoGm;a&mufcJh&m ol‹taejzifh vufeuftrsm; aysmufqHk;aer+udk od&Sdae (Sir Gilbert Laithwaite) xHo‹kd ,m,Db& k ifc.H twGi;f 0ef ‘qm'AvsL'D azmifvm’
a-umif; awGŒ&SdcJh&onf? olu OD;apm. bef*vdkudk ntcsdefwGif ppfajrjyifoHk; rSef (R.W.D. Fowler) ay;yda ‹k om a-u;eef;pmwGif yg&So d nfh tcsut f vufrsm;ESifh zdvpf
209 210
209 210
&v'f Adv
euf (&Sf) ajymqdkcsufrsm;rSm uGJvGJqef‹usifvsuf&Sdonf? (pmrsufESm=268 pmwGJ/ aumifpD0ifrsm;wGif txl;t&m&Sdrsm; oufawmfapmifhrsm;&Sd-u_yD; AdkvfxGef;vSESifh
yl;wGJ pmrsuEf mS =230) ? ‘azmifvm’. owif;ay;ydc‹k suw f iG f rwdus rrSeu f efrr+ sm; udkaxG;wdkr‹ Sm xdktcsdefu teD;tem;wGif &SdaecJh-uonf? Todka‹ om óudwifowd
jynfhESufvsuf&Sd_yD; vlowform;rsm; pD;eif;vmaom *spfum;wGif trSwf (12) xm; vkyfaqmifr+tcsKdŒ &Sdyif&Sdjim;aomfvnf; tm;vHk;csKyf-unfhvkdufaomtcg óud
ppfwyf. trSwt f om;rsm; yg&So d nf[k olu ajymqdck o hJ nf? oda‹k omfvnf; tpd;k & wifumuG,fr+rSm tvGeftrif;vdktyfaecJh_yD; xkdtcsdefu twGif;0ef±Hk;rSm wu,f
tr+aqmiftzGJŒcef;r. wHcg;0tjyifbufwGif wm0ef,lapmihf-uyfae-uaom yif ‘wHcg;r&S=d "m;r&S’d tajctaejzpfco hJ nf? t"du0ifayguf}uD;rsm;rSm [if;vif;
vufeufudkif jynfo&l‹ Jabmfrsm;rSm aoewform;rsm; ypfcwfr+a-umihf jyif;xefpGm yGiv hf suf&_dS yD;þ±H;k csdetf wGi;f wGiyf ifþarmfawmf,mOfrsm;/ vrf;oGm;vrf;vmrsm; O'[dk
'%f&m&-u_yD; ‚if;vlowform;rsm;udk trSwf (4) ArmhaoewfudkifwyfrS wyfzGJŒ jzwfoef;oGm;vmvsu&f adS yonf? OD;apmu óudwifaxmufvSr;f &ef apv$wcf o hJ nfh
0ifrsm;tjzpf olwu ‹kd rSwo f m;rdvukd -f uonf? xdak e‹u tpd;k &tr+aqmiftzGŒJ cef;r tzGŒJEiS fh vlowform;wd‹k pD;eif;vku d yf goGm;aom *spu f m;wd‹k vG,v f , G u f u
l l 0ifxu G f
. wHcg;aygufY &yfaecJhaom ±Hk;vkvifaomif;pdefonf awmpdrf;a&mif abmif;bD oGm;vmEkdifcJhjcif;u T wHcg;r&Sd/ "m;r&Sd tajctaeudk jyoaeayonf?
&Snf 0wfqifxm;cJo h nf? OD;&mZwf. i,f&, G Ef yk sKdaom ud, k &f aH wmf udak xG;onf vHkòcHa&;twGuf óudwifumuG,fr+ vdktyfjcif;. tjcm;odomxif&Sm;onfh
aoewfypfcwfoHrsm; -um;onfESihf uyfvsuftcef;rS ajy;xGufvmjcif;a-umihf tcsufrSm t"duacgif;aqmifjzpfol AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwdkifu &efoludk
aoewfypfcv H u dk &f jcif;jzpfonf? olonf ppfwyfypkH H ,leaD zmif;udk 0wfqifxm;_yD; tav;rxm;bJ olt ‹ zd‹k jynfov l x l . k arwWmjzihf vHòk cHaeonf[k vGrJ mS ;pGm cHpm;rd
xkdtcsdefu ypPwkdaoewf udkifxm;cJhyHk&onfhtwGuf jynfol‹&JabmfwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm; aejcif;jzpfonf? TonfrSm jynfolvlxktrsm;pk}uD;udk &nf&G,f&if;jzpfonf? ol‹
ESifh txiftrSm;cHvdkuf&jcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? trSwf (4) ArmhvufeufudkifwyfrSm taejzihf 0if0h gyv$m;r+ukd rESpòf rdo › jl zpfonft h wGuf tvkyrf mS jzpfap/ tdrrf mS jzpfap/
Adv
k af e0if;. wyf&if;jzpfonf? oloGm;av&m rnfonfhae&mYjzpfapæ ol‹twGuf txl;umuG,fapmihfa&Smufr+
-urRmqdk;0ifonfh xdkae‹u vHkòcHa&;avsmh&JaeonfrSmawmh jiif;Ir&acs? vdt k yfonf[k olu rxifjrifrcd ahJ cs?
tjcm;±Hk;wuf&ufrsm;ESifhwlaomfvnf; ae‹w0uf±Hk;ydwf&uf&onf[k u|Ekfyfwdk‹ oda‹k omfvnf; xdt k csed u
f tEœ&m,fonf xifxif&mS ;&Sm; eD;uyfvsu&f o dS nf?
ajymavh&Sdaom paeae‹wGif vHkòcHa&;rSmvnf; avsmh&Jaejcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? odk‹ _Adwdo#wdk. ‹ vufeufwdkufrsm;rS vufeufESihf cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf tajrmuftjrm;
aomf t&m&mrSm omrefyHkrSeftwdkif;jzpfonf? bk&ifcH. tr+aqmiftzGJŒtpnf; tcdk;cHxm;&onfudk olvnf;odonf? Zlvdkifv (15) &ufae‹u ,m,DjynfxJa&;
ta0; usif;yaecsdefwGif tr+aqmifcef;rodk‹ wuf&m avSum;&if;wGif _Adwdo# ppf 0ef}uD; (aysmfbG,f) OD;jrvdkufygvsuf AkdvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif bk&ifcHxH oGm;a&mufum
wyfrS t&m&Srd sm;tm; wm0efcsxm;jcif;rSmvnf; t"dutm;jzifh taqmifta,mif b&if;*ef;rsm;/ tykyd pPn;f rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom oHo,jzpfz, G u f pd &P yfrsm;ESihf ywf
oabmrsKd;om jzpfayvdrfhrnf? AdkvfcsKyf. ±Hk;cef;okd‹ csOf;uyf&ef tjcm;enf;vrf; oufI awGŒ&x dS m;csuu f kd owif;ay;ydc‹k ahJ o;onf? ,if;udp&P yfrmS ZGev f (24) &uf
rsm; trsm;tjym; &Sad o;onf? jrefrmvlrsK;d wd‹k *k%o f ud mQ udk xdcu kd af ponfth wGuf ae‹wGif jzpfyGm;cJh_yD; wu,faysmufqHk;oGm;onfhtcsdefESihf aysmufqHk;a-umif; od&Sd
a-umifh EdkifiHjcm;om; tapmihft-uyfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;apcJhonfqdkonfrSm rSefuef csdefwdt k‹ -um; tcsdeftwef-um uGm[-umanmif;oGm;cJhonfESihfywfoufI ol.
aumif; rSefuefvdrfhrnfjzpfaomfjim;vnf; twGif;0ef±Hk;0if;twGif; vHkòcHa&;udk pd;k &draf omuudk OD;atmifqef;u ‘qm[l;bwfp&f ef’‹ udk xdt k csdeu f xkwaf zmfajym
xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smuf&eftwGuf &JwyfzGJŒwzGJŒ wm0eft_rJcsxm;jcif;rSm xHk;wrf; jycJyh gonf? Tr#avmuf tvGet f rif;ta&;}uD;aomudp&P yfrmS ,refae‹urS xdyf
tpOftvm jzpfonf[k ,H-k unf&ayonf? ydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm; od&SdcJh&onf? (tcef; 4/ pmrsufESm =137) oHk;&uf-um_yD;
aoewfoHrsm; xGufay:vmonfESifh vlowform;rsm;. *spfum;udk xGuf aemuf vkyf}uHr+}uD;rjzpfyGm;rD w&uftvdkwGif ocifEkonf qm[l;bwfpf&ef‹xH
ajy;&mwGif tqifoihjf zpfaeap&eftwGuf um;armif;olu avSum;ajc&if;em;od‹k oGm;a&mufI ppfwyfvufeufwu kd uf rnforl nf0grSe;f rodaom olrsm;udk cJ,rf;
armif;a&$Œxm;onfukd &JwOD;u xdak e&mrS qufvufa&$ŒomG ;ap&ef um;armif;ol rD;ausmuf tajrmuftjrm; xkwfay;cJha-umif; xyfrH owif;ay;ydk‹cJhao;onf?
udk ajymcJhaomfvnf; um;armif;olu a&$Œray;cJh[k od&Sd&onf? tcsKdŒtr+aqmif Adv
k cf sKyfEiS fh bk&ifcw H ‹kd awGŒq_kH yD;aemuf &efuek òf rdx› w
k o f wif;pmrsm;u ,if;owif;
211 212
211 212
&v'f Adv
udk rsufEmS zH;k owif;jzpf azmfjycJ-h uonf? cH,drf;,dkifr+twGuf vli,frsKd;cspfrsm;u olwdk‹tay: yxrwGif oHo,tjrifjzifh
Tvufeufcdk;,lolrsm;tay: jrefjrefqefqef jywfjywfom;om; ta&;,l -unf±h a+ e-uaomfvnf; olw. ‹kd vkyif ef;qdik &f m toH;k 0ifra+ -umihf vGwv
f yfa&;&
aqmif&Guf&ef tpDtpOfw&yfudk Zlvdkifv (19) &ufwGif usif;yonfh tr+aqmif _yD; tpdk;&rsm;vufxufY trsm;tjym;rSm vufcHjcif;cHcJh-u&onf? xdka‹ -umihf qdk
aumifpD. aemufqHk;tpnf;ta0; tpDtpOfwGif OD;atmifqef;ESihf ol‹tpdk;&tzGJŒ &S,fvpfacgif;aqmif OD;ausmf_idrf;tygt0if rsKd;cspfacgif;aqmifrsm;. ,Hk-unfr+
u xnfo h iG ;f xm;_yD;jzpfonf? tpnf;ta0;_yD;onfEiS fh (48) em&DtwGi;f OD;apm. udk &&Scd -hJ uol t&m&Srd sm;teuf (2) OD;rSm OD;xGe;f vSatmifEiS hf u|eaf wmf. a,muQr
tdru f kd 0ifa&mufp;D eif;&SmazG&ef pDpOfxm;onf[v k nf; ,H-k unf&avonf? jzpfol w&m;0ef}uD; OD;aomif;pdew f ‹kd jzpf-uonf?
Tvufeufcdk;,lr+udk pHkprf;ppfaq;&mwGif jrefrmh&JwyfzGJŒ. r+cif;pHkprf;ppf
aq;a&;Xme (pDtikd 'f )D onf &efuek òf rd&› rJ if;}uD;ESifh yl;aygif;qufo, G v f suf aqmif
&Gufvsuf&Sdonf? _Adwdo#wdk‹. jrefrmhppfOD;pD;Xme ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;uvnf; tjrifxufyx
dk ;l
Ttr+udk udkifwG,fvsuf&Sdonf? odk‹&mwGif olwdk‹taejzifh jrefrm&JwyfzGJŒESihf
rnfr#avmuf eD;uyfpGm yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonfudkrl rod&acs? Zlvkdifv u|efawmf.pmtkyf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh yxrt}udrfESifh 'kwd,t}udrfxkwf
(17) &ufae‹rSpI (pDtkdif'D) u OD;apmtdrfudk apmihf-unfh&ef wm0efcsxm;ay;cJh_yD; rsm;wGif tusOf;csKH;wifjycJah om yk*Kd~ vftcsKdE‹ iS hf tjzpftysuftcsKdw ‹ .‹dk zrf;pm;r+udk
OD;apm. tdrfeD;csif;jzpfol uy`wdefcef;onf TteD;uyfapmihf-uyf-unfh±+&mwGif cH-u&aom pmzwfolrsm;&SdcJh-uonf? olwkt d‹ aejzifh ,if;wkEd‹ SifhywfoufI ykdrkdod
yg0ifaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf? OD;xGef;vSatmifxH uy`wdefcef;. ae‹ nrpJ wzGJzGJ &Sv
d _dk y;D olwo ‹dk o
d r#uv dk nf; r#a0vk-d uonf? *|eb f if*av/ apmpderf /H+ apmbOD;}uD;
owif;ay;ydkr‹ +u *VKefwdk. ‹ ppfqifa&;tajccHpcef;udk pD;eif;&ef pDpOfr+udk jzpfap ESihf rmvf[x dk &muJo h a‹dk om yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESihf ywfoufqufE, G If jzpfonf?
cJo
h nf? *VKefw. ‹kd XmecsKyfukd olw. ‹kd Akv d cf sKyf/ vlowform;tzGŒJEiS t fh wl odr;f ydu
k f _Adwdo#aumifpD. udk,fpm;vS,f ‘*|efpwsL;0yfbif*av’ udk u|Ekfyfpmtkyf
rd_yD;aemuf a'gufwmbarmfESifh ocifApdeftp&Sdonfh qef‹usifbufštwkduftcH wGif xl;jcm;qef;-u,faom t&yfjrihfjrihfESihf vl}uD;vlaumif;[k azmfjycJhonf?
Ekid if aH &;acgif;aqmifrsm;. tdrrf sm;udv k nf; 0ifa&mufp;D eif;-u&onf? aemuf&uf (tcef;=4/ pmrsufESm = 136 ESifh pmrsufESm= 143)? xdka‹ emuf xdktcef;tqHk;wGif
owWywfrsm;twGif; cef‹rSef;ajc vl (800) cef‹ txdef;odrf;cH-u&onf? 'kwd, ‘bif*av’ yg0ifywfoufqufE, G af er+ukd pma&;q&mrsm;u jzwfueJom azmfjycJh
&JAdkvfcsKyf (pDtkdif'D) OD;xGef;vSatmiftaejzifh ol‹tvkyfudkol vkyfudkif&mwGif -uaomfvnf; bif*avonf OD;atmifqef;ESihf rdwfaqGrsm;udk qefu ‹ sifonfh tif
u|rf;u|rf;usifusif vkyfudkifEdkifonfrSm xl;qef;vSonf r[kwfyg? ol&&SdcJhaom tm;pkrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;oGm;rdy&kH avonf? xda‹k -umihv f nf; bif*avESifh olv ‹ v
kd rl sKd;
t_rJwrf;wyfrawmf. avhusifhr+ oifwef;rsm;tjyif ppfwyfESihf òrd›jy&JwyfzGJŒwGif rsm;twGuf OD;atmifqef;onf _Adwdo#tifyg,mtusKd;pD;yGm;udk tEœ&m,fðy
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh&onfh b0tawGŒtóuHrsm;u ol. yifudk,f rnfholrsm; jzpfaecJhonf? OD;apmusif;yðyvkyfonfh ygwDyGJwckwGif ar*sm,ef;u
t&nftaoG;rsm;udk taumif;qH;k taetxm;txd xufjrufomG ;ap&ef aoG;ay; ‘bif*av’udk OD;apmESihf rdwq f ufay;cJo h nf? ,ef;.tqdt k & *VKeft}uD;tuJEiS fh
cJjh cif;a-umihjf zpfonf? yxrqHk; awGŒqHkaomyGJwGifyif olwdk‹taejzifh OD;apmudk vHk;0tultnDay;rnfh
rsKd;±kd;pOfqufwnf&SdcJhaom rsKd;cspfpdwfudk qufcH&&Sdaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&; ta-umif; vlwikd ;f -um;Edik af vmufatmif us,favmifaomtoHjzifh ajymqdck o hJ nf
7
ESihf cyfuif;uif;aecJh_yD;/ olonf w&m;0if tm%mydkifrsm;tay: opPmapmihfod±kd [k qdak vonf? ‘qmbOD;’ u ol. ud, k af &;txkyw ` jdW zpfaom ‘u|Ekyf . f jrefrm
aoI ol.wm0efukd xrf;aqmif&mwGirf l qEN*wd/ b,m*wd wdrk‹ v S w G uf if;atmif jynf’ (My Burma) wGif ol‹ta-umif; w}udrfom wdkwdkav; a&;om;xm;onf?
t_rJowd&cdS o hJ nf? jrefrmEdik if .
H òrdj› ytkycf sKyfa&;ESifh Armhwyfrawmfxw J iG f wm0ef odk‹aomfvnf; ,if;rSm rSwfom;avmufatmif vHkvHkavmufavmuf ywfoufae
xrf;aqmif-uol jrefrmrsm;xJwiG f olvv kd l tawmftrsm;tjym; &Syd gvdrrhf nf? _Adwd ayonf? jrefrmwd. ‹k trsKd;om;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk rnfonfeh nf;ESirfh qdk zsufq;D
o#tpd;k & vufatmufcH rif;r+xrf;wd. ‹k obm0/ olw. ‹kd _Aw d o
d #wt‹kd ay: axmuf ypfrnfh _Adwdo#e,fcsJŒ0g'D pifppfwOD;jzpfonfh tqihfjrihf òrd›jytkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sd
213 214
213 214
&v'f Adv
wOD;ESifh ‘bif*av’ onf taygif;toif;jzpfvsuf&Sdonf? rSm cifAsm;wdk‹&ufa&mwmxuf u|efawmfwdk‹u ydk&ufa&mw,fqdkwm cifAsm;em;

odk‹ jzpfonfhtwdkif; bif*avtaejzifh olw. dk‹ tpDtrHrsm;bufodk‹ ,drf;,dkif vnfxm;yg? aemuf_yD; cifAsm;wdk‹ t*FvefrSm paumhcsfeJ‹ 0JvfcsfawG[m ESpfaygif;
vkdufygvmrnf[k ,lq&onfh EdkifiHa&;-oZmwduUr&Sdol jrefrmwOD;ESihf rdwfaqGzGJŒ rsm;pGmuwnf;u udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihfawmif;aecJhwm cifAsm;wdk‹ ay;zdk‹ jiif;cJhwmyJ
vdkyHk ay:cJhygonf? xkdtcsufESihfywfoufI 1947 ckESpftwGif; tjzpftysufwckudk r[kwv f m;? cifAsm;t}uHðywmu u&ifeA‹J rmt-um; jy\emjzpfapzdy‹k ?J 'gudak wmh
qmbOD;u jyefajymif;a&;om;csufrmS atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfonf? u|efawmfwdkt ‹ aeeJ‹ vufrcHEdkifwJhtwGuf 0rf;enf;ygw,f? cifAsm;vdk t*Fvdyfvl
“u|Eyfk wf o ‹kd nf zGŒJpnf;tkycf sKyfytkH ajccHOya'udk a&;qGaJ eqJjzpfonf? rGeEf iS fh rsKd; enf;enf;yJ&Sdwm u|efawmfodwJhtwGuf 0rf;omrdygw,f? tck= cifAsm; oGm;
u&ifwdk‹xºuGr+tay: ,if;onf tawmftwef -oZmoufa&mufr+&SdcJhayonf? awmhrvm;? u|efawmfnpmpm;zdk‹ tcsdefausmfaeyg_yD? u|efawmfvJ qmaeyg_yD?
wae‹aomtcg nae (5) em&DcGJwGif trnftm;jzifh ‘a':e,fbm;rif;yuf (csf)’ cifAsm;twGuf bmrS r&Sw d t
hJ wGuf cifAsm;udk npmpm;zd‹k qufaezd‹k u|eaf wmf rajym
(Donald Burman Petch) [k ac:aom tqihfjrifh òrdj› ytkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdwOD;onf awmhygbl;” [k ajymvdu k yf gonf?
a&$awmif-um;&Sd u|Ekfyf.tdrfwGif u|Ekfyftm; tcsdef;tcsufr&SdbJ vma&mufawGŒ xdktcg olonf xvdkuf_yD;æ “xyfaqG;aEG;zdk‹ u|efawmfvmygOD;r,f” [k
qHkavonf? u|Ekfyfonf ,cifu Todk‹ xkdolvma&mufawGŒqHkvdrfhrnf[k rxif ajym&if; xGucf mG oGm;avonf?
rSwcf ahJ cs? u|Eyfk o f nf xdo k t
l m; odaomfvnf; olu ‹ kd rawGŒrjrifco
hJ nfrmS ESpt
f awmf &uftenf;i,f-um_y;D aemuf &efuek &f dS _Aw d od #aumifp. D ud,
k pf m;vS,f ‘a*s
-umcJah v_y?D w&Ha&mtcgu olEiS u fh |Eyfk o
f nf ajrmif;jrwGif twl&adS ecJ-h u_y;D olu tufpfbif*av’ ESihftwl olonf xyfvmjyefonf? odk‹aomf u|Ekfyfu ol‹wdk‹udk
ta&;ydkifjzpfI u|Ekfyfu puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;wOD;jzpfonf? 1930 ckESpfwGif u|Ekfyf awGŒqHk&ef jiif;qdkvdkuf&awmhonf?
onf w&m;v$wfawmfodk‹ &mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&csdefrSpI olESihf u|Ekfyfwdk‹ rawGŒcJh-u ESpaf ygif; (40) eD;yg;cef‹ u|Eyfk Ef iS fh qufo,
G rf j+ ywfaf ecJah om rdwaf qGwOD;jzpf
awmhacs? olvmvnfcsdefwGif olonfvnf; weoFm&Dwdkif;. wdkif;rif;}uD; jzpfae onfh OD;bapmcifu tar&duefjynfaxmifp/k tm&DZ;kd em;jynfe,f/ ‘wlqif’ òrdr› aS e
ay_yD? olESifh u|Ekfyfonf yËdoE<m& pum;rsm; ajymqdk-u_yD;aemuf yuf (csf) u I 1949=50 ckESpf rsm;twGif;u pdefrH+ (tcef; 5/ pmrsufESm =145) udk olod&SdcJh
“bOD;/ cifAsm;wdk‹ tck vGwfvyfa&;&awmhr,f? cifAsm;wdt k‹ aeeJ‹ zuf'&,ftpkd;& a-umif; pma&;om; ajym-um;vmcJhonf? 1968 ckESpf. {_yDvtwGif;u u&if
yHpk zH ŒJGvrd rhf ,fv‹kd u|efawmfem;vnfxm;w,f? weoFm&Dwidk ;f udk jynfe,fwcktjzpf trsKd;om;pmapmifwGif ‘atmifqef;udk trSefwu,frnfolowfoenf;’ [laom
u&ifawGudkay;zdk‹ cifAsm;&JŒ vkyfazmfudkifbuf vli,frdwfaqGawGudk cifAsm;bmvdk‹ aqmif;yg;udk a&;om;cJo h l u|Ekyf w
f .‹kd owif;axmufonf pderf a+H &SŒ Y ‘apm’wyfI
rqGJaqmifwmvJ? 'Dtwkdif;omqdk&if u&ifeJ‹ ArmawGt-um; tjyif;txef òydif u&ifemrnf ay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf; &efukefòrd›/ atmuf-unfhjrifwdkif
qdkifr+awG jzpfvm-uvdrfhr,f? u&ifawGtaeeJ‹ armfvòrdifudk olwdk&‹ JŒ t"du qdyf vrf;wGif u|Ekfyf. rdwfaqGESihf tdrfeD;csif;jzpfcJhpOfu ol‹emrnfonf OD;pdefr+Hom
urf;vkyfEkdifovdk cifAsm;wdk&‹ JŒ &efukefudk cifAsm;wdk&‹ JŒ t"duqdyfurf;vkyfEkdifwmyJ jzpfavonf? xdktcsdefu olonf tpdk;&tvkyfvkyfaecJh_yD; &mxl;rS csxm;jcif;
r[kwfvm;? 'Dvdk tòydiftqdkif&SdrS wdk;wufrSmaygh”[k oluajymonf? cHaecJh&onf? u|EfkyfxH pma&;om;ol rdwfaqGonf OD;pdefr+H &JwyfzGJŒwGif tr+xrf;
xkdodk‹ajymonfhtwGuf u|Ekfyfonf t}uD;tus,f a'golykefxrdonf? xdk‹ aejcif; &Srd &Su
d vkd nf;aumif;/ tu,fI tr+xrf;aeqJjzpfygu 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvidk v f
a-umihf u|Efkyfuæ “cifAsm;u uav;uvm;pum; ajymaewmyJ? 'grkef‹a0wm wGif olonf tif;pdefc±dkif. wm0efcH [kwfr[kwfudkvnf;aumif; rod&Sd&acs?
r[kwfbl;? cifAsm;em;vnf&rSmu weoFm&Dwkdif;rSm u&ifawGu vlenf;pkjzpf_yD; oda‹k omfvnf; u|Ekyf . f rdwaf qGuæ
ArmawGu vlrsm;pkqw kd myJ? ArmawGtjyif rGeaf wGvJ &Sad o;w,f? 'Dawmh vlenf; “u|efawmfonf OD;pdefr+Hudk oduQmorm"d&SdolwOD;/ E+wfapmihfpnf;olwOD;
pku vlrsm;pkudk tkyfcsKyfzdk‹ cifAsm;rar#mfvifheJa‹ v? cifAsm;ajymovdkom vkyfvkduf tjzpf txl;rSwfrdygonf? tu,fI ol‹a&;om;csufrsm;onf wu,frjzpfysuf
&if r-umcif jy\emawG jzpfvmvdrrfh ,f? b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf u&ifawGukd wkid ;f wck cJhygu OD;atmifqef;ESihf olv ‹ kyfazmfudkifbufrsm; towftjzwfrcH&rD olt ‹ aejzifh
ay;zdk‹ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'xJrSm u|efawmfwdk‹ xnfhqGJxm;_yD;_yD? 'ga-umihf 'DudpP OD;apmudk zrf;qD;cJhav[efa&;om;xm;jcif;rSm vkyf}uHZmwfvrf;xGifjcif;om jzpf
215 216
215 216
&v'f Adv
ygvdrrhf nf? xda‹k -umihf tqdyk ga&;om;csufrsm; rnfr#rSerf nfukd olt ‹ aeESifh pOf;pm; olwkd‹.av;pm;&aom acgif;aqmifr[kwfygvm;? u&iftrsKd;om;umuG,fa&;
I r&Ekdifyg? xdk‹ jyif u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±Hk;. &efukefowif;axmufu OD;pdef tzGJŒ autJif'Dtkd (KNDO) taejzifh autJif,l. vufeufukdifvufwHjzpfcJh_yD;
r+Hudk udk,fwdkifudk,fus vlcsif;awGŒqHkar;jref;cJhjcif; &Sdr&SdESifh xdkaqmif;yg;udk a&; ykeu f efxºuGr+ jzpfcsderf pS _yD; txufazmfjyyg u&iftrsKd;om;pmapmifyg aqmif;yg;
om;csdef 1968 ckESpfwGif OD;pdefr+Honf toufxif&Sm; &Sdae=raeudk vHk;0rod&yg? xGuaf y:vmonft h csdex f q d v dk #if (36) ESpef ;D yg;cef‹ ausmfjzwfc_hJ yD; ,if;ykeu f efrr+ mS
odk‹ jzpfonfhtavsmuf ‘&efukefowif;axmuf’ taejzifh OD;apm.tr+wGif OD;pdefrH+ ,ae‹wkdif t"Ge&f‹ Snfvsuf&Sdaeayonf? autJif,l. tqkdygtjzpftysufESifh ywf
yg0ifaejcif;ESifh ywfoufI wqih-f um;udk ola&;om;cJjh cif;om jzpfayvdrrhf nf” [k oufI ykdrkdtao;pdwfjrifodEkdifap&eftwGuf u|efawmfu olwkdu ‹ kd zwf±+avhvm
a&;om;cJo h nf? Ekdif&ef pmtkyfaumif;rsm; !¸efjycJhygonf? okda‹ omfvnf; jyefvnfrGrf;rHjyifqifwkd;
tjcm;jzpfEdkifajc&Sdaom ±+axmifhwckrSm uy`wdefcef;u u|Efkyf.zciftm; csŒJxm;aom u|Eyfk . f pmtkyf 'kw, d t}udrf (t*Fvyd b f mom) xkwu f dk 1996 ckEpS wf iG f
vlu, kd wf ikd f vma&muftpD&ifc_H yD;onfah emuf Edik if aH wmf&AJ v kd cf sKyf/ twGi;f 0efcsKyf/ ±kdufESdyfxkwfa0_yD;onfESifh 1996 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif ,lEkdufwufuif;'rf;
&efuek òf rd&› rJ if;}uD;ESihf u|efawmf. zcifwo ‹kd nf OD;apmudk zrf;qD;&ef qH;k jzwfcjhJ cif; (United Kingdom) &Sd bDbp D D (2) ±kyjf rifo-H um;rS tmZmenfae‹ ESpf (50) jynft h jzpf
jzpfonf? OD;apmtdru f kd 0ifa&mufp;D eif;&ef &efuek òf rd› &Jrif;}uD; OD;atmifcsdeu f kd wm taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh txl;tpDtpOfw&yfjyo_yD;aemufY ,if;ta-umif;t
0efay;cJah omfvnf; olt ‹ aejzifh OD;apmaexkid &f m at'Dvrf;rSm tif;pdef pD&ifpt k wGi;f &monf xyfrHay:aygufvmjyefonf? 1996 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvtwGif;wGif
yg&Sad eonft h wGuf wHq ‹k ikd ;f aecJoh nf? od‹k jzpfI xkt d csdeu f OD;pderf o +H nf tif;pde. f vlawGŒar;jref;r+«yvky&f eftwGuf xkwv f yk af &;rª;rsm;u u|eaf wmfu h dk t*Fvefjynfo‹dk
c±kid rf c+ if;0efaxmufjzpfcyhJ gu olu ‹ kd vS r;f I today;ta-umif;-um;rdayvdrrhf nf? zdwfac:cJhonf? xkwfvkyfa&;rª;rsm;taejzifh 0d0g'jzpfaeaom u&iftrsKd;om;pm
xkd‹a-umihf 'k=&JcsKyf (pDtdkif'D) jzpfaom u|Ekfyf. zciftaejzifh aESmihfaES;umþ-uef‹ apmifyg aqmif;yg;acgif;pOftwkid ;f tpDtpOf.acgif;pOfudk tok;H «yvdrrhf nfuv dk nf;
-umr+rjzpfap&ef t}uHðycJh_yD; oludk,fwdkif xdkwm0efudk ,lcJhjcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf[k aumif;/ tpGypf cJG aH e&onfh _Aw d o
d #w‹dk yg0ifywfoufrr+ mS t"duausm±k;d jzpfvrd rhf nf
u|Efkyfem;vnfrdygonf? 1986 ckESpf {_yDvwGif xkwfa0cJhaom txufazmfjyyg ukv d nf;aumif; u|eaf wmfwt ‹dk aejzifh xkt d csed u
f rod&cdS ahJ cs? ‚if;±kyjf rifo-H um;tpD
u&iftrsKd;om;pmapmifwGifyg&Sdaom aqmif;yg;ESifhywfouf_yD; pdwf0ifpm;ol tpOftaejzifh tcsKa‹d om u&ifvrl sK;d rsm;. apm'uwufru + vdk nf;aumif;/ ,lau
u&ifaoG;csif;rsm;&Sd-uonf? 1950 ckESpf -o*kwfvtwGif;wGif “om;owform; &Sd -unf±h o + t
l ajrmuftjrm;. ±+wcf sru + vdk nf;aumif; jzpfay:apcJo h nf? taemuf
pdefvGif OD;aqmifaomwyfzGJŒu xkdif;=jrefrme,fpyf aumhu&dwfteD;wGif apmb EkdifiHrsm;xHrS cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf taxmuftyHh&&Sda&; ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh apmbOD;
OD;}uD;/ olt ‹ aygif;ygrsm;ESihf uk, d &f aH wmfrsm;ukd ajc&mcHro d mG ;_y;D aemufq;Hk Y &Si;f vif; }uD;u ,if;c&D;vrf;ukd uHukdykHI tokH;cscJhjcif;/ ,cif0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;EkESifh
okwo f ifypf&mY yg0ifomG ;onf[k rSm;,Gi;f owfrw S jf cif;cH&onfh Adv k }f uD; a';ApfAAD D AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tp&Sdonfh wif;rmaomoabmxm;&Sdol Armrsm; yg0ifywf
,ef;. tcef;u¾ESifhywfoufI xkd u&ifaoG;csif;rsm;u tawmfav;aqG;aEG; oufaer+ukd u&iftrsKd;om;pmapmifyg aqmif;yg;u pGyfpGJxm;jcif;/ jrefrmEkdifiH
ajymqkv d m-uonf? u|eaf wmhpf mtkyt f cef;wcef;wGiv f nf; ‚if;tjzpftysuEf iS hf ywf awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm; tp&Sdonfh _Adwdo#tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;rS v#Kd‹0Suf
oufI a&;om;azmfjycJh_yD; 0&rf;ajy; _Adwdo#Akdvf}uD;taejzifh u&ifacgif;aqmif v+y&f mS ;aeonfh yk*Kd~ vfrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k bDbpD D (2) tpDtpOfu wifjy
. tzGŒJ xw J iG f ryg&So
d nft h wGuf jrefrmppfwyfu olu ‹ o dk wfjzwfco hJ nf[k ajymqkd cJjh cif; ponfwr‹dk mS wckEiS w hf ck qufpyfaeayonf? v#Kd0‹ u S vf y+ &f mS ;olrsm;. yxr
csuu f dk jiif;qkcd yhJ gonf? oka‹d omfvnf; u|eyf . f u&ifrw d af qGrsm;taejzifh ADA, D ef; qkH;tpnf;ta0;ukd jrefrmEkdifiH awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;tzGJŒ 8 (Friends
ukd odyfpdwfr0ifpm;bJ ya[Vdqefqef xdktcsdefY apmbOD;}uD; vkyfaqmifaecJh of the Burma Hill Peoples) ukd zGJŒpnf;onfhtcsdef 1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifv EkdifiHawmf
jcif;uko d m txl;pdw0f ifpm;-uygonf? tb,fah -umifq h adk omf olonfomv#if 1946 vkyf}uHr+rwkdifrD vef'ef-rdY› usif;ycJha-umif; ‚if;±kyfjrifoH-um;tpDtpOfu jyocJh
ckEpS f tapmykid ;f wGif u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±k;H autJi, f l (KNU) ukd zGŒJ pnf;cJo h /l aomfjim;vnf; autJi, f rl S txl;uk, d pf m;vS,f tkv d AD m boef; taejzifh _Adwo d #
vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf wESpft-umwGif u&ifhykefuefxºuGr+ukd OD;aqmifcJhol vkv d m;aom u&ifrsm;. tajccHvv dk m;csufudk tultnD&&Sad &;twGuf a&muf&dS
217 218
217 218
&v'f Adv
vm_yD;aemuf tpnf;ta0;ukd 0ufpfrifpwm yef;_cHtwGif;þ1948þckESpfþZGefv (30) &Snfvsm;aomuGef&ufjzifh ukdvkdeDEkdifiHwkd‹. pD;yGm;a&;ukd tykdifpD;tkyfpkd;xm;-u

&ufwiG u f sif;ycJ_h yD; ‚if;rdwaf qGrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf[k xkt d csdet f xd ,kH onf? tpk;d &tzGŒJ twGi;f wGiv f nf; ‚if;wk. ‹d tkypf uk tm%mcsed cf iG ! f mS ukd xde;f xm;
-unfaecJ-h uonf? rnfo‹dkjzpfap/ u&ifaomif;use;f olwyfzŒJGrsm;twGuf aemufq;Hk -uonf? jyefvnfodrf;ykduf_yD; 'kdrDeD,Htqifhukd vufrcHbJ vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;ukd
taumiftxnfay:vmaom tusKd;jzpfxGef;r+ESifh ywfoufI ar;p&mar;cGef;jzpf awmif;qkrd + xif&mS ;vmonfw h idk f olwt
‹dk aejzifh a'oqkid &f m Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;ukd
vmcJhonf? autJif,lwkd‹ 1949 rS 1960 txd qifE$Jaom ppfqifa&;w&yfvkH;ukd odrf;oGif;pnf;±kH;&ef olwkd‹ukd,folwkd‹ vkdtyfonf[k rxif-uacs? *VKefOD;apm.
jyefvnf-cHikHokH;oyfI tajzay;cJholum; wjcm;olr[kwf? autJif,lOuU@ tjzpf EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;um; tqkH;tpr&Sdacs? ol&‹ nfrSef;csuf jynfhajrmufap&ef
apmbOD;}uD;ukd qufqHcJhol apm[efwmomar$; (Saw Hunter Tha Hmwe) (c) rnfokda‹ om pnf;urf;uvem;ukdr# *±krpkdufcJhacs? EkdifiHjcm;rS aiGa-u;taxmuf
apm[efwm aumupm (tkyfpkd;ol) jzpfonf? olonf 1963 ckESpf &efukefwGif tyHhukd &Sm}uH&,lxdef;odrf;EkdifolrSm olomv#if yxrOD;qkH;ol jzpfayonf? ol.
usif;yaom _idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ.&v'ftjzpf A[kdtpkd;&xH vufeufcsoGm; eef;&if;0efb0 xdyfqkH;a&mufcsdefwGif _Adwdo#bk&ifcH qma':refprpf. ta&;ay;
cJo
h nf? rwfv (22) &ufae‹wiG f &efuek jf refrmhtoHraS eI u&ifvrl sKd;wkt ‹d m; olt‹ jcif;cH&oljzpfonfESifhtnD tpkd;&pdwf¯uduf &mxl;wck&&ef ay;aomvmbfaiG
awGŒt¯uHrsm;ukd jyefajymif;ajymjyoGm;cJo h nf? atmufygwkr‹d mS qufpyfaom aumuf vufc&H ,lrE+ iS yhf wfoufI ar;&mwGif olu 0efc±H o Hk mru aiG tajrmuftjrm;jzpf
Ekwcf surf sm;jzpfonf? a-umif; wkd;wkd;wdwfwdwfajym_yD; aemufwcgr«yvkyfawmhyg[k jznfhpGufvsuf
“autJif'DtkdxJrSm&SdwJh u|efawmfwkd‹taeeJ‹ 1949 u 1952 txd ppftul bk&ifcHukd tajymiftysufajym-um; ajymqkd&JcJhonf?
9
taxmuftyHh&&Sdzkd‹ taemufbufukd ar#mf-unfhcJh-uw,f? tquftoG,f &&SdEkdif ppfyGJ'%fjzifh ysufpD;ae±kHomru EkdifiHa&;/ vlr+a&;t& ±+yfaxG;ayGvDae
r,fv‹dk ar#mfvifch sufe‹J e,fpyfuo dk mG ;wJh vrf;c&D;rSmyJ apmbOD;}uD;eJ‹ apmpHau;w‹dk aom EkdifiHokd‹ OD;apmtaejzifh jyefvm&jcif;jzpfonfhtjyif ykdIta&;}uD;onfu
usq;Hk cJ&h w,f? 'gayr,fh bmtultnDrSr&cJb h ;l ? 1953 cku 1960 txd taemuf b,folurS ol‹ukd ta&;w,lr&Sd-uawmhonfh EkdifiHjzpfaejcif;yif? ol‹ykHpHtwkdif;
ukdausmckdif;_yD; ta&SŒbuf (jrefrmjynfwGif;u ulrifwefwyfzGJŒrsm;/ xkd‹aemuf oloGm;&mvrf;wGif ydwf&yfaeol rnfolukdrqkd z,f&Sm;ypf&ef tpDtrHrsm;csrSwf
w±kwfeD ESpfckvkH; ratmifjrifcJh) ukd tultnD&zkd‹ u|efawmfwkd‹ -unhf-ujyefw,f? ae_yD; tvSL&Sifrsm;ESifh aiGa-u;&Ekdifrnfhae&mrsm;ukd toJtrJ&Sm}uHaecJhonf?
tJ'oD ifcef;pmrsm;&&S_d yD; 1960 aemufyidk ;f up_yD; uk, d uhf ,dk uf tdk m;uk;d zk‹d uk, d v
hf rf; a'ocH axmufyHhrnfholrsm; enf;yg;ae_yDjzpfI ol‹&Sm}uHr+e,fukd ykdrkdjzef‹ -uuf&
ukd,foGm;zkd‹ u|efawmfwkd‹ qkH;jzwfcJh-uw,f?” awmhonf? 1947 ckEpS f tapmykid ;f wGif oHo,jzpfz, G f v+y&f mS ;r+rsm; jzpfvmcJo h nf?
'Dru dk a&pDpepfwiG f Ekid if aH &;ygwDrsm; ouf0ifvy+ &f mS ;Ekid af &;twGuf &efyaHk iG atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfq_dk yD;aemuf Akv d cf sKyfEiS hf uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm; wkid ;f
axmufyahH &;onf toufaoG;a-umozG,jf zpfonf? ok‹d jzpfI csr;f omºuG,0f aom jynfjyefvmcsdew f iG f olu t*FvefwiG f acwW aemufcsefae&pfco hJ nf? xkt d csdew f iG f
wOD;csi;f yk*Kd~ vfrsm;xHrv S nf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;rSvnf;aumif; tvSLaiG OD;aqmifEkdifiHa&;ygwDukd qef‹usifwkdufckduf&mY tokH;«y&eftwGuf aiGa-u;
rsm;ukd Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;u vG,v f ifwh ulvufc-H uonf? vSL'gef;olrsm;uvnf; trsm;tjym;ukd trnfrazmfvkdonfh tvSL&SifwOD;u ol‹ukday;cJha-umif;ESifh
tjyeftvSet f m;jzifh OD;pm;ay;r+udk ar#mv f if-h uonfrmS xif&mS ;onf? ajrykid &f iS rf sm;/ t*Fvyd t f &if;&Sirf sm;xHrv S nf; tvm;wl aiGa-u;ta&twGuu f dk ol&&Scd ahJ -umif;
ukeo f nf}uD;rsm;tjzpf csrf;omºuG,0f olrsm; pm&if;0ifEidk o f rl sm; jrefrmrsm;xJwiG f owif;xGuv f mcJo h nf? (±+=Rangoon Guide Daily owif;ay;ykr‹d + pm=50) jrefrm
tvGe&f mS ;yg;onf? oka‹d omfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;}uD;trsK;d rsK;d vkyu f idk _f y;D ,if;pepf t}uD;wef;t&m&Sdtqifhu ‚if;oHo,&SdaeykH&onfomru _Adwdo#umuG,f
twGif;rSyif tusKd;tjrwfaiG ajrmufjrm;pGm pkaqmif;rdaom w±kwfrsm;/ tdENd, a&;Xme vk-H cHa&;t&m&Su d ArmppfXmecsKyf (Defence Security Office-Burma Com-
vlrsKd; tajrmuftjrm;&So d nf? wcsKdt ‹ aejzifh olwp‹dk w d ¯f uduf Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;. mand) . 1947 ckESpf -o*kwfv (20) &uf owif;ay;ykd‹r+wGif u|efawmf.zcif
aiGtdwfukd ulnDjznfhay;-uonfrSm ,kHrSm;p&mr&Sdacs? Oa&myukr`%D}uD;rsm;wGif jzpfol 'Dtidk *f s=D pDtidk 'f D (DIG-CID) ESihf tcsed -f umjrifph mG pum;ajymqkrd w + iG f olt ‹ ae
trsm;pkrSm _Adwdo#wkd‹ jzpf_yD; olwkd‹. }uD;rm;us,fjyef‹ aom vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr+ESifh jzifh bk&ifhtpkd;&ESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh _Adwdo#wkd‹tay: ,if;oHo,0ifaer+rsm;rS
219 220
219 220
&v'f Adv
yaysmufapEkid cf ahJ omfvnf; Oa&my pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;wck okr‹d [kwf vly*k Kd~ vfwOD;
wa,mufu zqyvukd qef‹usif&eftwGuf OD;apmukd wcsdefcsdefwGif aiGa-u;
axmufyHh&ef urf;vS rf;cJhonf[laom wdwfwckd;oHo,ukdum; 'Dtkdif*sD=pDtkdif'D okc. Zmwfa-umif;jyef
taejzifh pG_J rJaeqJjzpfonf[k 'Dtufpt f rdk mS cHpm;usefae&pfayonf (±+= rSwcf suf
rsm; tcef; 4 trSwfpOf 4)? ‚if;tjyif atmufwGif okcajymjycsuft&qkdv#if OD;apm. aemufvu dk rf sm;teuf ¯ud;'%fvw G cf iG &hf _yD; axmif'%fom usc&H
vkyf}uHr+}uD;rwkdifrD TESpfaemufykdif;wGif &efukef&Sd ukefoG,fr+b%fukd tEk-urf; olrsm; rnfor‹dk nfyHk qufvufjzpfysuo f nfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufI apm'emr+rsm; «yp&m
pD;&ef ol‹taejzifh pDpOf_yD;jzpfonf[k qkdavonf? rnfokd‹aomt}uHtpnfrsKd; &Sv d mjyefygonf? olwx ‹dk rJ S wpkw H a,mufu tr+EiS yhf wfouf_y;D ykrd rkd w S o f m;avmuf
eef;&if;0efa[mif;taejzifh yg;eyfvdrRmpGm qGJaeonfjzpfap tcsKd‹aom _Adwdo# zG,f tao;pdwt f csut f vufrsm; xyfrzH iG [ hf r+rsm; &Scd o hJ nft h euf rEœav;rS emrnf
t&m&Sdrsm;xHrS vufeufESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf ta&twGuf ajrmufjrm;pGm 0,f,l ausmfxw k af 0olEiS hf owif;pmq&mjzpfol vlxOk ;D vSonf 1953 ckrS 1956 ESpu f ek f
aecJ&h onfw h efz;dk ukd umrdap&ef olr‹ mS aiGa-u;&Sad ecJ&h ayrnf? txd ok;H ESpaf usmf Ekid if aH &;r+rsm;jzifh axmifuscphJ Ofu axmifusbufrsm;. jyefvnf
oka‹d omfjim;vnf; OD;apmtm; vlord cHbþJ Ekid if aH &;ESiq hf ufE, G I f vufaqmif ajymjycsufrsm;rS pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpf&yftr+rsm;ukd jyefvnfa&;om; rSwfwrf;wif
yÀmrsm; tpkvkduft-yHvkduf ay;onfh pGyfpGJcsufESifhywfoufIum; &Sif;vif;wd xm;onfh pmtkyf (9) tkyf&SdcJh&m (2) tkyfwGif cifarmif&if/ okcESifharmifeDwkd‹.
usaom taxmuftxm;wpkHw&m xGufay:vmjcif;r&Sdacs? _Adwdo#t&m&Sd jyefvnfajymjycsurf sm; yg&Scd ahJ yonf? ‚if;wkr‹d mS Ekid if aH wmfvyk }f uHra+ -umifh jypf'%f
rsm;ESiw hf v
JG suf OD;apm.aetdrYf awGŒ jrif&aom ukeo f , G rf v + yk if ef;vkyu f idk af eol usc&H olrsm;ESihf ywfoufI wckwnf;aom !¸ejf yp&m pmtkypf mwrf;om jzpfygawmh
wOD;wnf;aom yk*Kd~ vfrmS vD (vf) ESihf ukr% ` rD S rmvf[x dk &m (Malhotra of Leele onf? wcsdefwGif vlxkOD;vSonf &efukefaxmifY (aemifwGifzsufvkdufonf/
& Co) (tcef; 4/ pmrsuE f mS 125 ESihf tcef; 5 pmrsuEf mS 140) qko d l wa,mufom&Sd ,ckr&Sad wmh) &Spd Of cifarmif&if/ okcwkE‹d iS hf taqmif (5) wGif wcef;wnf;usco hJ nf?
ayonf? olt ‹ a-umif; tenf;i,fo&d or#rSm olonf a';ApfAAD , D ef; aexkid af om armiferD mS wjcm;tcef;wGijf zpfonf? xkpd Ofu okcwOD;wnf;om olZ‹ mwfa-umif;
d (f cs) vrf; (Fytche Road) &Sd aetdrYf aexkid v
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t& yefcsmyD[Ed LN ) pD;yGm;a&;orm;wOD;jzpfonf? ‘rmvf[x kd &m’ taejzifh _Adwo d # ukd rSwfwrf;wifum xkwfa0cJhygonf? ‚if;Zmwfa-umif;jyefwGif okc.rdbrsm;
ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;tcsKdŒudk a&Sw › ef;wifAef;jyolwOD; jzpfyHk&_yD; OD;apmESihf quf txufjrefrmjynfrS atmufjrefrmjynfokd‹ a&$Œajymif;vmonfrSpwif_yD; tao;
oG,fr+ðy&mY ol‹udk toHk;cscJhjcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? ‘rmvf[dkx&m’ taejzifhvnf; pdwfazmfjycJh&m EkdifiHawmfvkyf}uHr+ESifh ywfoufaom tpdwftykdif;ukdom ,ck
olonf pD;yGm;a&;orm;jzpfonft h avsmuf aemifwiG f ta&;ygt&ma&mufvmrnfh uk;d um;azmfjyoGm;ygrnf?
EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESihf &if;ESD;r+&Sdap&ef xdktcGihfta&;udk vkdvm;aumif; vdkvm;cJh jrefrmEkid if wH iG f -rdj› ytkycf sKyfa&; 1945 ckEpS f atmufwb dk mvY jyefvnfpwif
ayvdrrhf nf? ‘rmvf[x kd &m’ ESifh olZ‹ eD;onfwo ‹kd nf &efuek òf rdw › iG f qufvufaexkid f csdefwGif okconf {&m0wDwkdif;twGif;&Sd usKdufvwf-rdŒokd‹ ajymif;a&$ŒvmcJhonf?
cJh_yD; aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm -um&Sdonftxd vlr+a&;yGJrsm;Y olwdku ‹ dk awGŒ jrifaecJh xkpd Ofu olonf zqyv ok‹d 0ifa&mufc_hJ yD; b¾ma&;rª;tjzpf aqmif&u G cf o
hJ nf?
&avonf? xda‹k -umihv f nf; vGwv f yfa&;&_yD;onfah emuf ‘rpPrm[dv k xf &m’ tm; olonf &efuek u f Adk [k«d y_y;D ukeo f nfvyk if ef;rsK;d pkH ¯ud;pm;cJah omfvnf; ajym&avmuf
jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;. ‘rdcifESihf uav;apmihfa&Smufa&;toif;’ wGif wufºuGpGm atmif atmifjrifr+r&cJhacs? xkdokd‹ &efukef-rda› wmfoo kd‹ Gm;onfh c&D;tcsKdw ‹ Gif usKduf
yg0ifvy+ &f mS ;cJo h nfukd t_rJwap jrifawGŒae&jcif;jzpfayonf? vwfrS todrdwfaqGwOD;jzpfol oufESif;u olESifhvkdufygcJhonf? oufESif;onf
OD;apmukd txl;-unf!kdoljzpf_yD; rsKd;cspfygwDESifh *VKefwyfwkd. ‹ 0g&ifhtzGJŒ0ifwOD;
vnf;jzpfonf? xkd‹a-umifh olonf ol.acgif;aqmifxH ‘ol&d,’ owif;pmwkduf
±k;H cef;okv‹d nf;aumif;/ at'Dvrf;aetdro f v ‹dk nf;aumif; oGm;a&mufvnfywfavh
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d nf? ok‹d jzpfav&m oufEiS ;f u okcukd olet ‹J wlvu dk cf &hJ ef ac:oGm;_yD; OD;apmESihf xm;jcif; ponfponfrsm;tay:wGif ol‹ !¸ef-um;r+rsm;u -cHikHxm;avonf?
rdwfzGJŒay;cJhonf? aemufqkH;Y oufESif;. axmufcHr+jzifh OD;apmu okcukd ol. vk,ufI&onfrsm;ukd tdwrf sm;xJ xnf_h yD;onfEiS hf 0pDwcsufrw + v f udk rf nfjzpf_yD;
vl,kHpm&if;oGif;vkduf_yD; EkdifiHa&;vkyf&mY aiGa-u;onf y%mrvkdtyfcsufjzpf olwt ‹dk aejzifh a&SŒaygufrS tjrefxu G _f yD; &yfxm;aom avmf&u D m;ay:ok‹d tEk-urf;
a-umif; &Si;f jycJo h nf? “igwkt ‹d aeeJ‹ em&D0uftwGi;f ode;f (50) avmuf tom;wif pD;&onfh ypPnf;rsm;ESifhtwl wuf-u&rSmjzpfonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif wcsKd‹u
usdrf;aoayguf&Ekdifr,fh vkyfief;}uD;rsKd;awG vkyf&vdrfhr,f? ukefoG,fr+b%fukd bm;vrf;ESihf ukeo f nfvrf;axmif&h dS *spu f m;ok‹d oGm;-u&rSmjzpfonf? avmf&u D m;u
acwftrDq;Hk enf;eJ‹ ydy&d &d d igwkt ‹d Ek-urf;pD;&r,f? 'g[m usrd ;f aoaygufy?J oHo, a&SŒuxGu_f y;D þaemufa,mifcv H u dk v
f molrsm;&Syd guþxko d rl sm;tm;þ[efw ‹ m;ydwq f &‹dk ef
vk;H 0rjzpfe?‹J 'g[m _Adwo d #awGudk armif;xkwEf idk rf ,fh enf;vrf;wcky?J 'g[m olw‹dk *spfum;u aemufrSvkduf&efjzpfonf? tEk-urf;pD;r+w&yfvkH;ukd (15) rdepftwGif;
&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&yf}uD;ukd ±ku d cf sK;d ypfvu dk w
f meJ‹ twlwyl ”J ponfponfjzifæ h ? _y;D pD;&rnfjzpfonf? xka‹d e‹wiG f olwt ‹dk aejzifh ppfwyf,el aD zmif;rsm;ukd 0wfqifxm;
okc usKu d v f wf-rd› jyefomG ;_y;D r-umrDyif OD;apmu olu ‹ adk c:a-umif; oufEiS ;f -u&rnfjzpf_y;D atmfwrdk ufwpfaoewfrsm; ukid af qmifxm;-u&rnfjzpfI xkt d csed Yf
u owif;ykv ‹d monf? olwE‹dk pS af ,mufv;Hk jyefomG ;-u_y;D olwa‹dk &mufonfEiS hf (ZGev f rk;d &Gmaernfjzpfonft h wGuf rk;d umtusô rsm; rjzpfrae 0wfqifxm;&ayOD;rnf?
9 &ufcef‹ ) tif;vsm;uefxJ&Sd u|ef;uav;wckay:wGif ¯udwifavhusifhr+[k ajym tppt&m&m pdwt f m;wufºuGpmG tqifoifjh zpfvsuf&adS eay_yD? olwt ‹dk ae
&rnfh avhusifhcef;wckukd olwkd‹yg0if«yvkyf-u&onf? avSESpfpD;tjynfh vufeuf jzifh toift h aetxm;jyifxm;-u&_yD; xkad e‹u rk;d &Gmrnf[k ar#mfvifx h m;-uaomf
tjynft h pkwH yfqifxm;olrsm; yg0ifqifEcJ$ -hJ u_yD; xku d |ef;ay:Y OD;apmu tEk-urf; vnf; (6) &ufom ukefoGm;onf? rkd;ur&GmcJhacs? xkdtcgrS pdwfwif;xm;r+rsm;
pD;&rnfh tao;pdwftpDtpOfrsm;ukd tcsKdo ‹ lrsm;tm; oif-um;ykcd‹ saecsdefY tcsKdo ‹ l ajzav#mhvkduf_yD; olwkd‹tm;vkH; em;em;aeae aevkduf-uonf? xkdtwGif; jrefrm
rsm;u opfyifrsm;-um;wGif rnforkd‹ nfykH csOf;uyf&rnfukd vufawGŒoif-um;-u& {nfo h nfrsm;a&m Ekid if jH cm;om; {nfo h nfrsm;ukyd g OD;apmu olt ‹ rd Yf {nfch aH ecJo h nf
onf? OD;apmu ukefoG,fr+b%fwGif aiG (4=5) aomif;jzifh aiGpm&if;zGifhvkduf_yD; ukd olwko d‹ wd«yrd-uonf? ‚if;tjyif tdrf*dwf0&Sd tapmifhrsm;rSmvnf; ±kdifz,fao
ae‹pOf aiGa-u;tenf;i,fukd txkwftoGif;«yvkyfonf? ol‹vlrsm;u olESifhtwl ewfEiS hf jzpfaeay_y?D
tvSnu hf svu dk yf g_y;D b%fEiS u hf |r;f 0ifrj+ zpfatmif «yvky-f u&onf? ¯udwifavhusihf ZGefv (26) &ufwGif b&if;*ef;tvuf (200)/ ajymif;ykd (200) ESifh r*~Zif;
r+«yvky_f yD; aemufwae‹eeH ufwiG f okcu OD;apmESihf vku d yf goGm;cJo h nf? usnfqeftawmifh (800) wifaqmifvmaom avmf&Dum;wpD; tdrfoakd‹ &mufvm
wywf-um_yD;aemuf wckaom ae‹v,fcif;wGif OD;apmu okctygt0if onf? xkd‹aemufykdif;wGif ‚if;aoewfrsm;ESifh tykdypPnf;rsm;ukd qDxkd;I qDpdrf
vufa&G;pif (14=15) a,mufcef‹ukd qifhac:vkduf_yD; yef;_cHtwGif;&Sd taqmuf t0wfrsm;&pfywfvsuf pnftvGwrf sm;wGif xnfo h iG ;f odr;f qnf;um a&ueftwGi;f
ttkaH v;xJwiG f pk±;Hk apum rdrw d o‹dk mG ;a&muf&rnfah e&mESihf xrf;aqmif&rnfh wm owfrSwfxm;aom ae&mrsm;wGif jr‡Kyfxm;vkduf-uonf? xif;±l;aowWmrsm;wGif
0efwkd‹ukd b%fpD;eif;r+ykHpHtwkdif; v+yf&Sm;r+wckcsif;tay: tao;pdwf&Sif;vif; xnfhoGif;xm;onfrsm;ukdrl odrf;qnf;ay;rnfh rdwfaqGrsm;&Sd&mae&mrsm;okd‹ ykd‹
ajymjyvsuf wOD;csif;ukd wm0efrsm; cGJa0ay;vkdufonf? pD;eif;r+ukd eHeuf (11) aqmifay;cJ-h uonf? aoewfrsm;&_yD; aemufyidk ;f wGif olwa‹dk cgif;aqmif. rsufEmS
em&DEiS hf ae‹v,f (1) em&Dt-um; «yvky&f rSmjzpfonf? xkt d csed tf wGi;f wGif A[kb d %frS taetxm;rSm ykrd _dk y;D ckid rf mjywfom;onfyh Hk ay:vmonfudk okc owdxm;rdco hJ nf?
xkw, f v l mcJ_h yD; ae‹pOfjyefy&‹dk aom ausmufrsuf&wem tp&So d nfh tzk;d wefypPn;f xkt d csed Yf yif OD;apmu ol. tpDtpOftwkid ;f olwt ‹dk m; opPmqkcd idk ;f onf/ xka‹d emuf
rsm; ukefoG,fr+b%f. rD;cHaowWmrsm;twGif;Y &SdaeqJjzpfonf? refae*smESifh olu olv ‹ rl sm;ukd ok;H a,mufwwGJ av;a,mufwwGJ ac:vku d o f nf? olwt ‹dk aejzifh
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pmcsD (50) cefu ‹ dk csKyfxm;jcif;/ tay:ESpx f yf&o dS rl sm; rv+y&f mS ;Ekid af tmif uefo ‹ wf olwkd‹xJu wa,mufa,muf opPmazmufcJhv#if usefvlrsm;tm;vkH; ,if;tusKd;
xm;jcif;/ t0ifayguf0}uD;Y vufeufuidk t f apmifu h zdk rf;I twGi;f oko ‹d iG ;f _yD; ola‹ e qufukd cHpm;-u&rnfjzpfa-umif; OD;apmu owday;ajymjycJhonf? okd‹ jzpfonfh
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uwdawmif;onf? xkad‹ -umifh olwt kd‹ m;vkH;u oabmwlvkduf_yD;aemuf olwt kd‹ m; ok;H OD;om&So d nft h wGuf okcu olvyk yf grnf[k jyefajzvku d of nf? xka‹d emufwiG rf l
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f iG f olu tdyaf ysmaf ecJo
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tjyif r-umrD usyfwodef;cGJay;_yD; aemufxyfusnfqefawmifhwoef; wokwf okcwkd‹rSm OD;apmESifh twl&SdaecJhonf? okca&mufoGm;csdefwGif yxr (3) OD;onf
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ESpv f ;Hk jyL;rsm; tygt0if aoewfa[mif; tvuf (1˜500) &&Sad tmif pDpOfaeqJjzpf xkd (3) a,mufESifh b!Gef‹wkd‹taejzifh vkyf}uHr+rwkdifrDntxd ‚if;wkd‹vkyfaqmif&
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onf? xkt d cg OD;apmu ‘tif;æuko d ck cifAsm;a&mufvmwmtawmfy’J [k ajymajym twGif;0ef±kH;okd‹ olu armif;oGm;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf? twGif;0ef±kH;wGif um;tif*sif
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w0ufavmufxd armif;vmcJhonf? ol‹ukd armif;wmaES;vGef;onf[k tjypfajym orD;jzpf_y;D þxt dk csed u

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cJhjcif;jzpfonf? xkd‹aemufykdif;wGif OD;apm.vlrsm; pdwfoabmxm; ajymif;vJp«y csdefu olonf ol. nDi,fwOD;/ nDr (2) OD;wdk‹ESihftwl awmif}uD;òrd›wGif&Sdaom
vm_yD; armifpkd;ESifh oufESif;wkd‹u olwkd‹taejzifh t&nftcsif;&Sd_yD; *k%foa& a,musfm;av;ESifh rde;f uav;rsm; a&maESmynmoif-um;&onfh ‘pdet ‹f if;þ(ef)þuGef
jrifhrm;aom yk*~dKvf}uD;wOD;ESifh tr+wwGJxJ&Sdaejcif;a-umifh olwb kd‹ ufu tm;om Aif’h ausmif;wGif ynmqnf;yl;vsuf&_dS yD; touftm;jzifh (12) ESpo f m &Sad o;onf?
ap&ef OD;apmu pGr;f aqmifEidk &f nf&o dS nft
h wGuaf -umifh rvkt d yfbJ pdwyf yl efrr+ jzpf olr‹ dcifESihf tjcm;nDrwOD;rSm uG,fvGefcJh_yDjzpf_yD;/ a,musfm;av;rsm;rSm (avwyf
-u&ef olwkd‹.&Jabmfrsm;ukd azsmif;zscJh-uaomfvnf; olwkd‹ &Jabmfrsm;tm; pdwf Adv
k rf ;ª csKyf) ‘awmfru D vpf (zf)’. rdciftrd Yf aexdik v f suf&-dS uonf? pdwyf yl efvy+ f
"mwfrusatmif rvkyfEdkif-uacs? okcrSm 0rf;enf;a-uuGJvsuf&Sd_yD; ol‹taejzifh &Sm;vsufae-uaom rdbrJhuav; (4) a,mufonf &efukefòrdo › dk‹ &xm;jzihf pD;eif;
OD;apmtdrfokd‹ aemufusrS a&mufvm&oljzpfI *VKefacgif;aqmif}uD;ESifh &uf (40) vku d yf gcJ-h uaomfvnf; ‘rkwo f ek ’f rd;k }uD;þonf;xefpmG &GmoGe;f r+a-umihf &xm;vrf;
om twlaecJh&vsuf puf±kyfozG,f tapcHvkd tokH;cscH&um "m;pmcHtvkyfcH& rsm; a&v$rf;um ompnfvrf;qHkwGif wywfvHk;vHk; olwdk‹ aomifwifaecJh-uonf?
jcif;ESihf Toka‹d om emrnfq;dk vSonfh &mZ0wfrw + iG f yg0ifywfoufc&hJ jcif;wkt ‹d wGuf &efuek òf rda› wmfwiG rf l aemifwiG f vGwv f yfaom orRwjrefrmEkid if aH wmf. yxr
t}uD;tus,f aemifw&rda-umif; OD;vSukd ajymqkdcJhonf? qHk; EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmonfh rdk;rdwfapmfbGm; pyfcGefcsKdu olwdk‹udk aumif;
okcrSm vlxkOD;vS. aemufpmtkyfwtkyfwGif xyfrHyg&Sdaomfvnf; 'Dwcg pGmapmihaf &Smufxm;cJ&h onf? *sLAvDa[mwGif Ekid if aH wmfpsmyetjzpf &Sad eqJjzpfaom
wGifrl cyfwkdwkdav;omygcJhonf? ,if;pmtkyfrSm “ppf/ tcspfESifhaxmif” (1973 tmZmenf}uD;rsm;. ±kyfuvmyf&Sd&modk‹ olwdk‹tm; ac:aqmifoGm;aomtcgwGif
f iG f The Victim tjypfrchJ &H oltrnfjzifh t*Fvyd v
ckEpS w f b dk momjyefc&H onf) trnf ‘pyfaq;[ke’f onf rSeaf cgif;xJwiG f vJavsmif;aeaom olz‹ cif. ud, k cf E<mudk rif;
&Sd 0wˆKjzpfonf? ,if;0wˆKrSm "m;jyr+jzifh axmifwoufus_yD; &efukefaxmif nDrif;om;tqihfESifh vdkufzufaom eef;oHk;tqift,ifrsm;ESihf txl;jyifqifxm;
wGifþxkdtcsdefu (9) ESpfuscH_yD;jzpfol armifouf (c) xGef;jrifhta-umif;jzpfonf? onfukd owdxm;rdco hJ nf?
olu (1957 ckavmufwGif) bDuvyf(pf) tqifhjzifh axmifusoGm;_yD;aemuf pyfpx H eG ;f . ±kycf E<mudk ol‹ òrda› wmfjzpfonfh rdik ;f yGeòf rdo
› ‹kd &xm;jzihf o,faqmif
tyfcsKyfXmeY pma&;tjzpf wm0eftcscHxm;&ol okcukd awGŒcJh&onf? xkdtcg &mwGif a&$anmifòrdr› w S qifh usef (44) rdik f c&D;pOfukd armfawmf,mOfjzifh t_yD;owf
xkXd mewGiyf if tvkyv f yk af e&ol armifoufu okcukd tpk;d & tzGŒJ0if0ef}uD;rsm;tm; o,faqmifc&hJ onf? ±k;d &m"avhx;kH wrf;rsm;t& tcrf;tem;usi;f ycJ-h u_y;D aemuf
vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+jzifh axmifwoufuscHae&oltjzpf od&SdcJhonf? okctaejzifh qH;k ae‹ rD;oò*õ[&f mod‹k tjcm;jynfe,frsm;rS apmfbmG ;rsm;/ *k%o f a&&Sd yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESifh
olt ‹ ay: t}udrt f awmfrsm;rsm; !SmwmpGm qufqcH o hJ nf[k oluajymjycJo h nf? vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm wufa&mufvmcJ-h uonf? pyfaq;[keo f nf om;t}uD;qH;k
xka‹d emufyidk ;f wGif okcrSm ZmwfjrKyfomG ;cJoh nf? jzpfonfESihftnD psmye eH‹om xif;pifudk rD;±+dŒay;cJh&onf? olŒzcif. udk,fcE<m
onf tvGefvsifjrifpGm rD;avmifjymusoGm;cJhonfudk olrSwfrdcJhonf? jymrsm;udk
pyfpHxGef;.om; pkpnf;I *loGif;xm;cJhonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm -um_yD;aemuf xkd-urRmiifonfhae‹u
aoqHk;oGm;_yD;olrsm;ESihf toufiifaeolrsm;udk aq;±Hk}uD;odk‹ ,laqmifoGm;&m
1947 ckESpf/ ZlvkdifvwGif tmZmenftjzpf usqHk;cJh&ol acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; &efuek t f axGaxG jynfoa‹l q;±H}k uD;wGif wm0efusaeol q&m0efwOD;u pyfpx H eG ;f
. rsKd;qufrsm;xJwGif ,cktcgY txif&Sm;qHk;jzpfaeolrSm AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif. onf c%wðzwfr# owdjyefvnfvmwdkif;æ“wjcm;vlawGudk *±kpdkufyg? olwu dk‹
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u|efawmhfxuf ydkxdcdkufw,f” [k nnf;wGm;a-umif; pyfaq;[kefudk jyefajymif; tcef;jzpfonfh ‘tpOD;v$rf;rdk;r+rsm;’ Y ‘olz‹ cifonf touf (13) ESpfwGif t*Fvdyf
ajymqdck o
hJ nf? rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;}uD;onf aemufw&ufwiG f uG,v f eG of mG ;cJah vonf? pmoifcsifvGef;vSI olZ‹ mwdewfarmufòrdr› S ‚if;bmom&yfoif-um;&m jrefrmjynf
pyfaq;[kefonf ,cktcg ol. ZeD;onfESihfwuG orD;oHk;a,muf/ om; tv,fyikd ;f &Sd a&eHacsmif;òrd› trsKd;om;ausmif;od‹k xGucf mG oGm;cJah -umif; jyefajymif;
wa,mufEiS t fh wl -opa-w;vsEikd if /H qpf'eDòrdw › iG f aexdik v
f su&f o
dS nf? 1993 ckEpS /f a&;om;xm;cJhonf? xkdausmif;Y OD;atmifqef;onf ausmif;q&mwOD;jzpfaom
atmufwkdbmvY uifbm&mòrd&› Sd -opa-w;vs trsKd;om;wuUodkvf (Australian ol‹tudk OD;b0if;. apmifha&Smufr+udk &&Sd_yD; ol‹tudku pnf;urf;wif;-uyfr+ESihf
National University) wGif usif;yaom ta&SŒawmiftm&Se,fpyfa'orsm;ESihf udk,fydkifawG;ac:r+wdu k‹ dk tnDtr#aygif;pyfum oly‹ nma&;ESihf usef;rma&;udk }uD;
ywfoufaom aqG;aEG;yGJwckodk‹ “&S rf;vlrsKd;rsm; 1947=67” pmwrf;wapmifudk -uyfay;cJhonfhtwGuf uHaumif;cJha-umif; olru a&;om;xm;onf?
olþwifoiG ;f cJo
h nf? ,if;pmwef;wGif “Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf ay;xm;aom uwd av;ESpft-umwGif nDtpfudk (2) OD; uGJuGmcJh&onf? tudkjzpfolu ol.
udk wnfavh&Sdonfhacgif;aqmifrsKd;jzpfI &S rf;wdku ‹ olt ‹ ay: ,Hk-unfr+tjynfht0 ausmif;q&mvkyfief;udk qufvufvkyfudkifaepOfrSmyif nDjzpfolu txufwef;
xm;&SdcJhonf? wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfu ‚if;. vkyfief;&yfrsm;udk t_yD;rowfEkdif ausmif;rS wuUov kd 0f ifciG fh &&Scd o
hJ nft
h wGuf &efuek w f uUov kd Yf ynmqnf;yl;&ef
rDrSmyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom xdyfydkif; trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; olv ‹ rf;ol qufav#mufcahJ vonf? OD;atmifqef;onf trsK;d om;a&;v+y&f mS ;r+rsm;
rsm; 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif uHraumif; ta-umif;rvSpGm vkyf}uH ESifh jynfhESufaeaom (15) ESpfwmumvudk ausmfjzwfcJh_yD; trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;
owfjzwfcHcJh&onf? ,if;odk‹ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; usqHk;cJh&r+onf aemifESpfaygif; wOD;tqihfudk &&SdcJhavonf?
rsm;pGm t-umwGif &S rf;vlrsKd;rsm;tay: Y usa&mufvmrnfh uH-urRm trsKd;rsKd; 1946 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (26) &ufae‹wGif topfa&muf&Sdvmaom
wdk‹twGuf t}uD;rm;qHk;ESihf wckwnf;aom tajccHta-umif;tcsuf jzpfayvdrfh (,m,D) bk&ifcH _Adwdo#AdkvfcsKyf ‘qm[l;bwf&ef‹pf’u tzGJŒ0if (9) OD;yg&Sdaom
rnf” [lI olu wifjycJo h nf? tr+aqmifaumifpu D kd zGŒJ pnf;cJ&h m (zqyv) tzGŒJ csKyfrS OD;atmifqef;tygt0if (6)
OD;yg0ifum OD;atmifqef;udk 'k=obmywdtjzpf ceft ‹ yfcJhonf? aemufwESpf/ {_yD
OD;b0if;.om; vwGif wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmftwGuf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;ycJh&m olonf ppf_yD;
acwf ESpfrsm;wGif wyfrawmfrSxGufI t&yfom;b0jzihf EdkifiHa&;odk‹ 0ifa&mufcJh
av;pm;&aom tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. om;wOD;jzpf_yD; ol‹zcif _yD; (a&eHacsmif;òrd›e,f/ zqyv tzGJŒcGJ. OuU@tjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJh&aom)
jzpfolESihf oludk,fwdkif ywfoufaeaom rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;rSwqihf u|efawmfxH OD;b0if;rSmvnf; rauG;òrde› ,f/ taemufajrmuf v$waf wmftrwfavmif;wae&m
odk‹ tcsKdŒaom ta-umif;t&mrsm;udk a0r#ay;ydk‹ulnDcJholrSm OD;b0if;.om;/ wGif 0ifa&mufta&G;cHc&hJ ayonf?
a':atmifqef;pk-unf. tudw k 0rf;uGaJ wmfol a'gufwmpde0f if;jzpfonf? 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkif (22) &ufae‹wGif vGefcJhaom oHk;&ufu vkyf}uHowfjzwf
olu (a':atmifqef;pk-unfajymcJhzl;onfhtwdkif;) ol‹b0tawGŒtóuHudk jcif;cH&aom acgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf trSwfw& 0rf;enf;pum;udk toHv$ihfajym
pwifajymcJhonf? “u|efawmfhzcif aoqHk;pOfu u|efawmfonf i,fvGef;vSI -um;&mwGif OD;Eku a'gufwmpde0f if;. zcifjzpfot l m; bk&ifc. H tr+aqmifaumif
rrSwrf cd yhJ g” [k qdo
k nf? rSeyf gonf? xdq k ;kd &Gm;vSaom tjzpftysuf jzpfymG ;pOfu pDY cef‹tyfjcif; ta-umif;xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf? “OD;b0if;onf u|efawmfESihf
olonf touf wESpEf iS afh jcmufvt&G,rf #om &Sad o;onf? a':atmifqef;pk-unf aumvdyfY twlwl wufa&mufcJholwOD;jzpfygonf? olonf EdkifiHa&;e,fxJodk‹
uvnf; tvm;wlyif “atmifqef;”[laom yk*~dKvfa&;txky`wWdpmtkyf. tcsD; aemufusrS 0ifa&mufvmcJo h w
l OD;jzpfaomfvnf; ol. ud, k yf ikd u
f ,
kd &f nfu,kd af oG;
ed'gef;udk Toem;pzG,pf um;vH;k rsm;jzihf tpysK;d xm;cJo h nf? -opa-w;vsEikd if /H uGi;f rsm;ESifh tusihfrysufr+u ol,ckxrf;aqmifaeaom ae&mESihf xkdufwefoljzpfjcif;
(p) vefwuUodkvf (Queensland University) u 1984 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhaom a-umifh tr+aqmifaumifppD m&if;wGif olt ‹ m;xnfo h iG ;f &ef u|efawmfpw d u
f ;l &cJ_h yD;
‘tm&Sacgif;aqmifrsm;’ pmpOfwGif Ta&;om;r+ yg&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf? rdwfquf Akv
d cf sKyfEiS hf aròrdY› awGŒ -upOfu u|eaf wmfu, kd w
f ikd f t}uHðycJjh cif;jzpfonf” [k OD;Ek
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u xkwaf zmfajymqdck o hJ nf? ocsFmynm&yfwGif a'gufwmbGJŒudk &&SdcJhavonf? olonf ‘oD&dvuFm’ESifh ‘Edkif±kd

xko d ‹kdjzifh OD;b0if;onf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh axmufyahH &;qdik &f m aumif bD’wdk‹wGif&Sdaom ‘udkvHbdk’wuUokdvfESihf ‘Edkif±kdbD’wuUodkvfwdk‹tjyif aemifwGif
pD0ifjzpfvmcJ_h y;D ol‹Y (ZeD;onfEiS fh uav; (6) a,muf (a,musmf ;av; (4)þa,muf/ &efuek Yf oif-um;a&;wm0efrsm; ,lco hJ nf? olonf olz‹ cifEiS t fh vm;wlpmG pdww f nf
rdef;uav; (2) a,muf) &Sdonfhteuf udkpdef0if;rSm (5) a,mufajrmuf uav; _ird af t;aq;_y;D ynmydc‹k soif-um;a&;Y arGŒavsmrf &+ &Su d m Edik if aH &;e,fxo J ‹kd 0if&mY
jzpfonf? olwdk‹onf 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv vqef;ydkif; OD;b0if; raoqHk;rD (14) vnf; aemufuscJo h nf? 1988 ckEpS w f iG f ES rjzpfol a':atmifqef;pk-unfu taxG
&ufrmS yif a&eHacsmif;rS &efuek òf rda› wmfo‹kd ajymif;a&$ŒvmcJ-h uonf? xdt k csed u
f ,ck axGtwGi;f a&;rª;tjzpf aqmif&u G u f m trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGŒJcsKyfukd zGŒJpnf;vdu k f
a':atmifqef;pk-unfaexkid &f m eHygwf (54) ESifh rsuEf mS csi;f qdik f vrf;wbufjcrf;&S/d aomtcgY olonf rdk;_cdrf;aomtcg rdk;óud;ygwwfouJhodk‹ tzGJŒ0ifwOD;tjzpf 0if
wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf; trSwf (51) aetdrf}uD;Y olwdk‹tm; ae&mcsxm;jcif;cHcJh& a&mufc&hJ onf? oda‹k omfvnf; ppftm%mydik rf sm;u trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGŒJcsKyfukd
onf? tdrftopfodk‹ a&muf&Sdvm&mwGif udkpdef0if; rSwfrdor#rSm wpHkwa,mufu zsufodrf;cJhv#if ulnD0kdif;&H taxmuftcHtjzpf &nf&G,fum zGJŒpnf;cJhaom topf
ole‹ m;vmI “'Dtdrf[m rif;wdak‹ e&r,fh tdrfyJ” [k olu ‹ dk ajymqdkjcif;yifjzpfonf? ygwD tzGJŒwckjzpfonfh ‘trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDygwD’ udk OD;aqmif&ef olu ‹ dk a&G;cs,f
xdt k csed u
f OD;atmifqef;wd‹k rdom;pkrmS uefawmf}uD;teD;/ wm0gvdr;f &Sd tpd;k cJhonf? odk‹ jzpfonfhtavsmuf 1990 ckESpf/ arva&G;aumufyGJwGif OD;pdef0if;onf
&tdrfwGif aexkdifvsuf&Sd&m wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;ESifh twefi,fa0;aomfvnf; yJc;l wkid ;f rJqENe,frS vG,v f , G u f u l l tEkid &f &Scd ahJ vonf? xdek nf;wlyif wkid ;f jynfukd
rdom;pk (2) pkonf r-umc% awGŒqHk-u_yD; uav;i,farmifES rwpkwdk‹ twlwl tkyfcsKyf&ef trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfudkvnf; jynfolvlxku rJqEN tjywf
upm;-uum aysmf&$ifvmcJh-uonf? odak‹ omf ,if;odk‹ olwdak‹ rmifES rwpk aysmf&$ifr+ towfay;um a&G;cs,fcJhaomfvnf; ppfwyfu *k%foduQmuif;rJhpGm wdkif;jynfudk
onf a&S›vmrnfh (14) &uf (19/ 7/ 47) rwkdifrD ,m,Doabmr# aysmf&$ifae-u& w&m;r0if qufvuftyk cf sKyfaecJah vonf? olwo ‹kd nf Ekid if aH &;t& zrf;qD;r+rsm;/
onfh ‘b0tdyrf uf’ wckr#om jzpfae&Smonfurkd l olwr‹kd od-uacs? xde;f odr;f r+rsm;/ txl;ojzihf topfa&G;cs,fcx H m;&aom v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f
xdk‹aemuf 0rf;enf;zG,ftjzpftysuf jzpfvmcJhonf? Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹ rsm;udk w&m;r0ifjyefvnf±yk o f rd ;f r+rsm;tm; trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGŒJ csKyfEiS fh r[m
u aumifpDcef;rtwGif; tpnf;ta0;Y OD;b0if;onf ol‹ nD. nmbufwef;wGif rdwyf gwDrsm;tay: enf;rsK;d pHjk zihf (rqvESiw fh pnwd. ‹k ud, k pf m;) ðyvkyo f mG ;cJo h nf?
aumifpD0if OD;tAŠ'l&mZwfESihf 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdwdkt ‹ -um; xkdifaecJh_yD; aoewfusnf trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGŒJ csKyfrS ta&G;cs,fc&H aom v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f
qef (8) csufxdrSefum yGJcsif;_yD; aoqHk;oGm;cJh&onf? xkdtcsdefu ol‹toufrSm rsm; aemufq;kH wGif v#KŒd 0u S af wGŒq-kH u_yD; ta&G;cs,cf H v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f tpk
(46) ESprf #om jzpfavonf? wpkukd ,m,Dtpd;k &w&yf zGŒJpnf;&ef !¸e-f um;cJo h nf? a'gufwmpde0f if;ESifh vkyaf zmf
xdk‹aemufwGifrl OD;b0if;. ±kyftavmif;udk &efukefjynfol‹aq;±Hk}uD;. udkifbuf (7) OD;onf xkdif;e,fpyfwGif&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwf
&ifcGJ±HkrS ‘*sLAvDa[m’ odk‹ EkdifiHawmfpsmyetjzpf xm;&Sd&ef o,faqmifoGm;cJh-u tzGJŒ. e,fajrjzpfaom ‘vGwfajrmufe,fajr’ odk‹ xGufajy;vmEkdifcJhonf? jrefrm
onf? OD;b0if;. rdom;pkonfvnf; ol. usef&pfaom ±kyftavmif;udk &Sdcdk; EdkifiH 'Drdku&ufwpf r[mrdwftzGJŒ. ulnDr+udkvnf; tjynfht0&&SdcJhjcif;a-umifh
uefawmh&ef r-umc%qdkouJhodk‹ *sLAvDa[modk‹ oGm;cJh-uonf? odka‹ omf a'guf 1990 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae‹wGif rme,fyavmY 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf a&G;cs,f
wmpdef0if;taejzifh ,if;odk‹ oGm;cJh-ujcif;ukdvnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHawmfpsmyetcrf; jcif;cH&aom a'gufwmpdef0if;u -um;jzwftpdk;&w&yfudk ‘jynfaxmifpkjrefrm
tem;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ tmZmenfAdrmefY *loGif;ðryfESHjcif;udkvnf;aumif; rSwf EdkifiH trsKd;om;!Geaf‹ ygif;tpdk;&’ tjzpf a-unmcJhavonf? xdak‹ emuf tajctae
rdjcif;r&Sad wmhacs? oljyefvnfpOf;pm;owd&aeao;onfrmS txl;ðyvkyaf om tcrf; t&yf&yfa-umifh a'gufwmpdef0if;ESifh ol. 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ0iftcsKdŒonf xkdif;EkdifiHrS
tem;rsm;wGif olz‹ cifvJavsmif;&m tmZmenfAdrmefodk‹ olwdrk‹ dom;pkoGm;a&mufI tar&duefjynfaxmifpo k ‹kd a&$Œajymif;oGm;a&mufum olw. ‹kd XmecsKyfukd 0g&Siw f ef
yef;acGcscJh&onfh tcsdefrsm;udkom jzpfavonf? xdka‹ emuf a'gufwmpdef0if;onf 'Dpw D iG f zGihf vSpcf &hJ onf?
ynm&yfqikd &f m qnf;yl;avhvmr+rsm; qufvufðyvkycf _hJ y;D ‘[rf;bwf’ wuUov kd rf S a'gufwmpde0f if;onf rv$rJ a&Smifomvufxyf_y;D wESpo f m&Sad o;vsuf om;
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orD;udk,f0efudk vG,fxm;&_yDjzpfaom ZeD;onf pDpDoG,fudk aemufuG,fwGif csef

xm;cJ&h onf? a'gufwm pde0f if;. tudjk zpfol OD;at;0if;ESifh tjcm;0rf;uGaJ rmifES r a-u;rHkOD;aomif; xkwfazmfajymqdk_yD
rsm;onfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJwGif a':atmifqef;pk-unftm;
0ef;&Hxm;-uonfhtwGuf óudwifcef‹rSef;xm;onfhtwdkif; ppftm%m&Sifwdk‹. ,cktcg tar&duefjynfaxmifpk zavmf&'D gwGif aexkid v f su&f adS om emrnf
tjypfay;ta&;,lr+udk cH-u&avonf? OD;at;0if;onf 1996 ckESpfwGif tzrf;cH }uD;owif;pmq&mESihf pma&;q&mwOD;jzpfol ‘a-u;rHk’ (The Mirror) OD;aomif;
&pOfu a':atmifqef;pk-unf. teD;uyfvufaxmuftjzpf aqmif&u G v f su&f _dS yD; onf 1998 ckEpS /f Zlvidk v f (15) &ufae‹wiG f jrefrmbmomjzihf (acwfòydirf )S xkwaf 0
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ESv;kH a&m*gcHpm;&onf? oltzrf;cH&onfEiS fh Adv k cf sKyf. tudw
k OD;jzpfol OD;atmif ,if;aqmif;yg;onf AdkvfcsKyfESihf olv ‹ kyfazmfudkifbufrsm; usqHk;cJh&onfh (51) ESpf
oef;.om;jzpfol ‘OD;csKdatmifoef;’ uvnf; brsKd;bdk;wl csufcsif;yif ola‹ e&modk‹ ajrmuf tcsdeftcgor,ESihf wdkufqdkifaeavonf? ,if;aqmif;yg;. acgif;pOfrSm
tpm;xk;d 0ifa&mufvmcJo h nf? ppfwyfu 1997 ckEpS /f ESpv f ,fwiG f olEiS fh ol‹nrD i,f ‘OD;atmifqef;tm; vkyf}uHr+}uD;/ ar*smae0if; }uH&mygavm’ jzpfavonf?
rroef;wdu ‹k kd zrf;qD;cJjh yef_y;D rroef;. cifyeG ;f OD;jrihaf qGuykd g tqpfac:oGm;cJo h nf? arhr&EdkifwJh 1947 ck/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹u touf (20) om&Sdao;_yD;
xda‹k emuf olwu ‹kd kd rw&m; oif; tufOya't& axmif'%f (3) ESppf ED iS fh aemufxyf ‘Armhacwf’ owif;pm. owif;axmufwOD;jzpfol (atmifAv) OD;aomif;onf
ta&;ay: tufOya't& axmuf'%f (7) ESpfpD csrSwfcJhjyef&m olwdk‹tm;vHk; aoG;acsmufcsm;zG,jf zpf&yftcsKdŒukd ud, k af wGŒrsufjrifjzpfc&hJ onf? xdt k csdeu
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0rf;omp&m rSwcf suw f ckudk jznfph u
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orD;wkEd‹ Sifh 2000 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (15) &ufae‹wGif atmfpvkd (Oslo) -rdY› jyefvnf twGi;f 0ef±;kH od‹k a&muf&cdS _hJ y;D Adv
k cf sKyf. twGi;f a&;0ef Adv k x f eG ;f vSEiS hf pum;ajymqdk
aygif;pnf;EkdifcJhyg_yD? ZeD;ESifh orD;jzpfolwo kd‹ nf ppfwyftkyfpkd;aeaom jrefrmEkdifiHrS cJhum yef;qdk;wef;&Sd ‘owif;pmq&mrsm;toif;’ wdkufodk‹ a&mufcgpYyif w,fvD
,if;ESpq f ef;wGif aemufq;Hk Y atmifjrifpmG xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmufvmcJ_h y;D xkid ;f Ekid if rH S zkef;udkifolwOD;uæ“twGif;0ef±Hk;rSm ypfukef_yDwJha[h” [k atmfojzifh owif;
wqifh aemfa0EkdifiHokd‹ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? 1990 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv (25) axmuftm;vHk; twGif;0ef±Hk;odk‹ ajy;-uonf? ola&mufcsdefwGif yxrqHk; rD;owf
&ufae‹wGif &efukef-rdŒrS pxGufvmuwnf;u a'gufwmpdef0if;taejzifh (10) ESpf um;u OD;atmifqef;udk o,fomG ;onf? xda‹k emuf '%f&mjyif;xefpmG &&S_d yD; rao
ausmfausmf olwE‹dk iS hf awGŒ&jcif;r&Scd yhJ g? orD;i,fjzpforl mS (9) ESpcf yJG if &Sad eyg_yD? ao;aom rkid ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;}uD;udk vlemwifxrf;pifjzifh 'kw, d um;ay: wifaeonf?
aemufq;Hk Y olwc‹dk &D;pOfrmS 2001 ckEpS f -o*kwv f (4) &ufae‹wiG f tar&duef xkdtcg olonf &if;ESD;pGmaygif;xm;aom rD;owfAdkvf. tulESifh ,if;um;ay: Y
jynfaxmifpk 0g&Sifwef'DpD&Sd olwkda‹ etdrfwGif jyefvnfa&muf&Sdjcif;jzifh aysmf&$ifpGm vku d yf gcGi&fh cJo
h nf? &efuek jf ynfoa‹l q;±H}k uD;odo ‹k mG ;&m wrdik rf # c&D;wav#mufv;kH
t_yD;owfEidk cf yhJ gonf? emusio f jzifh nnf;nLvl;vGea‹f eaom apmfbmG ;}uD;udk olemðyu '%f&m&aom &if
‚if;tjyif OD;at;0if;/ OD;csKdatmifoef;/ rroef;ESihf olc‹ ifyeG ;f wk‹d axmifrS jyef bwfukd ESyd &f if;xde;f xm;&mrS OD;aomif;udk tultnDawmif;ojzifh ajcovH;k rsm;udk
vnfvGwfajrmufcJh_yDjzpfa-umif; u|efawmf avhvmod&Sd&yga-umif;? ESyd uf m ajc&if;u xde;f ay;xm;&onf? apmfbmG ;}uD;. &S r;f abmif;bDt0grSmrl eD&J
ae_yD; ol‹vufwGifyg aoG;wdk‹ jzihf pdk&$Jaeawmhonf? aq;±Hkodk‹ a&mufaomtcg cGJ
pdwcf ef;Y Od;D atmifqef;.toufukd u,fEidk Ef ;dk ESifh q&m0ef}uD; OD;boef;u csuf
csif;cGJpdwfaea-umif; olod&onf? xdka‹ emuf twefi,f-umaomtcg olonf OD;
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boef;ud, k w f ikd f rSwcf sufa&;om;xm;onfukd zwfvu kd &f onf?
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vkyf}uHr+}uD;. ±+yfaxG;r+twGif;Y OD;aomif;onf pGJpGJ_rJ_rJ okawoeðycJh jrefrmjynfukd odr;f ydu k &f ef vnfq,f0g'jzefv ‹ suf vufyg;ap ppfAv kd }f uD;rsm;udk v+‹H
onf? Ttr+wiG f OD;apmtjyif tjcm;}uH&mygrsm; &S&d OD;rnf[k olcikd rf mpGm ,H-k unf aqmfum wdu k cf ukd af pcJo h rl sm;jzpfonf? od‹k jzpfav&m vGwv f yfa&;&vkvck sdew f iG f
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ryDjyifaom quf&efr&Sad wmhonfh vrf;ydwEf iS fh tqH;k owfco hJ jzifh tajzr&&Scd ahJ cs? _yD;v#if pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk ‘EkdifiHydkif’ ðyrnf[k ‘qdk&efwdkADvm’ pD;yGm;a&;
OD;aomif;onf xkdtcsdefu ol‹tawG;tac:ESihf ol‹tawGŒtóuHrsm;t& Adkvf pDrHudef;udk a&;onf? xdka‹ -umifh txufazmfjyyg t*Fvdyf v#KdŒ0SuftzGJŒu olwdk. ‹
ae0if;taejzifh }uH&mygwOD;jzpf&rnf[k pGJ_rJpGm ,Hk-unfcJhaomfvnf; urBmausmf &efoludk z,f&Sm;&ef pepfwus tuGufcsvsuf vkyf}uH-ujcif;jzpfayonf?
w&m;0ifpakH xmuf}uD;rsm;uJo h ‹kd olt ‹ aejzifh pdwv f u kd rf mefyg owW&d &dS dS pHpk rf;axmuf odk‹ jzpfav&m ,if;tzGJŒu tqihfjrihfaom t*Fvdyf ppfAdkvf}uD;rsm;udkvnf;
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rS a-umifwaumifuJhodk‹ -oZmwduUr&Sdaom yk*~dKvfwOD;jzpfae_yD;/ jynfwGif;ppfudk olrsm; jzpfonf? olwdk‹wGif tm%mvnf; &Sdonf? aiGudkvnf; vdkoavmuf&Edkif
ta-umif;ðyI wdkawmif;vSaom vtenf;i,ftwGif; xdyfydkif;&mxl;rsm;odk‹ onf?
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h m; bk&ifcu H zdwf
a&;om;cJo h nf? ac:I eef;&if;0ef&mxl;udk ay;&aprnf” [k rpm;&0cref; uwdðy-u&onf?
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od‹k jzpfav&m OD;atmifqef;udk z,f&mS ;vdak om ol. &eforl sm;pm&if;udk -unf&h yg oD; t&m&S}d uD;rsm; twGi;f 0ef±;kH wGif &S-d ujcif;jzpfonf? Ttcsufukd t*Fvyd t f &m
rnf? &S}d uD;wcsKŒd wifóudo-d uonf? od‹kjzpfonft h avsmuf OD;apmudk zrf;onfEiS fh t*Fvyd f
olraorD wvcef‹u wnaewGif bk&ifcH a':refprpfxHodk‹ OD;atmifqef; t&m&Sd}uD;rsm; tdENd,odk‹ xGufajy;-uonf?
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av;ESpfyJ ae-u&ygw,f? usaemfhtzdk‹ aemuf (18) vavmufae&&if uHaumif; TwGif ‘txl;pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;tzGJŒ’ . OD;wnfcsufjzpfaom atmifqef;
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pdk;/ ocifoef;xGef; uGefjrLepfrsm;u róuduf-uyg? xdktcsdefwGif epfwdu k‹ olykefx -unfolrsm;yDopGm zqyvtzGJŒ }uD;udk qufvuftm%mtyfrnf[k OD;Ekudk eef;
&ef jyifqifae-uapumrl (acsmif;ajrmif;owfjzwfr+) vlowf0g'udk cdkifrmpGm y,f wif-uonf?
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aom wyfrawmfwiG f Adv k rf ;ª &mxl;jzifh tqihaf v#musvkyu f ikd af e&jcif;udk olraus axmufrsm; awGŒ -u&ygonf? xk&d aJ bmfrsm;rSm wyf&if; (4) rS &Jabmfrsm;jzpfonf?
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OD;atmifqef;onf &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifb0jzifh *syefacwfY twlaecJhpOf um jrefrmykid ;f tpDtpOf. 2000 ckEpS f atmufwb dk mvESihf pufwifbmvxkwv f i$ chf suf
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&mxl;&&S&d ef rjzpfEidk af wmh_yDæ[k olawG;xm;[efwo l nf? od‹k jzpfonft h wdik ;f Adv
k f wGif aumufEw k af zmfjyygrnf?
ae0if;uvnf; olb ‹ 0wufvrf;Y cvkww f oH if; vrf;r&Si;f bJ wm;qD;aeaom OD; “OD;atmifqef;. vk-H cHa&;uku d muG,&f ef wm0efay;xm;aom txl;tapmifh
atmifqef;udk z,f&mS ;vdo k nfrmS rkcsjzpfonf? xda‹k -umifh OD;apmu wdu k ±f u
dk q f uf ESpOf ;D onf t_rw J ap OD;atmifqef;. vufwurf;wGi&f ydS gvsuf tcif;jzpfymG ;aom
onfjzpfap/ ocifApdefrSwqihf qufonfjzpfap/ t*Fvdyft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;u wdkuf Zlvkdifv (19) &ufae‹ eHeufu r&Sd-ubJ aysmufuG,fae-uonfrSm Adkvfr;ª ae0if;
±kdufqufonfjzpfap/ Adkvfae0if;tm; OD;apm. tpdk;&opfwGif xdyfydkif;&mxl; .tpDtpOf[k rkcs,k-H unf&avonf?
&aprnf[k uwday;ojzifh xdkae‹u vkyf}uHtkyfpkrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;ulnDcJhav xkdtapmifhwkd‹rSm Adkvfae0if;. vlrsm;jzpf-uonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd
oavm[k awG;awmp&mjzpfvmygonf? v#Kd0‹ Sufoufawmfapmifhrsm;tjzpf wm0efay;vkdygonf? pdwfcs&aom &Jabmfrsm;
oufaoxkwfygOD;tHh? xdkae‹rwkdifrD OD;atmifqef;udk vkyf}uHvdrfhrnf[l ay;yg[k OD;ausmf_idr;f u Adv k af e0if;xHrS awmif;&mrS&&Scd o hJ nf?
aom owif;t& txl;tapmihft-uyfrsm; wifóudcsxm;ygonf? vkyf}uHr+rjzpfrD Adv
k rf ;ª ae0if;ay;aom oufawmfapmifh (2) OD;jzpfol &Jabmf bwkyEf iS hf &Jabmf
oHk;ywfcefr‹ S pwifum vufeufudk v#KdŒ0Sufudkifaqmifxm;aom t&yf0wf t&yf &Jjrifhwkd‹onf aoewfypfvufajzmifh-uonf? ajcmufvkH;jyL;ESifh ypPwkd (vf) (10)
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csuyf pfv#if (8) csuw f o

‹dk nf ypfrw
S w
f .
‹dk A[ko d ‹dk xdreS af tmif ypfEidk o
f rl sm;jzpfonf? ppfwyf. oabmwlnDcsuf axmufcHcsuf ckdifrmpGm&&SdavrSom OD;atmifqef;ESifh
Adkvfae0if;. &moufyefvl,kHawmf. zsmykHajymufusm;wyfrS ajymufusm;Adkvf. zqyv0ef}uD;rsm;ukd owfjzwf_yD;csdefY tm%m&Ekdifrnfjzpfonfukd rkcsod&rnf
vufprJG sm;jzpf-uonf? jzpfonf? &Sifbk&ifjzpfcsifol okd‹r[kwf EkdifiH.tkyfcsKyfr+tm%mukd &&Sdvkdoltzkd‹
xkad e‹ a&Smifae-uaom oufawmfapmifh (2) OD;onfvnf; aysmufomG ;onf? ausmaxmufaemufcpH pfwyf vkt d yfonfudk aumif;pGmod&&dS ayrnf?
&uftenf;i,f-umrS tavmif;awGŒ -u&onf? tvHeDolykefwkd‹u owfonf[k xkdtcsdefu jynfol‹&JabmftzGJŒrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ Auy tvHjzLuGefjrL
tr+yw d v f udk o
f nf? epfw. ‹dk vufwiG v f nf;aumif; vufeufyek ;f axmifaomif;&Sad eonf? olwo ‹dk nf
zqyv acgif;aqmifopfjzpfvmol twGi;f 0efa[mif; OD;wifxÉG o f nf Adv k rf ;ª zqyvtpk;d &tm; vufeufpu GJ idk I
f olyek x
f &efjyifqifae-uonf? tvHew D u ‹dk rl
csKyf&mxl;ESifh ppfr+xrf;pOfu vkyf}uHr+}uD;wGif OD;apm. taygif;ygrnfolenf;[k &ckdifbufwGif vufeufpGJukdifum olykefxae-u_yDjzpfonf? xkdtajctaersKd;wGif
oJveG pf rsm; &SmazGcahJ vonf? ‘e,l;wkid ;f ’ t,f'w D mcsKyfvnf;jzpfol OD;wifxÉG u f b&if;*ef;aoewf okH;av;&m/ usnfqefrsKd;pkH woef;cef‹om&Sd_yD; wynfhwyef;
OD;apmESifh }uH&mygrsm;ta-umif;ukd ol.owif;pmY zGifhvSpfa&;om;vkdonf[k ok;H av;q,fEiS hf tm%modr;f &ef}uHpnfjcif;onf &,fz, G &f mjzpfaeonf? vufa&G;
ta-umif;jyum owif;axmufcsKyftm; owif;tptersm;ukd vkdufvHpkHprf;&ef pifwynfhrsm;ukdapv$wf_yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfESifh tpkd;&tzGJŒ0if 0ef}uD;rsm;ukd vkyf}uHol
!¸e-f um;cJah vonf? r-umygay? ,if;ok‹d tr+a[mif;ukd jyefazmf&ef tm;xkwo f jzifh OD;apmonf }uD;rm;ckdifcef‹aom ppfwyf. ausmaxmufaemufcH&SdrSom }uD;rm;
OD;wifxGÉfyg vkyf}uHcH&um toufay;oGm;&&Smonf? zsmykHrS ajymufusm;Adkvf. onfh tpDtpOfukd &Jwif;pGma&;qGJI &Jwif;pGm vkyfaqmif0HhrnfrSmaocsmonf?
vufcsufjzpfonf[k od-uaomfvnf; tr+udk rnforl S razmf0?hH OD;apmonf ppfwyf. tm;ay;axmufcHr+&,l_yD;rSom ,ckuJhokd‹aomt}uHukd
*VKefOD;apmESifh }uH&mygyk*~dKvfrSm Adkvfr;ª ae0if;jzpfonf[k oJvGefp&Smvkdol }uHpnf0rhH nfjzpfonf?”
wko‹d nf OD;wifxÉG Ef iS hf OD;xGe;f vSatmifw. ‹dk uH-urRmukd jrifawGŒ -uojzifh tr+}uD;.
oJveG pf ukd rvku d 0f ahH wmhbJ ,ae‹widk f tajzr&onfh ar;cGe;f rsm;tjzpf E+wyf w d af e wuUokdvfae0if; “u|efawmfrarhEkdifaom q,fhukd;Zlvkdif”
-u&avawmhonf?” (aqmif;yg;ESifh xifjrifcsufrsm;)
,ae‹xufwidk f OD;wifxÉG f owfjzwfr+ }uHpnf¯ud;yrf;olrsm; rnforl nf0g[k
rnfolur# vlod&Sif-um;pGyfpJGcJhjcif;r&Sdacs? rSef;qajymqkdr+rsm;ESifh aumvm[v ‘wuUov dk af e0if;’ onf Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;. ,k-H unfpw d cf sonfh uk,
d af &;
rsm;&Scd o
hJ nfreS af omfvnf; txufazmfjyyg tjzpftysufrsm;wGif zsmykH ajymufusm; vufaxmufAv kd x f eG ;f vS. uavmiftrnfjzpfygonf? Akv d xf eG ;f vStaejzifh vuf
Adkvfukd vufaxmuftultjzpf ESpf}udrfwkdifazmfjycJhonfrSm xl;qef;aeayonf? &Sd ppftpkd;&. pmtkyfpmwrf; pme,fZif;Xme. rsufESmzkH;ygrusef cGifh«yjcif;t&
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol‹0ef}uD;tzGJŒukd &Sif;vif;&mY *VKefOD;apmESifh r[mrdwf 1995 ckESpfwGif ol vpOfa&;cJhonfh ‘EG,feD’ r*~Zif;rS aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd pkaygif;_yD;
«yvkyfcJholrSm ppftm%m&Sifomjzpfa-umif; OD;aomif;u qufvufI tao;pdwf ‘trSwfw& AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;’ ac: pmtkyfwtkyf xkwfcJhonf? xkd‹aemuf olu
ajymqkd oufaojycJjh yefonf? qufvufI ‘pwkid o f pf’ r*~Zif;wGif a&;cJah om aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd pkaqmif;um 1997
“OD;atmifqef;ukd owf±rHk #ESihf 0ef}uD;csKyfrjzpfEidk o f nfudk OD;apmu aumif; ckESpfwGif ‘jynfaxmifpkAdokum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;’ trnfjzifh 'kwd,pmtkyfukd
pGm em;vnfod&Sdonf? vGwfvyfa&;&csdefY &Sifbk&ifjzpf&efrSm ppfwyfukd vkdtyf xkwfcJhjyefygonf? xkdpmtkyfwGif ylaqG;aomujzpfay:&onfh ‘u|efawmfrarhEkdif
onf[k OD;apmu od&Sdonf? OD;apmtaeESifh OD;atmifqef;ukdvkyf}uH&ef bdvyf aom q,fhukd;Zlvkdif’ qkdonfh aqmif;yg; (pmrsufESm 72) rS atmufygaumufEkwf
tpkd;&xH pum;qkd&efESifh jrefrmjynfY wyfpGJxm;aom t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;.tulukd csufrsm;ukd azmfjyvkduf&ygonf? pma&;ol. trSmpmwGif a&;om;xm;onfht
r&Ekdifapumrl OD;apmtzkd‹ bk&ifcHESifh zqyvtkyfcsKyfr+ vufatmufcH jrefrm wkdif; TaemufqkH;pmtkyfukd AdkvfcsKyf}uD;. (82) ESpfajrmuf arG;ae‹ESifh yifvkHpm
csKyf ESpf (50) jynfh txdr;f trSwrf sm;tjzpf *k%«f yxkwaf 0vku d jf cif;jzpfonf?
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“1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifvqef;wGif ‘bD/ tkd/ 'D’ (BOD) vufeufcJ,rf;okdavSmif paeae‹wGif usif;y&efr[kwfbJ/ Zlvkdifv (16) &uf Ak'<[l;ae‹wGif vkyf&rnfjzpf
a&;wyfrS armif;jyefvufeufrsm;ESihf cJ,rf; usnq f eftajrmuftjrm; rormolwpk onf? 1946 ck pufwifbmv (26) &ufae‹u Akv d cf sKyftpk;d &tzGŒJ tm%mukd vufcH
xkwf,loGm;-ua-umif;ukd &JXmecsKyfu owif;&ojzifh jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;rSwqifh &,l_yD;tcsdefrSpI 0ef}uD;tzGJŒtpnf;ta0;ukd tywfpOf paeae‹ eHeuf (10) em&D
tpk;d &tzGŒJ xH tpD&ifccH yhJ gonf? usif;yaeusjzpfonf? xkdtcsdefu *VKefOD;apmonf bk&ifcHu wkduf±kdufcef‹tyf
xkdtcsdefwGif jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;ausmfndrf;onf EkdifiHjcm;c&D;xGufaeI xm;aom 0ef}uD;wOD;jzpfae&m olvnf; tywfpOf paeae‹widk ;f usi;f yaom tpnf;
v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;0ef}uD; aysmfbG,fOD;jru acwWjynfxJa&;0ef}uD;tjzpf ta0;ok‹d wuf&onf? oka‹d omfvnf; ‘atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyf’ ukd OD;apmESihf
wm0ef,laeonf? okd‹ jzpfI aysmfbG,fOD;jru wm0eft& xkd0ef}uD;Xme wkduf±kduf ocifApdef oabmrwlbJ uef‹uGufojzifh jrefrmjynfjyefa&mufaomtcg tpkd;&
uGyfuJaom aomif;usef;r+ESdrfeif;a&;wyfrS (aemifwGifjynfaxmifpkppf&Jwyf) tzGŒJ0ifrS Ekwx f u G &f onf?”
wyfpw d w
f pdwu f dk Advk cf sKyf. ±k;H cef;jyifbufwiG f vk-H cHa&;wm0efcsxm;vku d of nf? _Aw
d ed Ef idk if rH S jyefvm_y;D aemuf Adv k cf sKyfonf tywfpOf0ef}uD;tzGŒJtpnf;ta0;
OD;jru TuJo h ‹dk vk-H cHa&;tpDtpOfudk Adv k cf sKyftm; todray;cJo h nft
h jyif pma&;ol ukd paeae‹rvkyaf wmhbJ Ak'[ < ;l ae‹ usif;y&ef ajymif;a&$Œowfrw S vf u dk o
f nf?
tm;vnf; rajym&ef arwWm&yfccH o hJ nf? ,if;ta-umif;ukd *VKefOD;apmurod?
okd‹aomf wae‹wGif twGif;0efrsm;±kH;&Sd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;±kH;okd‹ AdkvfcsKyfESifh oka‹d omf Zlvidk v f (16) &ufwiG f wkid ;f jynf«yv$waf wmf. qyfaumfrwDwckjzpf
twlvmpOf tapmifhcsxm;onfh &Jabmf okH;av;OD;ukd AdkvfcsKyfvS rf;jrifoGm;&m aom zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;aumfrwD tpnf;ta0;usif;y&ef
pma&;oltm; ol‹±kH;cef;a&SŒrSm &Sdaeonfh vufeufukdif&Jabmfrsm; bmvkyfae-u ¯udwifowfrw S x f m;_y;D jzpfaeonf? xkt d cg Adv k cf sKyfu 0ef}uD;tzGŒJudk vmrnfh pae
wmvJqkdwm ar;ygawmhonf? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;u vkdtyfw,f,lqI vkH-cHa&; ae‹o‹dk ajymif;&ef qk;H jzwfvu dk jf cif;jzpfygonf?
twGuf tapmifch sxm;a-umif; ajymjyonft h cgwGif Adv
k cf sKyfu ‘rvkyd gbl;uGm/ ighudk wuUov dk af e0if;. aqmif;yg;yxrykid ;f wGif ygonft h a-umif;rsm;ukd txl;
b,folurSvnf; vkyf}uHrSmr[kwfbl;/ iguvnf; rpkd;&drfbl;? igh±kH;cef;a&SŒrSm tm;jzifh jrefrmacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;twGuf vkH-cHa&;tpDtpOf&Sdr&SdudpPtay: jyef
vufeufukdif &JabmfawG csxm;wmukd igrjrifcsifbl;’ qkd_yD; OD;jrtm; csufcsif;jyef vnfaphaph awG;q-unfyh gu txiftjrifoabmxm;trsKd;rsKd; ay:aygufvmavh
±kyfodrf;ckdif;&ef trdeaf‹ y;vkdufygawmhonf? 0ef}uD; OD;jronf tvGefpdwfraumif; &Syd gonf? jrefrm&JtzGŒJEiS hf wGx J m;onfh _Aw d o d #t-uyfwyfom; ESpOf ;D tm; tpk;d &tzGŒJ
ykH&aomfvnf; trdeu f‹ kd emcHvkduf&ygonf? xdkae‹ naebuf ±kH;rStdrfokt d‹ jyefwGif tpnf;ta0;usif;ycsdew f idk ;f wGif cef;rok‹d twufavSum;xpfwae&mwGif wm0ef
pma&;oltm; ar;jyefygonf? ‘tdrrf mS &Sad ewJh &JabmfawGrmS vufeuf&o dS vm;vk?‹d ’ csxm;avh&o dS rl sm;ukd vky}f uHrr+ jzpfrD wywftvkw d iG f ±kyo
f rd ;f vku
d jf cif;onf rvkyf
olwu ‹dk jynfo&‹l aJ bmfawGjzpfI vufeufr&Sad -umif; jyeftajzay;&mwGif Adv k cf sKyf oifhonfh udpPjzpfonf[lI _Adwdo#wkd‹u a,bk,stm;jzifh ,lq-uonf? TuJh
u olukd,fwkdifawmh ao&rSmvnf; ra-umuf/ b,folurSvnf; ol‹udk vkyf}uH okd‹ ±kyfodrf;vkduf&onfrSm jrefrmwkd‹. arwWm&yfcHjcif;a-umifhjzpfI av;euf
r,f rxifaomfvnf; ‘tdrfrSm&SdwJh uav;awGtwGufawmh igpkd;&drfovkdjzpfrd aom trSm;jzpfa-umif; xif&mS ;cJo h nf[k ,k-H unf-uonf? tb,fa-umifq h adk omf
w,f’? xkd‹a-umifh tdrfu&JabmfawGukd ‘oifhawmfr,fhvufeuf enf;enf;yg;yg; _Adwdo# tapmifhppfom;rsm;onf vlowform;rsm;u trSwf (12) -unf;wyf
ay;xm;yg?’ AdkvfxGef;vSonf trdeft ‹ & AdkvfcsKyftdrfwGifaeaom &Jabmfrsm;tm; 0wfpkHa[mif;rsm; 0wfqifxm;jcif;ukd csufcsif;owdxm;rd-urnfjzpfaoma-umifh
awmfrD*ef;wvuf/ pwif;*ef;wvuf/ ajcmufvkH;jyL;ESpfvufESifh usnfqefrsm; aESmifah ES;r+r&Sb d J wk‹H jyefEidk cf -hJ urnfjzpfonf? xku d ohJ ‹dk owdrxm;rdonfw h idk f tavh
ygay;&ef tpDtpOfvyk cf o hJ nf?” tusihf pnf;urf;emxm;ol rnforl qkd tapmifw h m0efae&mrSm &Sad ecJ-h uv#if xkpd pf
txufygaumufEw k cf surf sm; azmfjyxm;aom aqmif;yg;wGif pma&;oltae 0wfpkH rjynfhrpkH t!kda&mifuif;bwfzdeyfrsm;0wfvsuf vufeufpkH ukdifwG,fum
jzifh t"dym` ,fygonfh aemuftcsufwck a&;om;azmfjyxm;ao;onf? avSum;twif;wufvmol vlwpkrSm wpkHw&mrSm;,Gif;aea-umif; tvG,fwul
“trSefawmh ,if;-urRmiifonfh 0ef}uD;tpnf;ta0;onf Zlvkdif (19) &uf jrifawGŒEkdif-uvdrfhrnfomjzpf.? tHh-op&maumif;onfrSm xkd_Adwdo#tapmifhppf
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om;rsm;ae&mwGif jrefrmrsm;tm; vlpm;xkd;umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef w&m;0if jrefrmjynfppfXmecsKyftaejzifh jynfwGif;vkH-cHa&;twGuf wm0ef,l&efrvkd

pDpOfxm;jcif;r&So d nfh ta-umif;yifjzpfygonf? jynfwiG ;f vk-H cHa&;tygt0if jrefrm awmhbJ jrefrmtpk;d &uom rdrw d t
‹dk a&; rdrw d w‹dk m0ef ,l&efjzpfonf[k _Adwo d #wk‹d
acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; txl;umuG,af pmifah &Smufay;&ef wm0efrmS jynfxaJ &; u wbufwiG f ,lq&yfwnfvmygonf? rnfoy‹kd ifqadk p jrefrmjynfonf olw. ‹dk
0ef}uD;Xme. 0wW&m;jzpf_yD; ‚if;vufatmuf tkycf sKyfvsuf&o dS nfh t&yfom; &JEiS hf ukdvkdeDvufatmufcH EkdifiHb0wGif &SdqJjzpfao;onf? ppfOD;pD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD; b&pf
vufeufukdif&Jwyfrsm;ukd tokH;«y&efjzpfonf? 0ef}uD; OD;ausmfndrf;taejzifh (General Briggs) onf bk&ifhwyf&if; (5) ESifh oHcsyfum ,mOf (5) pD;ukd &efukef-rd›
pkd;&drfylyefr+&SdykH&ygonf? a-u;rkHOD;aomif;ukd,fwkdif odcJh&onfrSm OD;ausmfndrf;u wGi;f ok‹d bk&ifcEH iS hf _Aw d od #ro d m;pkrsm;tjyif wjcm; _Aw d od #EiS yhf wfoufonfh vk-H cHru + dk
Adkvfr;ª ae0if;ukd AdkvfcsKyftm; v#Kd0‹ SufpGm apmifha&Smufay;&ef ,kH-unfpdwfcs&rnfh a&S;±+vsuf ajymif;a&$Œpcef;csco hJ nf?
ppfom;rsm; tvk&d I dS wm0efcsxm;&ef awmif;qkcd jhJ cif;jzpfonf? vky}f uHr}+ uD;rjzpfrD -unf;ESi&hf J tapmifw h yfom;rsm;rSm tcif;jzpfymG ;&mae&mwGif &Srd aecJ-h uyg?
ok;H ywfavmufuyif BOD rS vufeufrsm; ck;d xkw_f yD;csdeEf iS hf OD;ausmfnrd ;f Ekid if jH cm; xkdtckduftwef‹wGif wpkHw&m ta&;,l aqmif&GufEkdifol &Sdr&Sd pOf;pm;awG;awm
roGm;rDtcsde[ f ck efr‹ eS ;f onf) owif;axmufrsm; owdxm;rd-ucJo h nfrmS Akv d cf sKyf -unfh-uygpkd‹? p}uøvrf;wav#mufwGif t&yfom;t&m&SdwcsKd‹ &SdaecJh-uonf?
±kH; ywf0ef;usifESifh twGif;0efrsm;±kH; tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif t&yfom;t0wftpm; OD;tke;f cifEiS hf OD;armifarmifwo ‹dk nf vlowform;rsm; wufvmonfuydk if jrifvu dk f
0wfqifxm;um vufeuf0Sufukdifxm;onfh ppfom;rsm; tapmifhcsxm;jcif;jzpfyg -u&ygonf? OD;wiftek ;f u ol±‹ ;Hk cef;rS jrifvu dk of nf? ukeo f nf OD;xifabmfuawmh
onf? xkw d yfq, G t f m; Advk rf ;ª }uD;vGif (E+wcf rf;ar$;) u uGyu f cJ ohJ nf? jynfxaJ &; ±k;H udpEP iS afh &mufaepOf vlq;dk rsm;ESihf rsufEmS csif;qkid af wGŒvu dk o f nf? Adv
k x
f eG ;f vSEiS hf
0ef}uD;uyif tykdjznfhpGufI Adkvfae0if;tm; aoewfypfvufajzmifhonfh vlESpf {nfo h nfAv kd o f ef;0if;wko ‹d nf 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tpnf;ta0; usif;yvsuf&adS om tcef;
a,mufukd AdkvfcsKyftm; tqufrjywftapmifh wm0efay;&efajymI xkdvlrsm; ykd‹ wcef;wGi&f adS e-uonf (Adv k o
f ef;0if; vma&mufjcif;ta-umif;ESihf ypfc_H yD;csdew f iG f
xm;cJyh gonf? olbmvkycf o hJ nfudk rnforl # azmfxw k cf jhJ cif;rawGŒ&yg?) ±k;H vkvif armifaomif;pdef
TuJhokd‹ jzpfapumrl vkyf}uHr+jzpfay:vmonfhtcsdefwGif xkdtapmifhrsm;rSm onf (bk&ifcH. acwWtwGif;0ef. 19§7 naeykdif; vef'ef -rd›okd‹ykd‹vkdufaom
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vuf&t dS csdeu f mvusrS Adv k x
f eG ;f vSu a&;om;xm;onfrmS (Adv k af e0if;ESihf apmifhae_yD; wjcm;vkvifwa,mufESifh pum;ajymvsuf&SdpOf vlowform;rsm;
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oabmaygufEidk yf gonf) OD;ausmfnrd ;f r&So d nft h csdew
f iG f ol‹ 0ef}uD;wm0efrsm;ukd tyg;awmf_rJvli,f ukdaxG;onf tjcm;±kH;cef;wcef;rS ajy;xGufvm&m ypfcwf_yD;
acwWxrf;aqmifaeonfh aysmfbG,fOD;jru pkd;&drfruif;bJ vufeufukdif &Jwyf jyefxGufvmaom vlqkd;wokdufESifh rsufESmcsif;qkdifawGŒqkHI &ef}uD;atmif.
pdwfwpdwfukd AdkvfcsKyf±kH;teD;tem;wGif tapmifhwm0efcsxm;ygonf? xkdwyf ypfowfjcif;ukd cHvu dk &f onf? pD;yGm;a&; ae‹pOfowif;pm owif;axmuf uko d ef;u
om;rsm;ukd Adv k cf sKyfjrifonfEiS hf csucf si;f ±kyo f rd ;f vku
d &f ygawmhonf? Adv k cf sKyftae xkdypfcwfr+ rsufjrifoufaocHjzpfcJhonf? ukdaxG;rSmvnf; jynfol‹&Jabmftjzpf
jzifh wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;. arwWm&dyf-rHatmufwGif vkH-cHvsuf&Sdonf[k pdwfcs,kH txifrSm;cHcJh&jcif;jzpfonf? xkdokd‹aom jynfol‹&Jabmfwa,mufu xkdvlowf
-unfonfhtavsmuf TuJhokd‹aom txl;tumtuG,f tapmifhta&Smufrsm;ukd orm;rsm;tm; Adv k af e0if;. Armhaoewfuidk w f yf&if; (4) rS ppfom;rsm;jzpfonf[k
vufrcHjiif;y,fcJhjcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? okad‹ omfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfonf olt ‹ drfom;rsm; ajymjycJhonf? (xkdta-umif;ukd txufyg acwWtwGif;0ef. a-u;eef;wGifvnf;
twGuf ab;&efurdk l pk;d &drrf yd &Hk ygonf? tajctaerSm tvGet f rif;±+yaf xG;cJo h nfh xnfhoGif;xm;onf?) xkdpGyfpGJcsufESifhywfoufI aemufxyfr-um;&awmhyg?
twGuf xkdumvukd jzwfausmfvGefum toufxif&Sm;usef&Sdaom ^m%ftajrmf twGif;0ef±kH;wGif ,mOfoGm;,mOfvmtwGuf wOD;wnf; wm0efusaeonfh &Jom;
tjrif&Sdol vlenf;pkrSmvnf; tcsdefESifhtr# ykdrdkenf;yg;vmonfhtavsmuf tcsdefr armifaxG;onf ppf0wfpkH0wfol vlig;a,muf *spfum;ESifh 0ifvmonfukd yxr
vGefrD yGifhyGifhvif;vif; zGifh[ajymqkd-u&ef tcsdefwefyg_yD? qk;H awGŒ&oljzpfonf? rsm;r-umrD um;armif;ol okcu ol, ‹ mOfudk xGuaf jy;&efwiG f
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tqifoifhjzpfap&ef avSum;xpfatmufteD;okd‹ jyifqifa&$Œajymif;aepOf &Jom; qefu‹ sifbufrsm; jzpfaumif;jzpfvrd rfh nfjzpfa-umif; aumvm[vowif;rsm;om
armifaxG;u xkdae&mwGif r&yf&ef trdefa‹ y;aeonfhtcsdefwGifyif aoewfoHrsm; jzpfygonf? Adkvfrª;ausmfaZmtaejzifh em&D0uf-umrS AdkvfcsKyf toufqkH;±+H;oGm;
ay:xGufvmum aoewform;wa,muf ajy;qif;vmonfhtwGuf &Jom;vnf; a-umif;ukd od&ygonf? u|eaf wmfvnf; xkad &'D,t dk ar;tajzwGif yg0ifc_hJ yD; xkad e‹
tvsit f jrefxu G o f mG ;cJyh gonf? &Jom;armifaxG;taejzifh ,mOfrsm;&yf&mae&mwGif u tajctaeukd ajymcJyh gao;onf?
awGŒcJhonfh tjcm;wa,mufrSm Adkvfrª;}uD; ausmf0if;ESifh vkdufygvmol umuG,f tywfpOf0ef}uD;tzGJŒ tpnf;ta0;usif;yvsuf&Sdonfhae‹ukd *VKefOD;apm
a&;XmerS ±kH;vkvifarmiftkef;qkdoljzpfaeygonf? ±kH;awmfwGif armifaxG;ESifh aumifpDrS xGuf&jcif;a-umifh rodEkdifa-umif; oHo,jzpfonfhtxiftjrifESifh
armiftkef;ESpfa,mufpvkH;u okcjzpfa-umif; oufaocHcJh-u ygonf? txufyg ywfoufI olaumifpDrS xGufoGm;&onfrSm vaygif;-umvm_yDjzpfaomfvnf;
yk*Kd~ vfrsm;onf ab;rSy-JG unfyh &dowfrsm;ozG,o f mjzpf-u_yD; w&m;ppfaq;&mwGif aemufqkH;«yvkyfonfh tpnf;ta0;onf olwufaeusae‹wGifyif trSefwu,f
oufaotaxmuftxm;twGuo f m tok;H csEkid o f rl sm;jzpfonf? oka‹d omf xkt d csdef usif;yjzpfco hJ nf? 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;apmonf xkad e‹xt dk csdew f iG f tpnf;ta0;
u twGif;0efrsm;±kH;twGif; typftcwf jzpfay:&mwGif wkdufckdufjcif;ukd wm;qD; usif;yvsuf&rdS &Sd aocsmatmif «yvkycf yhJ gao;onf?
[efw ‹ m;Ekid of l okr‹d [kwf xGuaf jy;&mwGif wm;qD;Ekid o f rl sm;&Scd v
hJ #if rqkid ;f rwG ta&; a&SŒajy;uif;axmuftkyfpku tpnf;ta0;usif;yae_yD[k twnf«yonfh
,laqmif&u G &f ef rnforl #ay:xGuv f mjcif;r&Scd yhJ g? tcsed uf srS olu vlowform;rsm;tm; apv$wv f u
dk jf cif;jzpfygonf? aemuftcsuf
Adkvfae0if;onf wyf&if; (4) t&m&SdtcsKdE‹ Sifhtwl wyfpkduf&m ysOf;rem;-rdr› S wckrmS xkad e‹wiG f aumifp. D tpnf;ta0;tpDtpOfY OD;apm.aetdru f dk 0ifa&muf
x&yfum;ESifh uaomuarsm &efukef-rdŒokd‹ qif;vm_yD; aemufwae‹ (20§7) eHeuf pD;eif;um ywf0ef;usifrSm&Sdonfh a&ueftwGif; aomifwl;&SmazG&ef tqkd«ycsuf&Sd
wGif a&mufvma-umif;od&onf? tpkd;&tzGJŒ. aqG;aEG;wkdifyifr+rsm; olwkd‹yg0if a-umif;ESihf TuJo h ‹dk ta&;,l&efrmS ESp&f uftawmtwGi;f rSmyifjzpfa-umif; OD;apm
-uaomfjim;vnf; wyfrawmfESifh &Jwyfrsm;tm; txl;wyfvSefo ‹ wday;csuftrdef‹ . axmufvSr;f a&;u od&cdS o hJ nft
h wGuf vky}f uHrt + &Sed jf rifo
h mG ;jcif;jzpfEidk yf gonf?
ukd olwkd‹taejzifh ta&;w,lxkwfjyefcJhjcif; r&dScJhyg? u|efawmfukd,fwkdifu
a&wyfwGif &Sdaeonfhtcsdefjzpf_yD; ,ae‹wkdif r&Sif;vif;onfhudpPwckrSm HMS
‘&wemykH’ [k ac:onfh jrefrmjynf bk&ifha&wyf (qENt& t&efa&wyf) Burma pufqkyfzG,f vlrsKd;a&; vlowfr+avm
R.N.V.R urf;ajcpcef;XmecsKyfonf twGif;0efrsm;±kH; ajrmufbufwGifwnf&Sd_yD;
(former St. Paul's English High School) za&pmvrf; (,ck taemf&xmvrf;) uifbm&m&Sd -opa-w;vs trsK;d om;wuUov kd rf S a'gufwma*[ef 0Da*s,0D g
wvrf;omjcm;aomfvnf; wyfveS o ‹f wday;jcif;ESihf vrf;rsm;ay:wGif uif;vSnw hf m a'ae (Dr. Gehan Wijeyewardene, Ph.D) u 1994 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvxkwf
0efrsm;ukd ray;cJo h nft h csujf zpfygonf? (aemufrS wyfpcef;a&SŒwiG o f m ae0ifr;D _ird ;f xkdif;=,leefpDrHcsuf owif;pmpOf trSwf (23)/ pmrsufESm (23=24) wGif u|Efkyf
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kH ;kH oyf&if; atmufygar;cGe;f udk ar;xm;onf?
vky}f uHr}+ uD;þESpf (50) jynfh txdr;f trSwf toHvi$ &f mwGif Akv d rf ;ª ausmaf Zm (a&wyf) “u|Efkyfwdk‹acwf&Sd jrefrmacgif;aqmifr+ESihf ywfoufI ar;cGef;rsm;ar;&ef
ESifh awGŒqkHar;jref;onfhtcef;wGif ajymjyonfrSm AdkvfausmfaZmonf xkdae‹u tcsuftvufwck jzpfay:vm_yD; atmifqef;jy,k*fonf vdktyfcsufwckjzpfae
‘&wemykH’ pcef;wGif tqifhjrifhAdkvftaejzifh wm0efusaecJh&m twGif;0efrsm;±kH; onf? odak‹ omfvnf; olonf trSm;uif;yg&JŒvm;? tdENd,EdkifiHtrsKd;om;uGef*&uf
bufrS aoewfypfoHrsm; -um;-um;jcif; za&Zmvrf; (,ck taemf&xmvrf;) &Sd tpnf;ta0;rS tjyefwGif ol‹udk zrf;qD;&ef t*Fvdyfwdk‹u trdef‹xkwfxm;cJhonfh
t"dut0if0ok‹d tjrefomG ;cJyh gonf? vrf;ay:wGif vlrsm;rSm pdwv f y+ &f mS ;vsu&f udS m taxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdonf? ,if;zrf;qD;trdef‹xkwfvdkufjcif;u ol‹udk trGdKifodk‹
Za0Z0gjzpfae-uonfudk awGŒ jrif&_y;D olwc‹dk rsmrsm; -um;od&onfrmS vnf; tpk;d & vGwfajrmufatmif xGufcGmoGm;apcJhonf? ,if;trdef‹rSm EdkifiHa&;jypfr+twGuf
acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; vkyf}uH&ef tm;xkwfcJha-umif;ESifh vkyf}uHolrsm;rSm EkdifiHa&; r[kwfbJ txl;tm;jzifh pufqkyfzG,f vlrsKd;a&; vlowfr+twGuf jzpfavonf?”
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ol (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;) onf trSm;uif;yg&JŒvm;´? rsm; _yD;onfEiS hf wòydief uf vGwv f yfa&;udak y;&ef awmif;qdx k m;avonf? _Adwo d #
Ak'<bmom jrefrmvlrsKd;wa,mufudk ,if;ar;cGef;tm; wOD;csif;ar;ygu tpdk;&taejzihf ,if;urf;vS rf;csufudk rodusKd;u|efðycJhaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;
wkH‹ jyefrnfh tajzrSm rvGJraoGyifæ“usKyfu bk&m;avmif;rS r[kwfwm” [k ajz &&Sd&ef urBmhtajctaet& tusyftwnf;udk tcGihfta&;,l toHk;cs&ef trsKd;
ayvdrfhrnf? OD;atmifqef;udk,fwkdifvnf; xkdodk‹ajzayvdrhfrnf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹twGuf om;a&;Ekd;-um;vmu EkdifiHa&;ESihf tEkynmaygif;pyfI jynfolvlxkudk qGJaqmif
,if;odk‹ obm0ususazmfjyr+rSm u|Ekfyfwdk‹ wOD;csif;onf tedpPoabmaqmif oGm;EdkifcJhonf? olwdk‹. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk vlxkxH o,faqmifoGm;aom EkdifiH
yk*Kd~ vfrsm;jzpf-u_yD; vH;k 0tjypfuif;pifI trSm;vH;k 0r&Sad om tqihjf rihyf *k Kd~ vftae a&;acgif;aqmifwdk. ‹ v+Ha‹ qmfrD;xkd;ay;r+rsm;a-umifh ‚if;.tawG;tac:onf vl
txm;&&Sd&efrSm umvteEœ a0;uGmvGef;vSayonf[k ±kd;om;pGm ajymqdkvkdyg xktwGi;f Y vsifjrefpmG ysHŒEo ‹HS mG ;cJo
h nf? xda‹k -umifv h nf; 1939 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd m
a-umif;? (olr‹ w d af qG tcsed rf wdik rf D aoqH;k &_y;D onfah emuf) OD;Eku Ak''< \etjrif vwGif EkdifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;}uD; ESpfzGJŒ jzpfaom a'gufwmbarmf. ‘qif;&Jom;
rS ta-umif;ESifh tusK;d oabmt& Toda‹k xmufjycJo h nf? “Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m 0HomEktzGŒJ ’ESifh wdA‹k rmtpnf;t±H;k wdo ‹k nf tjcm;tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;udyk g pnf;±H;k vsuf
tjrihfrm;qHk;*k%fodrfeJ‹ -oZmt&Sdefudk vG,fvG,feJ‹ &cJhwmr[kwfygbl;? ol‹&JŒ pGef‹ trsK;d om;nD!w G af &;wyfO;D jzpfonfh ‘Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f ’ udk (xkd tcsed w
f iG f ygvDrefY
v$wrf /+ wnf-unfr/+ ±k;d om;r+/ pG_J rJr/+ rsK;d csppf w d ef ‹J &JprG ;f owW&d rdS a+ wGukd &if;ES;D jrK‡ yfEHS tm%mrJh twdu k tf cHb0 a&mufae_yjD zpfaom) a'gufwm barmfu OuU@tjzpfEiS fh
_yD; &,lc&hJ wmyg? ol&ŒJ b0wav#mufv;kH 'Dvkd olrwlwhJ t&nftcsi;f awGukd olu (trwfr[kwfaom) ocifatmifqef;u taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf zGJŒpnf;cJh
worwfwnf; r,dr;f r,kid f awmufav#mufjycJv h ‹kd jynfov l x l uk olw&‹kd ŒJ arwWmeJ‹ onf? ocifatmifqef;ESihf ajratmufawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;jzifh zGŒJ pnf;xm;aom
,H-k unfcsufukd jyefvnfw‹kH jyefcw hJ mjzpfygw,f”? ‘Armhta&;awmfyHkygwD’ rS rdwfaqG oli,fcsif; tpktzGJŒuav;wckonf tvGef
OD;atmifqef;Y ol‹trSm;rsm; &Sdaumif;&Sdayrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; jrefrmjynf wufºuGorl sm; jzpfae-uonf?
olvx l uk olt ‹ m; ol. ud, k uf sio fh u
d mQ rsm;t& arwWm&Scd /hJ ,H-k unfc_hJ yD; xkad rwWm xdak‹ emuf 1940 ckESpf/ rwfvwGif ocifatmifqef;onf ‘tdENd,trsKd;om;
ESifh xd,k -kH unfro + nf rusKd;raygufcahJ cs? ‘tdv k AD m*d;k vfprf pf’ uæ “u|Efyk w f o
‹kd nf uGef*&uf’ . ‘&rf*wf’ tpnf;ta0;odk‹ wufa&mufcJhonf? oljyefvmtcsdefwGif
vlvlcsif;qufqH-u&mY ol. tm;enf;csufrsm;udk El;El;nHhnHhudkifwG,f&ayrnf? r[mrdwrf sm;twGuf Oa&myY qifEaJ$ eaomppfonf tajctae vsifjrefpmG qkwf
tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf taumif;qHk;t&mrsm;Y tvGefeD;uyfpGm tcsKdŒcsKdŒaom ,kwfqdk;&Gm;vsuf&Sd_yD; jrefrmEkdifiH. bk&ifcHtaejzifhvnf; _Adwdo#wdk‹. òrd›jy
trSm;t,Gi;f rsm; rDw S ,
G vf su&f _dS rjJ zpfonf? od‹kjzpfI ol.aumif;uGurf sm;tm; odr;f tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m trdef‹rsm;udk rvkdufem&ef pnf;±Hk;v+H‹aqmfr+rsm;ESifh (tu,fI
usK;H I rxdcu kd of mG ;apbJ xkt d rSm;t,Gi;f tzsi;f todrrf sm;udk cGjJ cm;aygif;oifvsuf vGwv f yfa&;ay;&ef uwdrðyygu ppfukd wm;qD;aESmif, h u
S &f ef) trsKd;om;a&;ESifh
11
y,fEkwfypf&ayrnf” [k qdkcJhonf r[kwfygvm;? vGwfvyfa&; tkyfpkrsm;. _cdrf;ajcmufr+rsm;udk &ifqdkifae&avonf? xdk‹a-umifh
odka‹ omfvnf; ar;cGef;um; usef&Sdaewkef;yif? atmifqef;. tm;enf;csuf _Adwod #wdt ‹k aejzifh jrefrmEdik if t
H m; tkycf sKyfxm;aom Oya'rsm;tm; umuG,o f nfh
rsm;u olu ‹ kd txl;tm;jzifh pufqyk zf , G af umif;vSonfh vlrsKd;a&;tajccH vlvcl sif; taejzifh oabmxm;uGJvGJolrsm;udk zdESdyfr+rsm; ðyvmonf? txif&Sm;qHk; ocif
owfjzwfru + kd usL;vGeaf pcJzh ;l oavm? rsm;ESihf tjcm;EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk vkdufvHzrf;qD;_yD; aoG;xdk;v+aH‹ qmfr+jzihf ±Hk;wif
1939 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (3) &ufae‹wGif _AdwdefESihf jyifopfwdk‹u *smreD w&m;pGu J m axmifrsm;twGi;f od‹k ypfoiG ;f cJo h nf? Ttcsed rf mS ygvDrefwiG f *VKefapm
tay: ppfa-unm_y;D (6) &uft-umwGif wdu k w f u kd q f ikd q
f ikd yf if *VKefapm arG;&majr eef;&if;0efjzpfaecsdefjzpfonf? trsm;tjym;rSm (12) vxd axmifcscH&aomfvnf;
jzpfaom om,m0wDwGif usif;y-uonfh wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk; nDvmcH}uD;u qHk; xdk‹xufydkIyif xdef;odrf;xm;r+udk cH&olrsm; &Sdao;onf? ocifEkESihf a'gufwm
jzwfcJhaom rl0g' a-unmcsufudk tao;pdwfxkwfjyefcJhonf? ,if;wGif tajccH barmfwo ‹kd nf Zlvikd f (4) &ufEiS hf (10) &ufae‹ww ‹kd iG f toD;oD;tzrf;cHc-hJ u&onf?
tcsu}f uD; (9) csuf yg&Scd o hJ nf? tESpo f m&tm;jzihf jrefrmwd. ‹k yl;aygif;aqmif&u G f xdktcsdefumvwGif om,m0wDòrd›rS odyfra0;aom {&m0wDwdkif;twGif;&Sd
r+udk &&Sdvdkv#if tcsKdŒaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vkdufavsm&rnfjzpf_yD; jyifqifr+ ZvGefòrdw › Gif vlxktpnf;ta0;wckY ocifatmifqef;u pum;ajymqdkcJhonf? ol
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. t"du&efoljzpfoltm; jyefvnfwHk‹ jyefonfhtaejzifh bk&ifcHjzpfol ‘qm=tmcsD aumif; awGŒrdayvdrfhrnf? ,if;owif;rsm;onf pGyfpGJxm;aom &mZ0wfr+. jzpf
abmvfaumhu&def;’ tm; olajymaeus yGifhyGifhvif;vif; 'Jh'dk;yHkpHjzifh pdefac:cJhjcif; yGm;ESpu f kd rSm;,Gi;f pGmjzihf 1932 ckEpS [
f k a&;om;ay;ydx ‹k m;cJ_h yD; ,if;&ufpu JG kd aemuf
a-umifh [oFmwc±kid f &J0efu olt ‹ m; zrf;0&rf;xkwv f ukd of nf? xkt
d csed uf Oa&my ydik ;f wGif jyefvnfjyifqifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf?
ujym; t&m&Sdrsm; ðyaeustwdkif; ol‹tm; zrf;rdv#if qkaiG (5) usyf ay;rnf[k ar;cGef;rsm; xyfrHay:aygufvmjyefonf? vlrsKd;a&;t& vlowfr+wckudk
qkawmfaiGudkyg xnfhoGif;xm;_yD; ol‹tm; oduQmcsxm;avonf? xdktcsdefrSpI &nf!e¸ f;azmfjyr+onf tcsdefumv vGJrSm;pGm azmfjyrdcJhv#if ,if;onf wu,fjzpf
ocifatmifqef;onf ajratmufo‹kd yke;f v#K;d oGm;cJo h nf? -o*kwv f (8) &ufae‹wiG f ysufcJhaomfvnf; aemufydkif;umvwGif jzpfysufcJhjcif;avm? xdkoq dk‹ dkv#if ,if;tr+
tazmfjzpfol ocifvSòrdifESihftwl olonf wdkif;jynftwGif;rS wdwfwqdwfxGufcGm onf vlrsKd;a&;t&avm/ odkr‹ [kwf xdkjypfr+onf vlowfr+avm? tajzudk &Sm&ef
oGm;cJh&m olw ‹ Gif ±l;yD;aiG (200) ESifh twGuftcsufaumif; wckom ygoGm;cJhonf? óud;pm;rnfqdkv#if 1946 ckESpf/ tOD;ydkif;umvudk jyefoGm;&ayvdrfhrnf? xkdESpf az
aemufqHk;wGif olonf ‘AdkvfawZ’ (ac: ) Adkvfrª;csKyf ‘tdkrdk'g’ (ac: ) AdkvfcsKyf azmf0g&Dv (28) &ufae‹wiG f usi;f yaom Oya'ðyaumifp. D yxrqH;k tpnf;ta0;
atmifqef;tjzpf wyfrawmfwckudk OD;aqmifvsuf jyefvnfxGufay:vmcJhonf? wGif ocifxGef;tkyfuxI jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (BIA) . t"du wyfzGJŒ
'kw, d urBmppf yGOJ ;D xGurf pS Iþocifatmifqef;þxGucf mG oGm;onft h csed tf xd rsm; weoFm&DrS Armjynfajrmufyikd ;f od‹k csw D uf-upOf oxkt H eD;Y _Adwo d #bufawmf
txufu azmfjycJo h nfh umvwav#mufv;kH wGif rsKd;cspfvil ,focifrsm;/ ausmif; om; rlqvif&Gmol}uD;wOD;udk ocifatmifqef;u owfcJha-umif; pGyfpGJavonf?
om;rsm;ESifh tcsKŒdEidk if aH &;orm;rsm;onf olw. ‹kd t,ltq/ 0g'a&;&mESihf pdw0f rf;uGJ ocifatmifqef;onf xkdtcsdefu Adkvfr;ª csKyf&mxl;ESihf t}uD;wef; ppfOD;pD;t&m&Sd
jym;r+rsm;udþk ab;z,fxm;I ‘_Aw d o d #e,fcsŒJpepfu’kd òzdcsEikd &f ef ±ke;f uefóud;pm;-u&m &mxl;rsm;udk udkifpGJxm;onf? olt ‹ xufwGif *syeft&m&Sd (2) OD;om &Sdawmhonf?
wGif nD!w G af &;wyfO;D w&yfukd cdik rf mpGm zGŒJpnf;Edik cf -hJ uonf? ocifatmifqef;onf xdka‹ -umihf ocifatmifqef;udk zrf;I ±Hk;wifppfaq;oihfonf[k ocifxGef;tkyfu
ud,k uf sK;d rzuf owW&d pdS mG jzifh wkid ;f &if;om;tcsi;f csi;f vlrsK;d a&;cGjJ cm;r+ vH;k 0uif;&Si;f tqdkðyonf? vlowfr+tm; olonf rsufjrifoufaojzpfI w&m;qkdif&mwGif ol‹
aom trsK;d om;a&;v+y&f mS ;r+rsm;wGif OD;aqmifr+ tcef;u¾udk ,lco hJ nf? OD;atmif taejzifh oufaocH&ef vdkvm;vsuf&Sdonf[k qdkonf?
qef; tdE, dN rS jyefvm_y;D onfrS w±kwjf ynfox ‹ kd u G cf mG oGm;onftxd (4)þvcefu ‹ mv tpdk;&taejzihf TtjzpftysufESihf ywfoufI apmpD;pGmuyif &Jwdk‹xHrS
udk txl;&nf!e¸ ;f &aomfvnf;þolt ‹ aejzihþf ta-umif;udpw P cka-umifh wpHw k a,muf twGi;f a&;tpD&ifcpH mudk &&Sx d m;_yD;jzpfonf? oda‹k omfvnf; aumifp0D if ocifxeG ;f
udk owfjzwfco hJ nfh taxmuftxm;/ odr‹k [kwf owif;tpteþvH;k 0r&Scd ahJ cs? xdk tkyf. tqdkðycsufrSm yxrqHk; vlod&Sif-um; xkwfjyefajym-um;csufjzpfonf? xdk
tcsed uf þtpd;k &rSww f rf;rsm;uvnf; olt ‹ m; Oya'a-umif;t&þwkid ;f jynfqyl v l y+ &f mS ; pOfu bk&ifcHjzpfol ‘qm&J*sDe,fvf a':refprpf’ onf ,if;pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk tao
r+rsm; jzpfymG ;atmif aoG;xd;k v+a‹H qmfcsujf zpfaom Ekid if aH &;v+a‹H qmfrr+ sm;ESifh ‘ppfqef‹ udkifum OD;atmifqef;tm; oduQmn‡dK;rdSefap&ef toHk;csvdkojzifh t&trd qGJudkifcJh
usifa&;’ 0g'jzefr‹ +rsm;a-umihfom olu ‹ dk zrf;vdkjcif;jzpfa-umif; jyqdkvsuf&Sdonf? onf? 12 ‘a':refprpf’ u vef'ef&Sd jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m EkdifiHjcm;a&; twGif;0efxHodk‹
ocifatmifqef;onf ppfrjzpfrD w&Ha&mtcgu &ufpufpmG &mZ0wfr+ wpHk a-u;eef;±kdufI OD;atmifqef;udk zrf;&ef cGihfðyrdef‹awmif;cHcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
wckudk usL;vGefcJhzl;onf[laom pGyfpGJcsufESihf ywfoufI cdkifvHkaom taxmuf pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm; ðyvkyfaeqJjzpfI _Adwdo#tpdk;&u csufcsif;zrf;cGihfrðycJhacs?
txm; vHk;0r&Sdacs? odk‹ jzpfv#if ,if;pGyfpGJcsufonf rnfodkr‹ nfyHk pwif ay:ayguf odEk‹ Sihf rwfv (27) &ufae‹wGif &efukef&Sd tpdk;&tdrfawmfY ‘qm&J*sDe,f’xH rnfuJh
vmygoenf;? rnfov ‹l ufcsufenf;? jrefrmEdik if q H idk &f m w&m;±H;k rS rSwwf rf;rsm;udk od‹k aqmif&u G o
f ihaf -umif; tpD&ifcpH mwifjy&ef tpnf;ta0;w&yf usif;ycJ-h u&m
okawoeðyolwOD;wa,muf. vGrJ mS ;pGm aumufcsufqjJG cif;rS wqihef m;vnfr+ xdyw f ef;ppfwyfEiS fh &JwyfzŒJGt&m&S}d uD;rsm;/ tkycf sKyfa&;t&m&Srd sm;u OD;atmifqef;
vGJvmjcif; jzpfvdrfhrnf[k ,lq&ayonf? ocifatmifqef;onf Todk‹aom vl udk xdef;odrf;cJhv#if ykefuefxºuGr+ jzpfvdrhfrnf[k óudwifcef‹rSef;-uonf? òrd›jy
owfr+usL;vGefcJhonf[k pGyfpGJajymqdkcsufrsm;ESihf ywfoufI 1945 ck/ Edk0ifbmv t&m&Sdrsm;url ,if;odk‹ ta&;,laqmif&Gufvkdufv#if wu,fhudk vlxkaygufuGJr+
&ufpGJjzifh _Adwdo#wdk. ‹ jrefrmtpdk;&u ay;ydka‹ om a-u;eef;rsm;udk xdkolu awGŒrd jzpfapvdrfhrnf[k cHpm;rdcJh-uonf? xdka‹ emuf avmh'farmifhbufwefu xdkudpPudk
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-um;jzwfwm;qD;cJhonf? ‘avmh'farmifhbufwef’ u EkdifiHjcm;a&; twGif;0efxH xrf;aqmifcJhonfjzpf&m TonfESihfywfoufI armfvòrdifrS 'k=ta&;ydkifrif; ‘OD;

v#KdŒ0SufoauFwjzihf pm (27§3) a&;om;ay;ydck‹ Jhonf? ‚if;pmwGifæ bpef;’u oufaocHEdkifygonf? xdt k‹ jyif ocifv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;u _Adwdo#wd. k‹ tkyf
“ppfa&;qkdif&m bk&ifcHcsKyftjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonfhtwGuf ,cktcg jref csKyfa&;udk enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh 'kuQay;vmonfhtcgY arwWm&yfcHav#mufxm;ol.
rmjynfESihf ywfoufI u|EkfyfwGif wm0efr&Sdaomfvnf; u|Ekfyftaejzifh jrefrmEdkifiH cifyGef;onf qlylxºuGr+ rSefor#udk olta&;ydkifonfhtwGif;rS ae‹a&mnyg ESdrfeif;
. tem*wfta&;ESifh ywfoufI txl;pdw0f ifpm;r+ &Sad eqJjzpfygonf? atmifqef; xdef;csKyfI rD;aoatmifvkyfcJhygonf? ,if;tcsufudk ,ck AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpf
udk zrf;&ef tqdkðycsufESihf ywfoufI u|Ekfyftaejzihf tvGeftrif; pdwftaESmihf vmaom ocifatmifqef;onf _Adwo d #wu ‹kd kd jyefvnfwu kd cf ukd &f ef *syefo‹kd roGm;rD
t,Sujf zpfryd gonf? xGe;f tkyu f &nf!e¸ ;f cJah om tr+onf oifu u|Ekyf x f H azmfjy uyif aumif;pGm od&v dS rd rfh nfxifygonf?”
cJah om tr+jzpfcv hJ #if ,if;tr+onf vlowfr[ + w
k =f r[kwf pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfay;&rnfh olru ocifatmifqef;ESihf ol‹taygif;ygrsm;u olra,musfm;udk 1942 ck
udpPjzpfvmygonf? tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m tjzpftysufonf ,cktcg (4) ESpfwm -um ESpw f iG f zrf;qD;cJyh rkH sm;tm; qufvufazmfjycJo h nf?
cJ_h yDjzpfonf? tu,fI 0da&m"djzpfaeaom tjrifoabmxm;rsm; &Sad ernfqv kd #if “*syefw‹kd rkwrW bufrS csw D ufvmonfEiS fh _Adwo d #wv ‹kd nf; oxHck ±kid rf S qkwf
TuJhodk‹aomjzpf&yfrsKd;udk arhaysmufypf&efonf u|Ekfyfwdk‹twGuf taumif;qHk; cGmoGm;cJ&h m rsm;r-umrDrmS yif ,if;od‹k zrf;qD;r+ jzpfay:cJjh cif;jzpfonf? olra,musmf ;
rl0g'jzpfvrd rhf nf[k u|Ekyf af wG;rdygonf? OD;atmifqef;. wcgw&H pdwv f u kd rf mef udk óud;ESifhwkyf_yD; EGm;vSnf;jzifh oxHkòrd›odk‹ ,laqmifoGm;um tpma&pm ray;bJ
yg vkyfaqmifr+rsm;onf pdwftaESmihft,Sufjzpfp&maumif;aomfvnf; olonf &Spf&ufcef‹ csKyfaESmifcJhonf” [k olru ajymqdkcJhonf? xdk‹aemuf ol‹udk abmvHk;
u|Ekyf t f eD;Y yGivhf if;pGm ajymqdq k ufqaH ejcif;rSm avmif;upm;yGw J ckY yg0ifupm; upm;uGi;f od‹k ac:aqmifomG ;um *d;k wkid w f iG f um;pifwifI vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGma&S›
aejcif; r[kw[ f k xifjrifryd gonf? i,f&, G Ef yk sKad om olt
‹ ouft&G,t f & olonf wGif vSHpGyfjzifh xdk;owfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? olru æ“_Adwdo#w&m;Oya'onf qif;&J
aemif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfae&ef ta-umif;&Sdygonf? u|Efkyf. ESihf csrf;omt-um; cGJjcm;r+ r&SdonfjzpfI ocifatmifqef;udk Oya't& ta&;,l
oabmxm;tjrifay;&v#if olESihf olr‹ dwfaqGrsm;udk u|Efkyfwdkx ‹ ifjrifonfh jrefrm aqmif&Gufay;yg&ef av#mufxm;tyfygonf” [k qufvufwdkifwnfxm;onf?
EkdifiHtzdk‹ ppfrSefaumif;rGefaom tem*wfwnf&Sdrnfh vrf;a-umif;udk tm±HkpdkufI toem;cHav#mufxm;ol/ uGef*sDrdk‹ ('f) umum/ aygifòr›drSwqihf [k vdyfwyf
jyoay;jcif;omv#if ydkrdkaumif;rGefvdrfhrnf[k u|Ekfyfxifygonf? ,ckavmavm um ‘rr’ [lI jrefrmvdk vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;onf?
q,fwGif OD;atmifqef;udk zrf;qD;vdkufjcif;onf _Adwdo#tifyg,mtwGif; jrefrm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uvnf; {_yDv (12) &ufae‹xkwf owif;pHk*sme,fwGif
EkdifiH. tem*wfqufqHa&;udk t}uD;us,fqHk; qkwf,kwfysufjym;r+ jzpfay:ap aqmif;yg;wyk'af &;um ol&‹ yfwnfcsufukd olb ‹ momol &Si;f jycJo h nf? ,if;aqmif;
vdrfhrnf[k ,lqa-umif; u|Ekfyfw&m;0ifajymvdkygonf” [l.? yg;rSm jrefrmvdk a&;xm;jcif;jzpf_yD; t*Fvyd v f kd bmomjyefcsufrmS ‘[Hom0wD’ wGif
toufq;kH ±H;+ oGm;cJah om ol}uD;.ZeD;jzpfol a':trmonf {_yv D wGif bk&ifcH yg&SdcJhonf? wzef ocifxGef;tkyfu Oya'ðyaumifpDtpnf;ta0;wGif ol‹udk pGyf
. ppfa&;qdkif&m twGif;0efxHodk‹ toem;cHpm wifoGif;cJhonf? xdkpmrSm {_yDv pGcJ sufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI jyefvnfacsyxm;onfrmS atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf?
(8) &ufþae‹pGJwyfxm;_yD; xdktcsdefu ‚if;pmudk jynfolvlxktm; today;jcif; r&Sd “ ‘vlowfr’+ [lI trnfwyfxm;aom tr+wiG f ‚if;&GmrS &Gmol}uD;udk &Gmol
cJhacs? ol}uD;.trnfrSm ‘tAŠ'l&m&Spf’ jzpf_yD; oxHkc±kdif/ aygifòrd›e,ftwGif;&Sd &Gmom;rsm;pGq J akd om jypfru + sL;vGerf r+ sm;twGuf ao'%ftjypfay;cJ&h jcif;jzpfonf?
oJjzLuke;f &Gm. ol}uD;jzpfavonf? olr. wifjycsufrmS Tod‹k jzpfonf? u|Ekfyftaejzifh &Gmol}uD;. emrnfudkvnf;aumif;/ &Gmudkvnf;aumif; ol usL;
“olr. a,musmf ;onf oJjzLuke;f &Gm. ol}uD;jzpfol zcifO;D &m&Spu f , G v f eG f vGecf o hJ nfqakd om jypfrr+ sm;. oabmobm0 twdtusudv k nf;aumif; tjynfh
_yD;aemuf vGefcJhaom (25) ESpfcefu ‹ xdk&Gm. ol}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf? oJjzLukef;&Gm tpHk rSwrf Ed ikd jf cif;r&Syd g? xd&k mG ol}uD;rSm u|Efyk w f ±‹kd j+ rifo;kH oyfcsuft& aumufuspf
. ol}uD;tjzpf aqmif&GufaepOfumvwGif olonf _Adwdo#tpdk;&tay: tvGef ,kwrf molwOD;jzpf_yD; &Gmol&mG om;rsm;tay: rw&m;qufqcH o hJ /l vGepf mG armufrm
w&m opPmapmiho f od jl zpfI txuftm%mydik rf sm;. pdww f ikd ;f us olw ‹ m0efrsm;udk ±kid ;f pdik ;f oljzpfI oxHck ±kid o f ‹kd yxrqH;k a&muf&v dS maom u|Eyfk w f ‹kd Armhvw G v
f yfa&;
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wyfrawmfu rv$rJ a&Smifom xde;f odr;f xm;cJo h nfuo kd m u|Ekyf rf w S rf yd gonf? jyefvnfay;ydk‹cJhonf? rSwfcsufwckwGif “u|Efkyftxifajym&v#if wu,ftjzpf
xdktcsdefu u|EkfyfESihf aemufwa,muf (u|Efkyftm; ,cktcg pGyfpGJaeol) tysufwnf&Sdaeonfh r_idrfrouftajctaersm;wGif tm%mudkoHk;I tusOf;±Hk;
[ocifxGef;tkyf] wdk‹ ajrmufydkif;rS qif;vmum bDtdkifattwGuf wyfom;opfrsm; w&m;pD&ifr+uom wnf_idrfatmif tkyfcsKyfEkdifrnf[k ar#mfvifh&efom &Sdayonf?
pkaqmif;&efEiS fh -um;jzwftrsKd;om;tpd;k &twGuf tkycf sKyfa&; 0efxrf;rsm; &&S&d ef xd‹k jyif vlord sm;aom jypfra+ [mif;rsm;twGuf tjypf&o dS w
l u
‹kd jyefvnfay;qyf-u
13
xdek ,fajrwGif a&muf&adS ecJyh gonf? oxHòk rdw › iG f ‘_ird ;f csr;f r+xed ;f odr;f a&;’ aumfrwD &ayvdrfhrnf” [l.?
udk u|Ekfyfu zGJŒpnf;ay;cJh_yD; xkdtcsdefY xdkc±kdiftwGif; jypfr+rsm; usL;vGefxm;onfh xdok }l uD;tm; owfcjhJ cif;. tay:,HO;D wnfcsuf/ &nf&, G cf sufEiS fh ywfouf
twGuf zrf;qD;cHxm;&ol (4=5) OD;&Sda-umif; od&SdcJh&onf? u|Efkyf xyfrHod&Sd& _yD; oHk;rsKd;oHk;axG jzpfvsuf&Sdonf? yxrtaejzifh &Gmol}uD;u ‚if;. aus;&Gm
onfrSm aus;&Gmol§om;rsm; pdk;&drfa-umihf-ujzpfae&onfh vGefpGm taxmuf ol§om;rsm;tay: rawmfrw&m; ðyrlaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf &yf&Gmwnf_idrfr+
txm; oufaooufuefcikd v f akH om tr+wck&adS ejcif;ESifh ,if;rSm olwo ‹kd xHt
k ydik f aqmif&Guf&mwGif ao'%ftjypfay;r+ESihf xkdufwefcJhonf[laomtcsuf/ 'kwd,
(oJjzLuke;f ) &Gm. ol}uD;ud, k w f ikd jf zpfaejcif; jzpfygonf? olusL;vGecf o hJ nfh jypfr+ taejzifh aus;&GmtydkifwGif ocifv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk ESdrfeif;I _Adwdo#wdk‹. tusKd;
rsm;twGuf tjypfay;rnfqdkv#if ao'%fxuf edrfh_yD;ay;I rjzpfa-umif; u|Efkyf pD;yGm;udk pdwaf &mud, k yf g rsuEf mS vdt k m;& aqmif&u G cf ohJ nf[al omtcsu/f wwd,
tm; tpD&ifc-H uygonf? “'Dvq kd v kd #if olu‹ kd owf&awmhrmS aygh” [k u|Eyfk af jymqd_k y;D taejzihf ol‹udk ao'%fay;cH&jcif;onf ol‹ Y&Sdaom jypfr+a[mif;rsm;twGuf
tpGypf cJG &H oltm; u|Ekyf pf &D ifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf” [k azmfjyxm;.? taºuG;qyf&jcif;jzpfonf[al om tcsuyf gwnf;? &&Sad om owif;rsm;tay: tajc
xdk‹aemuf OD;atmifqef;ESihf a':refprpfwdk‹ awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;cJh-uonf? cHI u|Eyfk t f aejzifh aumufcsuq f &JG rnfqv kd #if ,if;oH;k rsK;d vH;k olt ‹ cef;u¾ESio fh l
‘qm&J*sDe,fvf’ u ,if;aqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk 1946 ckESpf/ arv (25) &ufae‹wGif yg0ifco hJ nf[I l jzpfygonf?
a-u;eef;jzifh twGif;0efxH tpD&ifcH wifjycJhonf? xkdrSwyg; rsufjrifoufaowOD;u (ocifxGef;tkyfr[kwf) u|efawmf
oufqikd af om a-u;eef;trSwf (6) . wpdww f ydik ;f udk atmufwiG f ud;k um; tm;þjyefajymjycJo h nfrsm;udk u|eaf wmfu, kd w
f ikd f rSwrf ad eygonf? xko d al jymjycsurf mS
azmfjyygonf? Tod‹kjzpfyg.?
“olþ(atmifqef;)þuþolonfþaus;&Gmw&Gmodt ‹k a&mufwiG þf aus;&Gmol}uD;onf tAŠ'l&m&Spf. jypfr+ESihf jypf'%fudk oxHkòrd›aevlxktm; xkdpD&ifr+rwkdifrD
aus;&Gmol§om;rsm;tay: rnfor‹kd nfykH armufrm±dik ;f pkid ;f pGm zdEydS q f ufqv H mcJjh cif;ESifh ae‹aygif;rsm;pGmuyif óudwiftoday;xm;cJh_yD; pD&ifonfhae‹wGifvnf; vma&muf
ywfoufaom qd;k qk;d &Gm;&Gm; owif;rsm;udk -um;odc&hJ onf[k ajymqdck yhJ gonf?þxdk -unfh±+-u&ef zdwf-um;xm;cJhonf? xdkae‹u tusOf;om;udk abmvHk;uGif;*dk;wdkif
tcsed o
f nf ppfjzpfaeonfh e,fajrobm0w&m;Oya'ESifh tkycf sKyf&cufco J nfh um wGif óud;jzifh wkyfcsnfxm;onfudk rsufjrifoufaou jrifcJhygonf? tusOf;om;
vjzpfonf? wwkid ;f wjynfv;kH vH;k 0w&m;Oya'rJah eonfh tajctaejzpfaeonf? a&SŒwGif (bDtdkifat) &Jabmfrsm; wef;pDae-uygonf? t&m&Sd ,leDazmif; 0wfqif
w&m;±H;k rsm;vnf;r&S/d w&m;ol}uD;rsm;vnf; r&Sad cs? tr+omG ;tr+vmudk aocsmpGm xm;ol vlwa,mufu vHpS yG jf zifh yxrqH;k tcsuu f kd pxk;d ygonf? oH;k onfv h ufeuf
pOf;pm;_yD;aemuf pl;&Sxufjruf tm%mpufESihfwlonfht&mudk jyefvnf tpm;xdk; rSm vSHpGyfjzpf_yD; ±kdifz,faoewf. ajymif;wGifwyfqifxm;vsuf taoxdk;csufrSm
vsuf csufcsif;ta&;,laqmif&u G &f ef vdt k yfru + o kd wdrI l xdv k t l m; ao'%fay; aumuf±dk;tdwfudk avhusihf&mwGif xkd;ouJhodk‹ jzpfonf? xkdt&m&Sdonf teD;qHk;&Sd
&rnf[k olq;kH jzwfcsucf sco hJ nf? TonfrmS olu ‹ , kd yf ikd q
f ;kH jzwfcsujf zpfI ud, k w f ikd f &Jabmftm; tvm;wlxkd;&ef trdef‹ay;vdkufyHk&ygonf? xdk&Jabmfonf trdef‹tm;
wm0ef,v l suf trdec‹f srSwf taoowfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf” [k azmfjyxm;onf? csufcsif;vkdufem_yD; tusOf;om;tm; vHSpGyfjzifh xyfcgxyfcg xkd;ygawmhonf?
1945 ckESpf tukefavmuf cyfapmapmydkif;uyif jrefrmhppfOD;pD;Xme ppfOD;pD; yljyif;ajcmufaoGŒvsu&f adS om ajr}uD;tay:wGif aoG;rsm; tdik x f eG ;f vsuf &Syd g
csKyfu ta&S›awmiftm&S r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pk AkdvfcsKyf}uD; avmh'fvl;0pfarmifh onf? vltyk }f uD; uGo J mG ;_yD;aemuf tavmif;aumifukd xdak e&mrS z,f&mS ;ypfvu dk f
bufwefxo H ‹kd ,if;tr+wu JG kd wifjycJ&h m armifb h ufwefu olr‹ w S cf sufrsm;ESit fh wl awmhonf? xdka‹ -umihf opfom;*dk;wdkiftay:wGifom vHSpGyfxdk;xm;csufrsm; usef&Sd
253 254
253 254
&v'f Adv
aecJo
h nf? rsm;r-umrD xdu
k iG ;f xJwiG yf if abmvH;k uefupm;vsu&f adS e-uavonf? ‘avmh'v f ;l 0pfarmifb h ufwef’ 14 ESifh olp‹ pfO;D pD;rª;rsm;u wbuf/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;
ESihf olu‹ dk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒu wbuf/ xdk (2) buf-um;wGifjzpfay:vmaom !SdE+dif;
tu,fI ,cktcsdeftxd OD;atmifqef;om wkdifyifr+rsm;onf ‘uef'D’ òrd›Y ðyvkyfcJhaom aemufqHk;aqG;aEG;yGJjzpfayvdrfhrnf?
xdt k csdeu f ‘ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf’ [k ac:wGicf ahJ om jrefrmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf
toufraobJ &SifaecJhaomf udk tvsit f jrefzsuo f rd ;f &ef oabmwlncD -hJ u_y;D 15 _Aw d o
d #wyfrawmf. t_rw J rf;
u|eaf wmft h aejzihf awG;jrif,q
l csu[
f k qd&k rnfjzpfaom edrw d jf yar;cGe;f wck wyf&if;rsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifvsuf jyefvnfpm&if;oGif; 0ifa&mufcJh-u&jcif;jzpf
udk aemufqHk;txd csefxm;&pfcJhygonf? cJhayonf? awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;r+rSm aEG;axG;vd+ufvSJr+&Sd_yD; olwdk‹cGJcGmonfhtcgYæ
tu,fI OD;atmifqef;om towfrcH&v#if jrefrmEdkifiH. EkdifiHa&;ESihf “csmcsDvdkjzpfcsifovm;/ 0,fvifwefvdk jzpfcsifovm;/ cifAsm;qHk;jzwf&vdrfhr,f?
pD;yGm;a&;vrf;a-umif;onf rnfo‹kd ajymif;vGo J mG ;Ekid yf goenf;æ´? cifAsm;taeeJ‹ wcsdefwnf;/ wòydifwnf;rSm ppfom;wa,mufa&m/ EkdifiHa&;acgif;
jrefrmEkid if H vGwv
f yfa&;&vk&qJumvESifh ywfoufI a&;om;csurf sm;wGif aqmifwa,mufa&m rjzpfEdkifbl;” [k armihfbufwefu AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk
Tar;cGef;tay: xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk wkdif;&if;om;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;om; avhvm t}uHay;cJo h nf? olu Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk pmwdak v;wapmifyg ay;cJah o;onf?
oHk;oyfolrsm;u wifjycJh-uygonf? tm;vHk;eD;yg; oabmwl-uonfrSm olonf xkv d .tukeaf vmufwiG f Adv k cf sKyfu (TonfrmS ‚if;toH;k tE+e;f udk w&m;
aumif;rGefaom }uD;us,fjrihfjrwfonfh vlom;wOD;jzpfonf [lIwnf; æ 0if aemufqHk;oHk;cJhjcif; jzpfayvdrfhrnf) r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pk. aoemywdcsKyf
txl;ojzihf jrefrmEdik if o
H m;rsm;twGurf mS rl olonf T&mpkEpS t f wGi;f olw‹kd ay;cJo h nfh pmwdak v;udk ta-umif;jyefco hJ nf? ‚if;pmxJwiG f topfjyefvnfzŒJG pnf;
. ol&Jaumif;aywnf;? aom wyfrawmfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; Adkvfrª;csKyf &mxl;udkvnf;aumif;/
txky`wWda&;olrsm;u jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;u cspfcifav;pm;onfh Txl; jrefrmbufrS 'kw, d ppfaq;a&; t&m&Scd sKyf &mxl;udv k nf;aumif; ceft ‹ yf&ef urf;
jcm;qef;jym;onfh vlyk*~dKvfxl;wOD;. b0udk olwdk. ‹ ynm&yfqdkif&m a&;om;r+ vS rf;xm;cJh&m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Todk‹ ta-umif;jyefcJhonf?
rsm;wGif wifjycJh-uonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. cdkif;E+dif;yHkaqmifzG,fjzpfaom rsKd; “ArmhwyfrawmfopfwGif u|Ekfyftm; cef‹tyf&ef toif.urf;vS rf;csufudk
cspfpdwf"mwf/ ol&owWd/ vHk‹vO\[/ aemufvdkufvlxktay: qGJaqmifEdkifr+ (zqyv) tzGŒJcsKyfEiS hf rsK;d cspAf rmhwyfrawmftwGi;f &Sd u|Eyfk . f vkyaf zmfuikd bf ufrsm;
tp&Sdonfh csD;rGrf;p&m rGefjrwfvSonfh t&nftcsif;rsm;onf jynfolvlxktm; a&SŒarSmufwGif u|EkfyfcsjycJhygonf? TudpPESihf ywfouf_yD; qHk;jzwfcsufw&yfudk
ol‹tay: cspfcifjrwfEkd;ap_yD; usefurBmwckvHk;uyg pHerlemxm;um av;pm;cJh& t_yD;tjywf rSwfwrf;wifEkdifa&;twGuf vkyfaqmifp&mtcsKdŒ usef&Sdaeao;aomf
ayonf? olom qufvuftouf&SifaecJhaomf tcsdefESihft&G,ft& ,if;t&nf vnf; ,ck tu|Ekyf af jymEdik o f nfrmS ppfwyfrS tu|Efyk f tem;,lawmhrnfqjkd cif;yif
tcsi;f rsm;onf prf;oyfppfaq;cH&_y;D jzpfayvdrrfh nf? oluwday; óud;yrf;tm;xkwf jzpfygonf? ppfwyfY qufvufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhonfhtwGuf
cJhonfh (wESpftwGif;) aemufqHk;yef;wdkifudk ol‹toufjzihf &if;I 1948 ckESpf/ u|EfkyftvGefw&m tm;wHt k‹ m;em pdwfraumif;jzpfrdaomfvnf; TonfrSm trsm;
Zefe0g&DvwGif a&muf&SdoGm;apcJhayonf? xdk‹ jyifw0 orRwEdkifiHopf. xGef;opf pk qHk;jzwfcsufjzpfI ,if;qHk;jzwfcsufudk u|Efkyfvdkufemvkyfudkif&ayrnf” [lI
awmufyaom tem*wfjzpfwnfa&;onfvnf; olom toufrao &SdaecJhygrl jzpf.? xda‹k emuf wyfrawmfopfwiG f jrefrmwdb ‹k ufrS xdyw f ef;&mxl;ae&mtwGuf
olaqmif-uOf;&rnfh }uD;rm;us,fajymvSaom vkyif ef;wm0ef}uD; jzpfayvdrrfh nf? Adv
k v f usmf udk axmufct H rnfay;cJo h nf? Adv k af e0if;udk r[kwcf ahJ cs? wcsed w f nf;Y
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;. trsK;d om;a&;ESiyfh wfoufI v+y&f mS ;cJah om wuUov kd f yif Advk v f usmf . vkyaf zmfuikd b f ufae&mudk ,l&eftwGuf t_rw J rf; Armhwyfrawmf
ausmif;om;b0ESihf xdka‹ emuf wdkA‹ rmtpnf;t±Hk;0iftjzpf rmhufcf0g'ESihftpysKd;cJh rS tqiht f jrihq
f ;kH u&ift&m&Sjd zpfonhf Adv k rf ;ª }uD; -um'd;k udk ceft
‹ yf&ef pOf;pm;ay;
aom EkdifiHa&;wdk‹udk xm;bdOD;/ Tar;cGef;twGuf qufpyfr+pwif&mae&monf apvdka-umif; arwWm&yfcHcJhavonf? ,ckvwfwavm _yD;pD;cJhaom ta&SŒawmif
1945 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (6) &ufae‹ Y r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pk aoemywdcsKyf tm&SppfyGJtwGif; u|Efkyfwt dk‹ wGuf toifaqmif&Gufay;cJhonfrsm;udkvnf; jrefrm
255 256
255 256
&v'f Adv
EdkifiHjynfolvlxkudk,fpm; ±kd;om;pGm aus;Zl;wif0rf;ajrmufa-umif;udk olu azmf ysHŒESH‹vsuf&Sdonf? ESpfv,fydkif;wGif ‘bk&ifcH qm&J*sDe,f a':refprpf’ jyefoGm;&_yD;
jycJoh nf? xka‹d emuf ESpEf idk if H aumif;rGeaf om qufqaH &;tm; qufvufxed ;f odr;f ‚if;ae&mudk AdkvfcsKyf‘qm[l;bwf&efp‹ f’ u qufcHcJhonf? aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;tm;
xm;Edik &f ef ar#mv f ifrh u+ akd zmfjyvsuf olu ‘avmh'af rmifb h ufwef’ udk *syef qmrl±idk ;f jzihf ‘atmif qef;=tufwvD’ pmcsKyfudk atmifatmifjrifjrif tqHk;owfvkduf_yD;
"m;ajr‡mifwvuf vufaqmifay;cJah vonf? aemuf 1946 ckESpfrS 1947 ckESpfodk‹ ul;ajymif;oGm;cJhonf? wESpftwGif; vGwfvyf
Ttcsderf pS I OD;atmifqef;onf _Adwo d #yHpk H great coat Advk cf sKyf}uD;ppf0wf a&;&&rnfqdkonfh &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifudkvnf; ol. jyif;jyif;xefxef óud;pm;
pHkudk t_yD;c|wfypfvdkufonf? onfhrwdkifrDuvnf; *syefAkdvfcsKyf ppf0wfpHkudk c|wf tm;xkwfr+t& vS rf;jrifawGŒae&ay_yD? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; &Sm}uHae
ypfc_hJ yD;av_yD? xda‹k emufwiG rf l jrefrmtrsKd;om; trsKd;orD;rsm; ,ae‹xufwikd f *k%f onfum; pD;yGm;a&; wd;k wufrr+ sm; &&Sad prnfh vGwv f yfa&;jzpfonf? olwt ‹kd aejzifh
,l0ifhºuGm;pGm 0wfqifavh&Sdaom trsKd;om;0wfpHkjzihf olonf aeom;wus jyef udkvdkeDpD;yGm;a&;yHkpH vufa0cHb0udk tqHk;owfapvdk_yD; ,if;udk w&m;Oya't&
jzpfoGm;onf? pdwfrmeftjynfhjzihf rdrdtrsKd;udkom cspfwwfaom vli,fEdkifiHa&; EkdifiHydkifðyvkyfjcif;/ jynfolydkif or0g,r/ yk*~vdu yHkpHrsm;jzifh tòydiftqkdif zGHŒòzd;wdk;
orm;wOD;tjzpfrS wyfrawmf. AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wOD;tjzpfodk‹vnf;aumif;/ ,if;rS wufapjcif;wdu k‹ dk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufvsuf tcsKyftjcmtm%m (3) &yfudkvnf;
wqihf vdrmR yg;eyfI tajrmftjrif}uD;rm;aom Ekid if aH &;orm;wOD;tjzpfEiS fh aemuf ygwDpkH qd&k , S vf pfpepfopfw&yfjzifo h m tpm;xd;k vkyu f ikd v f -kd ujcif;jzpfonf?
qHk;wGif EkdifiHhacgif;aqmif yDyDootjzpfodk‹vnf;aumif; qifhuJqihfuJ ul;oef; xdk‹a-umihf 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv apmapmydkif;wGif OD;atmifqef;onf
ajymif;vJjzpfay:r+onf tpðycJhav_yD? od&k‹ mwGif xdktcsdefrSpI olb ‹ 0tqHk;ydkif;odk‹ &S rf;jynfawmifydkif; yifvHkòrd›Y &S rf;/ ucsif/ csif; (u&ifbufrS avhvmol=4= OD;)
a&wGufrnfqdkv#if (662) &ufom usefygawmhonf? tcsdefonf wpwp ukef wdk‹ESihf usif;yðyvkyfaom nDvmcHw&yfodk‹ wufa&mufcJhonf? xkdtcgu olonf
qHk;vsuf&Sdonf? odka‹ omfvnf; olt ‹ wGuf vkyfaqmifp&m trsm;tjym; usef&Sdae (zqyv) tzGJŒcsKyfudk udk,fpm;ðyoGm;jcif;jzpf_yD; olESihftwl OD;wifxGÉf/ Adkvfcif
ao;onfwum;? armifuav;wd‹k vku d yf goGm;cJo
h nf? Adv k cf sKyf. ±k;d om;yGiv fh if;r+/ vlrsKd;}uD;pdwrf &Sd
AdkvfcsKyfu olppfwyfrS tem;,lawmhrnf[k avmh'farmifhbufweftm; r+/ owWd&Sdr+/ pGJ_rJpGm óud;pm;r+/ tajrmftjrif}uD;rm;r+/ udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;rGefr+
ta-umif;-um;r+rðyrD wvceft ‹ vdkwGif *syefacwfu v#KdŒ0SufzGJŒpnf;vmcJh&aom ponfh *k%fowif; ausmfapmr+onf ol‹t&if a&SŒajy;a&mufESihfvsuf&Sdum ol‹udk
zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;tzGJŒ }uD;udk zufqpfqef‹usifa&; jynfol‹vGwfajrmufa&; xdkae&mY aygif;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;. t"dur¾dKiftjzpf ±+jrifjcif;udk cHcJh&onf?
tzGJŒcsKyftjzpf OD;atmifqef;. acgif;aqmifr+atmufwGif jyifqifwdk;csJŒ I w&m; oHk;&uft-um aqG;aEG;!SdE+dif;-u_yD;aemuf olonf wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,f
0ifzŒJG pnf;cJo h nf? xdt k zGŒJ csKyfonf jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f uGejf rLepfygwDxufyI kd tiftm; rsm;. ,Hk-unfr+udk &&SdcJhum wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u trsKd;om;vGwf
taumif;qH;k tzGŒJtpnf;jzpfvmcJo h nf? xdpk Ofu (zqyv) tzGŒJcsKyfwiG f uGejf rLepf ajrmufa&;v+yf&Sm;r+wGif yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef oabmwlnDcJh-uavonf?
ygwDEiS fh vli,ftpnf;t±H;k tjyif t"du yg0ifzŒJGpnf;xm;onfrmS ‘qd&k , S v f pfygwD’ xdak‹ emuf yifvHkpmcsKyf}uD;udk t_yD;owf atmifjrifpGm csKyfqdkEkdifcJh-uonf?
jzpf_yD; ‚if;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vufxuf uGefjrLepfygwDudk (zqyv) xJrS xdkrSwyg; &efukefwGif 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (27) &ufae‹usif;yðy
xkwfy,fvdkuf_yD;onfhaemuf t"dutpdwftykdif;tjzpf rdrdudk,fudk r-umrD vkyfcJhaom jrefrmjynf t*Fvdyfukefonf}uD;rsm;toif;. ESpfywfvnf tpnf;
wnfaqmufvmEkdifcJhonf? xdka‹ emuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;r&Sdonfhaemuf qdk&S,f ta0;odk‹ AdkvfcsKyfu bk&ifcH. ‘tr+aqmifaumifpD’ 'k=obmywdtjzpf wuf
vpf0g'udk tzGŒJ csKyf. oabmw&m;tjzpf csrSwcf -hJ uonf? a&mufc_hJ yD; xdt k pnf;ta0;Y obmywdred c‹f eG ;f udk wH‹k jyefajym-um;pOfu vGwv f yf
EkdifiHa&;tajctaerSm t&Sdeft[kefaumif;vmcJh_yD; 1946 ckESpftaejzifh a&;&_yD;v#if ær-umrDygwDpHk qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf wnfaqmuf&ef &nf&G,f
vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm;tjyif vGwfvyfa&;udk axmufcHaom ykvdyf xm;a-umif; xkwaf zmfajymqdo k mG ;onfrmS pdw0f ifpm;zG,jf zpfonf?
oydw/f axmifoydwEf iS fh tvkyo f rm;oydwf wdu k yf rJG sm;jzihf jynfEh uS v
f suf&o dS nf? “jrefrmjynfY ta&;}uD;aom pufr+vkyfief; t&yf&yfudk jynfolydkifvkyf&ef
aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;wGif tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwDvufcsufa-umihf Oya'rJhr+rsm; u|Efkyfwdk‹ }uH&G,fxm;a-umif;/ xdkodk‹ðyvkyfrSom jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; vl‹b0.
257 258
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&v'f Adv
vdktifqEN[lor# jynfhpHk-uI aysmf&$ifpGm aeEdkifaom tqihftwef;udk &&Sdrnf[k ðycsufrsm;udk olu t}uHðywifjycJhonf?

u|Efkyfwdk‹ pGJ_rJpGm ,Hk-unf-ua-umif;”/ “xkdrSwyg; vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sif0g' tcsed o f nf olt ‹ zd‹k rsupf w d rSw d f v#yw f jyuftwGi;f vsijf refpmG ukev f eG v f suf
onf tcgcyfodrf; vdkvm;tyfonf[k u|Ekfyfrxifa-umif;/ tajctaeESihf tcsdef &Sd&m xdktcsdefwGif olt ‹ wGuf tvkyfvkyfcsdefrSm (6) &ufom usefawmhonf?
umvtm;avsmfpGm u|EkfyfwdkE‹ dkifiHtaejzifh a&SŒodkw ‹ vS rf;rwufEdkifrD tcsdeftwGif; Zlvdkifv (13) &ufwGif òrd›awmfcef;rY ol‹b0wav#muf jynfolvlxkESihf
Yom xdt k &if;&Sipf epfukd xde;f csKyfvsuf 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd o
f mG ;&rnfjzpfa-umif;” aemufqHk;awGŒqHkcJh&onfh vlxkpnf;a0;yJGY olu wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmf. vkyf
ponfjzihf ajymqdo k mG ;avonf? ief;&yfrsm; wdk;wufr+tajctaeudk wifjy_yD; wdkif;jynf. tem*wfta&;tay:
xda‹k emuf {_yv D twGi;f usi;f yaomþ‘wkid ;f jynfðyv$waf wmf’odþ‹k ygwDpakH &G;aumuf ola‹ wG;ac:,lqxm;csufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;ajym-um;cJh&m ,if;rdecf‹ Gef;udk aemifaom
yGJrsm;Y (zqyv) tzGJŒcsKyfu vHk;0eD;yg; tEkdif&&SdcJhygonf? xdktcsdefY tzGJŒcsKyft tcg jzpfay:vmrnfh twdwef rd w d jf y rdec‹f eG ;f [kyif ,lqvufccH -hJ uonf?
aejzihf Ekid if tH wGuf vkypf &mwm0efrsm; jynfEh u S v f su&f odS nf? t"du ‘y±d*k su’f vkyf “vGwv f yfa&;udk r-umrD&awmhr,f? oda‹k omfvJ ya'omyif[m ajru ayguf
ief;}uD;rsm;tm; qHk;jzwfEdkifa&;twGuf aumfrwDrsm;wGif yg0ifwm0efxrf;aqmif vmrSm r[kwyf gbl;? vGwv f yfa&;qdw k idk ;f ya'omyifajru raygufEikd b f ;l qdwk mudk
&efþtzJŒG0ifrsm;þa&G;cs,-f u&onf? xdEk iS fh wcsed w f nf; arv/ wwd,ywftwGi;f wGif cifAsm;wdp‹k w d x f rJ mS vGwv f yfa&;&awmhr,fqv kd &‹kd &dS if [kwv f m;æ pdwu f ;l u b,f
tzGJŒcsKyfu ‘zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'’ (rl-urf;) a&;qGJ&ef aumfrwDw&yfudk vdpk w
d u f ;l -uovJq&kd if ya'omyif}uD; csucf si;f ae‹csi;f / ncsi;f aygufvm-uawmh
ceft ‹ yfwm0efay;cJhonf? ‘wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmf’ taejzihf ZGefv (10) &ufrSpI r,fq&kd ifæ[kwv f m;æ u|eaf wmfwt ‹kd vkyv f yk rf S jzpfr,fqw kd m cifAsm;wd‹k em;vnf
tpnf;ta0;rsm;þpwifusi;f yonft h cgþqufvufu;kd um;þtoH;k csomG ;Ekid af &;twGuf apcsifw,f? tESpf (20) avmuf u|efawmfwdk‹ pum;cyf±kdif;±kdif;ajym&&if pum;
,if;aumfrwDu Oya' (rl-urf;) udk tcsderf D t_yD;owfa&;qGaJ y;cJo h nf?þ,if;wif cyf±dkif;±kdif;ajym&w,fqdkwm pum;cyf±dkif;±kdif;ajymrS vlawGu rSwfrdw,f? pum;
jycJah om Oya' (rl-urf;) onf 'Dru dk a&pDEiS fh qd&k ,
S v f pf0g'udþk r&raewnfaqmuf cyf±idk ;f ±kid ;f qd&k ifæ[kwv f m;ætawmfu h kd _yaJ tmifóud;pm;Ekid rf /S þvkyEf idk rf þS tJ'gþtawmhf
rnfh vGwv f yfonfh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f jynfaxmifpo k rRw jrefrmEdik if aH wmfukd udk ukef;vkyfEkdifrS/ ±kef;vkyfEkdifrS tESpf (20) avmuf &SdwJhtcgrSm awmfumusr,f”
yHak zmfxm;avonf? ajcmuf&uf-um_yD;aemuf OD;atmifqef;onf zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccH Zlvidk v f (13) &ufae‹u ðyvkyaf om ,if;vlxpk nf;a0;yGw J iG f obmywdtjzpf
Oya'opfEiS fh ywfoufonfh tajccHvrf;!¸ejf y@mef;csuf (7) &yfukd csrw S &f ef tqdwk wdik ;f jynfðyv$waf wmf. OuU@jzpfol (OD;atmifqef;ud, k w f ikd u f ,H-k unftm;xm;
&yfwifoiG ;f cJo h nf? ,if;tqdu k kd tacstwifaqG;aEG;-u_y;D aemuf OD;atmifqef;. av;pm;ol)þocifEu k aqmif&u G cf o
hJ nf?þocifEo k nfþ_Aw d ed Ef idk if oH ‹kd csp-f unfa&;ud, k f
&Si;f vif;csufrsm;udk em;vnfomG ;onft h cgY auseyfpmG axmufcv H u kd -f uonf?15 pm;vS,ftzGJŒudk OD;aqmifoGm;cJh_yD; ,if;vlxktpnf;a0;yGJrwkdifrD w&ufuyifjyef
OD;atmifqef;onf ae&mtESa‹H &mufaeonf? olonf tajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&mufvmcJo h nf?þu}kd uD;EkuþO;D atmifqef;.t±du k t f &mudþk qufc&H jcif;rSmþoihaf vsmf
a&;qGJonfh aumfrwDudkvnf; 0ifa&muf}uD;-uyfay;onf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif onf?þraobJuseI f tarGcb H 0a&mufaeolw. ‹kd oabmwlncD sut f & OD;atmif
EdkifiHawmf jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; pDrHudef;a&;qJG&mYvnf; yg0ifaqmif&GufcJh qef;. óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr+rsm;ESihf pGrf;aqmifEkdifr+rsm;udk tarGqufcH&&SdcJhonf?
onf? ZGev f (6) &ufae‹wiG f ‘qd&k efwAdk v D m’ (Sorrento Villa) Y olonf trsK;d om; vGwv f yfa&;rwdik rf yD if trsKd;om;pDru H ed ;f 0ef}uD;Xmeudk jyefvnfzŒJG pnf;cJ_h yD;
nDvmcHw&yfudkvnf; OD;aqmifusif;yao;onf? tzGihfrdef‹cGef;Y tdwfoGefzm jzpfav&m 1948 ckEpS /f {_yDvwGif qd&k ifwAkd v D m nDvmcH. &v'ftjzpf pD;yGm;zGŒH òzd;
arSmuf ol ajymcJhonfhtwkdif; ,if;nDvmcHu tajctae. awmif;qdkcsuft& wd;k wufa&; (2) ESppf rD u H ed ;f . tajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk xkwjf yefa-unmEkid cf o hJ nf?
vkyfudkif&mY vG,fulacsmarmI vufawGŒtusKd;&Sd_yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJ&mY &nfrSef; ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDpepftwGif;rS ‘qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpf’ vlr+zlvHka&; EdkifiHwEdkifiH
csuf r}uD;rm;vGe;f aom tpDtpOfrsm;udo k m pdwu f ;l r,Of/ a&SŒavmr}uD;bJ a&;qGJ wnfaqmuf&mwGif EkdifiHawmfpDrHudef;jzihf pufr+vufr+vkyfief;rsm; zGHŒòzd;wdk;wuf
oGm;&efjzpfonf? xdkY or0g,rvkyfief;rsm;udk tm;ay;xm;_yD; jynfolvlxk. ap&ef ±+jrifo;kH oyf-u_y;D ‘Ekid if yH ikd ’f ðyvkyjf cif;rsm; r-umrDjzpfay:vmcJo h nf? oda‹k omf
pdwaf &mud, k yf g yl;aygif;yg0ifru
+ kd tav;teufxm;onfh vdt k yfcsufrsm;ESifh tqdk jim;vnf; cHpm;csufjyif;xefjcif;/ a&SŒaemuftpDtpOfrmS ;,Gi;f jcif;/ avm}uD;jcif;ESifh
259 260
259 260
&v'f Adv
bufvdkufr+&Sdjcif;wdku ‹ EkdifiHydkifðyvkyf&jcif;. &nf&G,fcsufudk wdrf;apmif;xdcdkuf jzpfay:vmjyefaom ‘EdkifiHydkif’ vkyf&yfrsm;udkvnf; yHkpHopfjzpfapcJhayvdrhfrnf?

apcJhonfomru 1948 ckESpfrSpI (10) ESpfwmumvtwGif; tawG;tac: odk‹ jzpfav&m ‘ygvDref'Drkdua&pD’ . yxr (14) ESpfwmumv 17 onf OD;atmif
t,ltq uGJjym;jcm;em;aom jynfe,ftkyfpkrsm;ESifh zGJŒpnf;xm;onfh jrefrmEkdifiH qef;. vrf;!¸efjyor+ uif;rJhcJh_yD; a'oaygif;rsm;pGm r-umc% qlylxºuGr+rsm;
jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &tay: OD;Eku (olonf ‘ocif’[laom a&SŒpnf;udk 1952 ckEpS w f iG f a-umihf (rD;yHkxJrSm a&vdkuf&SmouJhodk‹ ) &Sd&m ,if;wdku ‹ wdkif;wyg;om; 0ifa&muf
ðzwfypfco hJ nf) jynfaxmifpo k rRwEdik if H 0ef}uD;csKyftaejzifh OD;aqmifO;D &Guðf ycJu h m/ odr;f yduk t f yk pf ;kd onfxuf tusKd;w&m;ydrk q kd ;kd &Gm;onfh zufqpfppftm%m&Sipf epf
,if;umvtwGi;f olEiS fh vkyaf zmfuikd b f ufrsm; csrSwv f yk af qmifcahJ om pDru H ed ;f 0if jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ay:aygufvmatmif OD;Ektpdk;& tm%mvkcHvdkuf&onfhtajcokd‹
tcsKdŒvkyf&yfrsm;udk [efw ‹ m;aESmihfaES;apcJhonf? OD;Ektaejzifh ol0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfp uHqdk;rdk;arSmifuspGm OD;wnfoGm;apcJhavonf? tu,fI OD;atmifqef;om
(uGejf rLepf/ &JabmfjzL/ rGe/f u&ifrsm; olyek x f vmonfh -um;rS) wkid ;f jynfjyefvnf xdktcsdefY EdkifiHawmftm; yJhudkifoGm;ol jzpfaeOD;rnfqkdv#if ,if;tajctaersm;
wnfaqmufa&;wGif pGr;f aqmifatmifjrifrt + csKŒd &&Scd o hJ uJo h ‹kd æol. ud, k yf ikd vf pf rnfonft h cg r# ay:aygufvmp&m ta-umif;r&Sad cs?
b&,f0g'/ '\etjrifESihf Ak'<0g'wdk‹ a&maxG;¹yGef;wD;xm;tyfaom qkd&S,fvpf OD;atmifqef;udk tarGqufcHoltjzpf/ wdkif;jynfrysufcif tcsdefrD u,fwif
tawG;tac:wdk‹u rZÆdryÉdy'genf;jzihf OD;aqmifvrf;jycsuft& bmoma&;/ &av[ef vky}f uHvnfq,fpum;vH;k ºuG,cf ahJ om Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;onf 1962
EkdifiHjcm;qufqHa&;ESihf trsKd;om;jyefvnfoihfjrwfa&;wdk‹udk aqmif&Guf&mwGif ckESpfwGif tm%modrf;cJh_yD;aemuf tiftm;csnfheJ‹ I pGrf;&nfrxufjrufawmhaom
vnf; pGrf;aqmifatmifjrifr+tcsKdŒ &&SdcJhygonf? ,if;twGuf orkdif;wGif OD;Ekudk ‘ygvDref'rD u dk a&pDpepf’ udk zsuo f rd ;f ypf&ef a-unmcJ_h yD;aemuf nD!w G af &;udk wd;k
todtrSwðf yum armfueG ;f wif&ayonf? jr‡i&hf efEiS fh pD;yGm;a&;vsifjrefpmG wd;k wufap&ef tm%m&Sipf epfuom jrefrmEkid if t H zd‹k
Tae&mY ‘OD;atmifqef;om acgif;aqmifI ol. qd&k , S vf pftawG;tac: toifah vsmfq;kH jzpfonf[k olu awG;xifco hJ nf? ol. ‘jrefrmhq&kd , S vf pfvrf;pOf
oabmw&m;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfcGihf&cJhrnfqdkv#if OD;atmifqef;vrf;pOf ygwD’ wnf;[laom wygwDqdk&S,fvpfpepftm; zefwD;wnfaqmuf&jcif;. rlv
onf ydrk akd umif;rGeaf om &v'frsm;udk &vdrrhf nf’ qdjk cif;rSmvnf; cefr‹ eS ;f ,lqcsuf blwESifh &nf&, G cf sufukd Tod‹k xkwjf yefa-unmcJo h nf?
omjzpf_yD; tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m jzpfayonf? 16 ‘tpdk;&qdk&S,fvpfpepf’ udk taumif “jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf wkdif;jynftm;
txnfazmf&ef pDru H ed ;f udk tysufrcHbJ tm%mudk oH;k I pGr;f tm;ukef óud;yrf;tm; acsmufxu J sumeD; tajctaerS vufrwifav; u,fwifc_hJ y;D aemuf ,cktcg jref
xkwfr+u ‘vlr+zlvHka&;EkdifiH’ wnfaqmuf&mY ‘'Drkdu&ufwpf’ tpdk;&w&yf pGrf; rmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfjzihf EdkifiHol EkdifiHom;wdk‹. vlaer+b0ESihf pD;yGm;a&;b0udk
Ekid o
f nfh twkid ;f tqxuf ausmfveG o f mG ;um uGejf rLepfqefaeygvdrrhf nf? jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef óud;yrf;vsuf&o dS nf”
rnfoq ‹kd akd p/ tu,fI OD;atmifqef;om toufxif&mS ;&SI d / olu
‹ wdtwdik ;f xdk‹aemuf 1962 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (4) &ufae‹wGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu
1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae‹wGif &,lEkdifcJhaom vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonftxd csrSwjf y@mef;cJah om ygwDzŒJG pnf;yHk pnf;rsOf;tyd'k f (18) wGif xl;jcm;aom aemufq;kH
wdik ;f jynfukd acgif;aqmifEikd cf ahJ omf wdik ;f jynftaejzihf tpaumif;cJrh nfrmS oHo, ay: jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudk taumiftxnfazmfI urBmausmf qdk&S,fvpf
&Szd ,G rf [kwaf cs? pD;yGm;a&;udk wnfaqmufoGm;rnf[k twdtvif;azmfjyxm;onf?
vGwvf yfa&;&&So d nfþh tcsderf pS I awmufavmifc_hJ yD; ,ae‹xufwidk f avmif TonfrSm ,leDazmif;0wf qdk&S,fvpfrsm;tzdk‹ ed*Hk;. ed'gef;jzpfayawmh
òrdufqJjzpfaom wkdif;jynf. tem*wfudk arS;rSdefoGm;atmif _cdrf;ajcmufaecJhaom onf? Todk‹ jzihf jynfolvlxktm; Tpepf}uD;. 0rf;E+wfaq;cg;}uD;udk twif;rsKd
jynfwGif;ppfrD;onfvnf; ol.t&Sdeft0gESihf -oZmrsm;a-umihf _idrf;owf_yD; jzpfay csap_y;D wdik ;f jynfrmS vnf; t&Suw f uGJ tusK;d enf; acsmufxJ xd;k usomG ;cJah vonf?
vdrrfh nf? w&m;aor[kwb f J tajctaet& qd&k , S v f pf0g'udk csdecf sdeq f q toH;k 1987 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvtwGif;wGif olwdk‹vufxuf a&$wGif;/ aiGwGif;rsm;
cs&mYyif OD;atmifqef;. (pdwful;,Of qdk&S,fvpf pmtkyf}uD;orm;rsm; jzpf-u awGŒae_yDæqdkonfh-um;rS EdkifiHjcm;t&efaiG vHk;0jywfawmufae_yD; EdkifiHjcm;aºuG;
onf)h tpGe;f a&muf0ef}uD;tcsKŒd. pdwt f m;xufoefru + kd r#wap_y;D / xka‹d emuf wzef _rD tar&duefa':vm oef; (4²4) axmif wifae_yjD zpfaom OD;ae0if;tpd;k &rSmvnf;
261 262
261 262
&v'f Adv
rsufESmatmufcs tzwfq,fr&awmhbJ urBmhtqif;&JqHk;EdkifiHb0 av#musoGm; u|Eyfk w f . ‹dk orkid ;f wGif olonf xkt d wkid ;f rwdraf um raysmufrysuf qufvufwnf
vsuf a'0gvDcH/ olawmif;pm;EdkifiH 18 tqifhtwef;owfrSwfay;yg&ef ±dkusKd;pGm &SdoGm;rnfomjzpfonf? wqufwnf;rSmyif r_yD;qkH;Ekdifonfh trkdufarSmifnrsm;
av#mufxm;r+udk urBmhukvor*~}uD;u axmufxm;!Smwm oem;-uifempGmjzihf twGi;f wGif -urRmqk;d u 0ifa&mufvmcJo h nf? &Jabmfo;Hk usyd t f xJwiG f tzsi;f qk;H jzpf
atmufwb kd mv (29) &ufae‹wiG f twnfðyowfrw S af y;cJo h nf? ol rdru d , dk u f dk Adv
k af e0if; (ol,w k rf m) [k *k%af &mifvr$ ;f °cHxm;olu &nfreS ;f csuf
od‹kjzpfav&m yxrOD;pGm ‘ygvDref 'Dru kd a&pDpepf’ atmufwiG v f nf;aumif;/ }uD;rm;onfh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh acwW,m,Dr# ypm;ay;r+cH-u&onfh ppfwyf
xda‹k emuf (zufqpf) ‘ppftm%m&Sipf epf’ atmufwiG v f nf;aumif;/ ESpaf ygif; (40) t&m&Sd aemufvkdufwkd‹. tm;ay;axmufcHr+jzifh ol. okwfoifa&;ajcvS rf;ukd
eD;yg; qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk prf;oyfcJh_yD;aemuf ,if;prf;oyfr+ESpfckvHk; ratmifjrifcJh cwfjrefjrefvSr;f cJo h nf? TonfrmS 1962 ck rwfvtpykid ;f olu tvk;H pkt H m%mukd
onfrmS &Si;f aeyg_yD? xkEd pS cf tk euf OD;ae0if;vufxuf ppftyk pf . k vkyaf qmifcsuf odr;f yku d &f ef qk;H jzwfvu dk o
f nft h csed rf pS wifco hJ nf? ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk xlaxmif
rSwfwrf;rsm;rSmrl oduQmtusqHk;/ &Sufp&mtaumif;qHk;/ oifcef;pmtjzpfqHk; jzpf vku d _f y;D olu ‹ , dk of l eef;yv†iaf y:wifvu dk uf m t}udraf ygif;rsm;pGm ±kyaf o;q&muJo h ‹ dk
ayonf? «yrlc&hJ m 2002 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (5) &ufae‹ touf (92) ESpw f iG f aemufq;Hk ZD0ed cf sKyf
vuf&Sd (etz) acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm w&Ha&mtcgu taz}uD;ðyor# Ekvm oGm;onfw h idk af tmif jzpfavonf? oltaoaemufusonfrmS trSe/f olo ‹ ufwrf;
cJh&onfh OD;ae0if;. om;rsm;omjzpfonfhtavsmuf tm%m&Sifenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh wav#muf tESpf (40) r# twGi;f pdw, f w k jf zifh &uf&ufpufpuf jc,fv, S t f yk cf sKyfr+
qufvufusio fh ;kH vsu&f o
dS nf? ppfwyft&if;&Si0f g'rSmum; txufvm$ vlwef;pm; '%fudk vlxu k pdwyf su0f rf;enf;zG,cf pH m;cJ&h onfrmS xkx ‹d ufyrdk -kd umanmif;onf[k
udk vlxw k &yfv;kH tay: *kwaf oG;pkyf tjrwfxw k &f mY ydrk t
kd iftm;}uD;rm; qd;k &Gm;oGm; xifrw S cf &hJ onf?
apayawmhonf? u|efawmfhpmtkyf. ed*kH;csKyfu¾ ,cktykdif;ukd Akdvfae0if; (c) ±+armif21 .
uk, d af &;twˆKy`wdW pmzwfot l m;wifjy&ef &nf&, G &f if;r&Syd g? oka‹d omfvnf; ol.
ed*;Hk csKyf aemufq;Hk ESprf sm;twGi;f usq;Hk cef;wGif ol. uk, d yf idk q
f ef;jym;r+rsm;ukd tusO;f csKyf
tpOfvu dk w f ifjyvk&d if;jzpfonf? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf olEiS t hf wl vky}f uHc&H aom
“tawmfq;Hk olrsm;rSm olwu ‹dk -H urRmukd _raJ tmif rwwfEidk -f u? olawmfaygif;/ a&mif;&if;rsm;wkd‹. acgif;aqmifr+ukd wkdif;jynfrS z,f&Sm;ypf&mwGif olonf
EkaºuGaumif;I ol,kwfrm oufqkd;&Snfonf?”20 t"dutcef;u¾rS yg0ifcJhonfhtwGuf jzpfysufr+ tpOfjrifuGif;rsm;twGif;
u|efawmhfrdcifajr. _yD;cJhonfh axmifpkESpftqkH;owf&mpkESpfrSm nDnDr#r# olu‹ ¾ukd xyfrt H xl;«y&ef oifawmfonf[k ,lq&ygonf? OD;apmuJo h r‹dk [kwb f J
ESpfykdif;tuef‹uJhokd‹ jzpfcJhonf? ae‹tvif;a&mifESifh ntarSmif uGJjym;ouJhokd‹ olEiS o hf t ‹l ckid ;f cHwr‹dk mS olwu ‹dk scoH ifo h nfh ¯ud;pifEiS hf ,ae‹acwf Ekid if w H um &mZ0wfr+
yxrykid ;f rSm awmufy_y;D 'kw, d ykid ;f rSm trku d af rSmifz;Hk v$r;f cHc&hJ onf? ukv
d edk eD ,fcsŒJ. w&m;±kH;wku d‹ kd vGwfajrmufoGm;cJh-uonf?
aoG;pkyjf c,fv, S f r+atmufrS rdrzd mom vGwaf jrmufatmif rqkwrf epf csw D ufc&hJ m jrefrmhq&dk , S vf pfvrf;pOfygwDOuU@&mxl;rS aemufq;Hk Ekwx f u G o f nfh 1987
ar#mfvifhcsufa&mifjcnfoef;cJh_yD? usdef;aoayguf vGwfvyfa&;ukd jrifawGŒae& ckESpf Zlvkdifv (23) &ufae‹wkdifatmif ol. (25) ESpfwm tm%m&Sifpkd;rkd;r+umv
onfhtcsdefwGifrS vrf;jya&Sa› qmifvif;a&mifonf ±kwfw&uf_idrf;owfcHcJh&onf? twGi;f yxrqk;H rS aemufq;Hk txd olonf rnfoa‹dk om °ydiq f idk rf E+ iS hf qefu ‹ sifru + rdk #
ae‹tvif;a&mifuadk qmifaom aerif; 0ifa&mufu, G af ysmuf (ae0if) onft h vm; vufoifh rcHcahJ cs? ol tm%m&,l_y;D r-umrDyif &efuek w f uUov dk af usmif;om;rsm;u
o¿mefuJhokd‹yif uH-urRmu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; (olawmfaumif;) apmapmpD;pD; tenf;i,fr# qef‹usifr+«y&mwGif ol. trdef‹tm%mukd olu a-unmjycJhonf?
ZD0ed cf sKyfapcJo
h nf? jrefrmvlx}k uD;u olu ‹ dk &mpkEpS . f trsK;d om;ol&aJ umif;tjzpf ol. vufr&GŒHaoewform; Adv k rf ;ª }uD;pdev f iG u f ol.trde‹f (wyfrawmfux dk v
d m&if
*k%«f yowfrw S cf o
hJ nf? "m;"m;csif;/ vSHvSHcsif;&ifqkdifr,f) twkdif; vufeufrJhausmif;om;vli,frsm;ukd
trSefwu,fwGifvnf; olonf tawmfqkH;yk*~dKvfwOD;jzpfonfESifhtnD &mESifhcsDI owfjzwfypfcJhonf? trSefrSmrl ol‹ukdxdvmv#if wkH‹ jyefvufpm;acs&ef
263 264
263 264
&v'f Adv
qkv d &dk if;jzpfonf? olEw k xf u G cf geD;wkid af tmif tm;uk;d &mrJh wkid ;f oljynfom;rsm;ukd ESvkH;taxmuftul«ypuf wyfqifay;cJhonf[k aumvm[vjzpfcJhaomfvnf;
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267 268
267 268
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}uHz› ŒHGOuU@jzpfol Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$u trsK;d om;axmufvS r;f a&;wyfzŒJG. !¸ef wGif rxdrcku d f qufvuf&yfwnfEidk -f uaomfvnf; wkid ;f jynf. trsm;pkvx l }k uD;.
-um;a&;rª;csKyftopf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;cif!eG t ‹f m; ol. 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;ukd v$aJ jymif; aemifa&;rSm vk;H 0ar#mv f ifch suu f if;rJv h su&f o dS nf? tenf;i,f[al om taumif;jrif
ay;&ef qk;H jzwfco hJ nf? oka‹d omfvnf; Akv d cf if!eG t‹f aejzifh ol. etztwGi;f a&;rª; ukd ¯udwifrSef;qEkdifaomfvnf; atmufwGifazmfjyxm;aom t&nftcsif;jynfh
(1) &mxl;ukd pGef‹v$wfay;vkduf&onf? ol‹ukdqufcHol 'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pkd;0if;rSm q&m0efwa,muf. pdwfykdif;qkdif&m okH;oyfcsufu pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;
twGi;f a&;rª; (2) &mxl;rS jrifw h ufvmoljzpf_yD; }uHz› ŒHGtoif;. tvGew f ufºuGaom oavmuf ausmcsrf;zG,fvnf; aumif;vSonf?
tvkyftr+aqmifwOD;jzpfonfhtjyif oufaoouUm,r&Sdaomfvnf; 'DyJ,if;vl u|eaf wmf. vkyaf zmfuidk zf ufwOD;jzpfol qpf'eD-rd› (-opa-w;vs) rS pdwaf &m
owfr}+ uD;ukd pDrcH o hJ [ l q k o dk nf? pk;d 0if;/ Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ol&a&$ref; (yl;wGpJ pfO;D pD;csKyf/ *gtxl;ukq&m0ef a'gufwmwifha0u “oufOD;qHykdif tm%m&Sifpepfatmufu
umuG,af &;Xme) ESihf Adv k cf sKyfausm0f if; (ppfaxmufvSr;f a&; 'k=t}uD;tuJ) wkr‹d mS vlrb + 0tajctaersm;/ pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f m ±+axmift h jrifw&yf” acgif;pOfjzifh pdwyf idk ;f
Adv
k cf sKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$. bufom;rsm;jzpf-uonf? qkdif&m ykdif;jcm;a0zefqef;ppfr+ pmwrf;wapmifukd a&;om;cJh&m -opa-w;vsESifh
0ef}uD;csKyf Akv d cf sKyf}uD;cif!eG r‹f mS 2004 ckEpS f atmufwb dk mv (19) &ufae‹ e,l;ZDvef pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f m ukor+toif;}uD;u xkwaf 0onfh 2003 ckEpS f ESpyf wfvnf
wGif &mxl;rS txkwfty,fcHcJh&onf? w&m;0iftm;jzifh ppftkyfpktrdef‹remcHr+/ *sme,f. 'kw, d xkwpf mapmifwiG f ykEH ydS af zmfjyjcif;cH&onf?
tusifyh sufvmbfpm;r+EiS hf olw ‹ m0efrsm;ukd ausyGeaf tmif rxrf;aqmifEidk rf + ponfh olu ,if;pmwrf;wGif AdkvfcsKyfae0if; 1962 ckESpf tm%m&_yD; EkdifiHtpkd;&
ykefuefr+pGJcsufrsm;jzifh ol‹ukd t_idrf;pm;,lcGifh«yvkdufjcif;jzpfonf? tdrfwGif;csKyf yg0ifpDrHonfh t-urf;zufr+ (State Terrorism) ukd jrefrmEkdifiHwGif oGwfoGif;cH&_yD;
xm;cJh_yD; 2005 ckESpf Zlvkdif (22) &ufwGif txl;w&m;±kH;jzifhppfaq;um tjypf&Sd jzpfay:vmonfh a&&Snu f iG ;f quf jzpfay:r+rsm;ukd t"duxm; &nf!e¸ ;f uk;d um;_yD;
onf[k awGŒ&Sdojzifh olonf qkdif;iHhaxmif'%f (44) ESpf&&SdcJhonf? tapmykdif;wGif tm%m&SiftkyfpkwpkatmufwGif aexkdif&onfh tusKd;qufrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;wifjy
269 270
269 270
&v'f Adv
xm;onf? ‚if;pmwrf;. t"duwifjyr+rsm;ukd atmufwGif ukd;um;azmfjyvkduf (21) &mpk ,cktcsdeyf idk ;f wGif Ekid if . H vGwv f yfa&;ESihf *k%o f u d mQ ukd jyeftpm;xk;d Ekid f
ygonf? &ef olr.acgif;aqmifr+ukd olrtm; ae&mrSef ay;tyfjcif;cH&v#if atmifjrifrnf
“xkt d csderf pS I urBmu h v k or*~vt ‹l cGit
hf a&;aumfr&Sif tygt0if vlt ‹ cGihf jzpfonf? wcsed w f nf;wGif t&Snt f -umcHpm;a&aom jrefrmEkid if o H m;rsm;ESihf vlt‹ cGihf
ta&;tkyfpkrsm;u jrefrmtpkd;&tm; twkduftcHtiftm;pkrsm;tay: pepfwus ta&;ESihf 'Dru dk a&pDqwd o
f ek ;f cH&_y;D jyefvnfawmif;wae-uaom tjcm;tjcm;aom
ta&;,lzrf;qD;ESyd u f yG rf r+ sm;twGuf pGcJ surf sm;wifvsu&f o dS nf? tqkyd g pGcJ surf sm; vly*k Kd~ vftm;vk;H olr. atmufygpum;ajym-um;csufrsm;wGif pdwt f m;wufp&m
txJwGif tm%m&Sifpepftm; pGJpGJ_rJ_rJ tefwkaeonfh twkduftcHacgif;aqmif a': ar#mfvifch sufrsm;ukd awGŒ jrif&ayvdrrhf nf?
atmifqef;pk-unftm; tzefwvJvJ zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f xm;r+EiS hf olr. axmufco H l Ak'0< g'w&m;oabmonf "rRu, dk uf sifwh &m;aumif;rGerf t + ay:wGif tajccH
rsm;tm; Ekid if t H pk;d &uk, d w f idk f tm;ay;axmufyrhH j+ zifh tpkvu dk tf -yHvu dk f owfjzwf onf? tumtuG,frJh jynfoltay:wGif rajymif;rvJjyif;xefaom pnf;rsOf;rsm;
aer+rsm; yg0ifygonf?” csrSwEf idk of nfh tiftm;tay:Y rwnfacs? pepfwck. rSeu f efru + dk tiftm;tenf;
a'gufwmwifah 0u qufvufI a&mfbifEiS hf ykp‹d f (Robins and Post) wkt ‹d m; qkH;olrsm;tm; twdtusumuG,fay;Ekdifonfh yrm%jzifh tppftrSef wkdif;wmEkdif
uk;d um;um ‚if;wk. ‹d 1997 ckEpS x f w k f “Ekid if aH &; ,krH mS ;vGeaf 0'em/þrke;f wD;em-unf; onf?
r+. tajccH” trnf&Sd pmtkyfrS atmufygtcsufrsm;ukd wifjycJhonf? w&m;r#wr+r&Sdaomae&mwGif vkH°cHpdwfcs&aom _idrf;csrf;r+ r&SdEkdifacs?
“tm%m&Sifrsm;jzpfol ykdaygh (Pol Pot)/ tD'Dtmrif (Idi Amin) ESifh tm%m&Sifpkd;rkd;r+ESifh zdESdyfr+ukd qefu ‹ sifI wGef;vSefr+ukd aemufqkH;tm;ukd;&mtjzpf
*sK;d qufpwmvif (Josef Stalin) wku ‹d dk avhvmr+wck«y&mwGif ykad ygh. uarBm'D;,m; vlom;taejzifh twGi;f tusy«f yvkycf iG rhf &Ekid v f #if vlt
‹ cGithf a&;rsm;ukd Oya'pk;d rk;d r+
Ekid if o
H nf wenf;wzkt H m;jzifh jrefrmEkid if . H tajctaeESihf E+id ;f ,SOEf idk o f nft h csurf sm; jzifh umuG,&f rnf[I l Ekid if w
H umvlt ‹ cGit hf a&;a-unmcsupf mwef;u todtrSwf
&Sda-umif; a0zefr+«ycJhonf? pma&;olrsm;taejzifh tm%m&Sifrsm;tm;vkH;wGif «yxm;onf? xkdw&m;r#waom Oya'rsm;onf vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd ukdifpGJxm;
a,bk,s wlnDr+rsm;&Sda-umif; awGŒ&SdcJhonf? ,if;wkdr‹ Smæ tm%mESifhywfoufI onfh _idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf vkdtyfaom tkyfjrpfjzpfonf? twkduftcHtm;vkH;ukd
,krH mS ;vGepf w d af 0'em cHpm;&r+/ vlrsKd;jcm;rsm;tm; em-unf;a&Smif-uOfr/+ wkid ;f &if; E+wfqdwfapjcif;ukd _idrf;csrf;a&;[l Ivnf;aumif; olwkd‹.tm%m tmrcHcsuf
om; vlenf;pkrsm;tay: rvkdrkef;wD;r+ESifh rdrdtrsKd;tEG,fukd txl;pif-u,foefp‹ if &Sjd cif;ukd vk°H cHa&;[lIvnf;aumif; t"dym` ,faumuf,x l m;onfh tod^m%fro hJ rl sm;
29
apvkrd + ponfw‹dk jzpfonf? tm%m&Siaf cgif;aqmif. Ekid if aH &;pDrt H rdea‹f y;r+rsm;ukd uom vlom;rsm;. vkH°cHpdwfcs&r+ukd jiif;y,f-uonf?
ol. vufaxmufrsm;u pdwt f m;xufoefpmG taumiftxnfazmfwwf-uonf?
a&mfbifEiS hf ykp‹d w f . ‹dk avhvmawGŒ&cdS sufrsm;txJwiG f ,krH mS ;vGeaf 0'em (Paranoid)
&So d rl sm; pkaygif;zGŒJpnf;xm;onfh acgif;aqmifro + nfvnf; “yg&mEGKd uf” acgif;aqmif
Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô
wOD;wnf;uJo h y‹dk if &ufpuf-urf;ñuwfI ysufp;D apEkid o f nfomjzpfa-umif; yg0ifchJ
onf?
u|eaf wmf. wwd,t}udrx f w k f pmtkyef *d ;Hk csKyftjzpf Ekid if jH cm;e,fcsŒJtiftm;
}uD; (2) OD;ukd atmifjrifco hJ l u|eaf wmfw. ‹dk (20) &mpk trsK;d om;ol&aJ umif; Akv d cf sKyf
atmifqef;. *k%o f ud mQ jrifrh m;vSonfh orD;jzpfol a':atmifqef;pk-unftwGuf
om aemufq;Hk tydwpf um; ae&moD;oef‹ xm;cJch siyf gonf? Ekid if jH cm;rS usL;ausmo f l
rsm;xuf ykdrkdqkd;0g;vSonfh 1962 ckrSpcJhaom rdrdajray:wGifyif aygufzGm;cJhonfh
tqufqufaom ppftm%m&Siw f . ‹dk raumif;qk;d 0g;tiftm;rsm;ukd z,f&mS ;ypf_yD;
271 272
271 272
Adv
pmwGJ ygonf? vGefcJhonfhESpf&ufu OD;apmu ol‹owif;pmrSaeI zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfudk

jyif;jyif;xefxefpdefac:cJhygonf? qufvufpHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm; ðyvkyfvsuf&Sd&m
vky}f uHrE+ iS fh ±H;k wifw&m;pGq
J rkd w
+ ‹kd ESifh ywfoufaom oihx f H tqufrjywf owif;ay;yda‹k eygrnf?
a-u;eef;pmtcsKŒd 2? ,l*ef'gwGif &Sad om *smrefvrl sK;d / OD;apm. r,m;qdo k u
l pd EP iS fh ywfoufI
OD;apm. ZeD;onfu olESihf uGm&Sif;vdkpdwf jyif;jyaea-umif;vnf; pDtkdif'Du
(Selected telegrams Concerning the Assassination and Trial) tpD&ifcyH gonf?
qm[l;bwf&ef‹rS avmhyufopfavm&ihx f o
H ‹kd 3? OD;atmifqef;/ OD;ay:xGe;f / a'gufwmbarmf/ OD;apmESihf OD;Apdew f u ‹kd kd usaemf
a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t
f t
kd m= trf§4§2504 ,ae‹awGŒqHkcJhygonf? OD;atmifqef;u ol‹tr+aqmiftzGJŒudk tpD&ifcH&rnfjzpfI
(Sir Hubert Rance to Lord Pethick-Lawrence. Telegram, IOR: M/4/2504) reufjzef/ odr‹k [kwf we*FaEGae‹ ae‹v,fcif;/ odr‹k [kwf wevFmae‹ eHeufwiG f olu ‹ kd
csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efuek /f 1946/ pufwifbmv (21) &uf/ (23;00)em&D u|efawmfxyfraH wGŒygrnf? 1
vufc&H &S/d pufwifbmv (21) &uf/ (21;50) em&D 4? oydwftaetxm;t& tm;&p&mraumif; (xyfrH=raumif;) yg?
eHygwf (121)/ bk&ifcHxHrS udk,fykdifa-u;eef;? ? tpnf;ta0;_y;D þtpnf;ta0;ESiþfh ,if;tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGiþf tpD&ifcpH mrsm;om
(1) tpd;k &tdraf wmfrS xGucf mG _y;D r-umrD ,ae‹ ae‹v,fyikd ;f wGif OD;apm (xyfrH wae‹v;kH -um;emae&ygonf?þreufjzefþwe*FaEGae‹/þae‹v,fwiG þf pt D ,fvaf tþ(CLA)
OD;apm) .toufudk &ef&Smr+jzpfay:cJhygonf? OD;apmu &Jt&m&Sdudk Todak‹ jymqdk aumfrDwD. vuf&Sd tzGJŒ0ifr[kwfawmhaom tzGJŒ0if (3) OD;udk u|efawmf awGŒyg
onfrSm rdrdtpdk;&tdrfawmfrS jyefoGm;_yD; olonf ol‹ owif;pmwkduf (ol&d,) odk‹ onf? xko d rl sm;xJwiG f t&mxrf;/ tr+xrf;aygif;pHt k zGŒJcsKyf. OuU@vnf; yg&Syd grnf?
oGm;_yD;aemuf ol‹XmecsKyfoo ‹kd mG ;I tpnf;ta0; ðyvkyyf gonf? (16;30) em&DwiG f
tdrfodk‹ jyef&mY ol‹aemufum;xJrS ol‹vlESpfa,muf vdkufygvm-uygonf? tpdk;& qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd (J vf) (Earl of Listowel) xHo‹kd
tdrfawmfrS rdkif0ufcefw ‹ Gif&Sdaom jynfvrf;ay:&Sd ajreDukef;t0dkif;odkt ‹ a&mufwGif a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t
f t kd m= trf§4§2714
olonf ola‹ emufrS um;vdkufygvmjcif;&Sdr&Sd vSnfh-unfh&m/ xdktcsdefwGif *spfum; csufcsif; tjzpfq;kH ? &efuek /f 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (19) &uf/ (12;00) em&D
wpD;udk owdxm;rd_yD; t0kdif;. wbufodk‹ tauGŒtwufwGif olu ‹ m;onf t&Sdef vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ (08;40)em&D
avsmhoGm;&m/ xdktcsdefY jyefvSnfh-unfhjyef&m ol‹um;ESihf,SOfvsuf *spfum;udk eHygwf 281/ bk&ifcx H rH S ud,k yf ikd af -u;eef;=
awGŒrdygonf? ‚if;*spfum;xJwGif jynfol‹&Jabmf (xyfrH=jynfol‹&Jabmf) ,leD ,ae‹eHeuf (10) em&DcGJwGif pwif;*ef;aoewfudkif ArmoHk;OD;u tr+aqmif
azmif;0wf (4) a,mufEiS fh aoewfajymif;wck olu ‹ m;bufcsed x f m;onfukd awGŒ&_y;D / tzGŒJ ukd tpnf;ta0;xkid af epOf wku d cf u dk rf ð+ yvky-f u&mwGif xdcu kd af oqH;k olrsm;æ
aoewfwcsuf vS rf;ypfvdkufI/ olu ‹ m; jywif;aygufESpfckvHk; azmufxGufoGm;yg aoqHk;= OD;&mZwf/ OD;bcsKd/ ocifjr/ OD;b0if;/ ref;bckdif
onf? xdk‹aemuf ‚if;*spfum;armif;xGufajy;oGm;_yD;/ ol‹um;udk &yfypfvdkuf&m/ '%f&m&olrsm;=OD;atmifqef;(&ifbwfaygufxu G 'f %f&m&)/þrdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;/
2
OD;apmudk aoewfusnfqefrrSefaomfvnf; ol‹rsufvHk;w0dkuf rSefuGJprsm;jzihf xyfrHI tjynfhtpHk tpDt&ifcHygrnf?
uGJ&SoGm;_yD;/ rsufvHk;wvHk;rSm pdk;&drf&aom tajctaerSm &Sdygonf? xdktcsdefwGif
tem;rS jzwfomG ;aom Oa&myvlrsK;d (2) OD;u olu ‹ kd aq;±Ho k ‹kd vdu
k yf v
‹ kd u
kd -f uygonf? tm'AvsL'Dazmifvm (R.W.D. Fowler) (bk&ifc. H acwWtwGi;f 0ef) xHrS qm*Dbwfvw
d 0f w
d f
OD;apm. twGif;a&;rª;u ‚if;tjzpftysufudk a,bk,stm;jzifh rSefuefa-umif; (Sir Gilbert Laithwaite) xHo‹kd
twnfðyajymqdyk gonf? olEiS fh vdu k yf gvmcJah om rsK;d cspyf gwD0ifrsm;tm; ppfaq;ar; a-u;eef;pm= tkid t f t
kd m= trf§4§2714
jref;&mwGif &Jt&m&Sdrsm; ar#mfvifhouJhodk‹ ygwDcsif;wdkufyGJ.tp[k xGufqdk-u csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efuek /f 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v
f (19) &uf/ (16;25) em&D
273 274
273 274
pmwGJ Adv
vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ (15;45) em&D jyqdkvsuf&Sd aomfvnf; taxmuftxm;r&Sdyg?

eHygwf=282/ azmifvmrS vdw0f w d x f o
H ‹kd / bk&ifc.
H ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef;pm 281/ 6? bk&ifcHtaejzifh AkdvfcsKyf b&pf (*f)/ AkdvfcsKyfaomrwf (pf)/ &JwyfzGJŒ
1? tao;pdwt f csut f vufrsm;udk u|eaf wmfþ,ckay;Ekid yf g_y?D tr+aqmiftzGŒJ ppfaq;a&; t&m&Scd sKyftjyif jynfwiG ;f vHòk cHa&;ESifh ywfoufaom tjcm;yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESifh
tpnf;ta0;ðyvkyaf epOf/ ,ae‹ eHeuf (10) em&Dcw JG iG f trSwf (12) ppfwyftrSwf ,ae‹eeH uf awGŒqakH qG;aEG;r+rsm; ðyvkycf o hJ nf? ArmhppfXmecsKyftaejzifh aemifjzpf
tom;rsm;yg&Sad om *spu f m;wpD;onf t0ifwcH g;r}uD;Y xk;d &yfvmcJo h nf? *spu f m; vmrnfhjy\emrsm;twGuf óudwifjyifqifr+rsm; ðyvkyfvsuf&Sdonf?
xJwGif vlwa,mufusef&pfcJhonf? pwif;*ef;aoewfrsm;ESifh ±kdifz,faoewf (2) 7? bk&ifcHtaejzifh avmavmq,fwGif ocifEk/ OD;atmifZHa0/ aysmfbG,f
vufudkifaqmifxm;-uaom vl (5) a,mufonf tr+aqmiftzGJŒ tpnf;ta0; OD;jrwdk‹ESihf wdkifyif!SdE+dif;vsuf&Sdonf? tr+aqmiftzGJŒopfzGJŒpnf;a&; tqdkðycsuf
cef;rod‹k avSum;rS wufomG ;-uonf? cef;rwHcg;0tjyifbufY apmif-h uyfaeaom owif;rsm;ESit fh wl aemufxyfa-u;eef;pmudk ,if;wkid yf if!EdS id+ ;f r+ _yD;_yD;csif; xyfrH
vufeufudkif jynfol‹&JabmfwOD;u olwdk‹udk wm;qD;&ef óud;pm;pOf aoewfjzifh ay;ydy‹k grnf?
typfcHvdkuf&onf? olu vufeufudkifaqmifvmolrsm;udk trSwf (4) Armh±kdif
z,fwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm; jzpfonf[k ajymqdkcJhonf? olonf qkd;qkd;&Gm;&Gm; '%f&m&&SdcJh qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf)xHo‹kd
onfhtwGuf tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm; ray;EkdifcJhyg? pwif;*ef;aoewfudkif a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t f tdk m= trf§4§2714
vlo;kH a,mufonf tr+aqmiftzGŒJcef;rtwGi;f od‹k 0ifa&muf-u_y;D txJ&o dS rl sm;tm; csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efuek /f 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvidk v f (20) &uf/ (10;15) em&D
olwa‹kd oewfrsm;jzifh w&-urf; ar$Œ&rf;ypfcwfc-hJ uonf? vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkif (20) &uf/ (08;00) em&D
2? atmufygxdcu kd af oqH;k olrsm;tm; twnfðyEkid yf g_yD? aoqH;k ol OD;atmif eHygwf 287/ bk&ifc. H ud,k yf ikd af -u;eef;/
qef;/ OD;b0if;/ OD;tAŠ'&l mZwf/ ref;bcdik /f ocifjrESifh OD;tke;f armif (tr+aqmiftzGŒJ u|Ekyf af y;yd‹k aom a-u;eef;pm trSwf (281) ESihf
tpnf;ta0;wGif &Sad ecJah om yda‹k qmifa&;ESifh qufo, G af &;Xme= 'kw, d twGi;f 0ef)/ qufwu kd af y;yd‹k aom a-u;eef;pmrsm;?
'%f&m&ol= 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd (pd;k &dr&f aom tajctaewGif &So d nf)/ rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ; OD;apmtay:wGif oHo,jzpfr+ A[dðk yvsu&f o dS nf? ,refae‹ eHeuf (11) em&D
(tajctaeaumif;onf) ESihf udkaxG; (OD;tAŠ'l&mZwf. oufawmfapmihf)? xd;k _yD;_yD;csif; pGyu
f s,ftusôrsm; 0wfxm;aom vl (5) OD;vku d yf gvmvsuf *spfum;
3? aysmfbG,fOD;jr/ OD;b*srf;/ OD;atmifZHa0ESihf OD;a&$abmf (tr+aqmiftzGJŒ. wpD; OD;apmaetdro f ‹kd a&muf&v dS mcJo
h nf? ,refae‹/ ae‹v,fyikd ;f wGif OD;apm.tdru f kd
twGi;f 0ef) wdr‹k mS xdcu kd rf r+ &S?d apmpHz;kd oifonf c&D;xGuaf e_y;D ocifEo k nf tpnf; &Jrsm;u 0ifa&mufp;D eif;cJ_h yD; OD;apmESifh vl (10) OD;tm; óudwifumuG,o f nft h ae
ta0;wGif &Srd aecJ?h jzihf xdef;odrf;cJhonf? ±kdifz,f (18) vufESihf pwif;*ef;wvuf awGŒ&SdcJhonf?
4? xdcdkufaoqHk;olrsm;tm; aESmihfaES;jcif;r&SdbJ aq;±Hk}uD;odk‹ ydk‹cJhonf? _cH0if;twGi;f &Sd *spu f m;wGif aemufbufY eHygwfjym;r&Syd g? eHeufcif;wGif 0ifa&muf
&JwyfzŒJGtaejzifh tajctaeudk oGuv f ufxufjrufpmG udik w f , G af qmif&u G Ef idk cf yhJ &kH pD;eif;wkdufckdufcJholrsm; toHk;ðyaom *spfum;wGifvnf; aemufbufY eHygwfjym;
ygonf? r&S[ d k ,H-k unf&ygonf?
5? ,cktjzpftysufonf taxGaxGtHkºuGr+}uD;. tpdwftydkif;w&yf
jzpfrjzpf jyo onfh t&dyfta,mifwpHkw&m r&Sdao;yg? tvHeDuGefjrLepfrsm;u qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf) xHo‹kd
Twdu k cf u
kd rf + tpDtpOfukd odaecJo h nfh t&dyt f a,mifrsm;&So d nf? vuf&t dS pd;k &u a-u;eef;pm/ tkid tf t
kd m=trf§4§2715
olwdk‹tay: jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef pOf;pm;vdrfhrnfudk tjcm; csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efuek /f 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v
f (21) &uf/ (16;25) em&D
twdu k t f cHygwDrsm;u a-umufvefa‹ ea-umif; ,H-k unf&onf? Tonfu twku d f vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (21) &uf/ (15;00) em&D
tcHygwDtm;vHk;u ,ckwdkufcdkufr+tpDtpOfudk xdefcsefv#KdŒ0Sufxm;cJhyHk&a-umif; eHygwf 294/ bk&ifc. H ud,k yf ikd af -u;eef;/
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pmwGJ Adv
1? jrefrmowif;pmtcsKdŒu _Adwdo#qefu ‹ sifonfh vrf;a-umif;udk ,ae‹ (c) tpdk;&taejzifh Towif;xkwfjyefa-unmcsufudk toHk;ðyvsuf&Sd_yD;

wGif wdwdususcsrSwfvmcJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiHudk bk&ifhtifydkif,mtwGif;wGif vlxt k wGi;f us,jf yefE‹ idk o
f r# us,jf yefp‹ mG od&adS p&eftwGuf aqmif&u
G &f ef wdik ;f rif;
qufvuf xde;f odr;f xm;&Sv d akd om bk&ift h pd;k &. rl0g'ESifh vdu k af vsmnDaxGjzpfrnfh }uD;rsm;ESifh ta&;ydkifrif;rsm;tm;vHk;tm; óud;rJha-u;eef;jzifh today;&ef?
tpd;k &w&yf zGŒJ pnf;Ekid af &;twGuf _Adwo d #wdu ‹k twku d t f cHukd vufeufrsm; xkwf
ay;cJh_yD; tr+aqmiftzGJŒudk wdkufcdkufcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k aumv[vrsm; ysHŒEHSŒvsuf owif;xkwjf yefa-unmcsuf
&So
d nf? u|Eyfk t f aejzihf vGecf o hJ nfh (10) &uftwGi;f OD;apmESifh a'gufwmbarmfwu ‹ kd kd “*k%fusufoa&jrifhrm;vSaom OD;atmifqef;ESifh tjcm; tr+aqmif
awGŒqckH _hJ yD; tu,fI zqyv usomG ;cJv h #if tpd;k &zGŒJ Eidk af &;twGuf óudwifjyifqif aumifpt D zGŒJ 0ifrsm;tm; r-umao;rDu ol&aJ bmenf;pGm owfjzwfcrhJ w + iG f _Adwo
d #
xm;&ef ajym-um;cJah -umif; owif;a&;om;ay;ydr‹k r+ sm;vnf; ysŒHEŒHSvsu&f o dS nf? u|Eykf f bk&ift h pd;k &tzGŒJEiS fh jrefrmEkid if .
H bk&ifcw H ‹kd qufpyfaeonf[al om aumvm[v
onf ocifEEk iS fh ,ckyifawGŒc_hJ y;D ‚if;aumvm[vrsm;. vH;k 0rSm;,Gi;f r+EiS fh tu,f rsm;þjynfov l x
l t k wGi;f tcsKŒdae&mXmersm;Y ysŒHEŒSH jzpfay:vsu&f ydS gonf? Taumvm
I ,ae‹vuf&Sd owif;pmwdk‹.rludk qufvufv$wfay;xm;ygu jzpfay:vmrnfh [vrsm;onf vHk;0tajctjrpfr&Sdyga-umif;ESihf _Adwdo# bk&ifhtpdk;&/ bk&ifcHESihf
a-umufrufzG,fqdk;usKd;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI txl;ðyajymqdkcJhonf? tu,fI jzpf jrefrmtpd;k &wdt ‹k -um; eD;pyfaom em;vnfrr+ sm; &Sad ea-umif; jrefrmtpd;k &taejzifh
Ekdifv#if ,ae‹yif owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJw&yf ac:,lusif;y&efESifh tpdk;&taejzihf odaptyfygonf? aESmihfaES;-uef‹ -umr+tenf;qHk;jzihf w&m;cHrsm;tm; ta&;,lEkdif
a&'D,rdk S toHvi$ x fh w
k af -unmay;&ef OD;Ekukd u|Eyfk af jymqdck o hJ nf? OD;Eku oabm &ef _Adwo d #bk&iht f pd;k &/ bk&ifcEH iS fh jrefrmtpd;k &wdo
‹k nf wufºuGpmG yl;aygif;aqmif
wlcyhJ gonf? &Guv f suf&adS eyga-umif;”
2? b&if;*ef;aoewfrsm;ESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf tajrmuftjrm; aysmufqHk;r+
onf t}uD;tus,fpdwfv+yf&Sm;zG,fjzpfcJhonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,fr&Sdyg? ‚if;tjyif qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf) xHo‹kd
_Awd od #t&m&Srd sm;þyg0ifywfoufaeyH&k aomfvnf; ,ckxw d ikd f wdwu d susþtaxmuf a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t f tkd m=trf§4§2715
txm; r&Sdao;yg? Ttr+udk ppfaq;&ef txl;cHk±Hk;zGJŒ&ef OD;Ekuvdkvm;_yD; Todk‹ csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efuek /f 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (28) &uf/ 12;15 em&D
aqmif&u G jf cif;jzifh jynfov l xl k at;aq;_ird o f ufomG ;vdrrhf nf[k olu awG;ygonf? v#KdŒ0Suf? vufcH&&Sd/ Zlvikd v f (28) &uf/ (14;30) em&D
ppfwyf. pdk;&drfr+abmiftwGif;rS u|Ekfyftaejzihf ,if;odk‹aom cHk±Hk;. Oya'±+ eHygwf 313/ bk&ifc. H ud,k yf ikd af -u;eef;/
axmifhrsm;ESihf ywfoufI raocsm ra&&mvSyg? odk‹ jzpfI oif.t}uHay;r+udk 1? oif. 1689/ Zlvidk v f (26) &uf tjzpftysurf sm;udk tpOftwkid ;f od&adS p
vdkvm;vsuf&Sdygonf? *sDtkdpDESihf wkdifyifaqG;aEG;&ef ruf*GdKif,mudk u|Ekfyfapv$wf &efESifh tu,fI ta&;w}uD;jy\em jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ay:aygufvmygu ppfwyf
vdu k yf gonf? taejzifh wm0eftcsK;d }uD;}uD;rm;rm;udk rvGrJ aoG vufc&H ,lvrd rhf nfjzpfa-umif;udk
0rf;enf;pGmjzifh jyoEkid &f ef atmufygtwdik ;f u|Efyk f óud;pm;wifjyxm;ygonf?
twGi;f a&;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf±;kH cef;/ &efuek /f 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v
f (25) &uf 1? umuG,fa&;Xme/ jrefrmEkdifiHtpdk;&tzGJŒESihf òrd›jy&JwyfzGJŒwdk‹ wufa&muf
Todq ‹k ;kH jzwfvu kd of nf? aom tywfpOfðyvkyfonfh jynfwGif;vHkòcHa&;&m tpnf;ta0;rsm;Y tcsdeftawmf
(u) *k%fusufoa&ESihf jynfhpHkvSaom OD;atmifqef;ESifh ol. vkyfazmfudkif -umuyif òrd›jyt&m&Sdrsm;u vufeufodkavSmif±Hkrsm;rS vufeufrsm; cdk;xkwfr+
buftcsKdŒudk ol&Jabmenf;vSpGm owfjzwfcJhr+wGif bk&ifhtpdk;&ESihf jrefrmEkdifiH. jzpfymG ;cJah -umif; tp&So d jzifh pGypf rJG r+ sm; ðyvkycf o hJ nf? umuG,af &;XmerS wm0ef&o
dS l
bk&ifcw H ‹kd wpHwk &mta&;,laqmif&u G &f ef vdt k yfonfEiS fh ywfoufI oHo,rsm; rsm;u pHpk rf;ppfaq;r+rsm; pwifðyvkyrf nfjzpfa-umif; tmrcHcsufay;cJ-h uonf?
uif;a0;oGm;ap&ef atmufazmfjyyg owif;a-unmcsuu f kd jrefrm=t*Fvyd Ef pS b
f m 2? Zlvikd vf (15) &ufae‹wiG f OD;atmifqef;ESifh ,m,DjynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;jzpfol
omjzifh csufcsif;xkwjf yefay;&efEiS fh æ aysmf bG,fOD;jrwdk‹ u|EkfyfESifhvma&mufawGŒqHk_yD; yifrvufeufwdkuf (Base Ord-
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nance Depot) rS b&if;*ef; aoewf tvuf (200) udk rnfolrnf0grSef; rod&ol wdkufESihf qufEG,fvsuf&Sdol ar*smrdk; (Major Moore) rSm pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm;t&
wdv ‹k ufxo J ‹dk oDwif;ywftawmf-um-umuyif v$aJ jymif;ay;cJah -umif; avhvmod&dS oHo, t&SdcHae&a-umif; *sDtdkpDu Zlvdkifv (15) &ufae‹wGif pum;ajymaepOf
&onf[k ajymqdck -hJ uonf? (wu,fjzpfysucf o hJ nfh &ufpt JG wdtusrmS ZGev f (24) xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhygonf? ar*smrdk;onf ppftwGif;uvnf; tkdifattdkpD (IAOC)
&ufjzpfonf)? Tvufeufaysmufq;kH r+/ aysmufq;kH csed Ef iS fh jyefvnfawGŒ&cdS sed t f -um; . t&mcHAv kd b f 0wGiyf if tdE, dN Y vufeufrw + iG f ywfoufczhJ ;l a-umif; ,H-k unf&
tcsed f tvGet f rif;uGm[aeonft h wGuf ,if;vufeufrsm; Ekid if t H wGi;f ,cktcsed f ygonf? ‚if;tjyif ppfrjzpfrD jrefrmEkid if YH tdik af ttdpk . D tifpt D kd (NCO) b0Yvnf;
wGif jzef‹a0xm;_yD;avmuf jzpfEkdifajc&SdonfhtwGuf OD;atmifqef; tvGeftrif; olonf òrdj› y&J. oHo,&SdcH&aom pm&if;wGif rSwfom;cHcJh&a-umif; ,Hk-unf&yg
pdk;&drfvsuf&SdonfrSm obm0usayonf? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;u tpdk;&taejzifh onf? OD;apmu t&ufr;l rl;jzifh a&uefxw J iG f jr‡Kyfxm;onfh vufeuftawmfrsm;
jrefjrefqefqef vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpf_yD; us,fus,fjyef‹ jyef‹ zrf;qD;&vdrfhrnf[k rsm; olw ‹ iG &f adS -umif;/ olu ‹ kd (ar*smrd;k ud)k ajymcJah -umif; ar*smrd;k u xGuq f ckd o hJ nf
u|Efkyftm; ajymcJhonf? pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rðyvkyfEkdifrD twdkuftcHacgif;aqmiftm; [k *st D pdk uD u|Eykf u f kd ajymjyygonf? vufeufaysmufq;kH r+ukd pwifppkH rf;ppfaq;ae
vHk;ESihf olwdk‹. vufaxmufrsm;udk óudwifumuG,fonfhtaejzifh xdef;odrf;&ef onfukd ol odonft h wGuf olt ‹ ay: oHo,r0ifap&ef ar*smrd;k u ,if;odx ‹k u G q f kd
&nf&G,fa-umif; ola‹ jym-um;csufrS u|Ekfyf em;vnfvdkufygonf? cJhjcif;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k olxifa-umif; *sDtdkpDu u|Ekfyfudk ajymjyygao;onf? OD;apm
3? xdkae‹rSmyif *sDtdkpD (GOC) udk u|EkfyfawGŒcJh&m bDtdk'D (BOD) taejzifh taejzifh xdo k ‹kd xkwaf zmfajymqdjk cif;rSm rjzpfEidk af -umif; *st D pkd u
D awG;cJyh gao;onf?
,if;udpu P kd ,H-k unfpw d cf spmG aqmif&u G cf jhJ cif;jzpfa-umif; olu u|Eyfk u f kd today;yg ,ck tcsed Yf u|Eyfk t f aejzifh ar*smrd;k . xGuq f ckd sut f jynft
h pHu k v kd nf;aumif;/ ,if;
onf? òrdj› y&Jrsm;taejzifhom b&if;*ef;tvuf (500) xkwfcGihf&&SdcJh_yD; ,if;xkwf xGuq f ckd surf mS pma&;om;xGuq f rkd + jzpfrjzpfuv kd nf;aumif; rodao;yg (atmuf&dS
,lciG rhf S tcsdet f wef-um vufeufrsm;udk xkw, f al ecJyh gonf? ZGev f (24) &ufae‹ tydk'f 11= udk -unfhyg)? ,if;xGufqdkcsufrSm E+wfjzifh xGufqdkcsufoufoufom
wGif &Jrsm;[k ,H-k unf&aom tzGŒJwzGŒJ bDt'kd o D a‹kd &muf&v dS m_y;D vufrw S tf jynft h pHk jzpfvrd rhf nf[k u|Eyfk x f ifygonf?
xk;d xm;aom trSet f uef taxmuftxm; pm&Gupf mwrf;tjynft h pHjk zifh b&if;*ef; 5? cspf-unfa&; udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ. xkwfjyefa-unmcsufESihfywfoufI
aoewfusnfqH r*~Zif;rsm;udk xkwf,loGm;cJhonf? pHkprf;a&;cHk±Hk;. awGŒ&Sdcsufudk OD;atmifqef;ESihf ocifEu k kd Zlvidk vf (10) &ufae‹wiG f u|Eyfk af wGŒcyhJ gonf? b&if;*ef;
u|Efkyftaejzifh rawGŒ&ao;aomfvnf; &Jrsm;udkxkwf,lcGihfðycJhaom b&if;*ef; aoewfrsm; aysmufq;kH r+ta-umif;aqG;aEG;&if; pum;pyfrI d OD;apmu aoewfrsm;
aoewfta&twGufrSm tvuf (500) r[kwfbJ tvuf (100) omjzpfa-umif; udk a&uefxw J iG f 0Sux f m;a-umif; aumvm[vjzpfae_yD; ,if;a&uefukd ydu k pf yd f
,Hk-unfygonf? vGefcJhonfh (2) &uf/ (3) &ufcef‹u u|Efkyfa&S›wGifyif jynfxJa&; wkduf &Smoihfa-umif; u|Ekfyfu OD;atmifqef;udk t}uHðyajymqdkcJhygonf?
0ef}uD;u ,cifu b&if;*ef;aoewfrsm;udk xkwfay;cJhonfrSm (10) vufxuf 6? aq;±Hkwufaeaom zdvpfeuf (&Sf) (Philip Nash) xH Zlvdkifv (18)
rydkcJh (xyfrH=rydkcJh) a-umif;/ xkwfay;cGihf rSefuefa-umif;udkvnf; w,fvDzkef;jzifh &ufae‹wGif u|EkfyfoGm;a&mufcJh&m vufeufrsm;aysmufqHk;r+udk olod&Sdaea-umif;
qufoG,fI twnfðyavh&Sda-umif;/ odk‹aomf ,ckw}udrfwGifrl xkdodk‹ rðyvkyfcJh u|EfkyfodcJh&yg onf? _Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm; (aemifwGif 'Dtufpftdk (DSO) jzpfol [ef‹
(xyfrH=rðyvkyfcJh) a-umif;/ &Jum;rsm;. eHygwfrsm;udkvnf; bDtdk'Du t_rJrSwf (Hunt) jzpfrSef; od&onf) u ntcsdefwGif OD;apm. bef*vdktdrfudk ppfajrjyifoHk;
om;xm;a-umif;/ oda‹k omf ,cktr+wiG rf l xdo k ‹kd rðyvkycf hJ (xyfr=H rðyvkycf )hJ a-umif;/ rSefajymif;rsm;jzifh apmihf-unfhaecJh&m/ OD;apmudk vl (4=5) a,mufESihftwl
&Jum;rsm;rSm tvG,fwulyif odomvG,faomfvnf; &J[efaqmiftzGJŒtaejzifh avSwpD;twGif; r-umc%qkdouJhodk‹ rouFmzG,ftajctaersm;wGif awGŒ&SdcJh&
rnfonft h rSwt f om;rS rygaom x&yfum;udk toH;k ðyoGm;cJah -umif; *st D pkd uD kd ajym a-umif; euf(&Sf) u u|Ekfyfudk xyfrHowif;ay;cJhjyefygonf? OD;apmrSm tpOfojzifh
-um;cJhygonf? pHkprf;a&;cHk±Hk;ESihf rawGŒ&ao;rD jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;. rSwfcsufrsm; 0wfaumif;pm;vSESihf jzpfojzihf xkdokda‹ pmihf-unhfaeolrsm;u rdef;rr+yifjzpfrnf[k
rnfr# rSeu f efonfukd u|Efyk t f aejzifh twnfrðyEkid f (xyfr=H rðyEdik )f ao;yg? xifc-hJ uygonf?
4? yifrcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwu dk .
f wm0efct H &m&Sjd zpfojl zpf_yD; yifrvufeuf 7? cspf-unfa&; udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ. xkwfjyefa-unmcsufESihf ywfoufI
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xdkae‹aemufydkif;wGif ocifEkudk u|EkfyfxyfrHawGŒcJhygonf? OD;apm. tdrfab;&Sd aqmifrsm;udk vkyf}uHjcif;jzifh ppftpkd;&w&yf zGJŒpnf;&vdrhfrnf[k twkduftcHu
a&uefukd ydu k pf yd w
f udk &f mS &ef ocifEu k kd u|Ekyf w
f u kd w
f eG ;f cJ_h yD;/ nydik ;f apmih-f unho f l ar#mfvifhawmihfwcJhyHk&_yD; acgif;aqmifrsm; qHk;±+H;cJhr+u tcsdef-umvmonfESihftr#
rsm;. owif;ay;ydrk‹ +udk olt ‹ m; u|EfkyfajymjycJhygonf? bDtdk'DESihf rdkifrsm;pGma0;_yD; zqyvtwGif; t}uD;tus,fuGJ_yJvdrhfrnf[k awG;xifcJhyHk&ygonf? &Sif;&Sif;vif;
r*Fvm'Hkajrmufbuf&Sd yifrcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwdkuf (AOD) rS cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf vif; pOf;pm;a&;qGx J m;aom tem*wftpDtpOfr&Sb d v J suf rif;rJt h ajctaew&yf
tajrmuftjrm; Zlvdkif v (12) &ufu aysmufqHk;cJha-umif; ocifEku u|Ekfyfudk . tóuded'gef;tjzpf rdrd.yk*~dKvfa&;&efolrsm;udk yxrOD;qHk; vufonfw&m;cH
ajymjyygonf? bDtdk'DwGif vkyfaqmifcJhouJhodk‹yif ðyvkyfcJhyHk&_yD; ,if;vdrfvnfr+ rsm;u pDpOfvyk }f uHowfjzwfr+ jzpfEidk af csudk u|Ekyf w f ‹kd owdrrlrjrifI rjzpfyg?
rSmvnf; atmifjrifoGm;cJhjyefygonf? ,if;cdk;,lr+jzpfyGm;_yD; wem&Dcef‹t-umwGif 10? tywfpOfðyvkyfaeusjzpfaom jynfwGif;vkHòcHa&;&m tpnf;ta0;wGif
,if;odkavSmif±Hkodk‹ OD;apma&muf&SdvmcJh_yD; vufzuf&nfyif aomufoGm;cJhonf[k e,fbufqidk &f mESifh umuG,af &;Xmersm;t-um;wGif pdwcf pH m;r+ wpHw k &m twdik ;f
,H-k unf&a-umif; ocifEu k pdwv f y+ &f mS ;zG,o f wif;udk ajymjycJyh gonf? ,if;cd;k ,lr+ twmtxd jzpfay:aea-umif; u|Ekfyftm; tpD&ifcH-uonf? vufeufcdk;,lr+ESifh
udk Zlvikd v f (18) &ufae‹/ ae‹v,fyikd ;f wGif Akv d rf ;ª csKyf euf (&S)f u u|Eyfk u f kd twnf vky}f uHrw + a‹kd -umihf ppfwyftaejzifh ta&;,laqmif&u G cf rhJ r+ sm;udk e,fbufqidk &f m
ðyay;cJyh gonf? taejzifh rod&SdcJh&onfhtwGuf e,fbufqkdif&m tm%mydkifrsm;taejzifh apm'u
8? Zlvikd vf (19) &ufae‹rmS vky}f uHrj+ zpfymG ;onfah e‹ jzpfonf? -urRmiifonfh wufvsu&f o dS nf? od‹k jzpfI u|Eyfk of nf *st D uf (pf) (BGS)/ jynfxaJ &;0ef
D pkd /D bD*st
xkad e‹ u u|Eykf t f aejzifh tpnf;ta0; trsm;tjym;xkid cf &hJ &m wckaom tpnf;ta0; }uD;ESifh umuG,fa&;qdkif&m aumifq,fvmwdk‹t-um; tpnf;ta0;w&yfudk
wGif aemuf&ufjzpfonfh Zlvdkifv (20) &ufwGif óudwifumuG,fonfhtaejzihf vl u|Ekfyf±Hk;cef;wGif aemufw&ufY pDpOfcJh_yD; ppfwyfrS qufoG,fa&;t&m&SdwOD;udk
(2˜000) cefu ‹ dk xdef;odrf;&ef pDpOfxm;a-umif; tkdif*sDyD (IGP) u u|Ekfyfudk ajymjy tpk;d &xHo‹kd ae‹pOfapv$waf y;&ef pDpOfco hJ nf?
cJo
h nf? tr+aqmifaumifpD tpnf;ta0;&Sad ea-umif; vltrsm;odaeonft h wGuf 11? vkyf}uHr+jzpf_yD;aemuf EkdifiHtEHS‹tjym; a-umufvef‹r+rsm; rif;rlvsuf&Sd
vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef Zlvdkifv (19) &ufudkyif óudwifowfrSwfcJhjcif; jzpfEkdifonfh onf? vufeufwdkufrsm;rS vufeufrsm; trsm;tjym;tcdk;cHcJh&r+tay: aumvm
tjyif/ t}uHðyxm;onfh &SmazGzrf;qD;rnfh owif;ayguf-um;oGm;onfhtwGuf [vrsm;ESihf xifa-u;ay;r+rsm; xyfaqmif;I jzpfay:vmonfh todw&m;tay:
vky}f uHorl sm;taejzifh csucf si;f vufiif;vkyaf qmifvu dk &f jcif;vnf; jzpfEidk yf gonf? tajccH_yD; _Adwo d #qefu ‹ sifa&;v+a‹H qmfrr+ sm; ay:aygufvmonf? ,if;v+a‹H qmfrr+ mS
9? vky}f uHowfjzwforl sm;. pdwx f J awG;xifxm;-uonfrsm;udrk l em;vnf &uftwef-um trSeyf if wnf&adS ecJo h nf? OD;EkEiS fh tjcm;yk*Kd~ vfrsm;. pGr;f aqmifr+
&ef cufcyJ gonf? twku d t f cHbufrS tcsKdŒtiftm;pkrsm;u vufeufrsm;udk ck;d ,lpk a-umifh ,if;wif;rmr+rmS vGecf o hJ nfh ESp&f ufo;kH &uftwGi;f wdwyd y ,kwaf vsmo h mG ;
aqmif;_yD; vufeufudkif vlxktHkºuGr+udk wpwp jyifqifoGm;jcif;jzifh tm%mudk cJhonf? ZGefv (26) &ufae‹wGif ppfaq;a&;t&m&SdwOD;tm; ueOD;xGufqdkcJh_yD;
wkdufcdkuf&,l&ef pDpOfjcif;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k u|Efkyfxifjrifrdygonf? vufeuftenf; Zlvdkifv (5) &ufae‹wGif pmtm;jzihf 'DyDtrf ArmhppfOD;pD;Xmeodk‹ xyfrHa&;om;ay;
i,fukd cd;k xkw&f mY vdrv f nfru + kd rppfaq;rdbJ atmifjrifco hJ nfth wGuf vufeuf cJah om rd;k . xGuq f ckd sufryl mG ;wapmifukd *sDtpkd ED iS fh bD*sDtuf (pf) jzpfol Akv d rf ;ª csKyf
tajrmuftjrm; (bDt'kd ED iS fh bDat'Du odak vSmifxm;onfEiS hf ,SOv f #if tenf;i,f *sL (cf) (Duke) wdu k‹ Zlvdkifv (25) &ufae‹/ eHeufcif;wGif u|EkfyfxH vma&muf_yD;
r#om) udk cdk;xkwfv#ifvnf; odkavSmif±Hk&Sd t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh rdwfaqGzGJŒEkdifcJhv#if rppf jyocJ-h uonf? aemufxyfay;yda‹k om a-u;eef;pmwGif xyfrI H oihx f H ðyvkycf ahJ om
aq;rdbJ vGwaf jrmufEidk o f nf[k twif&h v J myH&k ygonf? _Adwo d # bk&ifw h yfrawmf ‚if;xGufqdkcsufudk *sLŒ (cf) u trSwfrJharhavsmhum pDtkdif'Dtm; jyocJhjcif;r&Sdyg?
taejzifh jrefrmjynfwiG f tiftm;tawmftoih&f adS ecJ&h m ,cktcsed w f iG f twdu k t
f cH (xyfr=H r&Syd g)? zD;vfrm&S,af rmif*h rkd m&D. tvnfc&D;pOftwGuf *st D pkd ED iS fh bD*stD uf
taejzifh tm%modrf;&ef óud;pm;vdrfhrnf[k u|Efkyfr,Hk-unfyg? bk&ihfwyfrawmf (pf) (*sLŒc)f wd‹k puFmyloa‹kd &muf&adS epOf ,if;xGuq f cdk sufukd &&Scd jhJ cif;jzpfonf? jyef
xGucf mG oGm;_yD; vtenf;i,f-umonftxd oifah wmfonfh tcsdew f ikd af tmif apmihf a&mufvm_yD;aemuf *sLŒ (cf) onf *sDtdkpDtm; jy_yD;aemuf ‚if;xGufqdkcsufpmudk
qdik ;f jcif;onfom usK;d a-umif;qDavsmo f nfh tpDtpOfjzpfayvdrrhf nf? zqyvacgif; odrf;qnf;xm;vdkufonf? yxr bDtdk'DESihf xdk‹aemuf bDat'DY jzpfyGm;cJhaom
281 282
281 282
pmwGJ Adv
vufeufckd;xkwfr+rsm;udk azmfxkwfawGŒ&Sd_yD;onfhwdkif ‚if;xGufqdkcsufpmESihf pm xyfrHajymqdkr+/ xyfrHukd;um;r+ rðyoihfyg? ppfwyftaejzifh pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; cHk±Hk;

twGi;f yg ta-umif;t&mrsm;. tvGet f rif; ta&;ygr+ukd *sLŒ(cf) taejzifh trSwf rsm;udk csufcsif;pwifcahJ omfvnf; tcsKdŒoufaorsm;udk tvG,w f ul r&&SEd ikd af o;
&jcif;r&Sad cs? vky}f uHr}+ uD;jzpfymG ;_yD;rSom *sLŒ (cf) onf trSw&f rdvm_yD; wif;rmr+ onfhtwGuf tcsdef,l&ayvdrhfrnf? TonfrSm wEkdifiHvHk;udk csufcsif;aomfvnf;
rsm; avsmeh nf;vmonfEiS fh ,if;udpu P kd tpD&ifc&H ef qH;k jzwfco hJ nf? *sLŒ (cf) taejzifh aumif;/ r-umrjrihfrDwGifvnf;aumif; rif;rJhtaetxm;a&muf&SdoGm;ap&ef
udpw P &yfv;kH tay:wGif tvGeyf iG v fh if;_yD; tjypfwifrr+ eS o f r#udk cH,cl o hJ nf? Zlvikd f v#KdŒ0uS yf ;l aygif;}uHpnfrj+ zpfonfrmS ,Hrk mS ; oHo,jzpfp&mr&Syd gacs?
v (8) &ufae‹wiG f rd;k . xGuq f ckd sufukd olyxrawGŒ&o dS nfEiS fh ta&;,lrð+ y_yD;jzpf 14? qufvufjzpfay:wd;k wufrr+ sm;udk qufvufI u|Eyfk t f pD&ifcaH eygrnf?
3
_yD; e,fbufqidk &f m tm%mydik rf sm;udv k nf; today;_yD; jzpfrnf[k oHo,r&Sd pOf; “-urRmqkd;onf wOD;wnf; vmcJonf” [laom '±kdif'if (Dryden) . tqdkudk
pm;rdcJh_yD; ,if;uJhodk‹ jzpfrjzpfudkrl uHta-umif; raumif;vSpGm twnfðycJhjcif;r&Sd u|Eyfk of abmwlryd gonf?
[k avsmhayghI qd&k ayvdrrfh nf? Ta-u;eef;pm_yD;aemuf aemufxyf a-u;eef;pmwapmifudk (17;25)
12? pDtdkif'D. ppfaq;r+rS rdk;. xGufqkdcsuf&SdaecJhr+onf usdef;aoeD;yg; em&DwiG f ay;ydc‹k o hJ nf?
ay:aygufayrnf? ,if;owif;om jynfolvlxkod&SdcJhv#if _Adwdo#qef‹usifa&;
twGuf cHpm;csuo f nf tpk;d &dr&f qH;k tqiho f ‹kd a&muf&o dS mG ;ayrnf? ,refae‹ nae eHygwf= 319/ bk&ifcx H rH S ud,
k yf ikd af -u;eef;/ Zlvikd f (28)/ u|Ekyf .
f a-u;eef;pmtrSwf (313) rS
cif;wGif u|Efyk o f nf ocifE/k aysmfb, G Of ;D jr/ *sDtpkd ED iS fh bD*sDtuf (pf) wku ‹d kd u|Ekyf x
f H pmydk'f (3)/
ac:vdkuf_yD; ta-umif;raumif;onfh ,if;udpPudk jyefvnfajymjycJhonf? jrefrm bDtdk'DrS xkwfoGm;cJhaom vufeufta&twGuf twdtusudk twnfðyI
0ef}uD;rsm;taejzifh ,if;udpPudk wav;wrlðy-u_yD; ,if;owif; jynfolvlxkod &&S_d yD;jzpfI ,if;wdr‹k mS atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfonf?
onfESihf jzpfay:vmrnfh tEœ&m,fESihf owif;Xmersm;uvnf; ,if;odk‹odcJhv#if (u) tvufwkdif;wGif ajymif;tydkwckpD yg&Sdaom b&if;*ef;tvuf (200)
vky}f uHr}+ uD;udk ajymif;vJEidk v
f rd rfh nf[k us,u f s,af vmifavmif awmif;qdak &;om; (c) ajymif;tydk (200)
vmrnfhta&;udkvnf; 0efcHajymqdk-uonf? ,if;owif;rayguf-um;a&;rSm (*) b&if;*ef; r*~Zif; usnfuyf (800)
txl;cufcaJ -umif; olwe‹kd m;vnfoabmayguf-u_y;D olww ‹kd wfEidk o
f r# uln&D efukd ,if;vufeufrsm;udk ZGefv (24) &ufae‹wGif xkwfoGm;cJhaonf? Zlvdkifv
vnf; uwdðy-uonf? (12) &ufae‹wGif attm'D (ARD) rS cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; xkwfoGm;cJhonf?
13? txufazmfjyyg tjzpftysufrsm;udk oHk;oyf_yD;v#if 0ef}uD;csKyf.
ajz&Sif;csufudk u|Ekfyfxuf ta&;aumif;olwOD;uom ydkrdkwwfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k qm[l;bwf&ef‹ xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf) xHo‹kd
u|Ekfyf0efcH&ayrnf? tpkd;&taejzihf jypfr+ESihf ywfoufonfh owif;tenf; a-u;eef;pm/ tkid tf t
kd m= trf§4§2715
tusO;f udo k m xkwaf y;vsu&f o dS nf? oda‹k omfvnf; vufeufc;kd xkwrf E+ iS hf vky}f uHr+ csufcsif;tjzpfq;Hk ? &efuek /f 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (28) &uf/ (1255) em&D
}uD;. t"duvufonfrmS wOD;wnf;yifjzpfrnf[k olw ‹ o ‹kd o H ,uif;pGm tckid t f rm vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (28) &uf?
awGŒ&Sd_yD;jzpf_yD[k u|Ekfyfem;vnfrdonf (OD;apm[k ,lq&onf)? ol‹taejzifh eHygwf 314/ bk&ifc. H ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef;/
t"duvufonfEiS hf tjcm;}uH&mygrsm; qufE, G rf u+ kd awGŒ&adS zmfxw k &f efEiS hf v#KŒd0u S f a&SŒucsucf si;f ay;yd‹k cJah om a-u;eef;pm/
yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+}uD; wckvHk;udk tptqHk;azmfxkwf&ef óud;pm;vsuf&Sd-uonf? 1? ArmhppfOD;pD;XmeY xGufqdkcJhaom rdk; (Moore) xGufqdkcsuf. ta-umif;
0ef}uD;csKyftaejzifh vltrsm; od_yD;jzpfonfhtwGuf vufeufcdk;xkwfr+udk udk;um; t&mrSm Tod‹k jzpfonf?
Ekid o
f nf?þoda‹k omfvnf; twdtusta&twGux f uf vufeufEiS fh cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf tpðy/
tajrmuftjrm;[kom ajymoihfonf[k t}uHðyxm;ygonf? rdk;ESihfywfoufI 2? &nf!¸ef;csuf trSwf trf§47/ cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf odkavSmif±Hk (jrefrm)
283 284
283 284
pmwGJ Adv
r*Fvm'Hk yDtkd 5§7§47 rS 'Dyt D rf/ ppfO;D pD; (XmecsKyf) od/‹k ta-umif;t&m=vHòk cHa&;/ ,lq& ol vlwOD;xHrS avmf&u D m; (5) pD;pm vufeufrsm; r-umcifwiG yf if olt ‹ m;
&nf!e¸ ;f csuf='k=Akv d rf ;ª }uD; a'ghqef (Dobson) ESifh Akv d rf ;ª rd;k (Moore) wd‹k ajymqdrk + vma&mufay;ydk‹vdrhfrnf[k olar#mfvifhaeonf? xdkol. Adkvfrª;jzpfol aq;±Hk
3? ,ckEpS f ZGev f apmapmydik ;f wGif u|efawmfonf ArmhppfO;D pD; (XmecsKyf) ‘X’ (odk‹r[kwf) aq;cGihfrS jyefvmonfhtcg ‚if;vufeufrsm;udk vma&mufay;ydk‹rnf
XmecGJ rS Adv k }f uD; (,ck Adv k rf ;ª ) 'de;f (Daine) ESifh rdwaf qGjzpfco hJ nf? rdrw d E‹kd pS Of ;D vH;k jzpfonf? (C) tif;pdew f iG f aexkid af eaom t*Fvyd =f jrefrmujym; tjrwfceG f t&m
pdwf0ifpm;onfh 'Hk;usnfvufeufrsm;ta-umif; aqG;aEG;&ef u|efawmfu ol‹udk &SdwOD;xHrS ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewf tajrmuftjrm;udkvnf; olapmihfar#mfvsuf&Sd
ae‹v,f vufzuf&nfaomuf zdwaf c:cJo h nf? onf? (i) vufeufrsm;ESifh usnfqrH sm; olyrkd v kd t
dk yfvsuf&odS nf? ,cifu vkyaf e
4? ae‹v,fpmpm;_yD; u|efawmfwd. k‹ pum;vrf;a-umif;onf jrefrmEkdifiH. ustwdkif; ,if;wdku ‹ dk avvHkaowWm}uD;rsm;wGifxnfh_yD; olb ‹ ef*vdkrS ESpfzmvHkcef‹
t"du& yk*~dKvfrsm;ta-umif;odk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;_yD; 'def;u u|efawmhfudk OD;apmESifh a0;aom 0dwdk&d, a&uefxJwGif ae&mcGJI jr‡Kyfxm;rnfjzpfonf? jrifomonfh
awGŒcsipf w d f &Srd &Sd ar;cJo
h nf? u|eaf wmfu awGŒcsiaf -umif; jyefajymcJo h nf? r-umrD t&m0wˆKESpcf u k kd jrK‡ yfxm;onfah e&mrsm; od&EdS idk &f ef trSwt f om;tjzpf ðyvkyx f m;
wckaom naecif;wGif 'de;f ESifh OD;apmwdu ‹k csed ;f qdrk u
+ kd vufccH _hJ y;D cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf rnfjzpfonf?
odkavSmif±HkrS Adkvf}uD; &SDEGdKif; (Shenoi) ESihf Adkvf[wfcsfaq; (Hujsey) wdk‹ESihfvnf; 8? zkdufcsf (Fytche) vrf;wGif aexkdifaom vDvfESihf ukr`%D (Leele &Co.) rS
aumif;/ tmattufzf (RAF) azmufcGJa&;ypPnf;XmerS av,mOfAkdvf}uD;rsm;jzpf rpPwm rmvf[dkx&m (Malhotra) a&muf&SdvmonfhtwGuf pum;ajymqdkaer+
-uaom tuf'f0yf (Edwards) ESifh b&dwef (Britten) wdkE‹ Sihfvnf;aumif; olwdku ‹ dk jywfomG ;cJ_h yD;aemuf u|efawmftrd jf yefvmcJo h nf? u|efawmfrxGucf mG cif OD;apmESifh
rdwq f ufay;cJo h nf? ol‹ZeD;tm; aemuf (2) &uf/ (3) &ufavmufwGif vufzuf&nfaomufºuG&ef
5? wem&Dcef‹-um_y;D aemuf 'de;f ESihf OD;apmwd‹k jyefomG ;-uonf? rjyefrD OD;apmu u|efawmfu zdwfcJhonf? u|efawmfzdwfac:onfhtwdkif; olwdv k‹ mcJh-uaomfvnf;
olt‹ rd o
f ‹kd tcsderf a&G;vma&mufI t&ufaomufEidk af -umif; t&m&St d m;vH;k udk zdwf axGaxG&m&mom pum;ajymjzpfc-hJ uonf?
-um;cJo h nf? ‚if;tjyif vmrnfph aeae‹wiG f olZ‹ eD;onfEiS afh wGŒq&kH if; ae‹v,f vuf 9? ZGefv/ 'kwd,tywftwGif; wckaom naecif;wGif Akdvftuf'f0yf/
zuf&nfaomufºuGyg&ef u|efawmfEiS fh u|efawmhZf eD;onftm; xyfrzH w d -f um;oGm; Adv
k b f &dwefwE‹kd iS t fh wl &efuek òf rdr› S jyefvm&if;/ u|efawmfwo ‹kd nf OD;apm. t&uf
cJo
h nf? aomuf0if&ef zdwfrEœu ðyxm;onfhtwdkif; ol‹tdrfodk‹ 0ifcJh-uonf? _cH*dwf0rS
6? u|efawmhfZeD;onf twefi,faeraumif;onfhtwGuf (11) ESpft&G,f tapmifhrsm;. taotcsm ppfaq;r+rsm;tay: tuf'0yfu rSwfcsufcs&if;/
orD;i,fudkac:I vufzuf&nfyGJ csdef;qdkxm;onfhtwdkif; u|efawmfoGm;cJhonf? vufeufrsm;ESihf usnfqefrsm;ta-umif; xyfrHI pum;vrf;a-umif; yGifhcJhonf?
ae‹v,f vufzuf&nfy_JG y;D onfEiS fh &efuek òf rdw › iG f abmvH;k yGw J yGo J ‹kd oGm;&ef&o dS nfEiS hf t&ufawmfawmfrsm;rsm;aomufjzpf-u_y;D pum;tawmf-umajymjzpfc&hJ m/ ar;onf
u|eaf wmfxu G v f mcJoh nf? ,if;abmvH;k yG_J y;D v#if olx ‹ jH yefvm_y;D t&ufaomuf&ef rsm;udk jyefajz&if;aomfvnf;aumif;/ ol‹bmomolajym&if;aomfvnf;aumif;
olu xyfrzH w d jf yefonf? OD;apmu atmufygwdu ‹k kd ajymjycJoh nf?
7? ae0ifcsdefavmufwGif u|efawmfjyefoGm;cJhonf? (u) _cH*dwf0ESihf (u) avmf&Dum; (3) pD;wdkufpm vufeufrsm; uwdðyxm;jcif;ESifh tif;pdefrS
bef*vdw k 0du k f csxm;aom vufeufuikd t f apmifrh sm;/ (c) OD;apm. tdycf ef;twGi;f &Sd vufeufrsm; taumiftxnfazmfvmjcif;r&Sdacs?
vufeufi,frsm;twGuf usnfqefrsm;/ vufypfAHk;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI usaemf. (c) avmf&Dum; (3) pD;wdkufpm vufeufrsm; uwdðycJhol yk*~dKvfrsm;ESihf
ar;jref;r+tay: pum;ajymqdak e&if; OD;apmu Tod‹k jyefvnfajymqdck o hJ nf? vtwef-um aiGtenf;i,fr#jzifh qufqcH jhJ cif;jzpf_yD;/ xkyd *k Kd~ vfrmS bDt'kd rD S t&m&Sd
(u) vufeufuikd t f apmihrf sm;ESifh vufeufrsm; (olt ‹ cef;twGi;f tp&So d jzif)h wOD;jzpfonf[k olxifco hJ nf?
onf olv ‹ HkòcHa&;twGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonf? (c) &efukefòrdt › ajcpdkufwyfrsm;u (8) olord ;f qnf;xm;aom usnfqefawmifrh sm;/ tufpaf tabm (SA ball)
t&nftwGuf tenf;i,fudk tcsdefra&G; olu ‹ dk axmufyHhaecJhonf? (*) t&m&Sd[k ESifh u|eaf wmfwt ‹kd m; erlemjycJah om '\r (455) vufrajcmufv;kH jyL;. trfau
285 286
285 286
pmwGJ Adv
(6) usnfqef (Mk jacketed) rsm;rSm bDtdk'DrS &&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf? (jrefrmEkdifiHudk eHygwf 318/ bk&ifcx H rH S ud,
k yf ikd af -u;eef;?
jyefvnford ;f ydu k _f yD;aemufyikd ;f ‚if;cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;rSm jrefrmEdik if w H iG f r&Sad wmh 1? ,ae‹eHeufwGif OD;wifxGÉfESihf OD;ausmf_idrf;wdk‹udk u|efawmfawGŒygonf?
bJ tdktm'D (ORD) uvnf; xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;r&Sdawmha-umif; OD;apmudkaxmuf OD;ausmf_idrf;rSm ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;EkdifiHodk‹ tvnfc&D;oGm;cJhonfjhzpfI ‚if;wdkif;jynf
jycJah omfvnf; OD;apmu olt ‹ aejzifh ‚if;Xmeuom &&Scd ahJ -umif; ola‹ jymqkcd sufukd onf teD;uyfxed ;f csKyfcx H m;&aom uGejf rLepfEidk if H wEkid if jH zpfonf[k olem;vnf
xyfrH twnfðyajymqdck o hJ nf)? cJo
h nf? urBm'h rD u kd a&pDtay: trsm;vufcx H m;onfh pdw"f mwft&qdv k #if ‚if;Ekid if H
(C) ol*‹ spu f m;jzifo h mG ;_y;D csed ;f qdxk m;onfah e&mrS ,l_rjJ zpfaomfvnf; wpfcg onf 'Dru kd a&pDEidk if H yHpk jH zpfrjzpf ar;p&myifrvdyk g[k olxifygonf?
ESpfcg wGifrl "mwfqDyHk;xJwGifxnfhI ,if;cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;udk olx ‹ H,lvmcJh_yD; 2? pum;ajymqk&d if; jrefrmEkid if w H iG f jzpfysucf ahJ om a-uuGzJ , G t f jzpfq;kd qDo‹kd
,if;yHk;rsm;udk csufcsif;a&uefxJY xnfhxm;cJhonf? tvdktavsmuf a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf? OD;apmtaejzifh aiGa-u;taxmuftyHh
10? ‚if;wdkp‹ um;ajymqdkr+rSm 'def;a&muf&SdvmI jywfoGm;cJhonf? 'def;onf &&Scd o hJ nf? olt ‹ jrift& Oa&mypD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;u tultnDay;cJyh &kH onf[k
tjym Eka&mifvHkcsnf/ tjzLa&mif&SyftusôESihf a&$a&mifvufxdk;ajceif; csufyvD OD;ausmf _ird ;f u ajymvdu k af omtcg u|eaf wmft h aejzihf a-umufvefw ‹ ek v f y+ rf o
d nf?
(chapplie) udk 0wfqifxm;_yD; olESihftwl rmvf[dkx&m ygvmcJhonf? 'def;om jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;uJhodk‹aom wm0ef&Sd &mxl;,lxm;olwOD;taejzihf ,if;uJhodk‹
tdrx f 0J ifvmcJh _yD; rmvf[x kd &mrSmrl tjyifbuf*spfum;xJY usefaecJo h nf? olw‹kd pGypf rJG ð+ yjcif;twGuf tH-h ordonft h jyif pdwv f nf;ysurf o d nf[k u|eaf wmfu OD;ausmf
-umjrihpf mG rae yg? olw‹kd jyefomG ;onfEiS fh OD;apmu zdwaf c:onfEiS fh erfqif;aysmfyJG _idrf;udk ajymvdkufygonf? vkyf}uHr+twGuf u|efawmfonf xdwfvef‹wkefv+yfrdcJh
pm;±Hk (Nam Sing restaurant) odk‹ ol‹{nfhonfawmfrsm;tjzpf vdkufygoGm;cJh_yD; onf? odk‹aomfvnf; ,ckpGyfpGJr+rsKd;udk oufaojyEkdifcJhrnfqdkv#if ydkrdkxdwfvef‹
npmtjzpf w±kwftpm;tpm pm;aomuf-uum udk,fhtdrfudk,fjyefcJh-uygonf? wkefv+yfrdrnfjzpfa-umif; u|efawmfu jznfhpGufajymcJhonf? ,if;ESihfqufpyfI
11? TxGuq f ckd surf sm;udk u|Eyfk w f OD;wnf;udo k m yxrqH;k ajymqdck jhJ cif;jzpfI Zlvdkifv (28) &ufxkwf ‘Guide Daily’ owif;pmrS aumufEw k cf sufukd u|efawmf
oufaor&Syd g? aemufw}udrx f u G q f &kd mwGirf l tcef;xJwiG f tuf'0yfEiS fh b&dwef ud;k um;vdu k yf gonf?
wdE‹k pS Of ;D &Sad e-uaomfvnf; u|efawmfw‹kd ajymqdak er+ukd olw‹kd rnfr#-um;onfurkd l “OD;atmifqef; OD;aqmifaom ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJu _y;D cJoh nfh Zefe0g&DvwGif
u|eaf wmf twdtus rajymEkid yf g? tuf'0yfxrH S xGuq f ckd suu f kd zdwaf c:xm;ygonf? atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyf vufrSwfa&;xkd;&mwGif OD;apmESihf ocifApdefwdk‹ u
b&dwefrmS rl jrefrmjynfrS jyefxu G o f mG ;cJyh g_yD? vufrSwfa&;xkd;&ef jiif;qefcJh-uonf? tjcm;olrsm; jyefoGm;-uaomfvnf;
12? vHkòcHa&;ESihf wdkuf±dkufoufqdkifae_yD; oufaorjyEkdifaom owif;rsm; OD;apmonf aeusef&pfcJhonf? u|Efkyfwdk‹ (The Guide Daily) taejzifh OD;apmonf
rdrv d uf0,f&adS er+ukd owdðyrdonft h av#muf wyfraxmufvSr;f a&;t&m&Sd Adv k }f uD; vljzLwd. ‹k tultnDjzifh zqyvudk zsufq;D &ef pDpOfvI kd wrifaemufcsefae&pfchJ
prwf (Smart) udk ,if;owif;rsm;tm; rdrdbmomay;tyfcJhygonf? rdrdtaejzihf a-umif; wkdif;jynfudk today;cJh_yD;jzpfonf? vljzLwdu k‹ ,ckw}udrfwGif OD;apmudk
oufaoaomfvnf; rjyEkid /f ,if;owif;rsm;udk usrf;usdeI f vnf; ray;Ekid af -umif; aiG (5) odef;ay;cJhonf?
txl;ðy ajymqdck yhJ gonf? (vufrw S /f Akv d rf ;ª a*s at rd;k ) tdik af ttdpk D (IAOC) Adv k rf ;ª / 3? OD;apmt*FvefwiG &f adS epOf olu ‹ kd aiGa-u;tajrmuftjrm; axmufyahH y;cJh
4
tdkpDcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf odkavSmif±Hk (jrefrm) qHk;? olrsm;rSm t*Fvyd t f &if;&Si}f uD;wcsKdŒ jzpfa-umif; u|Ekyf w f ‹kd xyfroH &d &dS onf? ±H;k wif
w&m;pGq J rkd p+ wifonfEiS fh ‚if;v#KŒd0u S cf surf sm; ay:aygufvmrnfjzpfI pdw0f ifpm;zG,f
qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf) xHo‹kd aumif;vSonf”
a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t
f t
dk m trf§4§2714 4? ,ae‹ae‹pGJESihf u|Ekfyf. a-u;eef; (313) onfvnf; qufpyfvsuf&Sdyg
ta&;}uD;? &efukef1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (28) &uf/ (17;25) em&D? onf? &mZ0wfr. + w&m;cHEiS fh ywfoufI u|efawmfw‹kd ,ckwikd f &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;
vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (28) &uf/ (21;00) em&D? rjzpfao;yg? (xyfr=H rjzpfao;yg)?
287 288
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pmwGJ Adv
qm[l;bwfp&f ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf) xHo‹kd 1946þckEpS /f þZlvikd vf þ(17)þ&ufae‹wiG þf armif}uD;uþOD;apmxHþa&;om;cJah om
a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t
f t
dk m=trf§4§2714 pdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;vSonfh pmrdwLW udk pmwku d rf S u|efawmf ay;ydv
‹k u
kd yf gonf?
ta&;}uD;v#KdŒ0Suf? &efuek òf rd/› Zlvikd v
f (28) &uf/ (18;35) em&D eHygwf 321/ bk&ifc. H ud,k yf ikd af -u;eef;
vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (28) &uf/ (21;00) em&D Zlvikd v
f (29) &uf/ (12;50) em&D
eHygwf= 320/ bk&ifc. H ud,
k yf ikd af -u;eef;/ ,ae‹txd jyefvnford ;f qnf;&rdaom b&if;*ef;ta&twGurf mS pkpak ygif;
atmufazmfjyyg a-u;eef;udk 132 Portland Street, London W 1- (149) vufjzpfonf? OD;apmtdrfESihf &efukef{&d,mrS tvuf (80)/ jynfrS (12)
armif}uD;xHrS u|efawmfvufc&H &Scd o hJ nf? vufEiS fh om,m0wDrS (57) vufjzpfonf? Tta&twGuf pm&if;Z,m;udk vlxu k kd
p? u|Ekfyfay;ydka‹ om a-u;eef;rsm;onf rnfonfhta-umif;a-umihfrod&bJ xkwfjyefjcif;r&Sdyg? odk‹aomfvnf; &efukefòrd›&Sd ppfwyfodkavSmif±HkrS vdrRmyg;eyfpGm
OD;apm. rdom;pkxo H v ‹kd nf;aumif;/ olr‹ w d af qGrsm;xHov ‹kd nf;aumif; a&muf&jdS cif; ta,mifaqmifxkwfoGm;cJhaom vufeufrsm;rSm r-umrDu &&Sdaom owif;rsm;
r&Sdyg? ,ckowif;pum;udk bk&ifcHrif;taejzihf olx ‹ Hyadk‹ qmifay;ygu tudkjzpfol t& trsm;pkukd jyefvnford ;f qnf;&rd_yjD zpfa-umif; 0ef}uD;csKyftaejzifh ajymI&_y[ D k
u|Ekfyfonf tvGeftxl;0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfygrnf? owif;pum;rSm Todk‹ jzpf u|efawmft}uHðyxm;onf? ppfwyftm%mydik rf sm;. yl;aygif;ulnrD j+ zihf &JwyfzŒJGu
onf? vuf&SdtajctaerSaeI tjyif;txef jyefvnfwHk‹ jyefr+rsm; jzpfEkdifajc&Sd pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm;udk Tcdk;,lr+ESihfywfouf_yD; avmavmq,f tjyif;txef
onfhtwGuf ygvDrefrS rihfrdwfaqGrsm;u ighudk 'DbufrSaeI rif;twGuf tum aqmif&u G v f suf&ydS gonf?
tuG,fay;&ef jyifqifr+rsm; ðyvkyf&ef t}uHay;-uonf? Todk‹ jrifonfhtwkdif; tajctaerSm _idrfoufvsuf&Sdygonf? wpHkw&mxl;jcm;csuf owif;ay;ydk‹
rif;. vHòk cHa&;udk tvGepf ;kd &dryf yl efro d nft
h wGuf bk&ihaf &Sa› e&&Sad &;ESifh rift h wGuf r+r&Sdyg? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ESihf ywfoufI pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm;rS &&Sdaom ydkrdkjynfhpHk
ckcuH muG,af &;twGuf vkt d yfaomjyifqifrr+ sm; ðyvkyaf &;twGuf csucf si;f vdt k yf onfh awGŒ&cdS su&f v'frsm;udk !¸ejf yonfh aemufxyfa-unmcsurf sm;udk tao;pdwf
onfh aygif (300) udk b%ftm; a-u;eef;jzifh v$aJ y;&eftwGuf rif;u !¸e-f um;ay; azmfjyoihrf oihf tpk;d &taejzifh pOf;pm;vsuf&ydS gonf? u|Ekyf . f a-u;eef;pm 315/
yg&ef ig tEl;t!Gwfawmif;yefvkdufygonf? b%fodk‹ !¸ef-um;csufydk‹vdkuf&efESihf 28§7 udk &nf!¸ef;ygonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf. a-unmcsuftwGuf oifhxH u|Ekfyf
bk&ifcHrif;rSwqihf ighxH ta-umif;jyefyg&ef/ owif;pum;tqHk;? tcsdefrDydkE‹ dkifonf[k ajymEkdif&eftwGuf tvsiftjrefaqmif&GufI &r& ocifEkudk
bk&ifcrH if;tm; Ta-u;eef;udk jrefrmtpd;k &tzGŒJ 0ifrsm;xH v$aJ jymif;ray;&ef u|efawmf ar;xm;ygonf?
awmif;yeftyfygonf? qH;k ?
Towif;pum;pmudk OD;apmxH oihfavsmfaom vrf;a-umif;jzifh ay;ydk‹Edkif OD;apmxHrS qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHo‹kd
a&;twGuf jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; wOD;wnf;xH (wOD;wnf;xH) u|efawmf ydk‹vdkufyg tkid t f t
kd m= trf§4§2721 tif;pdef A[dtk usOf;axmif 1947=ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (29) &uf
onf? armif}uD;. aemufq;kH pmyd'k yf g awmif;yefcsufukd txift&Sm;yif u|efawmf jrefrmtpk;d &. &JXmerS t&m&Srd sm;onf tm%m&ygwD. jyif;xefpmG zdtm;
vufrcHEidk yf g? ay;r+a-umihf &efuek òf rd&› dS twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k twGi;f r-umcifu jzpfymG ;cJah om aoewf
Tarmif}uD;yif [efwifxHvdyfrlI ay;ydk‹aom a-u;eef;pmwGif [efwif ypfcwfrE+ iS f qufE, G I f u|efawmfw‹kd twdu k t f cHtzGŒJ 0ifrsm;udk enf;vrf;&So d r#jzifh
taejzihf OD;apm.ZeD;xHrS aygif (300) r&&Sdygu ol&d,owif;pm. tkyfcsKyf cH±k ;kH wifppfaq;&ef olw. ‹kd &So
d r# tcsdeEf iS hf pGr;f tm;wdu‹k kd tm±Hpk u
kd f vkyaf qmifae
a&;rª;rsm;xH csOf;uyf&ef t}uHðya&;om;xm;a-umif; jrefrmjynfawmifyikd ;f ae&m -uonf[k u|efawmfxifygonf? tzrf;cHtcsKdŒyk*~dKvfrsm;udk olwdk‹ xGufqdkapcsif
rS vwfwavm&&Sad om tkid t f ufpt f ufpf (ISS) owif;ay;ydr‹k w + iG f u|eaf wmf owd ovdk xGuaf p&eftwGuf ðyvkyaf eus enf;vrf;rsm;twdik ;f enf;rsKd;pHo k ;kH ESyd pf ufI
xm;rdco hJ nf? OD;apmtaejzihf ckcu H muG,af &;twGuf y%mrjyifqifrr+ sm;ðyvky&f ef &Jrsm;u twif;zdtm;ay;vkyfaqmifaeonf[k u|efawmfem;vnfygonf? Todk‹
‚if;aiGvkdtyfa-umif; olu ajymcJhonf? u|efawmfem;vnfjcif;rSm ta-umif;rJhr[kwfyg[k u|efawmfqdk&ygrnf? tb,f
289 290
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pmwGJ Adv
a-umihq f akd omf u|eaf wmfwu ‹kd kd axmifxaJ c:vm_yD; &ufrsm;r-umrDyif tcsKŒd &t J &m taejzihf T&mZ0wfr+twGuf uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;rS wa,mufr[kwf/ wa,muf
&Sdrsm; a&muf&Sdvm_yD; tzrf;cHyk*~dKvftcsKdŒudk pwifppfaq;ygonf? xdkodk‹ tcsKdŒudk a,muftay: oHo,0ifvdrfhrnf[k OD;apmu awG;qcJhonf[k u|efawmfajym&
ppfaq;_y;D aemuf useyf *k Kd~ vfrsm;udk qufvufppfaq;jcif;rðyawmhyg? xdyk *k Kd~ vfrsm; rnfjzpfygonf?
udk axmifrx S w
k o
f mG ;_yD; &Jrsm;tvd&k odS uJoh ‹kd twif;t-uyfxu G q
f akd prnfukd u|ef
awmf pdk;&drfylyefa-umufvef‹aerdygonf? tr+wr+udk bufrvdkufaom w&m;±Hk; ta&SŒawmiftm&Sajrjyifwyfrsm; (South East Asia Land Forces) rS ppf±;kH od‹k ?
(odkr‹ [kwf) cHk±Hk;wcku ppfaq;rnfqdkonfrSm tvGefaumif;vSaomfvnf; wcsdef a-u;eef;pm? tkid t
f tkd m= t,fv§f 'AvsLtufp§f 1/ 669
wnf;rSmyif ‚if;w&m;±Hk; (odk‹r[kwf) cHk±Hk;onf &Jrsm;uwifjyaom oufaorsm; csufcsif;? puFmyl/ 1947 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (6) &uf/ (12;30) em&D
twdik ;f om ppfaq;oGm;rnfomjzpfonf? w&m;ol}uD;wOD;wa,muf (odr‹k [kw)f 12804§axmufvSrf;a&;=-o*kwfv(3)&uftxd
w&m;ol}uD;rsm;u &Jrsm;u zefw;D xm;wifjyvmaom oufaotrSm;rsm;udk tao jrefrmjynf jyefvnftpðy?
tcsmodvsufESihfyif ±Hk;awmftaejzifh wjcm;enf;vrf;r&SdI ,if;oufaorsm;udk 1? aphpyfr+rsm; tajcwnfvm_yD; tajctae_idrfouf/ atmufazmfjyyg
vufccH &hJ onfh om"utr+rsm; trsm;tjym; twdwu f &Scd zhJ ;l ygonf? u|eaf wmfw‹kd jzpfEidk af jc rsm;udrk l pOf;pm;&ef?
udk enf;vrf;pHkoHk;I acsr+ef;&ef tm%m&ygwDtzGJŒ0ifwOD; (odrk‹ [kwf) tzGJŒ0ifrsm; (u) _Adwdo#qefu ‹ sifa&; tHkºuGaygufuGJr+?
u wdkuf±kdufzdtm;ay;r+atmufwGif &Jt&m&Sdrsm; txift&Sm; a&muf&Sdaeonfh (c) tpdk;&tm; tiftm;csnfhe&J‹ ef ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (BCP) rS óud;yrf;
,cktqifo h nf apmao;aomfvnf; tvGet f a&;}uD;aom tqihjf zpfa-umif; bk&if tm;xkwfr+rsm;?
cHrif;xH u|efawmf axmufjywifjyvd&k if;jzpfygonf? (*) tpdk;&udk ðzwfcs&ef twdkuftcHygwDrsm;rS óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr+rsm;?
Ttr+wGif;odk‹ ppfaq;&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh txl;&Jt&m&Sdrsm;tm; T (C) ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDEiS fh zqyvtzGŒJ csKyfw‹kd !Gea‹f ygif;zGŒJ r?+
wdkif;jynfodk‹ apv$wfay;&ef bk&ifhtpdk;&tm; csOf;uyfay;yg&ef bk&ifcHrif;tm; (u) . tEœ&m,f avsmhenf;oGm;aomfvnf; _Adwdo# qefu ‹ sifa&; 0g'jzefr‹ +
u|efawmf ±kd;om;pGm awmif;yefvdkygonf? w&m;enf;vrf;twkdif; r#r#ww quf vufjzpfay:vsuf&Sdonf? qdk;qdk;0g;0g;wckck jzpfysufygu tvGeftrif;
jzpfap&eftwGuf jzpfEidk yf gu toif. axmufccH suEf iS t fh wl u|eaf wmf. ±k;d om;pGm wif;rmr+ESihf tEœ&m,fjzpfay:vmEkdifonf? Tvkyf}uHowfjzwfr+wGif _Adwdo#wdk‹
awmif;qdkr+udk bk&ifhtpdk;&xHarSmuf odk‹ bk&ifcHrif;u qufvufwifjyvdrfhrnf[k yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k trsm;xifjrif,Hk-unfaer+ (odk‹r[kwf) _Adwdo#wdk‹.
u|efawmf ar#mfvifh,Hk-unfvsuf&Sdygonf? 5 aumif;pGGm ,Hk-unfouf0ifr+tay: us,fus,fjyef‹ jyef‹ oHo,&Sdaer+ (odk‹r[kwf)
vlrsK;d a&;jy\em tjzpftysuw f r‹kd mS erlemrsm;jzpfonf? (c)þonf jzpfEidk af jc&So d nf?
0ef}uD;rsm;aumifp/D yxrtxl;tpnf;ta0;/ rSww f rf;/ tdik tf tkd m=trf§4§2555 (*) udk avmavmq,f av#mhwGufI&aomfvnf; vHk;0z,fxm;I r&? Armjynf
wufa&muforl sm;/ ocifEk (obmywd)/ OD;jr (aysmb f ,G )f / OD;atmifZaH 0/ OD;b*sr;f / ocifveG ;f abmf/ uGefjrLepfygwDtaejzifh tmacsmifvGef;onfhtwGuf (C) onf jzpfEkdifajcr&Sdyg?
OD;jr ([oFmw)/ ocifwif/ Akdvfvusfm/ OD;0if;/ Akdvfzdk;uGef;/ OD;azcif/ zqyvtaejzifo h m vGwv f yfa&;&&So d nftxd tpd;k &udk pkpnf;xde;f odr;f xm;&ef
use&f adS evdrrfh nfjzpf _y;D twdu k tf cHrsm; wd;k wufvm&efom trsm;qH;k jzpfEidk yf gonf?
eHygwf 337/ qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf) xHo‹kd 2? Armhwyfrawmf? a*:&cg;wyfzGJŒ0iftenf;i,frSvGJI wyfrawmftaejzifh
&efuek òf rd/› 1947 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (2) &uf/ (11;45) em&D jrefrm tpk;d &tay: qufvufopPmapmiho f _d y;D axmufc&H ef jzpfEidk o
f nf? Ekid if aH &;t&
2 (c) zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfacgif;aqmifrsm;udk z,f&Sm;_yD;onfESihf bk&ifcHu tusKd;pD;yGm;rwlaom tjrift& csif;/ ucsifEiS fh u&ifwr‹kd mS rl a¹rGrao/ wkwrf usKd;
olu
‹ kd tac:v$wI f tpk;d &zGŒJ cidk ;f vdrrhf nfrmS usde;f aoa-umif; OD;apmu olv ‹ rl sm;udk taetxm;jzpfaeonf? Armhwyfrawmftaejzihf _Adwo d #tusKd;pD;yGm; (odr‹k [kw)f
ajymcJoh nf? Toda‹k jymjcif;rSm r,HEk idk pf &mjzpfonf? Towif;om rSecf yhJ gu OD;apm ‚if;tusKd;pD;yGm;wkdu ‹ dk axmufcH&ef wm0ef,lr+twGuf opPmapmihfodvdkpdwfr&Sd[k
291 292
291 292
pmwGJ Adv
,lq&rnfjzpfonf? Armhwyfrawmfu xm;&SdEkdifajc&Sdaom oabmxm;tay: 4? Zlvdkifv (20) &ufae‹wGif 0ef}uD;rsm;tay: v#KdŒ0Suf}uHpnfrnfhudpPtm;

us,fus,fjyef‹ jyef‹ a,bk,s-unfjh cif;u (c) (*) (C) wdw ‹k iG f olt
‹ aejzihf wnf_idrf pDtkdif'Du OD;atmifqef;udk today;cJhonf[k em;vnfygonf? odk‹ jzpfI vkyf}uHr+
atmif xde;f odr;f &rnfo h jl zpfEidk af jc&Sad -umif; !¸ejf yvsuf&o dS nf? (u) wGirf l ol. cH&csdefwGif OD;apmtygt0if trsm;tjym;zrf;qD;&ef OD;atmifqef;onf ol0‹ ef}uD;
wnf_idrfatmif xdef;odrf;rnfh wefzdk;onf vuf&Sdtpdk;&taejzifh _Adwdo#qefu ‹ sif rsm;ESihf wdik yf ifaejcif;jzpfonf? vky}f uH&mwGif toH;k ðyaom vufeufrsm;rSm · attdk
a&; pdwcf pH m;r+tay: rnfr# twdik ;f twmtxd r#a0cH,rl nf (odr‹k [kw)f qefu ‹ sif ,l (AOU) rS &&Sdaom vufeufrsm;ESihf trsKd;tpm;uGJvGJaejcif;udk rSwfom;&ef
rnf (odr‹k [kw)f xde;f odr;f uefo ‹ wfvpkd w d &f rdS nftay: rlwnfaeonf? ta&;}uD;ygonf?
·
(3) ed*;kH ? ocifEt k aejzihf Ekid if aH cgif;aqmiftjzpf OD;atmifqef;xufomaomf (trSm;= attdk'D´)
vnf; ol‹ Y vlxkudk qGJaqmifEkdifr+r&Sdacs? topfa&G;cs,fvdkufaom 0ef}uD;Xme 5? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+jzpfonfh &ufpGJtrSefrSm Zlvdkifv (19) &ufjzpfonf?
tay:Y jynfov l xl u
k rwkerf v+yjf zpfaer+ xyfaqmif;vdu k af omtcg &v'ftm;jzifh *&if;0k'f (Greenwood) xJrS ‚if;trSm;&ufpGJudk u|efawmf&cJhjcif;jzpfonf[k
tpd;k &onf bufaygif;pHrk S twku d tf cHrsm; &Sad eavonf? u|efawmfxifygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; u|efawmf (&pfcsD) (Ritchie) onf c&D;oGm;
4? txufazmfjyyg qufoG,fr+udk rydk‹v$wfrD Zlvdkifv (30) &uf ae‹pGJjzihf aepOfjzpf_yD; oihfxHrS oif. tcsufjyrdwWL u|efawmhfwGif r&SdonfhtwGuf trSm;
qm[l; bwfu tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd v J x f H t}uHðyay;ydc‹k ahJ om twGi;f a&;owif; trSef rppfaq;Ekid cf yhJ g?
pum;udk owdxm;-unfv h #if pdw0f ifpm;zG,jf zpfonf? ‚if;owif;rSm qm[l;bwf
onf &mhzpf wH;k [rf (Ralph Stoneham) ESifh xdak e‹eeH ufu pum;ajymrd&m Twdik ;f qm&J*sDe,f a':refprpfxrH S tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd (J vf) xHo‹kd
jynfwiG f vlcspv f cl iftrsm;qH;k Oa&mywdu k of m;[k olu trnfwyfxm;aom pwH;k tkid t f t
kd m= t,fv§f yDt§kd 9§7
[rfu vkyf}uHr+jzpf_yD;aemuf ol‹ jrefrmrdwfaqGrsm;u ol‹tay: pdwfcHpm;r+ odod yk*Kd~ vfa&;ESit
hf wGi;f a&;v#KdŒ0Su?f pwd'k rfywf˜vpf˜[rf±id+ ;f ,m;? 1947 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (10) &uf
omom ajymif;oGm;cJah -umif; qm[l;bwfukd jyefajymjycJo h nf[I l jzpfonf? OD;atmifqef;ESihf olv ‹ kyfazmfudkifbufrsm;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+twGuf
±H;k wifppfaq;r+ukd OD;apmtaejzihf &ifqikd &f rnfukd u|eaf wmfjrifryd gonf? OD;apmudk
k cf sKyf}uD; qmeD;vf&pfcsD (General Sir Neil Ritchie) u zD;vfrm&S,af rmif*h rkd m&D (Field
Adv pGJEkdifonfh rnfuJhodk‹aom oufao&Sdaeonfudkvnf;aumif;/ T,kwfrmvSonfh
Marshall Montgomery) xHo‹kd &mZ0wfjypfrw + iG f olonf tjypfro hJ vm;/ tjypf&o dS vm;udv k nf;aumif; u|eaf wmf
a-u;eef;pm/ tkid tf t kd m= trf§4§2715 trSefwu,frodyg? oltouf&Sifa&;twGuf óud;pm;&mwGif olonf tpOfojzifh
csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? puFmyl/ -o*kwv f (7) &uf/ (21;47) em&D aumif;rGeaf om rsK;d cspw f OD;tjzpfuv kd nf;aumif;/ OD;atmifqef;/ zqyvwdE‹k iS rfh wl
xdyfwef;v#KdŒ0Suf? 1011§trfat*suif (Jakin)/ &pfcsDxrH S pDtidk *f sD (CIGS) twGuf uGJjym;pGm 'Drkdu&ufaumif;wOD;tjzpfudkvnf;aumif; jyoEkdif&eftwGuf OD;apm
ud,
k yf ikd af -u;eef; ta-umif;t&mrSm jrefrmjynfEiS o
hf ufqikd af om xyfrH taejzifh twdwo f rkid ;f tawmfrsm;rsm;udk azmfjyvdpk w d &f EdS idk af jcudk u|efawmfreS ;f q
tao;pdwrf sm; (pmyd'k f 3/ 4/ ESifh 5 udo
k m atmufwiG f ud;k um;xm;onf) jrifrdygonf? u|efawmhfukd ol‹oufaowOD;tjzpf qifhac:vdkpdwf&Sdrnfudkvnf;
3? bk&ifcHESifh pum;ajym/ ,if;Zlvdkifv (15) &ufae‹wGif rdk; (Moore) u u|eaf wmfpOf;pm;I &ygonf?
TxGuf qdck suu f kd ðyvkycf ahJ -umif; today;cJ_h y;D e,fbufqidk &f mESifh ppfbufqidk &f m u|efawmft h aejzifh T±H;k wifw&m;pGrJ w + iG f wae&mu yg0if&rnfqv kd #if
vrf; a-umif;rsm;twkdif; pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm; ðyvkyfaecJh_yD[k ,lqonfhtwGuf u|eaf wmfwOD;wnf;twGuo f mru bk&ift h pd;k &twGuyf g pdwt f aESmiht
f ,Sujf zpf
,if;xGuf qdkcsuftusOf;udk bk&ifcHtm; u|Ekfyfu ay;cJhonf? bk&ifcHu &r+xuf tenf;i,f ydyk gvdrrhf nf? oda‹k omfvnf; Tod‹kjzpf&vifu h pm; u|eaf wmfu h kd
OD;atmifqef;ESihf ocifEw k u ‹kd kd OD;apmonf vufeufrsm;udk olt ‹ rd af b;&Sd uefxw J iG f qihaf c:rnfqykd gu u|eaf wmft h aejzifh uln&D ef óud;pm;oiho f nf[ck pH m;rdygonf? 6
0Sux f m;a-umif; ajymjycJo h nf? OD;apmukd u|efawmfaumif;pGm odonfhtwGuf olt ‹ ay: Y u|efawmfjrifcsif&m jrif
293 294
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pmwGJ Adv
jcif; r[kwyf g? olonf yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& rdwaf qGaumif;wOD;omru aumif;rGeaf om tm%mydik rf sm;tm; jyovsuf&&dS m (OD;apmrod[k ,lq&ygonf) tm%mydik rf sm;xH
t}uH^m%frsm; ay;EkdifolwOD;tjzpfvnf; u|efawmft_rJwapawGŒóuHrdygonf? v$JtyfcJhaom tif;pdefaxmifxJwGif OD;apma&;om;cJhonfh pmESpfapmif. rdwWLrsm;
1941 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmEkid if rH S xGucf mG oGm;_y;D aemuf olt ‹ aejzihf qd;k qd;k 0g;0g; ajcvS r;f udk u|efawmfhtm; ay;ygonf?
rSm;rsm; ðyvkyfcJhrdaomfvnf; usL;ausmfr+udk &ifqkdif&eftwGuf jrefrmEkdifiHtm; 2? ‚if;pmrsm;wGif (22) ESifh (23) &ufae‹pGJrsm; wyfxm;_yD; _Adwdo#aumifpDrS
yHkpHwpHkw&m&&Sdatmif ðyvkyfonfh u|efawmfhóud;yrf;r+rsm;wGif olonf tultnD bif*av (Bingley) xH vdyrf x l m;ygonf? ‚if;pmrsm;wGif bif*av. tultnDukd
t}uD;tus,fay;cJyh gonf? olt ‹ wGuf t}uD;tus,fvt kd yfaeaom ,ckvkd tcsdef awmif;cHxm;_yD; v#KdŒ0u S of auFwrsm;[k ,lq&aom xl;qef;onfh pum;pkrsm;udk
rsdK;wGif olt ‹ wGuf pum;ajymqdak y;&ef pdwq f ENr&Szd t‹kd wGuf pOf;pm;&ef u|efawmhf vnf; toH;k «yxm;onf? ‚if;pmrsm;wGif “(VV)” [k vlwOD;udk &nf!e¸ ;f xm;_y;D ‚if;
6
rSm wGeq ‹f wk af erdygonf ? rSm ADA, D ef; (Vivian) jzpfygonf? pmxJwiG f vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf ar#mfvifch suf
OD;atmifqef;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+onf u|efawmfhtwGuf ya[Vdo rsm;udkomru jynfwGif;omru EkdifiHwumqkdif&m ±kdufcwfwkefcgr+rsm; jzpfapEkdif
zG,jf zpfaeygonf? OD;apmESifh OD;b&ifukd u|eaf wmfaemufq;kH awGŒ&cdS sed u f olwo ‹kd nf onfh xkwaf zmfrr+ sm; ðyvky&f efuv kd nf; _cdr;f ajcmufa&;om;xm;onf? pmay;pm,l
zqyv. zufqpfqefqefðyvkyrf r+ sm;ESifh jrefrmEdik if t H wGuf rSeu f efonfh 'Dru kd a&pD ðyvkyfoludkvnf; ,Hk-unfpdwfcs&a-umif; bif*avudk tmrcHa&;om;xm;onf?
yHo
k ¿mefay:xGe;f a&;twGuf vdt k yfrt+ a-umif; tawmfajymqdck -hJ uonf? ola‹ rmf 3? bif*avtaejzifh ,if;pmrsm;udk vufcH&&Sdjcif;r&Sdyg? pmay;pm,lðy
awmfum;xJwiG f olt ‹ m; owfjzwf&ef óud;pm;olrsm;rSm zqyvjzpfonf[k OD;apmu vkyo f ul kd ,if;pmrsm;rS pmwapmifukd ,lomG ;cGiðfh yvku d af omfvnf; olbif*avtdrf
,Hk-unf_yD; a-umufvefa‹ eolwOD;jzpfonf? odka‹ omfvnf; zqyvurl EkdifiHa&; a&muf&cdS sed w f iG f aemufwae‹ ,lau (UK) od‹k rxGucf mG rD bDtakd tpD (BOAC) wnf;
tjrwf&&eftwGuf vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+udk enf;vrf;wcktjzpf oHk;vdrhfrnfr[kwf cdck ef;Y wnwm aexkid &f efomG ;awmhrnfh bif*avu wGe;f xd;k ab;z,fypfco hJ nf?
a-umif;/ jyif;jyif;xefxefajymqdkcJh-uygonf? OD;apmonf &nfrSef;csuf}uD;oljzpf &Jrsm;. tjrifwGif ,if;pmrsm;u bif*avudk “t&yfjrihfjrihfeJ‹ vl}uD;”
onf? ppfrjzpfrDumvu OD;apm. òydifbufwOD;ESpfOD; ±kwfw&uf qdkouJhodk‹ ESihf qufpyfay;xm;onf[k ,lq-uonf? ADAD,ef;xHa&;aom pmwapmiftyg
aooGm;-u&onf[k aumvm[v jzpfay:cJrh eS ;f odygonf? oda‹k omfvnf; vlrsm;udk t0if tjcm;pmrsm;wGiv f nf; OD;apmu axmifxrJ S ,if;&nf!e¸ ;f csufukd a&;om;cJh
tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf owfjzwf&eftwGuf pnf;±Hk;pD&ifvkyfaqmifjcif;rSm OD;apm. onf? Tt&mtm;vH;k rSm pdwt f aESmiht f ,Suf t}uD;tus,jf zpfp&mrsm;jzpfonf[k
tusihpf ±du k Ef iS fh ruduk n f [ D k u|efawmfxifygonf? oif awG;xif-unhEf idk yf gonf? bif*avudk v#KŒdv#K0‹d u S 0f uS vf yk rf nfoh [
l k u|eaf wmf
tu,fI w&m;±Hk;u qihfac:ygu oGm;a&mufI oufaocH&efrSm u|ef rxifEidk yf g? OD;apmESifh qufqcH &hJ mwGif olb ‹ ufrS ±k;d om;tjypfuif;rnfreS af omfvnf;
awmfw h m0efjzpfonf[k u|efawmfEiS fh oabmwlnrD + &Srd &Sd oifx h rH S od&v dS ykd gonf? axmifxJrS OD;apma&;om;cJhaom ,ckpmrsm;u ,if;qufqHr+rsm;udk tqdk;0g;qHk;
vGrJ mS ;pGm t"dym` ,fjyefqpkd &mjzpfvrd rfh nfrmS xif&mS ;aeayonf?
qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf) xHo‹kd 6? u|efawmfhtwGuf aqmif&Guf&ef wckom&Sdygonf? ‚if;rSm bif*avudk
a-u;eef;pm/ tdik tf t
kd m= trf§4§2714 rxGufcGm&ef wm;qD;xm;_yD; ppfaq;ar;jref;&ef jzpfygonf? odk‹ jzpfI rdk;tawmf
csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efuek òf rd› 1947 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (25) &uf/ 10; 15 em&D? csKyfrS bDtdkatpDwnf;cdkcef;wGif bif*avudk u|efawmf qufoG,fI&ygonf?
v#KdŒ0Suf? vufcH&&Sd/ -o*kwvf (25) &uf/ 10; 50 em&D? olt ‹ m; rxGucf mG ao;&ef u|eaf wmfuajymvdu k _f yD; bDtakd tpDuv kd nf; ola‹ v,mOf
eHygwf 408/ bk&ifc. H ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef;/ vufrw S tf m; c%&yfqidk ;f xm;&ef arwWm&yfcx H m;ygonf?
-o*kwv f (23) &uf/ paeae‹ n (9) em&DwiG f jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf 7? ,refae‹/ we*FaEGae‹u ruf*KdG if;,m; (McGuire) u 'Dtikd *f sD pDtidk 'f D (DIG-
_idrf;onf u|efawmhftm; ta&;w}uD;vma&mufawGŒqHk_yD; OD;apmu vmbfay;I CID) OD;xGe;f vSatmifukd bif*avtdro f ‹kd ac:oGm;cJ_h y;D olu‹ kd bif*avtm; ar;jref;
ol‹twGuf pmay;pm,l«yvkyfcdkif;xm;aom axmift&m&SdwOD;u ‚if;pmrsm;udk &ef xm;ypfco hJ nf?
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8? ,refae‹ naeu ruf*GdKif;,m;u OD;xGef;vSatmifESifh awGŒ&ef oGm;cJh&m 3? OD;apmu t}uD;tus,fvmbfxdk;xm;aom ol‹axmif. axmifydkif}uD;
OD;xGef;vSatmifESihf OD;ausmf_idrf;wdk‹tr+udpPaqG;aEG;ae-uonfudk awGŒcJha-umif;/ onf tjyifbuf&dS rdwaf qGrsm;ud/k bk&ifcu H kd (axmif.) &&So d r# owif;rsm; tpD&if
ruf*KdG if;,m;u u|eaf wmfu h kd today;ygonf? bif*avudk (5) em&D-um ar;jref;cJh cHvsuf&_dS yD; OD;apma&;or# owif;pum;/ pmrSeo f r#udk ay;tyfvsuf&ydS gonf?
aomfvnf; &v'frSm pdwfauseyfp&mraumif;a-umif; (xyfrH=raumif;a-umif;)/ 4? axmifxaJ &mufcgp apmapmydik ;f &ufrsm;wGif olEiS fh waxmifx&J adS eaom
oufaojy&ef cufcJaomfvnf; bif*avtaejzifh OD;apmxH pma&;om;&ef twl pGypf cJG &H olrsm;tm; qufo, G If olb ‹ ufwiG f bk&ifcaH [mif;oH;k OD;ESifh t*Fvef&dS
óud;pm;rnf[k OD;xGef;vSatmifu rxifa-umif; ruf*GdKif;,m;udk ajymjycJhygonf? 0ef}uD;a[mif; trsm;tjym;&Sad eonft h wGuf pd;k &drpf &mr&Sad -umif; ajymqdck o hJ nf?
9? OD;ausmf_idrf;u ol‹taejzifh ,ckudpPwckvHk;udk 0ef}uD;tzGJŒa&S›arSmufodk‹ aemufyikd ;f wGif -oZmwdurU tvGe&f _dS yD; olwt ‹kd ay: 'kurQ a&mufatmif -unf±h r+ nfh
olwif jy&awmhrnfjzpfa-umif; ruf*KdG if;,m;udk ajymjycJo h nf? ,ae‹yif ,if;udpu P kd jrefrmjynf&Sd t&yfjrifhjrifhESihf rdwfaqGta-umif; OD;apmu azmfjyvmcJhonf? ol.
OD;ausm_f idr;f u ðyvkyrf nfjzpf_yD; ocifEEk iS t hf wl u|eaf wmht f m; ,ae‹ naewGif oGm; pmwapmifwGif ADAD,ef;tm; ‚if;t&yfjrifhjrihfrdwfaqGta-umif; azmfjycJhonf? ADAD
a&mufawGŒq&kH ef óud;pm;rnfjzpfa-umif; ruf*KdG if;,m;udk xyfraH jymqdck yhJ gonf? ,ef;u ‚if;.jyefpmwGif avmavmq,fY ,if;t&yfjrifhjrihfESihf rdwfaqGtm; tr+
10?þ,ckavmavmq,fwiG þf Tudpt P m;vH;k udþk twwfEidk q
f ;kH þvltenf;qH;k om xJ qGJroGif;&ef (xyfrH= roGif;&ef) t}uHay;cJhonf[k qkdygonf?
today;xm;ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xHk;pHtwdkif; rnfonfhowif;ayguf-um;_yD;/ 5? &ufrsm;ukev f eG v f monfEiS t fh r# OD;apmonf pdwyf yl efvm_y;D t&yfjrifjh rifh
rnfov ‹kd rJG mS ;pGmþt"dym` ,fjyefq-kd urnfukd u|eaf wmfþtvGet f rif;pd;k &drvf su&f ydS gonf? ESifh rdwaf qGEiS yfh wfoufI axmiftjyifbuf&dS rdwaf qGwOD;tm; t}uH^m%fay;&ef
11? bif*avudk ,ae‹eeH uf u|eaf wmfawGŒygrnf? ,cknaewGif OD;ausm_f ird ;f / awmif;cHco hJ nf? t&yfjrifjh rihEf iS fh rdwaf qG rnforl nf0gjzpfonfEiS fh ywfoufI ±+yf
ocifEkwdk‹ESifh pum;ajymqdk_yD;aemuf ,ckudpP&yfudk ydkrdk&Sif;vif;pGm oHk;oyfEkdif&ef axG;r+jzpfvmaom tpdk;&taejzifh yg0ifywfoufvm&awmhonf? OD;apm. rdwf
twGuf tao;pdwt f csut f vufrsm; ydrk &kd &Svd rd rfh nf[k u|eaf wmfar#mv f ifyh gonf? aqGu a&;om;yH&k _yD; t&yfcyfjrifjh rihEf iS hf rdwaf qGtm; csufcsif;qufo, G &f ef t}uH
12? bif*avae&mqufco H l *sifuif (Jenkins) u _Adwo d #aumifpo D ‹kd owd ðyxm;aom pmwapmifudk OD;apmvuf0,fodk‹ ydkc‹ Jhonf? xdkvSnfhpm;r+onf atmif
xm; a&;om;xm;aom a-u;eef;pmwapmif ay;ydck‹ Jhygonf? jrifco hJ nf? -o*kwv f (25) &uf/ u|Ekyf . f a-u;eef;pm (408) wGif &nf!e¸ ;f cJah om
bif*avxHay;ydc‹k ahJ om pmESpaf pmifukd OD;apmu a&;om;cJah wmhonf?
qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf) xHo‹kd 6? bif*avxH a&;om;cJah om 'kw, d pmwGif yg&Scd _hJ y;D 0ef}uD;rsm; pdwxf w J iG f
a-u;eef;pm/ tkid tf t
kd m= trf§4§2714 tvGeftrif; ouFmruif;jzpfapcJhaom pmwydk'frSm ‘t}uHay;onfhtwdkif; tvGef
csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efuek òf rd/› 1947 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (27) &uf/ (09;30) em&D pd;k &drpf &maumif;aom pGep‹f m;r+w&yf u|Ekyf ðf yvkycf o hJ nf’ [lI jzpfonf?
v#KdŒ0Suf ? vufc&H &S/d -o*kwv f (27) &uf/ (00;45) em&DeyH gwf 419/ bk&ifc. H 7?þ0ef}uD;ESpOf ;D ESiþfh u|eaf wmfajymqdrk r+ þS xu G af y:vmaomtjcm;tcsurf sm;rSmæ
ud,
k yf ikd af -u;eef;/ u|Ekyf .
f a-u;eef;pmrsm; 408/ 410ESihf 412/ bif*av (u) _Adwdo#aumifpD (British Council) onf tcsKdŒaxmufvS rf;a&;
u|eaf wmf ,ae‹eeH ufcif;wGif ocifEEk iS hf OD;ausm_f ird ;f udk awGŒygonf? tjcm; tzGJŒtpnf;rsm; twGuf ta&òcHxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k ocifEku ,Hk-unfaeonf?
udpP&yfrsm;-um;wGif bif*avudpPudk u|efawmfwdk‹ aqG;aEG;-uygonf? TtawG;tac: udk z,f&mS ;&ef u|eaf wmftpGr;f ukeðf yvkycf ahJ omfvnf; bif*avudpP
2? 0ef}uD;rsm;taejzifh bif*avudk tvGet f rif; ouFmruif;jzpfaeonfrmS r&Si;f vif;rjcif; ,if;ouFmruif;jzpfr+ qufvuf&adS ernf[k u|eaf wmfxifygonf?
oHo,jzpfp&mr&Syd g? ,if;ouFmruif;jzpfaer+rsm; &Si;f vif;oGm;onfw h ikd f bif*av (c) bif*av jrefrmEkdifiHrS ododomom ±kwfw&ufxGufcGmoGm;r+twGuf
taejzifh Tae&mwGif qufvufae&ef vdktyfyHk&ygonf? ,ae‹ OD;ausmf_idrf; ocifEku ouFmruif;jzpfcJhonf? Tae&mwGif ZlvdkifvtwGif;u vdwf0dwfu
xkwfazmfajymjyaom tcsufrsm;ESifh ,cka-u;eef;rwdkifrD a-u;eef;pmrsm;wGif u|efawmhfxH ay;ydk‹cJhaom pmwapmifudk wifjyEkdifygonf? _Adwdo#aumifpD
u|efawmf tpD &if rcHcJhaom tcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf? tpnf;ta0;wck wuf&eftwGuf bif*avtaejzifh pufwbFmvwGif t*FvefY
297 298
297 298
pmwGJ Adv
&Sdae&ef vdktyfa-umif; ,if;pmu azmfjyxm;ygonf? oHo, &SdcH&onf? tao;pdwftcsuftvufyg&Sdaom u|Ekfyf. -o*kwfv (29)
(*)þOD;apmuþolt ‹ &yfjrihjf rifEh iS þfh rdwaf qGta-umif;azmfjycJ&h mwGiþf axmifyikd }f uD; &ufay;yda‹k om 18926 at*sD=3 ud-k unf?h
u “ol[m bk&ifcHr[kwfbl;vdk‹ u|efawmfar#mfvifhygw,f” [k jyefajymcJha-umif; (*) cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; ckd;xkwfcsdefu aq;±HkY&Sdaeaom Akdvfrª;rdk;/ tdkpD/
OD;ausmf_idr;f u ajymjyygonf? xdt k cg OD;apmu “bk&ifcu H toH;k rusygbl;? olu ‹ kd atat'Donf OD;apmESihf cifrifolwOD;jzpfonf[k od&onf? olonf OD;apmudk
OD;atmifqef;eJo ‹ cifEkwdu
k‹ aiG (12) odef;eJ‹ 0,fxm;_yD;om; jzpfae_yD” [k jyefajz ol‹tdrfwGif tenf;qHk; w}udrf vufcHawGŒcJhonf? e,fbuf&Jrsm;u ol‹tr+udk
cJo
h nf? pHkprf;ppfaq;aewkef;jzpf_yD; ,cktcsdeftxd ol‹udk zrf;qD;onfh owif;ay;ydk‹r+
8? bif*avonf tajctaet&yf&yf. om;aumifwaumifjzpfaomfvnf; u|efawmfx h H ra&muf&adS o;yg?
tcsdef uom ,if;udk jyoygvdrfhrnf[k u|efawmfxifygonf? (C) Adkvfrª;'def; (Daine)/ v#KdŒ0SufoauFw (Cipher) t&m&Sd/ ArmhppfOD;pD;
XmecsKyf/ olonf taysmfxrf; vufeufpkaqmif;olwOD;jzpf_yD; ol‹vuf0,fYom
d cf sKyf}uD; qmeD;vf&pfcsDxrH S qm[ife&D ruf*;D (Sir Henry MacGeagh) xHo‹kd
Akv omref r[kwaf om vufeufta&twGuf &Sad eonfjzpfI olu ‹ v
kd nf; oHo,t0if
a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t f t
dk m = trf§4§2715 cHae&onf? OD;apmESihf rdk;wdk‹t-um; jzpfEkdifajc&Sdaom tquftpyfjzpfaejcif;
csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? puFmyl/ 1947 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (29) &uf/ (19;20)em&D twGuv f nf; oHo,tjzpfcaH e&onf? olt ‹ m;zrf;rxm;yg?
xdywf ef;v#KdŒ0Suf eHygwf 18927§at*sD=3/ 3? txufygtr+rsm;udk e,fbuf&Jrsm;u ppfaq;vsuf&Sdonf? ,ckxd
&pfcsDxrH S a*sat*sD (JAG) xHo‹kd ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef;? owif;rsm;rSm enf;yg;ao;onf? ppfbufo‹kd &JbufrS ay;yda‹k om aemufxyfowif;
u|Ekfyf.þ-o*kwfvþ(25) &uf/þa-u;eef;trSwf 18778 at*sD=3 ESihf -o*kwf rsm;udk oifhtm; qufvufay;ydk‹ today;aeygrnf?
v (29) &uf/ a-u;eef;trSwf 18927 at*sD=3 wdk‹udk qufvufvsuf oifhtm;
tajctaewckv;kH od&adS eap&ef 226 (AOD)jrefrmESihf (AAD) 7 jrefrmwdr‹k þS vufeuf E+wqf ufjcif;
rsm;þcd;k ,lrE+ iS hf r-umcifujzpfymG ;cJah om vky}f uHowfjzwfru + kd e,fbufqidk &f m pHpk rf; jrefrmjynfrSxGufcGm&ef (2) &uftvkdwGif &efukef°rdŒ&Sd a&$wd*kHapwDawmfokd‹
ppfaq;r+rsm;ESiyfh wfoufI u|Efyk o f od r# tajctaeudk tusOf;±H;k wifjyygonf? oGm;a&mufzl;ar#mfcJhonfh aemufqkH;_Adwdo#. bk&ifcHqm[l;bwf&ef‹ (Sir Hubert
1? _Awd o d # pHpk rf;a&;ppfc±kH ;kH u vufeufrsm;ESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; cd;k ,lru + kd Rance) u atmufwGifazmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif; {nfhonfrSwfwrf;pmtkyfwGif
ppf aq;I _y;D pD;oGm;_y;D ,if;udk oifx h H t&m&Sw
d OD;u vufxv d ufa&muf ay;tyfchJ E+wq f ufrmS wrf; a&;oGm;cJo h nf?
onf? (-o*kwv f (26) &uf/ *st f sL. tcsujf y (GHQ Signal) 18802 at*s=D
D yd cf su a&$w*d b Hk &k m;/ &efuek °f rdŒ 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv (2) &uf?
3 udk-unfh)? ,if;pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm;. &v'frsm;udk a&;om;_yD; u|Ekfyf. -o*kwf “apwDawmf. vSywifw h ,frr+ mS puQKyom' jrwfE;dk p&maywnf;? T_idr;f
v (25) &ufa-u;eef;trSwf 10511 at*sD= 3 wGif ay;_yD;jzpfonf? csrf;onf0h ef;usifudk t"Ge&‹f n S af tmif xde;f odr;f Ekid yf gap[k u|Ekyf af r#mfvifch sifyg.?
2? vky}f uHowfjzwfru + kd e,fbufppkH rf;ppfaq;r+rsm;ESifh ywfoufI atmufyg ,ae‹trSwfonmonf u|Ekfyfpdwftm±kHwGif t_rJwnfaeayvdrfhrnf? u|Ekfyftm;
t&m &Srd sm; yg0ifywfoufaeyH&k ygonf? txl;tcGifhta&;tjzpf txufypP,HwGif vrf;av#mufcGifh a*gyuvl}uD;rsm;u
(u) &efukef&Jodk‹ v$Jajymif;ay;cJhaom tdENd,ppfwyfrS Adkvf}uD;ADAD,ef;udk -uifemr+jzifh ay;cJhonfhtwGuf aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf? TonfrSm jrefrmEkdifiHokd‹
e,fbuf &Jrsm;u zrf;qD;cJhonf? olonf usdef;aoeD;yg; OD;apmESihf ywfoufcJh_yD; aemufq;Hk u|Ekyf . f rSm-um;csufjzpfygonf?
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299 300
299 300
pmwGJ Adv
vifrh yd g.?”8 3? 'DudpPukd taotcsm pOf;pm;_yD;wJhtcg 'Dtjzpftysufukd vspfvsL±+zkd‹eJ‹
0ef}uD;csKyfeJ‹ EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;XmeawGukd razmf jyzkdu ‹ taumif;qkH;jzpfr,fvkd‹
_Adwo d #oHtrwfrS trft;D 'efeif (M.E.DENNING Esq.) EkdifiHjcm;a&;Xme vef'ef ay;pm˜ u|efawmfqkH;jzwfvkdufygw,f? 'DtqifhrSm u|efawmfwkd‹bufu rvkdtyfwJh
1169§12§48 xdckdufvG,fr+eJ‹ pdwf0if pm;r+awGu tajctaeawGukd ykdqkd;0g;oGm;apygvdrfhr,f?
_Adwo d #oH±;Hk / &efuek f 1948 ckEpS f arv (8) &uf bma-umifhvJqkdawmh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufvkdqJ&SdykH&wJhætaeeJ‹ 0ef}uD;tzGJŒu
twGi;f a&; olxw k af zmfajymcJwh mod&if 'kuaQ &mufrmS jzpfygw,f?
u|Ekyf . f cspfvpS mG aom 'efeif 4? 'Dvkyf}uHowfjzwfr+awG&JŒ aemufuG,frSm _Adwdo#awG&Sdaew,fqkdwJh
OD;apm.tr+wGif xl;jcm;aom jzpfay:r+ rae‹u jzpfcJhonf? twGifa&;ajym ajymqkcd suaf wGu wu,fawmh uGejf rLepfawGvyk af eus 0g'jzefr‹ w + ckygyJ? vky}f uH
qk&d mwGif ±kww f &uf ajymcsvu dk of nf? 'Dvyk }f uHr}+ uD;rSm _Adwod #awG&ŒJ yl;aygif;}uH owfjzwfra+ wG _y;D _y;D csi;f olu ‹ adk c:_y;D 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ zGŒJcidk ;f wmukd -unf_h y;D ocifEt k aeeJ‹
pnfr&+ w dS ,fv‹dk u|eaf wmfw‹dk wu,f,-Hk unfaew,f? qm&,f*seD ,fa':refprpfu 'Doo H , awGudk axmufcEH idk w f ,fv‹dk u|efawmfrxifygbl;? OD;Ek&ŒJ vuf&EdS idk if aH &;
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q,farwWm&yfcrH u + _Aw d o d #w‹dk wenf;r[kww f enf; yg0ifywfoufaew,fqo dk nfh v$waf wmftwGi;f rSm rpPwm wGe'f &Db*f (Mr. Tom Driberg) qk;d 0g;vSwhJ oG,0f u dk f
oHo,ukd tawmf}uD; tm;aumif;apcJhonf? bif*avESifh OD;apm tquftqef ajymqkcd suaf wGu zqyvtzGŒJcsKyf t0ef;t0kid ;f twGi;f rSm &Sad eEkid w f hJ oHo,awGudk
&Sjd cif;/ OD;apm. ZeD;onfu bk&ifc. H twGi;f 0efEiS hf xdpyfr&+ &ef ¯ud;yrf;r+ ponfh ykrd t
dk m;aumif;oGm;apcJyh gw,f? 'Dtjzpftysuu f dk r-umcifu jrefrmhtvif;owif;
om"ursm;. E+d;qGr+uvnf; tOD;tp &SdaecJhonf? pmrSm qma':refprpf&ŒJ oem;n‡mwmr+ay;yk‹d arwWm&yfccH suu f dk &nf!e¸ ;f _y;D jyefvnf
2? ,cktr+rSm _Adwdo#wkdt ‹ ay: oHo,&SdaewJh tajccHtcsufawGu tm;r azmfjyoGm;cJyh gw,f? owif;pmyg tusO;f csKyf&ŒJ oufqidk w f hJ aumufEw k cf suaf wGudk
9
aumif;vSwJhtwGuf a':refprpf&JŒ arwWm&yfcHr+u t}uD;tus,f xdckdufaprSm xnfhay;vkdufygw,f?
r[kwfyg? “_Adwdo#awG yg0ifywfoufr+ oufaoouUm, u|efawmf&cJh&ifawmh trft;D 'efeif;˜tD;tufpu f sL/ pDtrf*sD/ tkb d t D ;D Ekid if jH cm;a&;±k;H / vef'ef/
u|efawmhf&mxl;ukd tokH;«y_yD; w&m;0ifvlxkukd today;zkd‹ u|efawmf 0efav;rSm tufpf'AvsL=wpf
r[kwfygbl;” vkd‹ olajymayr,fh 'DvkdeJ‹ vlwa,mufu tHh-op&maumif;vSwJh Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô
pGypf cJG suaf wGudk wu,f,-Hk unfvrd rhf ,fv‹kd u|eaf wmf r,k-H unfygbl;? olwu,fudk
qkdvkd&if;r&Sdbl;qkd&if olbma-umifh 'Dvkdajym&w,fqkdwm em;vnfzckd‹ ufygw,f?
jzpfEidk af csawGuawmh &mxl;wk;d ay;wJu h pd rP mS qma':refprpftay:rSm ol&‹ ŒJ yk*Kd~ vfa&;
tmCmw&Sdr+/ jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ ta&;udpPrSm bk&ifcHa[mif;wa,mufu 0ifa&muf
pGufzufykH&r+tay:rSm ol&JŒ ESvkH;rom r+ (qm[l;bwf&ef&‹ JŒ xkwfjyefa-unmcsuf
tay:rSm ol pdwt f aESmiht f ,Sujf zpf&r+udk olu azmfjycJah o;onf) ESihf ,ae‹reufu
OD;apmtay: csrw S cf ahJ om ao'%fjypfcsut f ay: rSeuf efa-umif; pdwrf oufromeJ‹
jyocsirf w + ‹dk jzpfygvdrrhf nf? 'D[mu trsm;}uD; jzpfEidk yf &Hk wmuawmhæ? ppfrjzpfcifu
olu OD;apm&JŒ aemufvu dk w f a,mufv‹dk em;vnfayr,fh OD;apmukd ¯ud;pifta&muf
yka‹d y;wmrSm t"dutcef;u olyg0ifcw hJ m oHo,&Spd &mrvkyd gbl;? 'gvJ vkyx f ;Hk vkyf
enf;rsm;t& uGi;f pbm&Dpnf;rsOf;awGe‹J vk;H 0vku d af vsmnDaxGr+ r&Scd yhJ gbl;?
301 302
301 302
Adv
&nf!e¸ ;f csurf sm; t*Fvyd pf mtkypf mwrf;rsm;

jrefrmpmtkypf mwrf;rsm;
Akdvfrª;csKyfausmfaZm “trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJrsm;” vif;xifjzef‹csda&;
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Maungþþ Maungþþ Gyi. Burmese Political Value: the Socio-Political Roots of Authoritari- All Burma Student's Democratic Front, 1996.
anism. New York. Praeger,1983.
Ziegler, Phillip. Mountbatten. Originally published: New York: Knof 1985.
Maungþþ Maungþþ Pye. Burma in Crucible. Rangoon. Khittaya Publishing House, 1952.
McEnery, John. Epilogue in Burma: 1945-48: The Military Dimensions of British
Withdrawal. Bangkok. White Lotus (reprint) 2000.
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Edited & published by The Historical Section (Shigakka), College of
Liberal Arts, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan, 1984. t*Fvyd b
f momjzifh tpk;d & xkwjf yefjcif;
Morrison, Ian. Grandfather Longlegs - The Life and Gallant Death of Major
H.P. Seagrim, GC, DSO, MBE. Faber & Faber Ltd, London 1946. Is Trust Vindicated, The Chronicle of a Trust, Striving and Triumph, Director of Infor-
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Sargent, Inge. Twilight over Burma - My Life as a Shan Princess.University of
Hawaii Press 1994.
Death of a Hero: The U Thant Disturbances in Burma. December
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Selth, Andrew.
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305 306
Adv
uko d m 0wfc-hJ u&onf? rk;d zGzJ &JG mG aeonft h wGuf okcavSum;rStqif; ajcacsmfus
oGm;onf? ol‹wifyg;emoGm;rnfhtpm; ol‹vufusKd;oGm;&if aumif;rSm[k
rSwcf surf sm; olqkawmif;rdonf? 'grS ol‹taejzifh *spfum;ukd armif;&rSmr[kwfawmh[k olu
OD;vSudk ajymjycJo h nf?
2
‘The Burman’ - (1947=ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 22 &uf) txl;r+cif;
Zmwfvrf;0ify*k Kd~ vfrsm;? w&m;±kH;/ w&m;vdkjyoufaorsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;= ±Hk;vkvifaomif;pdefu
vlowform;rsm;ESihf Oya'qdkif&myk*~dKvfrsm;? 1947=ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (19) &ufwiG f tr+aqmifaumifpcD ef;rwHcg;0Y olonf wm0ef
1? tmZmenfyk*d~Kvfrsm;/ vlowform;rsm;ESifh Oya'qdkif&myk*~dKvfrsm; uscJh_yD; eHeuf(10)em&DrSpI ola‹ cG;ajcxdkifcHkay:wGif xdkifaecJha-umif;/ p}uFefvrf;
pm&if;wGiyf g&Sad om trnfemrrsm;onf jrefrmhenf;vrf;t& &mxl; tqift h wef; wGif vrf;ovm;aeaom a[mif;EGrf;aeonfh t0wftpm; 0wfxm;aom vlw
0gpOftvduk Ef iS hf ta&;ygr+rsm;tay:wGif rlwnf_yD; pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? a,muf (r+ef}uD;) udk olowdxm;rda-umif;/ ,leDazmif;0wfvl (4) OD;a&mufvm
_yD;/ wHcg;&Sd&modk‹ OD;wnfoGm;&mwGif tcGifhr&SdbJ twif;0ifcGifhr&Sda-umif;udk xdkol
rsm;udk oluajymcJha-umif;/ OD;&mZwf. tdENd,vlrsKd; ±Hk;vkvifuvnf;xdktcsdef
tcef; (1) Akv
d cf sKyfvyk }f uHc&H jcif; u tem;wGif&SdaeI txJr0if&ef xdkolrsm;udk ajymcJha-umif; xGufqdkcJhonf?
3
‘The Burman’ (txufygowif;pm) w&m;vdkjyoufao udkoef;u
1
vlxkOD;vS= “axmifeJ‹vlom;” =vlxkpmykHESdyfwkduf/ rEœav; 1957? OD;&mZwf. ud, k af &;vufaxmuftcef;wGi;f rS ud, k &f aH wmf udak xG; ajy;xGuv f m
‚if;pma&;olrmS emrnfausmx f wk af 0olEiS hf owif;pmq&mwOD;jzpf_yD; 1953 ckEpS rf S onfukd oljrifawGŒcahJ -umif;ESifh &ef}uD;atmifu olu ‹ kd aoewfjzifh ypfcscJah -umif;/
1956 ESpfukeftxd EkdifiHa&;r+rsm;jzifh &efukefaxmifwGif; axmifuscJhonf? axmif oufaoxGuq f ckd o hJ nf? xda‹k emuf &ef}uD;atmifu udo k ef;udk aoewfjzifh csed v f u kd f
wGif;okH;ESpfausmfumvtwGif; axmifusbufrsm;ukd ar;jref;_yD; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f &m olu owif;axmufwOD;jzpfa-umif; atmfajymvdu k o f jzihf olu
‹ kd rypfcahJ -umif;
tr+rsm;ukd a&;rSwfxm;cJhonf? xkda‹ emuf ‚if;wkdu ‹ kd pmtkyf (9) tkyfjzifh xkwfa0cJh xGuq f ckd ohJ nf?
onf? wcsdefwGif vlxkOD;vSonf taqmif (5) wGif cifarmif&if/ okcwkEd‹ Sifh wcef; 4
‘The Burman’ (txufygowif;pm) w&m;vdjk youfao OD;zd;k pdef (pDti kd 'f rD )S
xJuscJhonf? armifeDrSm wjcm;cef;wGifjzpfonf? ‚if;wkrd‹ Sm EkdifiHawmfvkyf}uHr+wGif CID u tkwe f &H rH sm; °yduso-H um;&onft h csed w f iG f olonf twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k twGi;f
yg0ifywfoufcJholrsm;jzpf-uonf? okcZmwfa-umif;jyefcJhonfrsm;rS oufqkdif&m &Sd ol‹±Hk;cef;wGif&Sdaea-umif; oufaoxGufqdkcJhonf? pHkprf;&ef taemufbuf
aumufEw k cf sufrsm;ukd TrSwcf sufrsm;wGif azmfjyygrnf? taqmifo‹kd olxu G v h nf/ vufaxmuf&rJ if;}uD; ACP rpPwm bwfpf (Busk)
f mcJo
pmrsufESm 100=102? -urRmiifonfhae‹ 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv (19) &uf xdkae&modk‹ a&mufESihfae_yD; OD;zdk;pdefu vufaxmuf&Jrif;}uD;. ¯ud;rJha-u;eef;
eHeufapmapmykid ;f wGif OD;apmu olpw d ¯f uduf a&G;cs,fxm;olrsm;ukd owfrw S x
f m; um;rSwqifh &efukef°rd›twGif;&Sd &Jpcef;tm;vHk;odk‹ a&'D,dkpufjzihf owif;ay;ydk‹cJh
onfhvkyfief; taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf xGufcGm&ef tqifoifhjyifzkd‹ qifhac: onf? olonf tcif;jzpfyGm;&modk‹ qufvufxGufoGm;cJh&m udkaxG;udk '%f&m
vkud o
f nf? b%ftEk-urf;pD;&ef avhusifx h m;olrsm;twGuf ppfwyf,el aD zmif;rsm; jyif;xefpGm&&Sdvsuf -urf;jyifay:wGifvJaeonfudk awGŒ&onf? udkaxG;rSm pum;
ukd ukd,fESifhwkdif;_yD; jyifxm;_yD;jzpfonfhtwGuf tjcm;olrsm;u ,if;wkd‹ukd OD;apm tenf;i,fajymEdkifao;&m ‘u|efawmfhudk bmta-umif;rS r&SdbJ ypfcwfoGm;cJh-u
tcef;wGi;f rS t0wfy}Hk uD;rSvnf;aumif;/ OD;xkyrf sm;ukd um;*kad 'gifxrJ v S nf;aumif; w,f’ [k olu ‹ akd jymcJo h nf? OD;zd;k pdeo
f nf Adv
k cf sKyf.tcef;ok‹d xyfro H mG ;cJ&h m p}uFef
oGm;a&muf,lay;&onf? okad‹ omf olwt kd‹ wGuf ppfwyfokH; bGwfzdeyfrsm;r&Sdonfh vrf;xdwdkifatmif aoG;rsm;pD;qif;aeonfudk awGŒcJh&onf?
twGuf olwt kd‹ aejzifh olwu kd‹ kd,fykdif &mbmatmufcH t!kda&mifuif;bwf±SL;rsm; 5
OD;Ek. “OD;Ek=wmawpaeom;” (Saturday’s Son) = (a,;wuUodkvf
307 308
307 308
rSwcf surf sm; Adv
yHkESdyfwdkuf/ e,l;a[AifESihf vef'ef 1975) pmrsufESm 133/ ‘ocifEk[m bdvyf&J‹ olr.b0rSm aysmf&$ifat;_idrf;vSonf? 1988 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (27) &ufae‹wGif
tat;'%furkd cHEikd b f ;l / bdvyfrmS w}udrzf sm;w,f/ Zlvikd v f v,favmuf &efuek f olr.touf (77) ESpftwGif; olruG,fvGefcJhonf?
7
jyefa&mufwJhtcgrSmvnf; xyfzsm;aeao;w,f/ tJ'ga-umifh Zlvdkifv (18) &uf at;&Sm;0d(cf) (Asia Week)/ 1993 ckESpf/ rwfv (3) &uf/ aqmif;yg;.
nbufrmS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m ocifEt k rd uf kd a&mufvmw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmif tqk;H ykid ;f / urBmay:&Sd t}uD;qk;H tmCmw/ “ol (ae0if;) . Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;ay:
qef;udk tvkyt f r+aqmiftzGŒJ &‹J 'kw, d em,utjzpfu 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfo‹kd ajymif; xm;&Sdaom rkef;wD;r+onf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ol&Jaumif;. (ouf&Sdxif&Sm;
zdt ‹k wGuf _Adwo d #tpd;k &wdu ‹k pDpOfaewJt
h a-umi;f/ 0ef}uD;csKyf tufwvD rSmvdu k f &Sdaeaom) om;orD; (2) OD;wkd‹tay:xd qufvuf&Sdaeao;ygovm;/ a':atmif
wJt h wdik ;f ocifEu k Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ud ak jymjyw,f? wem&Davmuf-umwJt h cg qef;pk-unf b,frmS &Sad eonfudk u|eaf wmfwt ‹dk m;vk;H od-uygonf? Adv k cf sKyfatmif
Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; xjyefomG ;w,f? Ak'w < &m;awmftvdt k &ajymr,fq&kd if olw‹kd qef;wGif atmifqef;OD;[kac:aom om;wOD;&Sdygao;onf? olonf ava-umif;
ESpfa,muf&JŒa&puf[m 'Db0rSm 'Dr#yJygw,f? aemufwae‹reuf (11) em&D qkdif&m tif*sifeD,mwOD;jzpf_yD; tar&duefjynfaxmifpkY aexkdifvsuf&Sdonf?
avmuf&SdwJhtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ‹ 0ef}uD;wcsKd‹ usqHk;oGm;wJhta-umif;udk atmufygtjzpftysufrSm t*FvefwGif vGefcJhaom tESpfESpfq,fcef‹u ausmif;
jrefrmhtvif; OD;wifu w,fvDzkef;eJ‹ vS rf;_yD;ajymwm ocifEk-um;vdkuf&w,f? om;av;wOD;r#omjzpfaom atmifqef;OD;ok‹d jzpfysucf jhJ cif;jzpfonf? xkt d csed o f nf
ocifEv k J twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k udk csucf si;f vduk o f mG ;w,f? aq;±H}k uD;udk tavmif;awG 0k'pf awmh (Woodstock) wka‹d cwfjzpfonf? qH&n S v
f il ,fonf vef'ef&dS jrefrmoH±;Hk
,loGm;_yDqdkwmeJ‹ aq;±Hk}uD;udk ocifEkvdkufjyefw,f? AdkvfcsKyftavmif;udk-unfh Y &SdaepOf OD;ae0if;u xkdae&mokd‹ a&mufoGm;cJhonf? ppfoHrª;u xkdvli,fonf
&if; rae‹ nuyJ pum;ajymae-uao;wmudk ajy;jrif_yD; ocifEk[m ±d+uf}uD;wiif rnfoljzpfa-umif; OD;ae0if;ukd today;vkdufonf? OD;ae0if;onf a'gotkd;
idak ew,f’ aygufux JG u
G _f yD; ‘'DacG;rom;’ ukd oH±;Hk 0if;xJu tckcsufcsif; uefxw k yf pfvu dk [f k
6
r[moD&dok"rR a':cif-unf (16²4²12=27²12²88)? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. trdef‹ay;cJhonf? ppfoHrª; &JxGef;tm; teD;uyfqkH;av,mOfysHjzifh &efukefjyefykd‹
ZeD;/ ajrmif;jrwGif arG;zGm;/ OD;zkd;n‡if; a':zGm;pkwkd‹. om;orD; (10) OD;teuf (8) vku d o
f nf?”
8
a,mufajrmuf? ausmif;_yD;aemuf q&mjzpfoifESifh olem«yq&mroifwef;rsm; touf (7) ESpfom&Sdao;aom atmifqef;vif;onf &efukef°rd›/ wm0g
atmifjrif_yD; ausmif;q&mtjzpf acwWr#vyk u f idk _f yD; olem«yq&mrtjzpf qufvuf vde;f vrf; aetdr_f cH0if;twGi;f &$ŒH EpS rf sm;ygaom a&tdik w f iG f a&epf_yD;aoqH;k cJo h nf?
9
vkyfukdifcJhonf? *syef0ifodrf;ykduf_yD; tapmykdif;umvwGif °rdŒawmfwGif yxrqkH; 0ifa&mufpD;eif;aomtzGJŒudk &J0efaxmuf (Police Superintendent)
aq;±kHxlaxmif&mY yg0ifcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; vlemtjzpfwufa&mufpOf tuf (pf) 'D *syf (S.D.. Jupp) uOD;aqmifco hJ nf? 1928 ckEpS /f 'DZbFmvwGif rpPwm*syf
olem«yt}uD;tuJjzpfol a':cif-unfukd AkdvfcsKyftm; -unfh±+apmifha&Smuf&ef udk Armjynf&w J yfzŒJGo‹kd ceft
‹ yfcohJ nf?
10
uHw&m;. wku d qf idk rf [
+ q k &dk rnfvm;rod wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf? odyrf -umrD The Burman (1947 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (23) &uf/ w&m;vdkjy
1942 ckESpf pufwifbmv (6) &ufae‹wGif olwkd‹ vufxyfcJh-uonf? (5) ESpf-um oufaojzpfol Armhvufeufudkif wdkufcdkufa&;&JwyfzGJŒrS acgif;aqmif &Jwyf-uyf
aysmfaysmf&$if&$ifaygif;oif;cJh_yD; olrtaejzifh cifyGef;onfukd qkH;±+H;cJh&avonf? (Head Constable) rif;Edkifonf 0ifa&mufpD;eif;onfhtzGJŒwGif yg0ifcJh_yD; ol‹udk
Adv k cf sKyf. rJqENe,f &efuek °f rdŒ vrf;rawmf. trwfae&mukd olrtm; qGaJ qmif,l aoewfESihfcsdef&G,f_yD; ypf&ef ðyrlcJhonfhtwGuf ol. typfcH&olrSm r+ef}uD;jzpf
apcJhonf? olronf vlr+zlvkHa&;Xme !¸ef-um;a&;rª;wm0ef,l&eftwGuf trwf a-umif; ±Hk;awmfwGif twnfðyajymqdkcJhonf?
tjzpfrS Ekwx f u G cf o hJ nf? aemufwiG f jynfaxmifpk vlrz+ v l aHk &;aumifpu
D dk OD;aqmif 1947 ckEpS /f atmufwb dk mv (9) &ufae‹xw k f ‘jrefrmhtvif;’ owif;pmwGif
cJhonf? 1960 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif tdENd,EkdifiHESifh eDaygEkdifiHwkd‹okd‹ oHtrwftjzpf vkyf}uHr+}uD; pwifppfaq;onfh ,cifae‹ta-umif; aqmif;yg;Y a&;om;xm;
cef‹tyfcHcJh&_yD; (7) ESpfr# wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh_yD; jrefrmEkdifiHokd‹ jyefvm_yD; onfrSmr+ vlowform;/ }uH&mygol tpGyfpGJcH&ol w&m;cH (7) OD;tm; vufeuf
tem;,lcJhonf? tif;,m;uefabmifab;wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf; olraetdrfwGif ukdifykvdyfrsm;u vufxdwfcwfapmifha&Smufxm;um ±kH;cef;wGif;okd‹ 0ifvmcsdefwGif
309 310
309 310
rSwcf surf sm; Adv
r+ef}uD;tm; “vusfmbuf vufwykdif;jywfaeol” [k azmfjyxm;ygonf? wnf;jzwfol ygarmuQ a*smh/ zDbm (Prof. George Feaver), Macmillan, 1922,p.193
11
1989 ckESpfwGif u|efawmfonf tdyfcsfatpwkdem (H.A. Stonor) ESifh “Ak'b < momuvsm%,k0toif; (YMBA) tm; pwifzŒJG pnf;cJo h nfh t"dut
pma&;om;qufoG,fcJh&m 1997 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) &ufwGif bDbDpD (2) ±kyfjrifoH a-umif;rsm;rSm tar&duefbufwpf(p) omoem«ytzGJŒ (American Baptist Mis-
-um;tpDtpOfu EkdifiHawmfvkyf}uHr+ taxmuftxm;±kyf&Sifukd jyo_yD;aemuf sion) . tm;¯ud;rmefwufenf;rsm;jzifh c&pf,mefbmomok‹d oGwo f iG ;f aejcif;rsm;ukd
_Adwdefjrefrmtoif;. ukd,fykdifuGefysLwm uGef,ufae&mwGif olwifjycJhaom ckHcH&efjzpfonf? EkdifiHtESH‹tjym;wGif toif;0if (4˜000) &Sdonfh rsm;jym;aom
tcsufukdyif olu xyfrHtxl;«ya&;ygonf? b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf tm;vkH;xJrSm toif;cGJrsm;&Sd_yD; rSefrSefwkd;wufvsuf&Sdonf? olwkd‹rSm pm-unfhcef;rsm;zGifhum
ykHrSefr[kwfbJ xl;jcm;aewmu OD;apmukd,fwkdif&JŒ v+yf&Sm;r+awGyJ? eef;&if;0ef pm-unfhwkdufrsm; pwifcgpjzpfvsuf jrefrmpmukd trª;xm;onf? vpOf*sme,fukd
a[mif;wa,muftaeeJ‹ OD;apmrSm Ekid if aH &;&nfreS ;f csuaf wG &Sad eao;wm oHo, vnf; xkwaf 0onf? Ttoif;onf jrefrmhtavhtx "avhx;Hk pHrsm;ukd xde;f odr;f
0ifp&m rvkdygbl;? 'gayr,fh tJ'DtcsdefrSm ol‹&JŒt«ytrlawGuawmh tm%m&zkd‹ xm;_yD; jrefrmht,ltqrsm;ukd a,bk,stm;jzifh azmfjy&eftwGufrsm;ukd vkyfukdif
r[mpDrHudef;}uD; csufcsif;}uHpnfaewJh vlwa,mufykHrsKd;awmh ray:ygbl;? vmEkid rf nfh toif;ok‹d wk;d wufEidk zf , G &f o
dS nf?”
wu,fwrf;u OD;apmtaeeJ‹ vkH;0bmrS rvkyfcJhbJ tzrf;cH&wJhtxd ol‹tdrfxJ 2
a':jrar (c) rpPpf trf/ trf vSatmif MBE ( 1853=1943) onf &efuek °f rd›
xkid af ecJwh myJ? rpPwm tdycf sfatpwked monf vky}f uHrj+ zpfpOfu jrefrmjynftwGi;f wGif Apfw;kd &D;,m;bk&ifrtxdr;f trSwf Ak'b < momrde;f uav;ausmif;ESihf Ak'b < mom
tajcpkdufxm;aom 0Jvfcsf&J*sDrifhrS ti,fwef;t&m&Sdjzpfonf? olonf a,musfm;av;ausmif;wdu k‹ dk pwifwnfaxmifcJh&m ,if;wdu k‹ dk aemifwGif Apfwdk;&D;
aemufykdif;wGif vef'ef&Sd “jrefrmawmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;tzGJŒ” ukd ,m;bk&ifr txdrf;trSwf rdef;uav;ausmif;tjzpf ajymif;vJypfcJhonf? 'vESihf
0ifa&mufco hJ nf? armfv°rdifwdk‹rS ppfuJ}uD; (ppfwyfzGJŒwzGJŒ. 'k=wyfrª;) armifaxmfav;. ti,f
12
vlxkOD;vS/ ‘axmifeJ‹vlom;’ (okcZmwfa-umif;jyef) pmrsufESm 107? qH;k orD;ESihf ppfu}J uD; armifcidk . f wlrjzpfonf? olr.cifyeG ;f jzpfol OD;vSatmifrmS
OD;apm. _cH0if;twGif;wGif usef;rm}u›Hckdifaom a,musfm;OD;a& (30) ausmf tdENd,b¾mwdkufrsm;udk xdef;csKyfuGyfuJol ( Controller of Indian Treasuries)
aexkdifvsuf&Sd_yD; olwkd‹tm;vkH;ukd 1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) &ufae‹wGif rif;}uD;jzpfI olwo ‹kd nf umvuwWm; (Calcutta)/ r'&yfp/f bkaH b/ yef*syf ponfah e
tif;pdeaf xmifo‹dk ac:aqmifomG ;cJo h nf? &mrsm;wGif ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm aexdik cf -hJ uonf? rdrw d ikd ;f jynf jyefa&mufvmaomtcg
13
txl;ckH±kH;. pD&ifqkH;jzwfcsuf (1947 ckESpf w&m;qkdifjcif;trSwf=1) rS olronf wufºuGI -oZmwduUr&Sdaom ynmjzef‹a0olESifh vlr+a&;vkyfief;vkyf
w&m;±kH;a&;om;csuf? “,cktcg OD;apmESifh tvGefrsm;jym;aom ol‹tdrfom;pk aqmifol jzpfvmcJhonf? tpdk;&u olr. jynfolvlxktwGuf vkyfaqmifr+rsm;
tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ukd &mZ0wfr+jzpf_yD; em&Dykdif;twGif; zrf;qD;Ekdifjcif;rSm rpPwmcef; tm; todtrSwfðyonfhtaejzifh (_Adwdo#tifydkif,m. tzGJŒ0if) trfbDtD; (MBE)
(w&m;vkdjyoufao=39) u twGif;0efcsKyfESifh ol‹±kH;cef;wGif pnf;a0;aeaom bGŒJ jzihf csD;jr‡ichf o
hJ nf? u|Ekyf . f tbd;k jzpfol OD;aratmifonf OD;vSatmif.wlawmf
OD;xGef;vSatmif (w&m;vkdjyoufao=38) xH olukd,fwkdif oGm;a&mufay;yko d‹ nfh _yD; OD;vSatmifu olt ‹ m;ynm oif-um;ay;cJhum }uD;jyif;atmif apmifha&Smufay;
owif;a-umifjh zpfonf?” cJo
h nf?
3
w&m;ol}uD; qm/ armifcif (KCIE, FA, LlB., bm;=tuf=avm
(1872=1924)? oluG,fvGefcsdefwGif owif;pmxJwGif EdkufbGJŒ (Knight) jzifh ol
tcef; (2) t"duacgif;aqmifrsm; aumif;ðycH&oltjzpf ol‹yHkudkazmfjycJh_yD; ,if;yHkatmufwGif A[dkw&m;±Hk;. yxr
1
qHk; jrefrmw&m;ol}uD;rif;/ bk&ifcHtr+aqmifaumifpDtzGJŒ0if/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;
0uf (b)/ qpfeDESifh bd&ufw&pf(p)= (Webb,Sidney & Beatrice) tp&Sdojzihf jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm t&m&mwGif yxrpGJol[k tr$ef;wifazmfjy
“1911=12 c&D;oGm;ae‹pOfrSwfwrf;” (The 1911-12 Travel Diary) rdwfqufI cJoh nf? ppfu}J uD;armifaxmfav;.ajr;jzpfol a':oef;ar (av'Dcif) udk vufxyf
311 312
311 312
rSwcf surf sm; Adv
cJo
h nf? om;orD;rsm;rSm OD;rsKd;cifEiS hf cifcif{jzpfonf? (2) TV / bmrif[ef°rd› (Birmingham) &Sd tm&StpDtpOfXmerS xkwfvkyfolrsm;u
4
w&m;ol}uD;OD;aratmif (MA, LlM., bm;=tuf=avm) (1880=1926)/ ywfoufol yk*Kd~ vftawmfrsm;rsm;udk awGŒqakH r;jref;cJo h nf? u|eaf wmfuykd g zdwaf c:I
A[dkw&m;±Hk;. w&m;ol}uD;rif;/ bk&ifcHtr+aqmifaumifpD/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; 1996 ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f wGif t*Fvefjynfo‹kd oGm;a&mufcyhJ gonf? Edik if aH wmf vky}f uHr+ ESpf
qm=armifcifae&mudkqufcHcJhonf? 0dkiftrfbDat (YMBA) . OuU@ (1919) / (50) jynfh txdr;f trSwt f jzpf 1997 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (19) &ufae‹wiG f *&dwf _Adwed f
Oya'ynm&yfqikd &f mygarmuQEiS fh &efuek w f uUov kd .f ynm&Sit f zGŒJ 0if/ Ak'b
< mom (Great Britain) . xkwv f i$ rhf Y+ aumufEw k cf suftwdrk sm;udk a&G;cs,f jyocJo h nf?
xH;k wrf;Oya'ESiyfh wfoufI xdyw f ef;ynm&Si/f ppfu}J uD; armifaxmfav;. aemuf a&G;Ekwx f m;aom ud;k um;csurf sm;udk TrSwcf surf sm;atmufwiG f azmfjyoGm;ygrnf?
xyfajr;wOD;jzpfol a':odef;jrudk vufxyfcJhonf? om;orD;rsm;rSm owdk;atmif/ vlawGŒar;jref;cH&ol ‘tJ&pf/ bufwmpbD’ (bk&ifcH. udk,f&Hawmf=1942/
xGe;f vSatmifEiS fh rjrpdew f ‹kd jzpfonf? aemifwiG f ,m,Db&k ifcjH zpfvmol qma*sat Eric Battersby, ADC) uæ “ol (a':refprpf/ Dorman- Smith) uawmh ol‹udk
armif}uD;u ‚if;. jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;t±dkuft&mudk qufcHcJhonf? azsmfajzwJh vlawGeJ‹ &$ifjrL;apEkdifwJh vl&Sdor#eJ‹ txufpD;qufqHEkdifwJh olwkdif;udk
5
armifarmif (Adkvfrª;csKyfa[mif;) “oHCmrS omrefvlokd‹” jrefrmEkdifiH. ESpof ufw,f? txufuvlawGuakd wmh olróudub f ;l ? olu ‹ kd {nfch H pojzihf vkyEf idk f
trsK;d om;a&;v+y&f mS ;r+rsm; 1920=1940/ 1980 ykEH ydS /f pmrsuEf mS 258 rSwcf suf (16)? wJh atmufcv H al wGuakd wmh oabmusw,f? u|eaf wmfajymcsiw f mu wjcm;vlrsm;
“t*Fvdyf=jrefrmujym; c±kdif&J0efaxmuf aZAD;,m; (Xavier) taejzifh vlacgif; awGukd b,fvv kd rl sKd;vJqw kd m cefr‹ eS ;f -unfw h ahJ e&mrSm u|efawmft h xift& ol[m
rsm;ukd w&m;0if"mwfykH±kdufEkdifa&;twGufom pm;yGJay:wifcJhjcif;twGuf tjypf t}udrfrsm;pGm vHk;vHk;rSm;,Gif;cJhw,f?
ajymp&mjzpfco hJ nf? rnfoq ‹dk adk p vltyk }f uD;pkrvd m_yD; owif;pmorm;rsm;uvnf; OD;apmeef;&if;0efjzpfpOfu bk&ifcu H Ekid if u
H kd oluwqihf tkycf sKyfcw hJ ,f?
"mwfykHrsm;±kdufEkdifcJh-uonf?” (aemufqufwGJjzpfay:vmaom vlxk. tvefw ‹ a':refprpf&JŒ owW0gr[kwf&if olvufrcHEkdifbl;? OD;apmu ol‹owW0gjzpf
-um;uef‹uGufatmf[pfr+rsm;a-umifh jynf-rd›&Sd ppfwyftaejzifh aemufykdif;wGif w,f? oloabmuswJv h jl zpfcw hJ ,f” [k ajymqdck o hJ nf?
12
xkwfjyefcJh&aom tjzpftysuf ta-umif;t&mrS aumufEkwfcsuf) aemifwGif Adkvf&efatmif[k xif&Sm;vmoljzpfonf? 1948 ckuGefjrLepf
6
xdkaqmif;yg;rSm aemifaomtcg ‘tdk;a0’ owif;pmydkif&SifESihf t,f'Dwm (CPB) ykeu f efrw + iG yf g0ifomG ;_yD;/ 1997 ckEpS w f iG f (CPB) ygwDuyif uGyrf sufvu kd f
jzpfvmrnfh OD;ndKjr.vuf&mjzpfygonf? onf?
7 13
tzrf;tqD;cH&olrsm;wGif aemifwcsdew f iG f 0ef}uD;rsm;jzpfvmrnfh udAk aqG Advk rf ;ª }uD; qlZu l ;D (c) rDemrD rql,dk (c) Adv k rf ;dk ¯ud; (bDtidk af t Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
ESihf udkA[def; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf-uygonf? rDemrD)? owWd&Sdaom w±kwfjynf ppfqifa&; ppfjyef/ ol txl;pdwf0ifpm;onfrSm
8
wuUodkvfrS udkvSa&$/ *syfqifaumvdyfrS udkatmifausmfESifh (°rdr› )oef;wdk‹ ta&SŒawmiftm&Sjzpf_yD; Armvrf;r}uD; jyefvnfzGifhvSpfonfESifh r[mAsL[m
OD;aqmifaom ausmif;om;trsm;tjym;u eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmbarmfOD;aqmif t& ta&;ygvmaom jrefrmEkid if t H ay:ESihf Oa&mywGif ppfyrJG mS ra&Smifrv$o J mjzpf
onfh twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k od‹k oGm;a&mufqENjy-uygonf? vmonft h csdew f iG f *syefb&k ifw h yfrawmf. r[mpDru H ed ;f rsm;wGif tm±kpH ;l pkud vf m
9
rnfoluaygufvdkufonfrod/ ‘ol&d,’wdkufa&S› Am'HyifatmufrS jrif;pD; cJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;okd‹ *syefwt kd‹ aejzifh ykdrkd_yD; vG,fvG,f0ifEkdifzkd‹ vkdouJhokd‹
ykvdyf a*:&mqm*sifwOD; bdvyf&nfykvif;rSef_yD; jrif;ay:rStus/ jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm; tm&Swkdufom;csif; r[mrdwf«yEkdifonfh tajymif;tvJ tcGifhta&;ay;jcif;jzihf
u pka0;ae-uaom vlrsm;tm; eHygwfwkwfrsm;ESihf ±dkuf-uygawmhonf? w±kwu f eG jf rLepfrsm;bufo‹dk olw. ‹dk vuf0, J rd ;f aer+ ukd wefjyefEidk zf ‹dk vkt d yfonf?
10
xdktcg yxrurBmppf(1914=1918) jyef ocifbdk;vS}uD; OD;aqmifxm; xkdokd‹ «yvkyfEkdif&ef jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;t-um;wGif _Adwdo#qefu ‹ sifa&;tiftm;pkrsm;
onfh vl (6˜000) tiftm;&Sdonfh vlxkcsDwuf-uygonf? tm;aumif;aumif;ESihf &Sad erSjzpfayrnf?
11
‘atmifqef;udk b,fow l u,fowfovJ’ ordik ;f taxmuftxm; ±kyjf rif Tokd‹ jzifh Adkvfrª;}uD; qlZluD;onf 1939 ckESpf apmapmuyif ppfOD;pD;XmerS
oH-um; rSww f rf;±ky&f iS Ef iS yfh wfoufI _Aw d od #toHvi$ ahf umfyakd &;&Si;f (2) wDADG BBC vkyfief;w&yf taumiftxnfazmf&ef wm0eftay;cH&onf? ol‹taejzifh (6)
313 314
313 314
rSwcf surf sm; Adv
vwmumvtwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHtajctaeukd avhvm&efESifh tquftoG,frsm; *syefY ausmif;om;wa,muftjzpf a&muf&SdaecJhjcif;omjzpf_yD; ppfoifwef;

wnfaqmufEkdifa&;twGuf pl;prf;&SmazG&efjzpfonf? ,kdrD,l&Dowif;pm. rqif;&aomfvnf; ta&;}uD;tvkyw f m0efrsm; aqmif&u G &f onf? olonf vli,f
owif;axmuf rDemrDrql,t dk jzpf Adv k rf ;ª }uD;onf 1940 ckEpS f arvwGif &efuek o f ‹dk wOD;taejzifh rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sd_yD; *syefukd jzpfEkdifacs&Sdaom r[mrdwftjzpf tav;
a&mufvmcJhonf? OD;apmu olESifhawGŒqkH&ef tpysKd;cJh_yD; *syefu ppftultnD xm;cJo h nf? *syefo‹dk oGm;a&mufynmoif&ef vkv d m;cJ_h y;D 1938 ckEpS w f iG rf S a'gufwm
xkESifhxnfESifh ay;Ekdifrnfvm;[kar;cJhonf? qlZluD;u ol‹rSm owif;axmuf odrf;armifu xkdokd‹ «yvkyfEkdif&ef pDpOfaqmif&Gufay;cJhonf? olonf -uufaygif
wa,mufomjzpfygonf[lI ta-umif;jyum a&SmifxGufcJh&onf? xkd‹aemuf ap;vkyfief;wGif t"du pdwf0ifpm;r+&Sdaomfvnf; xl;jcm;vSpGm owif;pmvkyfief;/
*syef=jrefrm cspf-unfa&;toif;zGJŒonfhtcg qlZluD;u twGif;a&;rª;jzpfvm_yD; ykHESdyfvkyfief;/ owif;pmtwwfynmESifha-umfjimvkyfief;oifwef;rsm;ukd wuf
xif&Sm;aom jrefrmvlrsKd;wOD;jzpfonfh a'gufwmodrf;armifu jzpfajrmufa&; a&mufcJhonf? xkd‹aemuf olonf wkdusKdpufr+ twwfynmoifausmif;ukd wuf
tusKd;aqmifjzpfvmonf? Adkvfr;ª }uD;taejzifh olu ‹ kd ykdrdkod&Sd&if;ESD;vm_yD; olw. kd‹ a&mufcJh_yD; ykHESdyfvkyfief;ukd qufvufqnf;yl;cJhonf? 1941 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv
vGwv f yfa&;¯ud;yrf;r+wiG f ulnED idk o f nfh olt ‹ &nftcsif;ukv d nf; jrefrmjzpfot l m; apmapmykdif;wGif olonf Adkvfr;ª }uD; qlZluD;/ atmifqef;/ vS-rdifwEdk‹ Sifh qufoG,frd
txifw}uD;jzpfvmapcJo h nf? qlZu l ;D taejzifh jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f &Sd v#K0‹d u
S tf quf onf? rwfvwGif a&a-umif;rS olu ‹ kd befaumufokdy‹ kdv ‹ kduf_yD; csif;rkdifwGif (6) v
toG,rf sm;ta-umif; avhvmEkid v f mcJ_h yD; bke;f awmf}uD; OD;em*gtdjzifh jrefrmt"du cef‹ axmufvS rf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufaponf? olonf a&a-umif;rSyif
&yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESihf qufo, G rf r+ sm; ykrd w kd ;dk csJŒEidk cf o hJ nf? *syefokd‹ jyefvmcJhonf? oltjyefc&D;wGif tykdwm0efwck,lcJh&onf? ,if;rSm
14
tDZlrd,m wufql±kd= rDemrDatmf*ef pmrsufESm (23)? azmfrq dk mok‹d tjcm;&Jabmfrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;Ekid af &;twGuf oGm;a&muf&ef uke;f vrf;
“*syefemrnfrsm;ukd Akv d rf ;ª }uD; qlZu l ;D u pOf;pm;ay;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? jrefrm[l jzifh befaumufoa‹dk &muf&v dS maom ocifoef;wifudk twlapmifah &Smufac:aqmif
aom pum;vk;H pktwGuf a&;&aom yxrqk;H aom *syefpum;vk;H ukd ESpyf idk ;f cGv J u dk f vmcJh&jcif;jzpfonf? olonf oef;wifukd azmfrkdqmwGifxm;cJh&m oef;wifonf
_yD; vlESpfa,muftwGuf rdom;pkemrnfrsm;tjzpf tokH;«yvkdufonf? atmifqef; iSufzsm;a&m*gjzifh ,if;ae&mwGif aoqkH;cJhonf? olu *syefokd‹ EkdifiHa&; wm0ef
twGuf tkdrkd'gESifh vS-rdiftwGuf tDwkd'gjzpfonf? olwkd‹. ukd,fykdifemrnfrsm;ukd rsm;jzifh qufvufxGufcGmoGm;cJhonf? olonf azmfrkdqmokd‹ jyefvm_yD; ppfoif
a'gufwmodrf;armif.trnfrS &,lcJhonf? odrf;rSm awtDcsD/ armifrSm rGef*sD? wef;wGif yg0ifcJhonf? olwkd‹trsm;pkrSm befaumufwGif jyefvnfpkH±kH;rd-uaomf
Tok‹djzifh rsK;d cspjf refrmESpOf ;D twGuf *syefemrnfrsm;jzpfaom tkrd 'dk grGe*f sED iS hf tDw'dk gaw vnf; Adkvfxdef0if;taejzifh trdajrtwGif;okd‹ bDtkdifat. xkd;azmuf0ifa&mufr+
tDcsDwr‹dk mS arG;zGm;vmcJo h nf? wGif yg0ifEidk jf cif;r&Scd ahJ cs? tb,fa-umifq h adk omf ,k;d ',m;&Sd *syefb&k ifw h yfrawmf
15
tifemtdk rDZlwmeD (Inao Mitzutani) (*syefaxmufvS rf;a&; 1940) u . 0g'jzef‹ jzL;a&;Xmeu ol‹ukdvkdtyfaeaoma-umifhjzpfonf? jynfwGif;&Sd vlxk
‘&efuek Ef iS fh ,leef qufo, G x f m;aom Armvrf;r}uD;udk jzwfawmuf&efrmS rDemrD xH olu a&'D,kdtoHv$ifhr+rsm; «yvkyfcJh_yD; av,mOfrS }uJcspmrsm;ukdvnf; olu
uDuef (Minami Kikan) . tcef;u¾jzpfonf? ,if;odk‹vkyf&efrSm jrefrmhvGwf a&;ay;cJh&onf? _Adwdo#wkd‹ rEœav;ukd odrf;ykduf_yD;aemuf arvwGifrS olonf
vyfa&;v+yf&Sm;r+udk axmufcH&efjzpfonf? ‘tdENd,&Sd _Adwdo#udkarmif;xkwf&ef jrefrmjynfo‹dk jyefvnfa&muf&cdS o hJ nf?
17
u|Eyfk w f ‹kd jrefrmjynfwiG f &Sad ecJo h nf? jrefrmvGwv f yfa&;udk ay;&efr[kwyf g? jrefrm ukdxGef;&Sdef (1918=1989)? ausmif;om;b0u olu ‹ kd oHr%dxGef;&Sdef[k
Edik if w
H iG f vH°k cHaom ajcukypf cef;r&Sb d J u|Ekyf w f p‹kd pfwyftaejzifh tdE, dN oda‹k &muf&dS vlodrsm;onf? &efukefwuUokdvf ausmif;om;or*~. twGif;a&;rª;jzpfcJhonf?
&ef rjzpfEikd yf g’ [k ajymqdck o hJ nf? rpPwm rDZw l meDonf ,if;toHvi$ x hf wk rf r+ wdik f _Adwdo#wyfwkd‹tqkwfwGif bDtkdifat (BIA) ESifh wkdufyGJrsm;jzpf&mY a&$awmif
rD 1997=ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJoh nf? wku d yf w JG iG f &Jabmfo;Hk usdyw f t ‹dk -um; emrnf}uD;vm_yD; Adv k &f efEidk t
f jzpf ausmf-um;
16
ukad qmif; (c) Akv d x f ed 0f if;? T&Jabmfo;Hk usdy0f ifta-umif; Ekid if jH cm;om; vmcJhonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; a'gufwmbarmfonf EkdifiHawmf t"dywd
pma&;q&mrsm;u Tokd‹ azmfjycJh-uonf? olonf tcGifhaumif;tcgaumif;wGif t&Sifrif;}uD;tjzpf jrifhwufoGm;&m Adkvf&efEkdifukd ol‹. ppfzufvufaxmufESifh
315 316
315 316
rSwcf surf sm; Adv
tyg;awmf_rJtjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhonf? Akdvf&efEkdifu a'gufwmbarmf.orD;jzpf a'gufwmqlumqmqlZu l ;D jzpfonf?

olþ wifZm (Tinza) ESifh aemufqkH;wGif vufxyfcJhonf? 1970 ckESpfwGif olonf 1938 ckESpfrSpI aexkdifvmcJhol bkef;awmf}uD; OD;em*gtdonf ocifacgif;
xkdif;EkdifiHY zGJŒpnf;cJhaom OD;Ek. ae0if;qefu ‹ sifa&;wyfzGJŒrsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifcJh aqmifyidk ;f ESihf rDemrDuu D eft-um; ul;oef;qufo, G af y;&mY txl;ojzifh tm;oGef
onf? 1980 ckESpfwGif vGwf_idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdet f‹ & jrefrmEkdifiHokd‹ jyefvmcJhonf? cGefpkduf&SdvSonf? t_idrf;pm;a&wyfAdkvf}uD;jzpfcJhol oGm;q&m0ef ukdulbl±+dZkdu
1989 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG o f nf? ocifatmifoef; (Akv d pf }uFm) . zcifjzpfol OD;jromrSwqifh Apde=f xGe;f tkyf ocif
18
tDemtkrd ZD w l meD=“iSuaf ysmoD;wwG”J (orkid ;f Xme=&S*D wfum=vpfb&,f rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;oGm;q&m0efwa,mufjzpfol umrkd&SDwmu ol‹vlem
tEkynmaumvdyf/ um*kd&SDrmwuUokdvf/ ukd&Drkdwkd/ um*kd&SDrm/ *syef/ 1948 ckESpf) jzpfol ocifukd,fawmfr+dif;tkyfpkrS 'k=acgif;aqmifjzpfol ocifjrESifhvnf;aumif;
pmrsufEmS 36? teD;uyfqufo, G rf r+ sm; &Scd -hJ uonf? oGm;q&m0efwOD;jzpfol tkw d mu Aef;armfrS
“eHeufcif;wckrmS ocifpv H id+ Ef iS hf tjcm; (4) a,mufw[ ‹dk m oabFmaiGpm&if; a':oDEiS hf ta-umif;ygcJ_h yD; aemifwiG f a':oDu *syefraS eI toHvi$ 0hf g'jzefc‹ o hJ nf?
ukdiftcef;ukda&mufvm_yD; ocifxGef;tkyfu EkdifiHa&;orm;b0cH,lxm;oltaeeJ‹ ukew f u
dk pf wk;d pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&SiEf iS hf y&dabm*ukeo f nf rpPwm [mwmemumu
-unfh_yD; ol‹ukd acgif;aqmiftjzpf owfrSwf&r,fvkd‹ awmif;qkdaea-umif;ESifh vnf; OD;jromESifh rdwfaqGjzpfcJhonf? *syefukefoG,fr+A[kd. t}uD;tuJ rpPwm
'Dawmif;qkcd suu f dk olwv ‹dk ufrcHEidk af -umif; ajymvmygw,f? 'ga-umifh &JabmfawG tkdbmtaejzifh t_rJaxmufvS rf;apmifh-uyf-unfh±+&onfh vkyfief;wGif yg0if
tm;vk;H ukd oabFmaiGpm&if;ukid t f cef;ukd ac:vku d yf gw,f? oabFmaiGxed ;f &Sirf if aqmif&GufcJhonf? oH±kH;rS aumifppf0efjzpfol rpPwm [GrRm ESifh ppfwyft&m&Sd
(rpfZlwmeD) u “*syefukdra&mufrcsif; b,fvkdtajctaersKd;rSmrS EkdifiHa&;v+yf jzpfolwkd‹onfvnf; yg0ifywfoufaecJhonf? txufwGif emrnfazmfjycJhol
&Sm;r+ukd oabFmay:rSm cGifhr«ybl;? 'Dpnf;urf;ukd csKd;azmufwJhol b,foljzpfjzpf t&yfom;tawmfrsm;rsm;wkd‹onf bk&ifhwyfrawmfESifh jyefvnfvkdufygvmcJh_yD;
'Dae&muae_yD; uk, d Ehf idk if u H dk a&ul;jyef&r,f” vk‹d olwu ‹dk dk owday;ajymqkv d u dk yf g *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&;wGif ulnDcJh-uonf? (&if;ESD;qJ tultnDay;qJjzpfaom
w,f? ,if;tjzpftysufrSm &efukefrS pifumyltoGm; yifv,fjyifrSm ‘ukd±lrm±l’ rEœav;rS qHoq&m}uD;yg tygt0ifjzpfonf)?
20
oabFmay:wGif jzpfysufcJhjcif;jzpfonf? T (11) a,muf aemufqkH;tokwf OD;atmifcif=“ae0if;/ EkdifiHa&;±kyfykHv$m”/ tykdif; (1)? {&m0wD pmapmif
ckd;xkwf&mwGif ocifpHv+difESifh (4) a,mufrSm ocifukd,fawmfr+dif;tkyfpkrSjzpf_yD; ygaqmif;yg;/ csif;rkid /f -o*kwv f 2000 ckEpS /f twGJ (8) trSwf (8) pmrsufEmS (22)?
ocifxGef;tkyf/ ±+armif (ae0if;) ESifh (4) a,mufrSm Apdef=xGef;tkyf tkyfpkrSjzpf “ae0if;onf arG;&mygzsufqD;a&;orm;jzpfonf? tvGefi,fvSaom uav;
-uonf?” b0uyif t-urf;zufr+ESifh zsufqD;a&;wkd‹wGif ol‹tpGrf;tpukd jyocJhonf?
19
jrefrm=*syefqufoG,fr+rSm jrefrmjynfw0S rf; aexkdifvsuf&Sdaom aygufacgif;&GmwGif olwufaeaom rlvwef;ausmif;ukd rD;±+dŒzsufqD;&ef ¯ud;pm;
*syefvlrsKd;tcsKd‹rSwqifh aqmif&GufcJh&onf? rpfZlwmeDu ol‹pmtkyf (iSufaysm cJhzl;onf[kqkdonf? tb,fha-umifhqkdaomf olonf qufvufynmroifvkdaom
oD;wwG)J pmrsuEf mS (13) wGif ‚if;ta&twGurf mS (300) cef&‹ o dS nf[k a&;cJo
h nf? a-umifh[l.?
‚if;wkd‹rSm oGm;q&m0efrsm;/ "mwfykHq&mrsm;/ tESdyfonfrsm;/ ukefonfrsm;ESifh *Eœ0ifajrmuf&aJ bmfo;Hk usdyw f ‹dk 1941 ckEpS w
f iG f *syefatmufY ppfynmqnf;
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ESifh b%fvkyfief;wkd‹rS pD;yGm;a&;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf-uonf? yl;ae&aom [kdifeefu|ef;ay: Y ol. tzsufobm0u ay:vGifvmjyefonf?
q&m0efrsm;/ Ak'<bmombkef;awmf}uD;wyg;/ qHoq&mrsm; (wOD;rSm rEœav;wGif ae0if;«yvky&f aom pGr;f &nfppfaq;r+u olw ‹ iG f tzsut h yk if ef; (Sabotage)/
f arSmifv
taumif;qkH; qHoqkdifwqkdifzGifhvSpfxm;_yD; u|efawmhfrdom;pkrS a,musfm;jzpfol zsufvkdzsufqD; taESmifht,Sufay;&ef aoG;aqmifEkdifpGrf; (Subversion) ESifh
rsm; ,if;qkdifwGif qHyif!Syf-uonf) ESifh tjcm;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief; tcuftcJawGŒu wywf±kdufa&Smifwdrf;Ekdifr+ (Subterfuge) wkd‹wGif e*kdrlvt&nf
vkyfaqmifolrsm;ukdvnf; csefxm;Ir&ay? xif&Sm;aom q&m0efwOD;rSSm a'guf tcsif;&Sad ejcif;ukd jyovsuf&o dS nf?”
21
wmbarmfEiS hf tjcm; Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm; t_rJwrf;ukor+ cH,al eus q&m0ef jzpfol tDemtkrd pfZw l meD=‘iSuaf ysmoD;wwG’J pmrsufEmS 56=59?
317 318
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rSwcf surf sm; Adv
“u|efawmfhukd bDtkdifat ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;t&m&Sdtjzpf wm0efay;yg 1940=1948 (upfuma';vf ykEH ydS x f w k af 0r+/ paumh wvef 1989) pmrsuEf mS 86=87
w,f? csif;rkdifteD;w0kdufu &GmawGu av#mufwJholtrsm;pku jrefrmtenf;i,f “olwkd‹ppfXmewkdif;rsm;rS tusOf;±kH;z,f&Sm;cH-u&aom [kdifeeftkyfpk (&JabmfokH;
uvGJvkd‹ &S rf;awG/ _rdKawG/ u&ifawGjzpfygw,f”? “ppfom;topf (230) avmuf usdyf0ifrsm;) u AdkvfvusfmxH xkdurSwqifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xH oGm;cJh-u_yD;
pm&if;&_yD;awmh befaumufrSm&SdwJh uDuefXmecsKyfukd &xm;eJ‹ ykd‹vkdufygw,f? Adkvfae0if;ESifh ol‹vufa&G;pift&m&Sdrsm; vufxJwGif ppfwyf}uD;wckvkH;xm;I
olwkd‹awGu xkdif;vkd 'grS r[kwf &S rf;vkdajym-uygw,f? jrefrmvkd vkH;0rajym-u jzpfvmrnfah b;tEœ&m,ftwGuf owday;ajymqkcd -hJ uonf? atmifqef;uk, d Ef u
d+ f
bl;?” “xkdif;ajrmufykdif;buf &uftawmf-um c&D;oGm;_yD; pkaqmif;awmh uvnf; wkid ;f jynf. wckwnf;aom pkpnf;xm;_yD;/ avhusifx h m;_yD; yk*Kd~ vfrsm;.
&S rf;eJ‹ _rdK(300) ausmf pkaqmif;rdw,f? olwkdu ‹ kd ‘zpfqeLvGwf’ uwqifh ‘&[if’ tpktzGŒJ (wyfrawmf) ukd a0r#ay;&rnft h awG;tac:ukd ESp°f cduv f o S nfr[kwaf cs?
ukd ykvd‹ dkuf&w,f? bma-umifhvJqkdawmh Zefe0g&Dv (11) &ufuyJ jrefrmXmecsKyf xkda-umifh olt ‹ aejzifh ppfqifa&;&mrsm;twGuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfukdrxm;bJ
u &[ifukd ajymif;oGm;vkd‹ygyJ?” tDZlrD,mwwfql,kd/ rDemrDatmf*ef (&efukef ppf0ef}uD;atmufwiG o f m ppfO;D pD;csKyfudk wku d ±f u
dk cf efx
‹ m;onfh _Awd o d #ppf±;Hk pepfudk
wuUokdvf=1981) pmrsufESm 98 ESifh 99? Adkvfrª;}uD; qlZluD;u eHygwf (15) csrw S cf ohJ nf? ppf0ef}uD;Xmeukd tvGev f sijf refpmG jyefvnfzŒJGpnf;cJ_h y;D rwfvwGif Adv k f
wyfrawmf&JŒcGifh«ycsufeJ‹ _Adwdo#awGvnfywfaewJh abmfeD,dkukr`%Duae_yD; ae0if;ukd &efukefppf±kH;okd‹ ppfOD;pD;csKyftjzpf a&$Œvkduf_yD; taxGaxGppfOD;pD;Xmeukd
axmufyHha&;ypPnf;awGawmif;vkduf_yD; 'DZifbmv (17) &ufrSm t_yD;a&$Œvkduf }uD;-uyfapcJo h nf? atmifqef;taejzifh pnf;urf;pepfusapa&;twGuf umuG,f
ygw,f? (befaumufwGif bDtkdifatXmecsKyfwnfaqmuf&ef)? befaumufrSm a&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf qufvuf&adS ecJ_h y;D trdea‹f y;csKyfuidk x f m;onfh _Aw d o
d #enf;vrf;
tajccsaewJh jrefrmawG&Sdayr,fh odyfrrsm;ygbl;/ olwkd‹xJu bDtkdifatpkaqmif; rsm;twkid ;f vk;H 0csrSwaf qmif&u G cf o hJ nf?”
25
r+udk wk‹H jyefr+ tawmftm;aumif;ygw,f? csufcsif;yJ ppfom;opf (200) &ygw,f? bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ vlawGŒar;jref;cH&ol tJ&pfbuf
bDtkdifatxJ0ifwJh *syefu pkpkaygif; (74) a,muf&Sdygw,f? rlvt&if;cHt&m&Sd wmpbD (Eric Battersby) bk&ifc. H ud, k &f aH wmf (at'DpD 1942) u ‘ OD;atmifqef;
awG/ tifpDtkdawG/ rDemrDatmf*ef&JŒ t&yfom;yk*~dKvfawG/ ppfjzpfwmeJ‹ csufcsif; . tpGef;a&muft,ltqrsm; pGef‹v$wfoGm;ap&ef OD;apmu v$rf;rdk;vkyfaqmif
wGJzufcH&wJh t&yfom;yk*~dKvfawG jzpfygw,f? bDtkdifatwyfxJ tvkdtavsmuf Edkifvdrfhrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsufESihf (qma':refprpfu) u|Ekfyftm; (OD;apmudk
0ifvm-uolrsm;[m ausmufrsuf&wemeJ‹ "mwfowWKwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;/ opf jyefac:vm&ef) apv$wfcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? 'g[m oufoufrJh±l;wmyg/ 'g[m
awmvkyfief;/ wd&p>mefarG;jrLa&;vkyfief;/ }uHpkdufa&;vkyfief;eJ‹ a&xGufvkyfief; vG,fvG,fav; b,fjzpfEdkifrvJ? OD;apm[m jrefrmEdkifiHrSm -oZmtm%m r&Sd
tp&SdwJh pufr+vkyfief; tvkyform;awGjzpfw,fvkd‹ jrefrmpma&;q&mawGu awmhygbl;/ OD;atmifqef;uom csKyfudkifxm;wmyg’ [k ajz-um;ajymqdkcJhonf?
26
azmfjya&;om;-uygw,f? bufwmpbD. ajymqkdcsufrsm;rS txufygta-umif;ukdom BBC rS
22
1948 ckESpf/ -o*kwfv (1) &ufae‹wGif vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEdkifiHrSa-u xkwv f yk of u
l wifqufxm;ykrH mS em;vnf&efcufco J nf? bk&ifc.H &nfreS ;f csurf mS
nm&mwGif EdkifiHawmftvHtjzpf yHkpHwrsKd;xGifxm;aom ua'gif;udk tv,f OD;apmu OD;atmifqef;. t,ltqrsm;ukd v$rf;rdk;Ekdif&efr[kwfbJ/ _Adwdo#
xm;onfh 0g/ pdrf;/ eD/ (3) a&mifjc,ftvHudk todtrSwfðycJhygonf? EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef oabmwl_yD;aom/ AkdvfcsKyftm; txl;tm;jzifh zqyvukd
23
bDbDpD (2) wDAGD/ (txufygtpDtpOf) atmifqef;pk-unf= “vltrsm;u a,bk,stm;jzifh &nf&, G v
f suf Ekid if aH &;qefu ‹ sib f ufrsm;. tiftm;jznfq h nf;&ef
xif-uwmu *syefvlrsKd;awG[m tm&Swkdufom;tcsif;csif;jzpf-uwma-umihf jzpfygonf? ‚if;&nf&G,fcsufukd &&eftwGuf bufwmpbDukdyif wkdusKd-rd›rS
vGwfvyfa&;ay;_yD; udk,fhEkdifiHudk,f tkyfcsKyfEkdif-ur,f? 'gayr,fh wu,fjzpfay: a'gufwmbarmfESifh a'gufwm odrf;armifwkd‹ukdvnf; tac:v$wfao;onf?
vmwmuawmh *syefppftkyfcsKyfr+[m _Adwdo#udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfr+xuf trsm;}uD; aemufqkH;jzpfay:vmonfrSm OD;apmu a'gufwmbarmfESifh ocifApdefwkd‹ESifh
ydkrdkqdk;0g;wmudk awGŒ jrif-u&ygw,f” yl;aygif;um zqyvtzGJŒcsKyftm; 1947 ckESpf {_yDv (9) &uf taxGaxGa&G;
24
armifarmif (Akdvfrª;csKyfa[mif;)/ jrefrmtrsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+rsm; aumufyGJwGif twkduftcHtaejzifh qef‹usif&ef EkdifiHa&;r[mrdwfzGJŒ -uonf?
319 320
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rSwcf surf sm; Adv
ok&‹d mwGif zqyvtzGŒJ csKyfonf ,SO-f ydio f wl idk ;f udk v$r;f rk;d _yD; rJta&twGuf &mckid f pmrsufESm (27) &nf!e¸ f;I “a[m(vf) qufvuf,Hk-unfaeonfrSm atmifqef;
E+ef; (95²3) &mckdifE+ef;jzifh tjywftowftEkdif&cJhonf? rpPwm bwfwmpbDonf ukd,fwkdifu jrefrmjynftm; _Adwdo# "eo[m, EkdifiHrsm;twGif; aeEkdif&ef
,if;tpD tpOfxkwfv$ifhr+rwdkifrD 1997 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? ¯ud;yrf;vkyu f idk vf odk nfh wdusckid rf maom pdw"f mwf&adS -umif;jzpfonf? atmifqef;
27
_Adwo d #eef;&if;0efEiS fh awGŒqaHk qG;aEG;&ef ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ ukd OD;aqmifI uG,v f eG o f mG ;av_y/D Tta-umif;t&mrsm;ESiyhf wfoufI pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;vnf;
toGm;wGif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf 1947 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&Dv(3) &ufae‹Y e,l;a'vD r&Sd? u|efawmfwOD;wnf; awG;qrdwmuawmh xl;c|efcJhonfh AdkvfcsKyfatmif
(New Delhi) wGif tm&Swu kd wf iG ;f qufqaH &; nDvmcHaumfrwDu ðyvkyo f nfh {nfh qef;uyifv#if TuJhokd‹ wcsdefcsdefu vkyfukdifvkdonf&SdcJhaomfjim;vnf; olt ‹ pnf;
cHyw JG iG f rdec‹f eG ;f ajym-um;cJoh nf? xda‹k emuf ðyvkyaf omowif;pm&Si;f vif;yGYJ ‚if;rde‹f t±k;H ESihf Ekid if uH ydk g ol‹-oZmanmif;atmif aqmif&u G o
f mG ;Ekid cf rhJ nfr[kwyf g? taemuf
cGef;udk tajccHI ar;cGef;rsm;ar;-uonf? “cifAsm;taeeJ‹ t-urf;zufwJhenf;eJ‹ {u&mZfEidk if rH sm; 0rf;enf;pGm em;vnfrr+ &Scd -hJ uonft h jyif rw&m;qufqcH -hJ uonfh
'grS r[kwf t-urf;rzufwehJ nf;eJ‹ 'grS r[kwf tJ'eD nf;vrf;ESpcf v k ;kH eJ‹ wdu
k yf 0JG ifomG ; «yusirhf r+ sm;rSm jrefrmjynftm; trsK;d rsK;d t[eft ‹ wm;rsm;ukd 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv
zdk‹ pOf;pm;xm;ygovm;” [kar;&mwGif “u|Ekfyfwdk‹taeeJ‹ b,fenf;vrf;udkrS (4) &ufae‹rpS wifI ausmfvm$ ;Ekid cf o hJ nfh ta-umif;wckwnf;omr[kwb f J t"du
uefo ‹ wfrxm;ygbl;” [k oluajz-um;oGm;cJo h nf? ol. ar#mv f ifch suEf iS fh ywfouf ta-umif;jzpfonfh rsKd;cspfpw d "f mwfomv#ifjzpfygonf?”
I ar;aomar;cGef;udkrl “u|Ekfyfwdk[ ‹ m taumif;qHk;udk ar#mfvifhxm;_yD; tqdk;qHk;
twGufvJ jyifqifxm;ygw,f” [k cwfjywfjywfajz-um;oGm;onf?
28
rpPwm bufwmpbDu bDbDpD (2) wDAGDuðyvkyfaom (txufygrSwfpk tcef; (3) w&m;qkid jf cif;
1
tcsuf (16) wGif azmfjycJhaom) wckwnf;aom awGŒqHkar;jref;cef;wGifyif ajym vlxOk ;D vS=“axmifev ‹J ol m;” (okcZmwfa-umif;jyef) pmrsuEf mS 190=111?
-um;cJah om rSwcf surf sm;udk qufpyfI rSwo f m;&efrmS pdw0f ifpm;zG,af umif;ygonf? txl;ckH±kH;Y w&m;qkdifr+ ponfESifh obmywdw&m;ol}uD;u OD;apmukd ckcHxkacs
bDbDpD.toHv$ifholu ‘OD;atmifqef;taejzihf olwdk‹udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ awmif; olrsm;twGuf Oya'ta-umif;t& ukd,fpm;«yol trnfpm&if;ukd wifoGif;&ef
qdkonfrsm; r&&SdcJhv#if vufeufudkifykefuefxºuG&ef jyifqifxm;cJhonfhtwGuf awmif;qkd&mwGif ol‹taejzifh bk&ifhtwkdifyifcHwOD;ESifh t*FvefrS 0wfvkHawmf&
(_Adwdo# bk&ifhtpdk;&taejzifh tomw-unf wESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef wOD;ukd iSm;&rf;xm;yga-umif;ESifh tjcm;olrsm;twGuf jrefrmEkdifiHrS a&S›aersm;ukd
tmrcHvu kd o f nft h wGu)f tHt h m;woifh jzpfomG ;cJyh &kH ygonf’ [k ajym-um;cJo h nf? ceft ‹ yfomG ;rnfjzpfyga-umif; olt ‹ }uHtpnfudk ajymjyavonf? olw. ‹dk t&Sio f cif
,if;rSwcf suftay: rpPwm bufwmpbDu “u|Ekyf . f jrefrmrdwaf qGwOD;u tJ'D ukd twdtvif; opPmapmifhodqJjzpfaom armifpkd;ESifh oufESif;wkd‹rSvGJI usefvl
tpDtpOf&JŒ tpuawmh _Adwdo#t&m&SdawGeJ‹ olwdk‹ZeD;awGudk rsm;Edkifoavmuf ola‹ emufvu dk tf m;vk;H rSm cGjJ cm;r+udk cHpm;rd-u_yD; pdwrf aumif;jzpfvsuf&-dS uonf?
rsm;rsm; owfypfzdk‹yJvdk‹ ajymcJhygw,f? tJ'DrdwfaqGu tlv+dufonf;v+duf&,f_yD; Tonfuyif olwkd‹ESifh olwkd‹. q&morm;a[mif;wkd‹t-um; qufqHa&;ukd ykdrdk
“iguawmh rif;eJe‹ efpD (Nancy) udk owf&rSmjzpfw,f’ [k u|Eyfk u f akd jymw,f? u|Eyfk f ysufjym;oGm;apavonf? aemufq;Hk Y armifp;dk / oufEiS ;f / &ef}uD;atmifEiS hf r+e}f uD;
vJ enf;enf;awmh vefo ‹ mG ;w,f? olu tJ'v D akd jymwmudk aemufajymifajymwmvd‹k wkd‹ukd om,m0wDrS a&S›aeOD;pH0if;ESifh ¯udŒyifaumufrS a&S›ae OD;odef;ausmfwkd‹u
,lqyHk&awmh u|EkfyfvJ 'g aemufajymifusDp,fr+tjzpf owfrSwfzdk‹ pOf;pm;vdkufyg uk, d pf m;«y-u_yD; armifped /f okc/ cifarmif&ifEiS hf armifew D ‹dk url olwu‹dk u dk muG,&f ef
w,f? 'gayr,fh t&ifuvdk ol‹tay: cHpm;vdk‹r&awmhygbl;” [kqufvuf a&Sa› ervkda-umif; wifoGif;cJh-uonf?
2
ajymqdck yhJ gonf? vlxkOD;vS/ (txufygpmtkyf) pmrsufESm 107=108? b!Gef‹rSm azmf
29
a'gufwm tuf(zf) tif/ xa&*g (Dr. F.N. Trager) . ygarmuQ 'D/ *sD aumiftjzpf w&m;0iftodtrSwf«ycH&aomfvnf; wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh 0efcHcsuf
tD;/ a[mf(vf) (Prof.D.G.E. Hall's) pmtkyf ‘ta&S›awmiftm&S&mZ0if’ tay:wGif tjynft h pku
H adk y;olrmS cifarmif&ifjzpfonf? b!Get ‹f aejzifh tk;d onfuek ;f -rd› w&m;
a0zefxm;onfhaqmif;yg; Guardian,Rangoon Vol.3,No.6, {_yDv 1956 ck/ ±kH;rsm;wGif ,cifu pma&;vkyfcJhzl;I w&m;a&;&mudpP&yfrsm;wGif tawGŒt¯uH
321 322
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rSwcf surf sm; Adv
tawmftwef&o dS nf? ouJhokd‹ taetxm;&Sdonf” [k ajym&ygrnf[k jyefajzcJh-uonf? OD;apmtae

3
‘jrefrmhtvif;’ ( 1947 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (9) &uf)/ {nfhonfrsm; jzifh EkdifiHa&; -ydifzufrsm;ay:wGif t-urf;zufjcif;/ owfjzwfjcif; «yvkyfrnf[k ,kH
twGuf xdkifcHk (100) owfrSwfxm;onf? a':oef;cif (OD;apm.ZeD;)/ orD;jzpfol -unf&avmufonhf ta-umif;tcsufwpkHw&m pOf;pm;I r&cJhacs? ocifApdefu
aroef;apm (abbDapm) ESifh a,muQrjzpfol OD;vluav;wdu ‹k kd {nfo
h nfrsm; ae&m olonf OD;apmxH ok;H av;}udrcf ef‹ tvnfomG ;zl;_yD; aemufq;Hk w}udrrf mS vky}f uHr+
wGif awGŒ&onf? trSwf (12) ppfwyfrS Adkvfrª;wOD;udkvnf; xdkae&mwGif rSwfpk rjzpfymG ;rDwywfu jzpfonf[q k o dk nf? _c0H if;twGi;f vltajrmuftjrm; aeaeonf
vdu k rf w
S af eonfukd awGŒ&onf? ukd owdxm;rdcJhonf? t0ifwHcg;r}uD;wGif *dwfapmifhwOD;csxm;onfhtwGuf
4
‘The Burman’ (1947 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (16) &ufESihf (17) &uf)/ OD;apmtoufukd &ef&Sm_yD;onfhaemuf TuJhokd‹ tapmifhcsxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k
t"duw&m;cHOD;apmonf tjympif;vHkcsnfESihf ydk;wdkufyHkwdk‹ jzifh oyf&yfpGm 0wf em;vnfco hJ nf?
9
pm;qif,ifxm;_yD; tpdrf;a&mifrsufrSefudk wyfqifxm;um vufwGifvnf; tjym OD;Ek. wmawpaeom; ‘(Saturday’s Son) = (a,;vfwuUodkvf yHkESdyf
a&mifrsufrSefwvufudk udkifxm;onf? wdkuf/ e,l;a[AifESihf vef'ef 1975) pmrsufESm 119/’ “wae‹rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmif
5
uk;d um;csufrsm;rSm txl;ck±H ;Hk awmfp&D ifcsuf (1947/ 'DZifbmv (30) &uf) qef;&JŒtdrf tay:xyfrSm tvkyftr+aqmiftpnf;ta0;wck usif;yw,f? wem&D
rS b!Gef‹ESifh cifarmif&ifwkd‹. oufaocHxGufcsufrsm;rS aumuf,lazmfjyxm; avmuf-umwJhtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒudk,f&Hawmf AdkvfxGef;vS tpnf;ta0;
jcif;jzpfygonf? cef;xJu0kd ifvm_y;D OD;apmaoewfypfc&H w,fv‹kd tr+aqmifv}l uD;awGukd ta-umif;
6
txl;ckH±kH;awmfwGif w&m;vkdbuf oufao 'k=&JcsKyf OD;xGef;vSatmiftm; -um;w,f? ocifEk[m olt ‹ em;rSm&SdwJh OD;ausmf_idrf;bufudkvSnfh_yD; “a[h=þausmf
jyefvnfppfaq;jcif;«y&m tajzay;cJh onfrsm;Y Ekid if aH wmfvyk }f uHr+ udpw P &yftm; _ird ;f / b,foyl pfw,fxifovJ” vda‹k r;w,f? OD;ausm_f ird ;f u olrodb;l vda‹k jzw,f?
&JtzGJŒ Xme (3) cku ukdifwG,fcJh&m aemufqkH;wGif &efukef-rd›awmf &JXmeokd‹ aemufwae‹ nbufusawmh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m OD;apmqDukd owif;oGm;ar;
v$Jajymif;vkdufygonf? ajymif;vJjcif;r«yrD OD;xGef;vSatmifu xkdtr+ESifh ywfouf &atmif ocifEkudkvmac:w,f/ ocifEk[m t0wftpm;vJ_yD; tjyifxGufcgeD;rSm
onfh &JcsKyf. vlowform;wa,mufpD zrf;qD;jypf'%f pD&ifcH&eftwGuf qkaiG “Adv k cf sKyfa& OD;apmudk b,foyl pfw,fxifovJ/ iguawmh uGejf rLepfawGypfw,f
±ly;D (10˜000) ay;rnfh a-unmpmrl-urf;ukd jrifcahJ -umif;ukv d nf; ajymjycJo h nf? xifw,f” vd‹k ajymwJt h cg Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u olrodb;l vda‹k jymw,f? OD;apm&JŒ
7
xif&mS ;aom orm;awmf a'gufwmboef;onfþtxl;ck±H ;Hk awmfov ‹dk ma&muf rsufESmawGudk t0wfeJy‹ wfxm;wJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfeJo ‹ cifEkwdk‹ vmw,fqdkwmudk
um &Jr+cif;qkdif&mcGJpdwfr+q&m0ef (Police Surgeon) taejzifh &efukefaq;±kH}uD;okd‹ om olo&d w,f? Adv k cf sKyfwu ‹kd kd rjrif&bl;?”
10
yka‹d qmifvu dk af om vky}f uHrw + iG f aoaus'%f&m&olrsm;tm; ppfaq;cJ_h y;D aoqk;H ol OD;aomif;. ‘ owif;pmorm;wOD;/ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;wOD;ESifh jrefrmjynfwiG ;f
rsm;tm; jzwfawmufcGJpdwfr+«ycJhonfh tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm; azmfjyxm; &Sd wyfrawmfwck’ (-umjzLyHEk ydS w f u kd /f befaumuf=1995) pmrsuEf mS (11)/ ‘ol±‹ ;kH rS
aom aq;ynmESihf oufqidk o f nft h a-umif;t&mrsm;ukd tpD&ifccH yhJ gonf? tjyef vrf;wGif um;twGif;pD;vmaeaom OD;apmudk vufajzmifh aoewform;
'kwd,urBmppf}uD;rjzpfrDumvwGif a'gufwmboef;onf (Adkvfrª;}uD; wOD;u vS r;f ypfvu kd of nf? od&‹k mwGif usnfqefonf olu ‹ rkd rSeb f J um;avumrSef
atmifcifESifhtwl) jrefrmvlrsKd;xJwGif FRCS ac: Fellow of Royal College of Sur- udk oGm;xdreS o f nf? rSeu f pJG wckonf OD;apm.rsupf u d vkd mxdco hJ nf? ‘The Burma
geons bGŒJx;l ukd &cJo h jl zpfygonf? 1962 ckEpS w
f iG f Adv
k af e0if;u jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &ukd Times’ . t,f'Dwmudk vlawGŒar;jref;cGifh OD;apmuay;cJh&m/ u|efawmfhtm; ol‹
odrf;qnf;_yD;tcsdefwGif a'gufwmboef;.orD;t}uD; a':cifaroef; (Katie) ESifh ±kyfyHkudk "mwfyHk±dkuf&ef wm0efay;tyfcJhonf? ol‹rsufpdudk ywfwD;pnff;xm;onfh
xdr;f jrm;vufxyfvu dk o
f nf? twGuf olt ‹ m; "mwfyrkH ±du k &f ef OD;apmu u|efawmfu h kd awmif;yefco hJ nf? od‹k jzpfI
8
txl;ckH±kH;Y a&S›aecsKyfu jyefvSefar;cGef;xkwf&mwGif EkdifiHa&;orm; (2) u|eaf wmfonf t,f'w D mu vlawGŒar;jref;r+ ðyvky&f mwGif rSwpf ak &;rSw&f mY tul
OD;vkH;u olwkd‹taejzifhvnf; {nfhonfrsm; twGuf ‘tdrfwHcg;ukd t_rJzGifhxm; tnDay;cJo h nf? ‘Ak'b < mom0ifaumif;wOD;taeeJ‹ u|eaf wmf&h efoal wGukd u|eaf wmf
323 324
323 324
rSwcf surf sm; Adv
t_rcJ iG vhf w
$ rf ð+ yygw,f/ 'gayr,fh u|eaf wmfrh suv f ;kH '%f&m&awmh rcHr&yfEikd af tmif xm;aomfvnf; twdtustcdik t f rm oufaorjyEdik cf ahJ cs? jrefrmEdik if . H trsK;d om;
pl;&Semusiyf gw,f/ u|eaf wmf olwu ‹kd kd cGirhf v$wEf ikd af wmhygbl;/ emusiv f eG ;f tm;}uD; ol&aJ umif;udk owfjzwfco hJ rl mS _Adwo d #wd‹k jzpfonf[al om pGypf cJG sufrmS jrefrm ppf
vd‹k u|efawmf rcHEikd af wmhygbl;’[k OD;apmuajymcJo h nf? tm%mydik w f v ‹kd ufxJ a&muf&o dS mG ;cJ_h yD;/ 'Drukd a&pDa&;ESifh vlt ‹ cGit
hf a&;wdt ‹k wGuf
11
jynfxJa&;ESifh w&m;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfol OD;ausmfndrf;u ykdrdkwif;usyf olrwlatmifpGrf;aqmifaeol OD;atmifqef;.orD; a':atmifqef;pk-unftm;
aomtpDtrHrsm; «yvkyfvkdonf? axmif0efxrf;rsm;. tusifhoduQmukd olu _Adwdo#vlrsKd;wOD;tm; vufxyfcJhonfhtay: vufvGwfpy,f wdkufcdkufvsuf&Sd
oHo,0ifvsuf&Sdonf? wcsKd‹taejzifh OD;apm. vSnfhuGufxJ0ifoGm;Ekdifonf -uonf? _Adwdef=jrefrmtoif;Y xkwfvkyfa&;rª;ESihf tacstwifjiif;cHkcJh-u_yD;/
r[kwyf gvm;? vk-H cHa&;ukd ykrd w kd if;usyf&efEiS hf txl;ojzifh nzufwiG f ykrd cdk sxm;&ef uGefysLwmtifwmeufuGef&ufY tcef;zGifhvSpfum qufvufjzpfay:vsuf&Sdaom
olu wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf? ta&;}uD;tusOf;usorm;rsm;. tcef;rsm;ukd apmifh tjiif;yGm;r+tay: okawoeðy&ef tcsut f vufrsm; zdwaf c:awmif;cHc&hJ m trsm;u
-unfhaeol axmif-uyfta&twGufukd wqwkd;ap&ef zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfrS olv ‹ l,kH wk‹H jyefchJ -uygonf?
2
(4) a,mufuydk g wm0efcsxm;ay;cJo h nf? xkt d zGŒJ xw J iG f xdywf ef;ygwD0ifwOD;jzpf bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf) / awGŒqHkar;jref;cef;Y azmfjycJhaom
_yD; ola‹ ,mufzjzpfol ocifyef;-rdiu f ydk g OD;ausmf_idr;f u vku d yf goGm;apcJoh nf? avmhvpfwdk0J. AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay:tjrif= “OD;atmifqef;udk tpm;xdk;I
12
bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ wifqufolOD;apmESihf ol‹vl (8) r&yg? jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk udk,fpm;ðyEdkifwJh acgif;aqmiftjzpfeJ‹ OD;atmifqef;&JŒ
a,muf w&m;±Hk;wifonfhtcsdefwGif ‘a':refprpfu olr‹ dwfaqGudk w&m;cHbufrS ae&mudk uae‹txd b,forl S r,lEikd af o;ygbl;”? avmhvpfw0kd o J nf ,if;tpDtpOf
oufaocH&ef urf;vS rf;cJhaomfvnf; _Adwdo#tpdk;&u t[eft ‹ wm;vkyfcJhonf” rxkwv f i$ rhf D 1997 ckEpS w
f iG f uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf?
3
OD;apmtm; aopm;aoap tpD&ifay;onfhtcsdefrSmvnf; a':refprpfu xyfrH rnfonfh aiGa-u;[k twdtus rqdck yhJ g? owif;pmu qdv k o
kd nfrmS ‘±ly;D ’
0ifpuG jf cif;ðyonfrmS ‘olr‹ w d af qGtwGuf u±k%ma&SŒxm;&ef’ jzpfygonf? aiG[k ,lq&ygrnf?
13 4
0wfvaHk wmf& rpPwm tuf(zf)/ a*s/ pvpfAg&D [aAg(*f) (Mr.F.J. Salisbury- vef'ef&Sd jynfolvlxkrSwfwrf;XmeY r-umrDu okawoeðyvkyfcJh&mwGif
Havock) u OD;apm. t,lcH0ifjcif;rsm;ukd ukdifwG,faqmif&GufcJhonf? 1947 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (20) &ufpjJG zihf ArmhppfXmecsKyf tpD&ifcpH m/ PRO WO (ppf±;kH )
zdkiftrSwf= 208§4941 wGifyg&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiH.tajctaetay: -um;jzwff
tpD&ifcHpmudk awGŒ&SdcJhonf? ,if;wGifyg&Sdaom pmykd'f (18) Y ‘'Dtuf (pf) tdk
tcef; (4) v#KdŒ0Suq
f ef;-u,fjcif; (umuG,af &;Xme vH°k cHa&;t&m&S)d ESifh tcsde-f umjrifph mG pum;ajymqd&k mwGif 'Dtikd f
*sD=pDtdkif'D (OD;xGef;vSatmif) u bk&ifhtpdk;& odrk‹ [kwf a,bk,stm;jzihf _Adwdo#
1
1997 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif bDbDpD (2) wDAGD. txl;tpDtpOf
wdk‹tay: oHo,jzpfr+rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfcJhaomfvnf;/ 'Dtdkif*sD= pDtdkif'Dtaejzihf
tay:wGif vltrsm;u pdwfysufp&maumif;aom &v'ftjzpfjrifcJh-u_yD; bDbDpD.
Oa&mypD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;wck odr‹k [kwf vly*k Kd~ vfwOD;wa,mufu zqyvtzGŒJcsKyf
tm%mydkifrsm;okd‹ w&m;0ifuefu ‹ GufcJh-uonf? ‚if;wDAGDtpDtpOfonf rSm;,Gif;r+
udk qefu ‹ siaf eaom OD;apmudk wcsdecf sed w f iG f aiGa-u;axmufy&hH ef urf;vS r;f cJo h nf
rsm;/ vdkufavsmnDaxGr+ r&Sdjcif;rsm;ESihf vdk&mqGJ rSwfcsufcsjcif;rsm;wdk‹ pkaygif;pyf
[laom oHo,jzpfr+ pG_J rJaeqJjzpfa-umif; 'Dtufpt f rkd mS cHpm;usefae&pfayonf?
aygif;xm;jcif;jzpf_yD; taxmuftcH/ taxmuftxm;r&Sad -umif;þwifjyuefu ‹ uG cf hJ 5
‘&efukef ae‹pOf’ owif;pm/ 1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (24) &uf?
-uonf? ,if;tpDtpOfudk rjyorD bDbDpD (2) taejzihf T±kyf&Sifu _Adwdo#wd. k‹
‘oHr%d’ trnfcH yifwidk af qmif;yg;&Siu f ‘vlt±k;d rsm;awGŒ/ tykyef &‹H ’ [laom
tjypf&Sdr+udk azmfxkwfrnfjzpfa-umif; ¯udwifa-unmcJh_yD;/ _Adwdo#taqmufttHk
xdwfvefz‹ G,facgif;pOfjzifh owif;ay;ykrd‹ +rsm;ukd ukd;um;a&;om;xm;onf? _Adwdef
twGi;f rS t&dyt f a,mifomjrif&aom vly*k Kd~ vfrsm;yg0ifywfoufaeonf[al om
rS paumhwvef,'fpkHaxmuftzGJŒu OD;apm. _cH0if;ukd &SmazG&ef rpPwm *syf(zf)
,lqcsut f ay:wGif xkwv f yk af &;rª;rsm;u Ttaxmuftxm;±ky&f iS u f kd tajcwnf
Mr.Juff qkdolukd apv$wftultnDay;vkdufonf? xkdolu owWK&SmazGud&d,mukd
325 326
325 326
rSwcf surf sm; Adv
tokH;«y&SmazGcJh&m vlom;t±kd;tykdif;tprsm;ukd awGŒ&Sdwl;azmfEkdifcJhonf? paumh Ekid if jH cm;a&;±k;H rS zkid wf rJG sm;rSm tzsut f qD;cH&yk&H onf? befaumuf&dS _Aw d o
d #o±H ;Hk u
wvef,'frS yk*~dKvftaejzifh qufvuf&SmazGvsuf&Sd&m _cHtwGif;jr‡KyfESHxm;aom olonf jrefrmEkid if w H iG f axmifusc&H r+rS a&Smifajy;vmcJah -umif;od&cdS o hJ nf” [laom
tavmif;aumifrsm;. t±kd;rsm;ukd ykdrkdwl;azmfawGŒ&SdEkdifvdrfhrnf[k ,kH-unfvsuf tcsufukd t!¸ef;Z,m;wcku jyocJhonf? apmapmykdif;u jrefrmEkdifiHwGif
&So d nf? axmifuscJhpOfu “_Adwdefu wpkHwa,mufu u|efawmfhukd z,f&Sm;csifaew,f?
6
bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ toHv$ifholu ‘1947 ckESpf/ ZGefv pum;ajymcGifhvJ ray;cJhbl;? tcsuftvufawGukd u|efawmfajymvkduf&&if
(24) &ufae‹wGif jrefrmEdkifiHY ppfwyf. vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwdkufrS b&if; txl;ojzifh _Adwdo#awGeJ‹ jrefrmawGt-um; t}uD;tus,f qlyGufukefvdrfhr,f”
*ef; tvuf (200) tcdk;cH&ygw,f? xdktcsdefywf0ef;usifY Adkvfr;ª [l;wGdKif (Hugh [k olu _Adwdo#tm%mykdifrsm;ukd ajymqkdcJhonf? vl;0pft(vf)vif (Louis Allen)
Toye) onf OD;apmxH tvnftywfomG ;a&mufc_hJ y;D OD;apmtaejzihf OD;atmifqef;. u “Akdvf}uD;ADAD,ef. xGufajy;vGwfajrmufr+” jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf
wefc;kd tm%mtay: pdwq f yl u G v
f y+ &f mS ;vsuf&adS -umif; awGŒ&cdS yhJ gw,f’ [k ajymqdk atmufajcrSwfcsufwck ({u&mZfESifh "eo[m, orkdif;*sme,f 1991 ckESpf
cJhonf? awGŒqHkar;jref;cH&ol Adkvfrª;wGdKifrS ‘ y&d,m,fr&SdbJ vlr+a&;t& yHkysuf Zefe0g&Dv) wGif ‚if;tjzpftysufukd ykdrdkwduspGm wifjycJhonf?
yef;ysujf zifh OD;atmifqef;onf txufa&mufaejcif;jzpfonf[k OD;apmu awG;jrif “EkdifiHjcm;a&;ESifh "eo[m,±kH;rS jyef-um;csufu ADAD,eftr+wGif&Sdaom
cJ_h y;D olu, kd w
f ikd Ef iS hf olu uGjJ ym;jcm;em;xm;vdu k o f nf? olonf tm%mudk wu,f zkdifwGJrsm;ukd zsufqD;cJh_yD;jzpfonf? okda‹ omfvnf; zkdifpm&if;rSwfwrf;rSm usef&Sdae
vdkcsifonfrSefaomfvnf; w&m;enf;vrf;wus &EdkifonfhtcgusrSom vdkcsifjcif; onft h wGuf 1956 ckEpS f zkid pf m&if;u=
jzpfonf[ f k u|efawmfxifjrifcyhJ gonf?’ (1) 1956 ckESpf {_yDvtwGif; okd‹r[kwf rwkdifrD befaumuf&Sd oH±kH;tae
7
udk;um;csufrsm;rSm &efukef°rd› txl;w&m;±Hk;/ tif;pdef°rdw › Gif ±Hk;xdkif&m0,f jzifh ADAD,efukd ,lauokd‹ twif;jyefykd‹ jcif;ESifh ywfoufI pkHprf;ppfaq;r+wck
1947 eHygwf (1) w&m;qdkif&m pD&ifcsufrS aumufE+wfcsufrsm;jzpfonf? vufc&H &Scd o hJ nf?
8
(8) bDbDpD (2) wDAGD 1997 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) &uf? rpPwmbif*av (2) &efukef&Sd oH±kH;u “ADAD,eftaejzifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif axmifus&uf
(Bingley) onf 1979 ckESpfwGif qm&D (Surrey) wGif uG,fvGefcJhonf? jynfolvlxk oufwrf;usef&Sdao;onf/ okda‹ omfvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHonf jyefvnfv$Jtyfay;a&;
rSwfwrf;±kH;&Sd _Adwdo#aumifpD. zkdifwGJrsm;rS jynfolvlxk-unfh±+Ekdifaom rSwf pmcsKyfukd xkdif;EkdifiH (xkdtcsdefu ,kd;',m;EkdifiH) ESifh csKyfqkdxm;jcif;r&Sd” [k
wrf;rsm;wGif Ekid if aH wmfvyk }f uHrE+ iS hf qufpyfaom olo ‹ wif;ay;ykr‹d r+ sm;r&Sb d J jzpfae tpD&ifccH o hJ nf?
a-umif; awGŒ&Sd&onf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif bif*avonf &efukef-rd› wuUodkvf&dyfom (3) Adkvf}uD;ADAD,eftaejzifh befaumufrS tvS rf;uGmaomae&mwGif
vrf;wGif aexkdifoGm;cJhonf? xkdtdrfukd aemufykdif;wGif OD;ausmfndrf;u 0,f,lcJh &SdaeykH&onf? 1956 ckESpf {_yDvukefwGif ol‹ukdjyefykd‹&rnfh tm%mykdifrsm;u
onf[k ,kH-unf&onf? rpPwm bif*av. ukd,fum,rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; t&yf befaumuf&SdoH±kH;rSwqifh ol‹twGuf a&a-umif;c&D;r&EkdifonfhtwGuf av
&Snjf cif;r&Sad cs? oka‹d omfvnf; rsufEmS &Sn&f n S Ef iS hf ydeyf ed yf g;yg;jzpfonf? a-umif;c&D;ukd ¯udwifppD Ofxm;-uonf? olu aemufEpS yf wft-umrS befaumuf
9
bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)? wifqufol= “Adkvf}uD;a';Apf ok‹d a&muf&v dS mcJo
h nf?
ADAD,ef (Capt.David Vivian) onf u&ifhv+yf&Sm;r+wGifvnf;aumif;/ OD;apm. (4) 1956 ckEpS f arv (31) &ufwiG f vef'efo‹dk Adv k }f uD;ADA, D ef a&muf&v dS m
yl;aygif;}uHpnfrw + iG v f nf;aumif; yg0ifywfoufaeol aemufwOD;jzpfonf? 1954 onf? trsKd;om;tultnDay;a&;bkwftzGJŒukd aumifppf0efXmeu ol‹taejzifh
ckESpfwkdifatmif u&ifrsm;ESifhtwl wkdufcdkufcJhaom ae‹&uf[laom ol. ae‹pOf a&mufonfESifh tultnDvkdrnfjzpfa-umif; ¯udwifowday;xm;cJhonf? okad‹ omf
rSwfwrf;ESifh *|efarmf*if (John Morgan) [laomemrnfjzifh taxmuftxm;wk vnf; olu ‚if;bkwftzGJŒukd csOf;uyfcJhykHr&acs?
10
rsm;tok;H «yum 1955 ckEpS w f iG f xkid ;f Ekid if rH S _Adwed o f ‹dk oljyefvmcJjh cif;ukd (bDbpD )D rS ‘vef'efòrd› xdyo f ;D ae&mrsm;rS yl;aygif;}uHpnfr’+ udpEP iS fh pyfvsO;f I txufyg
okawoe«yolrsm;u &SmazGawGŒ&dScJhonf? Adkvf}uD;ADAD,efESifh ywfoufaom (1) tcsufudk &nf!e¸ f;vsuf _Adwdef=jrefrmtoif;Y aqG;aEG;a0zefcJh-uolrsm;ESihf
327 328
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rSwcf surf sm; Adv
uGefysLwmuGef&uf tcef;zGihf&m0,f xnfh0ifa&;om;cJholrsm;teuf atmufyg onf? _Adwdo#EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;. tmqD,H (4) EkdifiH c&D;pOftwGif; olu
yk*~dKvfrsm;. t,ltqrsm;rSmæ jrefrmEkdifiH. vuf&Sdjzpfysufaeaom tajctaeESifh ywfoufI a0zefajymqkd&m
1? rpPwm *|efruftife&D (John McEnery) (,cif OD;pD;t&m&Sd jrefrmjynf wGif ppftpkd;&u ‚if;wk. d‹ tif'kdeD;&Sm;oH±kH;rSwqifh &&Sdonfh tcGifhta&;ukd tokH;
ppftkyfcsKyfr+XmecsKyf) “tJ'DtpDtpOfuawmh rwduswJh tcsufawGeJ‹ qefcg csum ‚if;taxmuftxm;±kyf&Sifukd jyefvnfukd;um;cJhonf? *smumwmykd‹pf
aygufjzpfaew,f”? owif;pmwGif ‚if;wkad‹ &;om;aompmukd azmfjycJhonf? ‚if;wku d‹ *g'D;,ef;owif;
2? rpPwm &S,fvfbDwyfum; (Shelby Tucker) = “tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; pmwGif tpDtpOfwifqufol zg*,fuif; (Fergal Keane) u wDAGD±kyf&Sif.t
wu,fwrf; aoewfypfcw hJ hJ vlEpS af ,mufajym-uwmuawmh olwu ‹kd kd iSm;&rf;ol a-umif; a&;om;aom aqmif;yg;ukd &nf!¸ef;jy_yD; a':atmifqef;pk-unfukd
u OD;ausm_f idr;f jzpfw,f? OD;apmr[kwb f ;l ” (zqyv twGi;f a&; v#KŒd 0u S }f uHpnfr+ ajAmifwkdufckdufcJhonf? u|efyfwkd‹ ol&Jaumif;. orD;jzpfolu t*FvdyfvlrsKd;ukd
&v'f) ? vufxyfcJh&m olr tm%m&&Sda&;twGuf ZGwftwif; yl;aygif;}uHpnfae-uaom
3? qmepfvmarm (Sir Nick Larmour, GCMG) = “'Dvrf (rf) uif (Lemkin tiftm;pkrsm;&SdaeonfrSm aocsmonf[k olwkd‹u axmufjycJhonf? olrrSm
xkwfvkyfol) ±kyf&Sif[m usKyfodoavmufawmh tajccHta-umif;&if; vkH;0rckdif u|Eyfk wf E‹dk iS hf wlyifwjl im;aomfvnf; olr. tonf;ESv;Hk ESihf pdwx f m;rSm wu,fu h dk
vHkbJ taxmuftxm; oufaooHo,r&SdwJh Zmpfjrpfay:rSm rlwnf_yD; tpDtpOf _Adwdo#jzpfaeay_yD? TonfrSm u|Ekfyfwkd‹. aemufaz;aygufrSaeI ukdvkdeDpepf
wrsKd;wifjyum atmifqef;vkyf}uHr+rSm r+ef0g;wJh o¿mef&SdwJh _Adwdo#awG yg0if oGwo f iG ;f &ef ¯ud;yrf;jcif;jzpfonf[k u|Ekyf w f ,
‹dk -Hk unfonf pojzifh pGypf cJG o
hJ nf?
-uw,fqw kd m jzpfcsijf zpfvrd rhf ,fv‹kd wifjywm bDbpD &D ŒJ yxrt}udrjf zpfw,f” ESifh aemufwckrSm ‘oH±kH;rStjrif’ [lI atmfw0g uae'gjynfoH±kH;rS tvm;wl
4? rpPwm tdwf (csf) atpwHk;em (H.A Stonor) = “usaemfu 'DtzGŒJ (jrefrm pmwapmifukd bDbDpD taxmuftxm;±kyf&SifESifhomywfoufI tao;pdwfa&;
jynfawmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwaf qG FBHP) &JŒ toif;om;taeeJ‹ ajym&rSmu 1948 om;cJhonf? EkdifiHukd pkpnf;EkdifpGrf;&Sdaom u|Ekfyfwkd. ‹ tppftrSef trsKd;om;acgif;
ckESpfusrS wu,fv+yf&Sm;vmwmjzpfw,f? ‘rdwfaqG’ awG pwifzGJŒpnf;vmwmu aqmifukd tiftm;okH;z,f&Sm;cJh_yD; vGwfvyfa&;ray;&ao;rD ‚if;wkd‹. EkdifiHa&;
_Adwdo# ppfr+xrf;a[mif;awG pum;vufqHkajym-uzdk‹om jzpfw,f? 'DtpDtpOf r[mrdwu f dk csufcsif;tpm;xk;d cJ&h ef ukvd edk eD ,fcsJŒtpd;k &u pGuzf uf¯ud;yrf;cJjh cif;ukd
(bDbDpD) u jrefrmjynf bk&ifcHa[mif; qma':refprpf[m FBHP &JŒ ta&;ygqHk; jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; orkdif;wav#mufvkH; ynm&Siftrsm;u oHo,0ifcJh
yk*Kd~ vfjzpfcw hJ ,fqw kd m vH;k 0rrSeb f ;l ? t"duv+y&f mS ;oluawmh Adv k rf ;ª }uD; u±drk wD -uonf? TonfrSm ykdrkdckdifrmonfh taxmuftxm;rsm; (pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;
wvfavmuf (Col. Cromarty-Tulloch) jzpfw,f? aemufol (pwH;k em) u ud;k um; .tqifhukd xdckdufvG,fonf[k owfrSwfxm;) ukd _Adwdo#wkd‹. ,kH-unfpdwf
_y;D a&;om;vdu k w
f mu qm&J*seD ,ftaeeJ‹ apmbOD;}uD; (autJi, f =l acgif;aqmif) cs&onfhae&mrS yxrqkH;xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; aoqkH;jcif;
aoqH;k _yD;aemuf ‘wdik ;f ’ owif;pm (Times, London) od‹k a&;pmwGif = ‘jrefrmjynf ESifh u&ifepfpwef oabmw&m; (Karenistan concept) ukd axmufcHtm;ay;jzpf
Y t"dua-uuGzJ , G &f m w&yfuawmh acgif;aqmifjzpfEidk pf rG ;f &S-d uwJh vltrsm; tjref ajrmuf&ef ¯ud;pm;ol _Adwdo#aoG;xkd;olrsm; tp&Sdojzifh “jrefrmawmifwef;om;
tqef qHk;±+H;cJh&jcif;jzpfw,f? atmifqef;/ OD;apm/ apmbOD;}uD;/ OD;wifxGÉfwdk‹ rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;” ukd bDbDpDu v#Kd0‹ Sufyk*~dKvfrsm;[k rD;armif;xkd;jycJh_yD; Tokd‹
tm;vHk;aysmufuG,foGm;ukef-u_yD’ [k a&;om;vkdufjcif;jzpfonf? olwkd‹ta-umif;wifjycJhonf? “tu,fIom atmifqef;ukdowf&mY taxmuf
11
bDbDpD (2) wDAGDtaxmuftxm;±kyf&Sifukd 1997 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) txm;rsm;u !¸efjyouJhokd‹ olwkd‹om yg0ifywfoufcJhygu jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;wGif
&ufae‹wGif jyocJh&m ,if;.t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm Adkvfatmifqef;ukd vkyf}uH txdckdufqkH;wckwnf;aom vkyfaqmifr+twGuf olwkd‹rSm wm0ef&Sdayonf?
&mwGif aemufuG,frS _Adwdo#yk*~dKvftcsKd‹ yg0ifywfoufaeonfukd azmfxkwf&ef ed*kH;wGifrl ,ae‹umv _Adwdo#rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh 1947 ckESpfrSpI wkdif;&if;om;
jzpfaomfvnf; ,if;rSm jrefrmppftm%m&Sifwkd‹vufwGif wvGJtokH;cscH&um vlrsKd;rsm;t-um; r,kHouFmrsKd;aphukd csay;cJhonf[k pGyfpGJcH&aom jrefrmEkdifiH
ol.orD;jzpfol a':atmifqef;pk-unfukd y&rf;ywm xkd;ESufwkdufckdufzkd‹ jzpfvm awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;wkd‹t-um; E+dif;,SOfjycJhonf? txufygtjrif
329 330
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rSwcf surf sm; Adv
ukd bapmcifu u&iftrsKd;om;or*~pmapmifwGif jyefvnf wkH‹ jyefa&;om;cJh_yD; ukd qufvufI usio hf ;Hk Ir&rSe;f olwa‹dk umif;aumif;em;vnfxm;-uonf? ok‹d jzpf
‚if;ukd qefz&efppPukdwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiH awmifwef;om;rsm;. I t&if;&Sife,fcsJŒwkd‹. t"duwm0efrSm AdkvfcsKyfukd z,f&Sm;&efjzpfonf?
rdwaf qGrsm;tzGŒJ &Scd jhJ cif;ESihf autif,u l dk uln&D ef ¯ud;pm;cJah omfvnf; autif,l ukdvkdeDe,fcsJŒwkdr‹ Sm ta,mifaqmifvSnfhpm;&mY vdrRmyg;eyf_yD; aumufuspfvGef;
taejzifh }uD;}uD;rm;rm; taxmuftyHhr&cJhjcif;rSm jiif;Ir&yg? ‚if;tzGJŒESifh &m olwkd‹ukd,fwkdif AdkvfcsKyfukd rz,f&Sm;bJ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;rS olwkd‹tvkdusvkyf
atmifqef; vkyf}uHcH&jcif;wkd‹t-um; qufoG,fr+rSmvnf; xkd‹twljzpfygonf? rnfh opPmazmufEkdifiHom;wOD;ukd olwkd‹&SmazGcJh-uonf? okd‹ jzpfonfh tm;avsmf
‚if;tzGJŒtaejzifh 1947 ckESpf jypfr+ESifh tenf;i,fr#om qufEG,fr+ &Sdaumif;&Sday pGm olwo ‹dk nf eef;&if;0efa[mif; OD;apmukd awGŒomG ;cJ-h uonf?”
13
rnf okd‹r[kwf vkH;0r&Sdvnf; jzpfayvdrhfrnf? tenf;i,fr#aom ¹cGif;csufrsm;rS txufwGifazmfjycJhaom bDbDpD (2) wDAGDrSwfwrf;±kyf&Sifu tav;
vGJI avmavmq,ftm;jzifh wjcm;wrsKd;wzkH oufaorjyEkdifygu _Adwdo#wkd‹ xm;wifjycJhaom ar;cGef;ukd aemufusrS pdwf0ifpm;r+jy_yD; 2000 ckESpf Zlvkdif
taejzifh Tvkyf}uHr+Y yg0ifywfoufr+rSm pGef‹pm;vkdolrsm;tjzpfom owfrSwfzkd‹ apmapmykdif;wGif uGefysLwmuGef&ufay:wGif ‘pdefaA'g’ trnfjzifh “AdkvfcsKyf
aumif;ygonf? tqifhjrifhtm%mykdifrsm;uvnf; rodusKd;u|ef«yaumif;«y atmifqef;ukd b,folwu,fowfovJ” [laom ar;cGef;ukd wifvmcJh onf?
rnfjzpfaomfvnf; trSefwu,f oem;-uifemaom pkd;&drfylyefaom ukdvkdeDrsm; ukb d efxeG ;f u atmufygtwkid ;f csucf si;f tajzay;cJo h nf? r-umrDurS 'DEidk if u
H dk 0if
xuf avmb&ruf}uD;rm;olrsm;om jzpfayvdrrhf nf? atmfw0goH±;Hk ukd ‘Nemesis’ vmwJhvl}uD;awGqDu -um;&wmu olwakd‹ jymwJhtwkdif;qkd&if atmifqef;pk-unf
emrnfjzifh _Adwdef=jrefrm Website wGif jyefvnfa&;om;r+onfvnf; ouf eJ‹ ±+armif (ae0if;) &JŒ orD;wa,muf pum;tcsDtcs ajym-u&if; ae0if;orD;
qkdifr+&Sdonf? ‚if;. rSwfcsuftcsKd‹ukd ukd;um;&v#if “u&ifvGwfajrmufa&; u a'gojzpf_yD; *VKefOD;apmukd r&Sif;*ef;awGay;vkdufwm ightazvkd‹ atmf
v+yf&Sm;r+ukd Tvkyf}uHr+ESifh qufoG,fjy&mY ao;EkyfvSonfh ‘u&ifepfpwef’ ajymvkdufw,f? ±+armifu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd &Sif;ypfcsifw,f? bma-umifhvJ
Karenistan tokH;tE+ef;ukd tokH;«yjcif;rSm cyfa-umifa-umif pdwful;pdwfoef; qkdawmh ysOf;rem;u rdef;rwa,mufukd ±+armifu rk'def;usifhwm atmifqef;u
tqef;xGifjcif;omjzpfygonf?” “u|efawmfawGŒzl;or# _Adwdo#ESifh tar&duef odoGm;awmh ±+armifukd owfypfcsifcJhonf? ae0if;ukd vufonfw&m;cHtjzpf
taxmuftxm;rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif rnfokd‹aom u&ifywfoufr+ wpGef;wpukdrS ykHESdyfazmfjy&ef roifhaom pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh pGyfpGJaom tjcm;wkH‹ jyefr+rsm;vnf;
rawGŒ&acs?” &Syd gao;onf?
12
OD;atmifoef;=‘atmifoef;.atmifqef;’ (yk*HykHESdyfwkduf/ &efukef 1965
ckESpf) pma&;olrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tukdjzpf_yD; _Adwdo#wkd‹ yg0ifywfoufr+
ESifh ywfoufonfh ol‹tjrifrSm &Sif;&Sif;wnfhwnfhjzpfvSonf? pmrsufESm (252)? tcef; (5) tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;
1
“_Adwdo#ukdvkdeDe,fcsJŒrsm;taejzifh jrefrmEkdifiHukd vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef a&Smifv$JI tdENd,EkdifiH tif;a'gppfwuUokdvf (Indore Military Academy) ausmif;
r&rSef;od_yD;onfhaemuf wzufu vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef oabmwl_yD; wzufu qif;rsm;jzpf-u_yD; t_rJwrf;wyfrawmfwGif 'k=Adkvftjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&aom
olwdk‹ -oZmv$rf;rkd;Ekdifrnfhtpkd;&rsKd; okd‹r[kwf olwkd‹tusKd;jzpfrnfh ±kyfao;tpkd;& tjcm;jrefrmrsm;rSm tmomcifarmif/ bzl;ESihf armifat;wk‹djzpf-uonf? urBmppf (2)
rsKd; tvkd&SdrnfrSm obm0usygonf? awmifwef;a'orsm; csefvSyfxm;Ekdifa&; cktwGi;f wGif tjcm;qifrh sm;rS &mxl;wk;d jr‡ijhf cif;cH&olrsm;wGif 'k= Akv
d f tD;cifarmif˜
twGuf enf;rsKd;pko H ;Hk cJjh cif;ukd txufwiG af zmfjycJ_h yD;jzpfygonf? Adkvfb*srf; (Sappers & Miners) ESifh tjcm;olrsm;yg0if -uonf? 'k=urBmppfwGif
wk;d wufaom Ekid if aH &;tjrif&o dS nfh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ukd ukv
d edk eD ,fcsŒJwu
‹dk Adkvfrª;atmifoif;onf tr+xrf;xl;c|efqk (Distinguished Service Order) csD;jr‡ifh
vkdvm;ESpf-cdufjcif; &SdykHr&yg? tu,fI AdkvfcsKyfom qufvuf&Sdaeygu t&if; jcif;cH&_yD; Adkvfrª;csKyftqifhokd‹yif wkd;jrifhoGm;cJhonf? _Adwdo#vufeufukdif
&Sief ,fcsŒJ wt
‹dk aejzifh vGwv f yfp jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f olw. ‹dk aoG;pkyo
f nfeh nf;vrf;rsm; wyfzGJŒrsm;wGif wufºuGpGm tr+xrf;cJh-uaom t&m&Sdtqifhay;tyfjcif;cH&aom
wkdif;&if;om; u&if/ ucsif/ &S rf;ESifh csif;vlrsKd;rsm;pGm&Sd-uonf? ,if;t&m&Sd
331 332
331 332
rSwcf surf sm; Adv
trsm;pkukd wyfrawmforkdif;wGif rSwfwrf;wif todtrSwf«y&ef vkdtyfaeao; _yD; OD;boef;tm; rrSwrf ad wmha-umif;? (18) &ufae‹ eHeufwiG f 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifE/k
onf? ,ckavmavmq,fwGif ppftm%m&Siftkyfpku pdwf"mwfusOf;ajrmif;pGm EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf_idrf;/ w&m;a&;Xme0ef}uD; OD;b*srf;ESifh tjcm;acgif;
jzifh rSww f rf;«yxm;onf? aqmifrsm; vm-unf-h ua-umif;? OD;wifxËG . f a0'emukd tdE, dN rS q&m0ef}uD;wOD;
2
1948 ckESpf pufwifbmv (17) &ufn (9) em&DcGJcef‹wGif wyfrif;}uD; yifh_yD; ukvkdao;a-umif;ESifh 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEku qEN&Sdojzifh q&m0efrsm;.
wifxËG t f ay: vky}f uHz‹dk ¯ud;pm;wJh 0rf;enf;p&m tjzpftysufonf aemufw&ufY cGi«hf ycsuft& 0ef}uD;csKyfonf tdE, dN oHtrwf}uD; a'gufwma&mhzf (Dr.Rauf) xH
jrefrmowif;pmok;H apmifwiG o f m tenf;i,fazmfjyjcif;cHc&hJ onf? n (9) em&Dausmf tultnDawmif;a-umif;?
v#if vltrsm; tjyifrxGu&f wm;jrpfxm;onfh ppftyk cf sKyfa&;trdea‹f -umifh t"du oHtrwf}uD; aq;±kHoakd‹ &mufvm_yD; aqG;aEG;-u&m q&m0ef}uD; a'gufwm
jzpfvrd rhf nf? Armhacwfowif;pmtygt0if tjcm;ae‹pOfxw k f owif;pmrsm;taejzifh befoef;/ a'gufwmeef'D (Dr.Nandi) ESihf a'gufwm [&D[m&m (Dr.Hariharan) wku ‹d
xko d wif;ukd r&&Scd -hJ uacs? OD;aomif; (a-u;rk)H onf Armhacwfowif;axmuftae ar#mfvifhcsufr&Sdawmh[k ,lqa-umif;ESifh ajymjy-ua-umif;?
jzifh wm0eftay;cH&_yD; ol. eHeufapmapmrS rk;d csKyfonftxd pl;prf;axmufvS r;f OD;aomif;onf aq;±kYH qufvufaecJ_h y;D n (7) em&Dausmcf sed w f iG f OD;wifxËG f
onfh ¯ud;yrf;r+rsm;u owif;tjynftpHk xkwfvkyfEkdifcJh_yD; pufwifbmv (19) .orD; rcif!Gef‹&if csKH;yGJcsikdaºuG;_yD; tcef;xJrS xGufvmonfukd awGŒcJh&onf?
&ufae‹xw k f owif;pmwGif owif;aqmif;yg;taejzifh xifxif&mS ;&Sm; ay:xGuv f m OD;wifxGËfum; n (7) em&D (35) rdepfwGif uG,fvGefoGm;&SmcJhavonf?
3
cJo
h nf? ‚if;aqmif;yg;rSm taumif;qk;H jzpfc_hJ y;D ,cifowif;rsm;ukd tao;pdwx f yfrH ‘pmwGJ’wGif±+/ &efukef°rd›&Sd udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;rS vef'ef°rd›odk‹ydk‹onfh
azmfxkwfEkdifcJhonfh ,if;aqmif;yg;. aumufEkwfcsufrsm;ukd atmufwGif azmfjy oD;jcm;a&G;cs,fxm;aom a-u;eef;pmrsm;?
4
vku d yf gonf? OD;apm. nDtukdawmfol armifarmif}uD;u ‘The Times’ owif;pmukd
a-u;rkOH ;D aomif;. “ArmhacwfraS -u;rko H ”‹dk ('kw, d t}udrx f wk f zavmf&'D g pma&;om;&mwGif ol‹emrnfukd M.M.Jee [k okH;cJhonf? 1948 ckESpf rwfvwGif
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk 2003 ckEpS f jrefrmvk)d pmrsufEmS 61=68? a&;aompmY “cifAsm; OD;apmukd w&m;±kw H ifppfaq;&mY jrefrmEkid if .
H w&m;a&;tkyf
“æjzpfymG ;ykrH mS wyfrif;}uD; OD;wifxËG o f nf e,l;wkid ;f atmhzb f m;rm;owif; csKyfrE+ iS yhf wfoufI ta&;}uD;aom ar;cGe;f (2) &yf ay:aygufvmygonf? wckrmS
pmwku d rf tS jyef pufwifbm (17) &ufae‹ n (9) em&Dct JG csed w
f iG f vlowform;wOD; w&m;±kH;wifppfaq;jcif;ESifh ao'%fcsrSwfjcif;rSm Oya'a-umif;t& rSefuefr+
u vufypfAkH;jzifh ypfcwfvkyf}uHoGm;a-umif;? &Sdovm;? aemufwckrSm ol‹tr+r_yD;pD;ao;rD zGJŒpnf;ykHtajccHOya' tajymif;
vufypfA;Hk onf um;a&Sc› ef;wGi;f ok‹d 0ifxidk af eol OD;wifxËG . f ajc&if;wGiu f s tvJrjzpfygu olt ‹ aejzifh t*Fvef. y&DAaD umifpD (rif;wkid yf iftzGŒJ ) ok‹d toem;cH
um aygufuGJ&m OD;wifxGËf. ezl;/ b,fbufar;/ b,fbufaygif/ b,fbuf'l;/ av#mufxm;cGifh&Sd&m xkdtcGifhta&;qkH;±+H;jcif;rSm rSefuefyg&JŒvm; jzpfygonf?
b,fbufajcrsupf /d b,fbufajczsm;/ b,fbufvufzsm;xdy/f aygif;'%f&maygif; OD;apmukd,fwkdifu xGufqkd&mY (u) ol‹udk yxrtusOf;cs_yD; vaygif;
(8) ck&um vJoGm;a-umif;? tawmf-umrS w&m;pGJqkdcJhonf? (c) ol‹ukd txl;ckH±kH;u w&m;pD&ifcJh&m w&m;
OD;wifxGËfESifh,SOfum nmbufrSxkdifol Armukd,f&Hawmf (xkdpOf trnfukd v$wfawmfcsKyf &Sdaevsuf txl;ckH±kH;ceft ‹ yfjcif;onf t-ydifw&m;±kH;jzpfI w&m;r#
pkHprf;Ir&cJh?) ESifh um;armif;ol armifatmifazwkw d‹ Gif '%f&mtenf;i,fom&_yD; wjcif;r&Sd? w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfuomv#if Tokd‹aomtr+rsKd;ukd pD&ifEkdifonfh
um;aemufrv S udk o
f l a*:&cg;uk, d &f aH wmf oDb[m'l;ESihf yDb[m'l;wkr‹d mS '%f&mjyif; tm%m&So d nf? (*) olonf y&DAaD umifpo D ‹dk toem;cHpmwifoiG ;f cGihf qk;H ±+;H cJo
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5
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f m;rsm;xGuv f m_yD; OD;wifxËG f ukd aq;±ko H ‹dk pDpOfya‹dk y;cJh bDbDpD (2) wDADG (txufygtpDtpOf)/ vlawGŒar;jref;cH&ol pwmvdef
-ua-umif;/ a*:&cg;ESpfOD;ukd rD;owfolem«yum;jzifh aq;±kHokd‹o,f&a-umif;/ qD;*a&Œ (zf) (Sterling Seagrave) (owif;pmq&m[lI o±kyfazmfcJholonf
a'gufwmboef;csucf si;f vkv d dk a&mufvmaomfvnf; OD;wifxËG o f nf owdvpfomG ; a'gufwm a*:'iftufpfqD;*a&Œ (zf) . om;jzpfonf) = Adkvfp}ufm (ocifatmif
333 334
333 334
rSwcf surf sm; Adv
8
oef;=&Jabmfo;kH usdy)f 1969 ckEpS w f iG f befaumufY aoqH;k onf) u u|efawmfu h kd ‘pmwGJ’wGif±+/ a-u;eef;pm tdkiftdktm= trf§4§2714/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/
ajymjycJhwmu vef'efòrdw › Gif tvGeft&Sdeft0g}uD;wJh vlwpk&Sdw,f? ppftwGif;u eHygwf(282)?
9
tJ'v D rl sm;u axmufvSr;f a&;eJ‹ ywfoufc-hJ u_y;D jrefrmjynfe‹J oHwrefta&;/ ppfqif [l;wifum (Hugh Tinker) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;
a&;eJ‹ v#KŒd0u S af xmufvSr;f a&; (Secret Service) rsm;wGif yg0ifc-hJ uolrsm;jzpfw,f? tpOD;ESpfrsm;udk avhvmjcif;/ (vef'ef atmufpfzdk‹'fwuUodkvfyHkESdyfwdkuf=1957)
xkdtcsdefuwnf;u olwdk‹tcsKdŒ[m txufrª;rwfv$wfawmf (House of Lords) pmrsufESm (37) atmufajcrSwfcsufu 1948 ckESpf/ -o*kwfv (14) &ufxkwf/
odk‹ &mxl;jrihfwufoGm;-uw,f? wcsKdŒuawmh _Adwdo#tpdk;& txufykdif;rsm;wGif ‘The Nation’ owif;pmtm; &nf!e ¸ f;csufudk azmfjyonf?
10
tvGef-oZmwduUr&Sdvm-uw,f? 'gayr,fh olwdk‹[m a&S;±kd;pGJrl0g' (Conserva- AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef;. ‘av;ayAdkvfr;ª }uD;. rSwfrdor#’þpmtkyf (tDom
tive) tpdk;&rS usef&pfcJhwJhvlrsm;omjzpf_yD; ,cktvkyform; (Labour) tpkd;& um/ e,l;a,muf/ aumfe,fwuUov kd /f ta&Sa› wmiftm&StpDtpOf/ tcsut f vuf
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‹ akd wmh olwt ‹kd aeeJ‹ _Adwod #rl0g'tay: -oZmt&Sed t f 0g wdu k ±f udk ðf yvkyjf cif; r&Sd pmwrf;trSwf (13=1980= pmrsufESm (53) ’ cGifh&uf&Snf/ vpmjynfh tp&Sdonfh
Ekdif-uawmhbl;aygh? 'ga-umifhrdk‹ olwdku ‹ uG,f&muae oG,f0dkufwJhenf;oHk;-u_yD; urf;vS rf;r+&SdcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; 'Gef;taejzihf ,if;urf;vS rf;r+udk r,lcJhbJ
atmifqef;tay: vufpm;acscsifwJh pdwftpGJtvrf;}uD;eJ‹ atmifqef;&JŒ jrefrm Ekwx f u G cf o hJ nf? xda‹k emufoo l nf u&ifEiS Afh rmenf;aom ucsifjynfe,f/ jrpf}uD;
jynfvGwfvyfa&; atmifyGJcHjcif;udk wm;qD;-uwmjzpfw,f? em;od‹k rdrb d mom oGm;a&mufaexdik cf o hJ nf?
6 11
(6) ESpfeD;yg; aetdrfwGif zrf;qD;cH&jcif;rS 1995 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv(10) OD;ae0if;onf avmif;upm;xHkolwOD;jzpf_yD; &efukef jrif;°ydifuGif;odk‹
&ufae‹wGif v$wfvdkufonf? r-umc%oGm;oljzpfonf?
7 12
bmwD; (vf) vifh (w) em (Bertil Lintner) . ‘awmfvSefaewJh Armjynf= tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ e,l;a,muf ruf[efwef (Manhattan) &Sd
1948 ckESpfrS bdef;ykefuefr+’ (taemufbufrS jrifuGif; pmyHkESdyfwdkuf USA ESihf -um jynfya&mufjrefrmrsm;u OD;pGmxkwaf 0cJah om tywfpOfowif;pmapmif?
13
jzL/ befaumuf/ 1994) pmtkyf/ pmrsufESm (84=88) Y jywfom;aom Zmwfvrf; OD;wifarmif0if;/ befaumufòrdw › Gif xkwfa0aom ‘acwfòydif’ (The New
pHkwGif a&;om;xm;onfhta-umif;rsm;rSm= vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; ESpfvt-umwGif Era Journal) *sme,f? ZeD;jzpfol a':cifrsKd;at;u qufvufxkwfa0vsuf&Sdyg
u&if autif,l (Karen National Union) &JŒ v#KdŒ0u S o f wH refwa,muf (atmfvD onf? t,f'w D mcsKyfrmS a-u;rHk OD;aomif;jzpfonf?
14
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pGef‹pm;vdkol _Adwdo#vlenf;pkwpk &Sda-umif;/ 1948 ckESpf/ ZGefv (30) &ufae‹wGif . tjynfjynfqkdif&m OuU@wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhygonf? xdk‹aemuf xkdif;EkdifiH
'k=Adv k rf ;ª }uD; z&ifh (u)/ td0k if (Frank Owen) &JŒ aetdro f ‹kd tpnf;ta0;ac:&m vl OuU@ wm0efESifh tjcm;OD;aqmiftoif;tzGJŒ }uD;rsm;wGif xdyfwef;rS 0wW&m;rsm;
(40) cef‹ ay:vm-uonf? olw‹kd ‘jrefrmjynfawmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwaf qGtoif;’ tcsdefjynfhvkyfudkifaepOf 1999 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (1) &ufae‹wGif uG,fvGef
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u&ifoyl ek rf sm;twGuf vufeufEiS fh usnfrsm;udk oabFmjzihyf Œdk &ef óud;pm;onfrsm; OD;0if;.om;jzpfonf?
15
rSm ratmifjrifcJha-umif;/ apmapmydkif;u t*Fvdyfujym;rsm; tygt0if _Adwdo# ppf trdajrukd zufqpfppftm%m&SifpepfrS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf vltkyf
r+xrf;a[mif; yk*~dKvftenf;i,fwdk‹onf u&ifrsm;udk ppfajrjyifwGif tultnD }uD;rsm;jzifh awmif;qdkr+ukd t&nftcsif;&Sd_yD; owWdESifhjynfhpkHaom yk*~dKvfrsm;u
ay;onf[k od&ygonf? rdrdwkd‹pdwfqENjzifh tav;wrl*±kxm;um ¯ud;yrf;cJh-uonf? xif&Sm;aomyk*~dKvf
335 336
335 336
rSwcf surf sm; Adv
rsm;rSm &JabmfokH;usdyf0if AdkvfcsKyfvusfm/ AdkvfcsKyf&efEkdifESifh Adkvfr;ª atmif/ Akdvfr;ª -uwkdif; vGwfoGm;-ua-umif;/ okd‹aomf OD;apmu vlowfr+«ycJhaom w&m;cH
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wifarmif0if;/ &Jausmfol/ armifatmifESifh tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;. om;rsm;/ owfjzwfapcJo h nfh vl (9) OD;ESihf nDr#rnfomjzpfonf?
2
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tqifhqifhaom ppftpkd;&rsm;onf 1962 ckESpf tm%modrf;_yD;csdefrSpI EkdifiHa&; tar;ESit hf ajzukd ay;cJo h rl mS (18) &mpkwiG f ausmf-um;cJo h nfh t*Fvyd pf ma&;q&m
t&ESifh vlrsKd;a&;t& xºuGr+rsKd;pkHwkd‹. vufeufukdifawmfvSefr+rsm;ukd &ifqkdif Samuel Johnson (1709=1784) tqkdt& xkdvlpm;rsm;. ckdv+H&monf rsKd;cspf
cJ&h onf? pdwf&Sdol rSwf,lxm;olrsm;taeESifhjzpf.? xkdvlpm;rsKd;toGifonf *VKefOD;apmuJh
16
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jzpfonf[al om tjrif ( 1964 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif w&m;ol}uD;csKyf tm;vf0g a-umifh Ak'<w&m;jrwf. tESpft&omjzpfaom avmb/ rkef;wD;r+/ ,kHrSm;vGef
&if;. aumfr&Sif (Earl Warren’s Commission) . awGŒ&Sdcsufrsm;u ,if;tcsuf jcif;rsm;onf 'kuQt&if;tjrpfjzpfonfqkdaom w&m;awmfukd vspfvsL±+xm;ykH
udk axmufccH ahJ omfvnf;) udk odr‹k [kwf 1963 ckEpS w f iG f orRw uae'D (President &onf?
Kennedy) udk vky}f uHowfjzwfrw + iG f olyg0ifywfoufaeonf [laomtcsuu f ykd if u|efawmhfa,muQrjzpfol OD;aomif;pdef&SdpOfu OD;apmta-umif;rsm; r-um
tar&duefjynfov l xl uk t}uD;tus,foo H ,&Sad er+u qGaJ qmifco hJ nft
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tjzpf a-unmcHxm;&aom taxmuftxm; pm&Guf (6) aomif;tm; jynfov l x l k olwOD;OD;tm; pmjzifh rdrd.pdwful;t,ltqrsm;ukd a&;om;xm;cJhjcif;&SdEkdifI
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(8) oef;ukefuscJh_yD; (6) ESpf-um tao;pdwfvkyfaqmifr+rsm;ðyvkyf_yD;aemuf vkyf }uD;uvJ xko d rl sm;onf OD;apm.ZeD;ESihf i,f&, G o
f w l OD;wnf;aom orD;wk‹d jzpfEidk f
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bmv (30) &ufae‹wGif pmrsufESm (290) yg&Sdaom tpD&ifcHpmwapmif xkwfa0 q&m ‘cspf-unfa&;’ -unf!Gef. ‹ 1970 ckESpf 'DZifbmvxkwf “orkdif;0ifol&d,/
cJhonf? ed*Hk;csKyf= orRw uae'Dtm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJholrSm atmhpf0Jvf wOD; jrefrmhtvif;ESifh jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;” pmtkyfwGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm olod&SdvmcJh
wnf;omjzpfonf? rnfoq ‹kd akd p yl;aygif;}uHpnfrt
+ jzpf ,lqolrsm;udrk l ,H-k unfvm onft h wkid ;f *VKefO;D apmonf olo ‹ rD;aroef;apm (ac: ) abbDapmxHo‹dk atmufyg
atmif rðyvkyEf ikd af o;acs? aemufq;Hk ay;pmrSww f rf;ukd xm;&pfco hJ nf? TaumufEw k cf sufrsm;r-umrDuyif
(56) ESpfajrmufpmqkdawmfae‹txdrf;trSwftjzpf -opa-w;vs/ qpf'eD-rdŒ usif;y
a&;aumfrwDu xkwfa0onfh ‘orkdif;0ifpmuAsmtvuFm’ wGif jyefvnfykHESdyf
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u ºuGm;0gavh&SdonfrSm ol‹rdcifbufrS OD;av;awmfol (9) a,mufrSm wOD;pD ol.b0ukd wkw d Edk iS yhf idk ;f um Zmwford ;f qk;d cJ&h onf?
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337 338
337 338
rSwcf surf sm; Adv
udkvnf; azsmufzsufypfEkdifrnfqkdygv#if ,ckvkd toufi,fi,fESifh b0ukd wkdwkd ol.acgif;aqmifukd aemufqkH;txd av;pm;oGm;ykH&onf?”

4
ykdif;&rnfr[kwfacs? oljrwfEkd;aom ZeD;/ olcspfaomorD;wkd‹ESifhvnf; tkdatmif txufygpmtkyf? pmrsufESm 426=429? 1970 ckESpfwGif Adkvf&efEkdif.
rif;atmif aexkdif&_yD; wkdif;jynftusKd;ukd o,fykd;xrf;aqmifrnfjzpfonf? awmifyidk ;f wkid ;f jzpfaom xkid ;f Ekid if H pefum&mpcef; (Sangkara Camp) Y jr0wD&aJ cgif
,ckru l m; vGecf ahJ v_yD? _yD;cJah v_yD? okw
‹d apvnf; zcifjzpfo. l trSm;rsK;d ukd u pma&;ol/ ukdwifarmif0if;ESifh &Jausmfolwkdu ‹ kd tvGefxl;aom ta-umif;t&m
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rykdufaxG;bJ _idrf;owfypfyg? rnfol‹tay:rS &ef-id;zGJŒ&ef-id;rxm;bJ tmCmw jzpfaeaom t"dywd a'gufwmbarmfukd vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef }uHpnfcJhzl;onfht
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b0oufwrf;.vrf;a-umif;twkdif; tcsdeftweft&G,fa&mufonfhtcg onf? xkdtcsdefu EkdifiHawmft"dywdt&Sifrif;}uD;.tdrfY wm0efcsxm;aom
wGif aroef;apmonf tdraf xmif«ycJ_h yD; i,f&, G pf OfrmS yif uG,v f eG o
f mG ;onf? Adv
k &f efEidk f OD;pD;onfh t"dywd uk, d &f aH wmfuif;wyf. wyfzŒJG 0if (117) OD;wGif uk&d J
3
wifarmif0if;/ ‘EkdifiHa&;orm;ESifhEkdifiHa&;’ xkwfa0ol a':cifrsKd;at;/ acgifonf wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? wyfzGJŒ0if &Jabmfrsm;taejzifh taxGaxGEkdifiH
acwf-ydif*sme,f/ befaumuf 2001 ckESpf pmrsufESm 302? “u|efawmhfukdzrf;_yD; a&;tajctaeukd tenf;i,fr#om od&Sd-u_yD; ppfwyfxkH;pHtwkdif; AdkvfcsKyfatmif
ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;u 1965 ckESpf ZGefv (5) &ufu pwifppfaq;_yD;onfhaemuf qef; wOD;wnf;ukdom ,kH-unfukd;pm;-uonf? ‚if;tjyif a'gufwmbarmfrSm
ykdif; 1965 ckESpf ZGefv (14) &ufu 1968 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (27) &uftxd *syeftvkad wmf&w d OD;jzpfonf[k xifjrif_y;D wyfrawmfom; &Jabmfrsm;u r-unf!dk
tif;pdeaf xmifxrJ mS axmifcsxm;cJo h nf? -u±kHru ol‹tm; tacsmiform; EkdifiHa&;pm;zm;opPmazmuf[k awG;q-uonf?
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‹f saom &mZ0wfom;rsm;tm; ¯ud;rder‹f ay;rD ,cifu tok;H «ycJo h nfh xkd‹tjyif ol.orufjzpfol Adkvf&efEkdifESifhywfoufIvnf; tm;vkH;u ESvkH;rom
¯ud;wkdufxJwGif u|efawmhfukd wa,mufxJ csKyfxm;cJhonf? _Adwdo# axmifOya' r,mjzpfae-uonf? t"dywdukd teD;uyfapmifh-unfh&ef Adkvf&efEkdiftm; t"dywd
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xkwI f vkycf sio f vkv
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eHygwf (15) Y yxrt}udrfrSmyJ (9) vausmf wkdufydwfxm;cJhonf? ‚if;tcef;rSm vnf; yef;_cHtwGif; wkdufaemufbuf&Sd AkH;ckdusif;twGif;okd‹ rdom;pktm;vkH;
(10) ay/ (8) aycef‹omus,f_yD; opfom;-urf;cif;oufoufjzpfygonf? xkd‹ jyif uokwfu&ufajy;0if-uonf? xdkae&mrSm uif;wyf. e,fedrdwfxJY&Sdonf?
emrnfawG/ &ufpGJawGESifh EkdifiHa&;aºuG;a-umfoHawGukdvnf; eH&HrSma&;jcpfxm; xkdtcsdefwGif OD;ausmfjrifhav; (tm&Svli,ftoif; twGif;a&;rª;/ aemifaomtcg
onfudk awGŒ&ygonf? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf tmZmenf}uD;rsm;tm; vky}f uHowf zqyv0ef}uD;jzpfvmrnfhol) ESifh *syefe*g; euftzGJŒ0if (2) OD;wko d‹ nf uif;wyfzGJŒ
jzwfcJhonfhtr+a-umifh ao'%ftjypfay;cH&aom OD;apmESifh}uH&mygrsm;tm; ao acgif;aqmif ukd&JacgifESifh vma&mufawGŒqkHwkdifyifaqG;aEG;-u_yD; e*g;eufwkd‹u
pm;aoaptrdef‹ukd csrSwfapcJhonf? u|efawmfhukd csKyfxm;&mae&mrSm ‚if;&m a'gufwmbarmftaejzifh t*Fvdyftvkdawmf&djzpfI olu ‹ kdpdwfrcs&/ olt ‹ m; avSeH
Z0wfom;rsm; jypf'%fukd apmifhqkdif;aecJh-u&onfh ¯ud;wkdufjzpfa-umif; aemufrS ESpzf uf eif;xm;ol[k jrif-uonf? xka‹d -umifh olu ‹ zdk ,f&mS ;_y;D ol. Ekid if aH cgif;aqmif
u|efawmfod&±kHru u|efyftcef;eHygwf (15) wGifvnf; w&m;cHr+ef}uD; aeoGm;cJh ae&mukd jynfow l &yfv;Hk ESihf wyfrawmfwckv;Hk u -unf!adk om Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;
onft h avsmuf “owf&&J if ao&J&rnf=1947” [lI eH&w H iG f ur`n;f xk;d xm;cJoh rl mS tm;v$Jtyf&ef olwkd‹u vkdvm;-uonf? ‚if;tjrifrSm uif;wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;twGuf
oljzpfa-umif; od&ygonf? TonfrmS *VKefO;D apm. aqmify'k jf zpfonf? olonf vufcHEkdifzG,f&Sdonf? ,ckn olwkd‹a'gufwmbarmftm; vG,fulpGm zrf;qD;ac:
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rSwcf surf sm; Adv
aqmifoGm;a&;rSm uif;wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;. yl;aygif;ulnDr+vkdtyfonf? tcGifhtcg ol‹tm;owf&ef vmcJh-ujcif;jzpfa-umif;? 'Dta-umif;ukd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

aumif;u qkdufa&mufvmay_yD? ava-umif;&ef tcsufay;O-oqGJxm;csdefY odaoma-umifh vwfwavmvkdufvmvdrfhrnf? yxrqkH;uawmh olwkdt ‹ m; vuf
vufeuftjynfhtpkH okdif;-cHwyfqifxm;aom ukd&Jacgif/ OD;ausmfjrifhav;ESifh *syef eufrsm;tyf&efjzpfa-umif;? xkdpum;rsm;ukd vufcHykH&onfh tapmifhwyfrsm;u
e*g;euf (2) OD;wkrd‹ Sm AkH;ckdusif;&Sd&mokd‹ jzwfvrf;rS tvsiftjrefoGm; -uonf? av ±kdifz,f (10) vuf urf;vkdufonf? xkdtcg avab;O-ooHay:vmI OD;barmf
a-umif;&eftm;vkH; uif;&Sif;a-umif; tcsufay;oH r-um;&ao;onfhtwGuf xGufvm_yD; AkH;ckdusif;xJ0ifoGm;aomfvnf; tdrfxJokd‹ jyefoGm;cJhonf? wzef
a'gufwmbarmfwt ‹dk m;vk;H Ak;H cku
d si;f xJwiG yf ifþ&Sv d rd rhf nf[k olw‹dk awG;xifc-hJ uonf? *syefqufo, G af &;t&m&Sd Akv d rf ;ª }uD; [d&tku d (Col. Hiraoka) tm; owday;vku d I f
okad‹ omfvnf; a'gufwmbarmfwkd‹ rdom;pkrSm ava-umif;&ef tcsufay;at;aq; a&mufvm_yD; ppf&Jwyfrsm;vnf; a&mufvm-uonf? tpmtdESifh vlwpktm;
a-umif; O-orqGJrD AkH;ckdusif;rS tdrfokd‹ jyefoGm;-u_yDjzpfI olwkpd‹ dwfysufrd-uonf? ppfaq;um tif;pdef=*syef ppfwyfaxmifokd‹ zrf;qD;oGm;onf? xkdpma&;q&m
olwku d‹ tdrftwGif; twif;0ifa&muf_yD; wkdufckduf&ef ¯ud;pm;aomfvnf; ratmif a&;cJhonfhpmtkyfwGif azmfjyxm;onfh pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;onfh tcsufrsm;wGif
jrifcahJ cs? w,fvzD ek ;f vkid ;f rsm;ukd jzwfawmufxm;onf[k OD;ausmjf rifah v;u xifchJ ygonfrmS vky}f uHrr+ prDnwGiyf if tpmtd. ±+;d 0rdwaf qGonf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf
aomfvnf; vkdif;rsm;ukdom jzwfvkdufykH&I a'gufwmbarmfu uifaywkdifudk awGŒ&efomG ;cJah -umif;? aemufapmapmykid ;f u tpmtdtm; pifumylwiG f ocifApdeEf iS hf
vS r;f ac:Ekid cf o
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vm_yD; ausmfjrifhav;ESifh e*g;euf (2) OD; ukd zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;vsuf aemuf azmfjycJo h nf?
5
w&ufwiG f uk&d aJ cgifEiS hf uif;wyfzŒJG vlaygif; (15) a,muf OD;0dpm&vrf;/ ppf0ef}uD;±k;H OD;atmifqef;u 1946 ckESpf tapmydkif;u a':refprpftay: ,Hk-unfr+
csKyfY zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;ukd cHcJh-u&onf? ay;tyfcjhJ cif; (pmrsufEmS 182 ok‹d ) onf 0d0g'jzpfcsifp&mjzpfI ,if;udk todw&m;
a'gufwmbarmf. t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf a&;om;cJhonfh “Breakthrough in &S&d dS uGu
J jJG ym;jym; rvGrJ mS ;atmif &Si;f vif;jyo&ef rjzpfEikd cf ahJ cs? olonf rdro d bm0
Burma: Memoirs of a Revolution, 1939-1946” / (e,l;a[bif/ a&(vf) u tvdt k avsmufajymvdu k o f nft h wdik ;f rdrcd pH m;rdovdk ajymcJjh cif;jzpfy&kH ygonf?
wuUokdvfpmykHESdyfwkduf/ 1968? pmrsufESm 216 ESifh 253) wGif ¹rGuf[cJhonfrSm a,bk,stm;jzihf trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;. uH-urRmESihf txl;0daootm;jzihf
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qkdxm;onf? okd‹aomfvnf; ‚if;pmtkyfwGif us,fus,fjyef‹ jyef‹ azmfjyjcif;r&Sdyg? jcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? xdkacgif;aqmiftrsm;pkrSm opPmazmufcH&I vkyf}uHowfjzwf
Tta-umif;ESiyhf wfoufI *syefacwf jrefrmtpk;d & jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD; AE<KvOD;pdef r+a-umifh uG,v f eG of mG ;-u&onfr[kwyf gvm;? ‘ (18) v’ [lI ol &nf!e¸ ;f ajymqdk
. “u|efyfwkd‹ twGif;a&; ('kwd,wGJ) rSmvnf; yga-umif;od&onf? EkdifiHjcm; oGm;jcif;onf &Sif;vif;jyoI r&Ekdifaom t&mjzpfayawmhonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
pma&;q&mrsm;wGirf u l m; Tjzpf&yftay: pkpH v Hk ifvifa&;cJo h rl mS vl0pf (p) t,fvif olonf 1947 ckEpS /f ESpv f ,fwiG f vky}f uHowfjzwfjcif;cHc&hJ onfrmS obm0w&m;.
(Louis Allen) jzpfonf? olp ‹ mtkyf “Burma: The Longest War 1941-45”, Phoenix jyuf&,fðyr+jzpfayawmhonf? tjcm;wbufwGifum; olonf [dwf[efvkyf&ef/
Press 2000/ pmrsufESm (568) = (573) wGif ukd;um;a&;om;xm;onfhtwdkcsKyf *k%x f w k &f efEiS fh rdru
d , kd uf kd tumtuG,ðf y&ef vdv k m;olr[kwb f J jynfov l xl .k
rSm *syefw ‹ yfrawmfESifh wGJxm;onfh t&yfom;ygarmuQ tpmtd/ wkduktdcsd (Prof. cspjf cif;arwWm&dy°f rHwiG f vH°k cHaeonf[k ,H-k unfcpH m;aecJo h l jzpfayonf?
6
Asai Tokuichi) acgif;aqmifonfh vky}f uHrv + w l pkwiG f ‚if;.±+;d 0ukeo f ,G af &;tzGŒJ bmwD;vif(h w)em (Bertil Lintner) . ‘{&m0wDpmapmif’ (-o*kwv f 2000)
(Showa Trading Association) rS rdwfaqGwOD;ESifh aemuf *syefwa,muftjyif pmtkyaf 0zefcef;wGif a'gufwmarmifarmifa&; ‘1988 ck jrefrmjynf ykeu f efxºuGr’+
OD;ausmfjrifhESifh jrefrmwa,mufyg0ifum 1944 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (16) &uf pmtk y f (yk H p H 49/ a&;(vf ) ta&S › a wmif t m&S a vh v ma&;/ e,l ; a[bif /
nykid ;f wGif a'gufwmbarmfaetdro f ‹dk oGm;cJ-h uonf? wyfrawmfom;tapmifrh sm;ESihf uGeef ufwu D ,f U.S.A) tay: ajzmifrh wfpmG o±kyaf zmfxm;onfrmS =
awGŒonfhtcg OD;ausmfjrifhtm; ajymckdif;onfrSm OD;barmfonf _Adwdo#olv#KdjzpfI “rsuaf rSmufacwfY tm&Swu dk w
f iG f &ufpuf-urf;ñuwfpmG tpkvu dk t f °yHvu dk f
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rSwcf surf sm; Adv
owfjzwfrt + }uD;t-u,f tqk;d qk;H rsm;wGif yg0ifonfjh zpf&yfudk xk;H jzLokwaf y;jcif; 1919 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;? 1941 ckESpf {_yDvwGif &efukefrSxGufcGmaom *syefukef
omjzpfonf?æjrefrmjynf. tkdpma&mufaeonfh tm%m&Siftm; rsufpdrSdwfokwd onfoabFmjzifh ac:xkwo f mG ;cJah om 'kw, d tokwf rsK;d cspf (7) OD;wGif olyg0ifonf?
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tqk;H owf&mwGif olt ‹ ajymu=“olt ‹ aeeJ‹ tm&St-uifemrJh tm%m&Sirf sm; onf? 1941 ckEpS f 'DZifbmwGif zGŒJpnf;cJah om Armhvw G vf yfa&;wyfrawmfu trdajr
ukd auseyf-uap&ef vkyfaqmifqJ«y&mwGif olukd,fwkdifu txktxnf vlowf twGi;f atmifjrifpmG csDwufvmonft h cg twlvu dk yf gvmcJoh nf? t_rJwrf;wyfr
orm;rsm;wk. ‹d umuG,cf ck o H jl zpfvmcJo h nf? awmfESifh&SdaecJh_yD; 1950 rS tapmykdif;ESpfrsm;twGif; atmifjrifpGmqifE$JcJhaom
ykdrkdtHhtm;oifhzG,faumif;ykHuawmh *k%foduQm&Sdaom tzGJŒtpnf;jzpfonfh autef,laomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfolrsm;tm; awmfvSefwkduf
a&;(vf) wuUov dk t
f a&Sa› wmiftm&Savhvma&; tpDtpOftaeeJ‹ wnf-unfav; yGJrsm;wGif Adkvfr;ª csKyftjzpf xif&Sm;ausmf-um;cJhonf? wyfrawmf. txl;c|efqkH;
eufpGm rSwfcsufcsjcif; okdr‹ [kwf uefu ‹ Gufjcif;uif;rJhpGm 'Dpmtkyfukd a&G;cs,fykHESdyf tqifhjrifh ppfajrjyift&m&Sdjzpf_yD; -um&SnfpGmvufwGJcJhaom a&mif;&if;tay: Y
jcif;jzpfonf? ae0if;u tjrifr-unfrvifjzpfvmcJo h nf? ol. vufo;Hk okwo f ifa&;vrf;pOfudk
7
pmwkdufpma&;b0/ wyfwGif; tapmykdif;umvrsm;wGif avmif;a-u;aiG tok;H cs_y;D uGejf rLepfygwD Armjynfo‹dk owif;rsm; ayguf-um;onf[k yxrpGypf v JG suf
vkdufvHacs;iSm;aeonfukd r-umc%awGŒ&onf? ol‹ukd xkdokd‹ jyefay;avhr&SdbJ w&m;0if&mxl;csum 1957 ckEpS f ZGev f wGif xkwyf ,fypfco hJ nf? Adv
k af usmaf Zmonf
acs;iSm;wwfonfukd owdxm;rd_yD; xkdta-umif; rSwfcsuf«yolrSm anmifa&$r[m ol‹rdom;pkESifh &efukef°rdŒ prf;acsmif;wGif twef-umaexkdifcJhonf? 1976 ckESpf
a'o0Djzpfonf? olru olu ‹ kd wcgw&H aiGpa-u;p ay;avh&Sdonf? olt ‹ avmif; ESpfvnfwGif AdkvfausmfaZmonf Arm=w±kwfe,fpyf yefqef;&Sd uGefjrLepfygwD
tpm; tpGEJ iS yhf wfoufI ajymjyol aemufwOD;rSm olr‹ w d af qG Akv
d pf }uFm (&Jabmfo;Hk Armjynftajcpku d pf cef;ok‹d xGuo f mG ;cJ_h yD; uGejf rLepfrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;cJo h nf? 1989
usdyf) jzpfI Akdvfae0if;onf jrif;°ydifyGJeD;v#if ol‹tdrfvm_yD; aiGacs;iSm;jcif;jzifh ol ckESpf {_yDvtwGif; tjcm; pDyDbDacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwl olvnf; w±kwfjynfokd‹
pdwfysufcJh&a-umif; ajymjyonf? olq ‹ Du wpkHw&mr&rcsif; ae0if;onf jyefavh xGufajy;vGwfajrmufcJhonf? olonf ,cktcg ulrif;wGif aexkdifvsuf&Sdonf?
r&Sad cs? xkAd v kd cf sKyfu tm%mxufvmonft h cgE+ud uf m; jrefrmEkid if tH wGi;f avmif; bDbDpD (2) ±kyfjrifoH-um;u ol‹ukd w,fvDzkef;jzifh awGŒqkHar;jref;&mwGif _Adwdo#
upm;r+tm;vkH;ukd ydwfyifcJhonfrSmum; oa&mfuGufwuGufjzpfcJhonf? w&m;0if tpd;k &u tmZmenf}uD;rsm;ukd owfjzwf&ef pDpOfcjhJ cif;jzpfa-umif; olu wnfw h nfh
jrif;°ydifavmif;upm;onf t"duae&m usKduUqHESifh tjcm;ae&mrsm;ukd usdrf;ao }uD; xkwaf zmfajymqkcd o hJ nf? olt ‹ ajymu “atmifqef;ukd trSew f u,fowfou l
aygufz,f&mS ;_yD;aemuf olt ‹ aeESirhf l ola‹ rG;&mygtpGu J dk t*Fveftufpaf umhY quf _Adwdo#tpkd;&yJ? 'g[m olwk&d‹ JŒ qufuGufyJ?” [k jzpfonf?
10
vufvkyfaqmifcJhonf[k ,kH-unf&onf? _Adwdef&Sd ol‹rdwfaqGrsm; tultnDjzifh acsmifZefanmifa&$(Chao Tzang Yawnqhwe) (tjcm;trnf ,l*si;f oku d )f ?
tufpaumhwiG f ol‹ jrif;aZmif;rsm; wnfaqmufxm;cJo h nf? &efuek w f iG rf l olt
‹ pfudk 1939=2004? Zlvidk f (24) &ufwiG f aoqk;H ? olrwkid rf D olt ‹ ar p0f[efcef‹ anmifa&$
ocifvx S eG ;f / ol‹ niD ,f ode;f !GeE‹f iS hf olZ‹ eD; a':wifwifwu ‹dk avmif;upm;tdr}f uD; a'0D (uG,v f eG _f yD; ol p0fa&$ou dk /f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf. yxrqk;H orRw
(3) ae&mwGif wnfaxmifxm;_yD; Oya'tjyifbufrS tqD;twm;r&Sd qufvuf 1948=52 . -uif,mawmf) onf 2003 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (17) &ufae‹wGif
vkyaf qmifaeqJjzpfonf? uae'gEkdifiH Aeful;Am;°rdŒ Y touf (86) ESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf? 1962 ckESpfwGif
8
Adkvfvufsmtm; &nf!¸ef;I 1969 ckESpfwGif xdkif;EdkifiHY OD;Ek. ygvDref ae0if;tm%modrf;&mwGif p0fa&$okdufrSm xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifcH&onf? xkdESpf
'Drdkua&pDygwD (PDP) wGif 'k=OuU@taejzihf 0ifa&muf_yD;/ jynfcspfvGwfajrmuf Ek0d ifbmvwGif olaoqk;H oGm;_yDjzpfa-umif; olr‹ o d m;pkudk today;cJo h nf?
11
a&;wyfrawmf. ppfaumifpD obmywd Adv k cf sKyf}uD;wm0efukd xrf;aqmifcyhJ gonf? 1976 ckESpfv,fwGif w±kwf=jrefrme,fpyfwGif&Sdaom yefqdkif;&Sd uGefjrL
1978 ckEpS w f iG f u&ifoyl ek rf sm;vufcsufjzifh aoqH;k onf? epfygwD (Armjynf) (CPB) tajcpdu k af e&mod‹k Adv k rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zmonf oGm;a&muf
9
Akv
d rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm (c) ocifa&$? om,m0wDc±kid f ok;H q,f°rdŒ qkid ;f pk&mG wGif cJ_h yD; uGejf rLepfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;cJo h nf? 1989 ckEpS /f {_yDvwGif olonf tjcm; pDyb D D
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343 344
Adv
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESit fh wl w±kwEf ikd if o H ‹kd xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmufomG ;cJo h nf? olonf 13
udk;um;= pyf-umqdkif ( Sao Kya Seng) tif*sDqm*sifh (Inge Sargent) .
,cktcg ulrif;wGif aexdik v f su&f ydS gonf? bDbpD D (2) wDAu DG 1996 ckEpS w f iG f olu‹ kd ‘jrefrmjynfay:u qnf;qmtvif;a&mif= u|Ekfyf. &S rf;rif;orD;b0’ ([m0dkif,D
w,fvzD ek ;f jzihf qufo, G af r;jref;cJ&h m olu _Adwo d #tpd;k &u vky}f uHowfjzwfru + kd wuUov kd =f 1994) wGi±f ?+ pmtkyaf emufausmzH;k wGif pma&;ol (oDayge,f. r[m
tuGucf spDrcH jhJ cif;jzpfonf[k wyftyfajymqdck o hJ nf? a'0D) u uH-urRmqdk;. zsufqD;jcif;cH&aom aysmf&$ifr+}uD;w&yf/ jrefrmEdkifiH.
12
atmif}uD; (t_idrf;pm;Akdvfrª;csKyf)? ae0if;. nmvuf±kH;? 1963 ckESpf tav;pm;cH&qHk;aom wdkif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifwOD;tm; wGef;vSef°zdcsr+ESihf
azazmf0g&DvwGif awmfveS af &;aumifprD S aemufq;Hk Ekwx f u G cf &hJ onf? oka‹d omfvnf; &ufpufvSaom ppfwyf,Eœ&m;tm;qefu ‹ sifaom trsKd;orD;wOD;. oHr%dpdwf
ol‹ociftay: Y olu qufvufopPm&SdaecJhonf? ESpfrsm;pGm-um_yD;aemuf "mwfESihf ol&owWdwdk‹udk Zmwfa-umif;jyef a&;om;xm;onf[k twdkcsKyfaumuf
,l.,cif vkyfazmfukdufzuf ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh aumifpD0ifrsm;xH 1988 ckESpf csufcs azmfjyxm;onf/þxdktwdkif;yifjzpfcJhonf?þu|Ekfyf.zcifESihfþpyf-umqdkifwrdk‹ Sm
arv (9) &uf &efukef[k &ufpGJwyfxm;aom pm&Snf}uD;wapmifukd olu a&;cJh rdwfaqG&if;rsm;jzpf-uonf? 'kwd,urBmppfrjzpfrD ESpftwef-umu rEœav;rS
onf? xkpd mrSm jrefrmvkad &;xm;jcif;jzpf_yD; u|efawmfv h ufxJ a&mufvmaomtcg rdwD̂vmodk‹ armfawmfum;jzifh c&D;oGm;&mwGif pyf-umqdkifESifhtwloGm;cJh&mrS olu ‹ dk
u|efawmfu t*FvdyfbmomjyefqkdI tar&duefEkdifiH 0g&Sifwef'DpD&Sd pDtm'DbD od&cdS jhJ cif;jzpfonf?
Ekid if w
H umqkid &f m XmecsKyfo‹dk qufvufjzefa‹ 0Ekid &f ef pDpOfay;ykc‹d o hJ nf? atmif}uD;. 14
udk;um;= OD;oef‹/ tif'±l;qJh (Andrew Selth) / ‘ol&Jaumif;wOD;
pmwae&mwGif 1962 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f twGi;f u wuUov dk af usmif;om;rsm;ukd &uf&uf aoqHk;jcif;/ jrefrmjynfrS OD;oef‹ta&;tcif;’ 1974 ckESpf/ 'DZbFm (b&pfbdef;/
pufpufowfjzwfr+ta-umif; olu ajymjyxm;onf? tm%mxdyfacgifcsKyf. *&pfzpfwuUodkvf=-opa-w;vs/ tm&Spmwrf;rsm;trSwf (49) 1989) wGif±+?
vufaxmufjzpfco hJ w l OD;u vlowfuiG ;f rsm;teD; &Sad ecJ_h yD; olt ‹ azmfjycsufrsm;rSm 15
0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEk/ AdkvfcsKyf. vkyfazmfukdifzufESifh ola‹ e&mqufcHolu
tHph &maumif;avmufatmif xl;jcm;vSonf? “ausmif;om;ta&;tcif; ay:ayguf 1947 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f (29) &ufae‹wiG f wkid ;f «y jynf«yv$waf wmfY tjcm;t&mrsm;tjyif
vmonfhtcg vkH°cHa&;aumifpDatmufwGif ta&;tcif;aumfrwDw&yfukd zGJŒpnf; 0rf;enf;cs;D rGr;f pum; Toka‹d jymqkcd o hJ nf?
vkduf_yD; toHv$ifh±kH (jrefrmhtoH) wGif tajcpkdufxm;cJhonf? ,if;aumfrwDukd “ææu|eaf wmfw&‹dk ŒJ ESpaf ygif; 2000 orkid ;f rSm tvGex f if&mS ;wJh acgif;aqmif
Adv k rf ;ª }uD;ausmfaZm jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;u OD;aqmif_yD; tjcm;0ef}uD;rsm; trSwf (4) wOD;&JŒvufatmufrSm EkdifiHawmf&JŒ pnf;±kH;nD!Gwfr+[m (4) }udrfyJ jzpfcJhygw,f?
Armhvufeufuidk w f yfrS Advk pf ed v
f iG f (om;owform;) tygt0if ppfwyfEiS hf t&yfzuf jrefrmEkdifiH[m ppfjzpfaewJh bk&ifhEkdifiHawGeJ‹ &efapmifaewJh aus;&GmawGa-umifh
&Jt&m&Sd trsm;tjym;yg0ifonf? xkad umf rwDwiG f rnfonfah e&mu olyg0ifonfudk t_rJwrf; tpdwpf w d f t¹r¸m¹r¸mjzpfaecJw h myg? taemf&xm/ bk&ifah emif/ qifjzL&Sief ‹J
atmif}uD;u razmfjyaomfvnf; 1962 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f (7) &uf aocif;jzpfymG ;onfh ae‹ tavmif;bk&m;wkd[ ‹ m u|efawmfwkdo ‹ rkdif;&JŒ tapmykdif;umvawGrSm wkdif;jynfukd
vnf ausmif;om;rsm;v+yfaqmfr+rsm; pwifonfhtcg ol‹taejzifh jrefrmhtoHwGif jyefvnfpkpnf;EkdifcJhwJh }uD;us,fwJhbk&ifawG/ acgif;aqmifawG jzpf-uygw,f?
&Sdraea-umif;ESifh ypfcwfonfhta-umif; -um; odwJhtcgusrS xkdae&mokd‹ oGm;cJh u|eaf wmfwt ‹dk csed rf mS awmh Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u wkid ;f jynfudk jyefvnfppk nf;Ekid cf _hJ y;D
a-umif; olu ajymqkdcJhonf? xdckdufepfematmif &nf&G,fvkyfaqmifcJhaom vGwv f yfwjhJ ynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmfudk wnfaqmufEidk cf yhJ gw,f?
orkid ;f 0ifausmif;om;or*~taqmufttkt H m; 'kid ;f rrkud jf zifh °zdcrJG w
+ iG f olu
‹ ,dk w
f idk f trsKd;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;onf taotcsmowfrw S x
f m;aom e,fjcm;
ypfred a‹f y;cJah -umif; ae0if;azmfjycsuu f dk aemufyidk ;f wGif -um;odc&hJ a-umif;/ ok&‹d mwGif ajrjcm;pnf;rsm;twGif; zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkukd wnfaqmufonfh aemufqkH;
or*~taqmufttkH°zdcsr+. wm0efonf ol‹tay: usa&mufvmcJha-umif; olu tqifrh sm;wGif tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd ra-unmrD r&Srd jzpfvt dk yfonf? ,if;taet
tckdiftrm ajymqkdcJhonf? tu,fI ae0if;trdefr‹ ay;cJhv#if tjypfajymcH&rnfhol xm;ukd (5) OD;ajrmuf xif&Sm;aom orkdif;0ifacgif;aqmif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
rSm olomv#ifjzpfonf[k ,lqcJhonfukd olu rnfonfhtcgr# rjiif;cJha-umif; &,lEidk cf o hJ nf?
atmif}uD;u qkdcJhonf? 16
Adkvf}uD;tkef;ausmfjrifhonf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;ESifh tjcm;EkdifiHawmf
345 346
345 346
rSwcf surf sm; Adv
acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd vky}f uHowfjzwf&ef }uHpnfol t"duw&m;cHtjzpf tpGypf cJG &H jyefvnfzŒJG pnf;onht f cg olonf t&m&St d qifjh zpfvmcJo h nf? usL;ausmfvmaom
onf? 1977 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (27) &ufwGif tif;pdefaxmifY ol‹ukd ¯ud;ay;uGyf ulrifwefw±kwjf zLwyf Kuomintang wku ‹d dk jyefvnfwu dk cf u dk &f mY olonf emrnf
rsufcJhonf? tkef;ausmfjrifhonf xdktcsdefu umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf (-unf;) jzpfol ausmw f yf&if;rª;wOD;jzpfco hJ nf? olonf ol&bGŒJ ESpx f yfurG ;f &&Scd o hJ nf? wyfrawmf
Akv
d cf sKyf}uD;ausmx f if. uk, d af &;t&m&Sjd zpfonf? ,if;}uHpnfrw + iG f yg0ifywfouf OD;pD;csKyfEiS hf umuG,af &;0ef}uD;tjzpf 1974 ckEpS w f iG f wk;d jrifo h mG ;cJo
h nf? Advk }f uD;
onf[k oHo,t0ifcH&aom ppfwyfrS ti,fwef;t&m&Sd w'gZifcefr‹ Sm zrf;qD;cH tke;f ausmjf rif. h Advk cf sKyfae0if;ESihf taygif;ygwcsKt ‹d m; vky}f uHowfjzwf&ef }uHpnfr+
&_yD; axmifcscH&olc&H / t_idr;f pm;tay;cH&olc&H jzpfomG ;-uonf? wGif ywfoufonf[al om pGcJ sujf zifh ‚if;.jrifrh m;aom &mxl;}uD;rsm;rS olu ‹ dk 1976
17
pdefvGif (t_idrf;pm;Adkvfr;ª csKyf) “om;owform;” [k trkef;cH&ol? ol. ckESpfwGif xkwfy,fypfcJhonf? owif;xdrfcsefr+jzifh axmif (7) ESpfuscH&_yD; yifpif
ocif tm%m&Sifae0if;ESifh eD;pyfoljzpf_yD; b0wav#mufvkH; ,kH-unfpdwfcs&ol vnf;r& vkyfoufqk qka-u; cHpm;cGifhrsm;vnf; ray;awmhacs? okda‹ omf olonf
wOD;taejzifh *k%f«ycsD;jr‡ifhcH&aom pG,fpkH&yk*~dKvfwOD;tjzpf opPm&SdpGm tr+awmf ol.¯ud;pm;r+jzifh &efuek w f uUov dk rf S Oya'bGŒJ &&Scd o hJ nf? 1988 ckEpS f pufwifbmv
xrf;cJhonf? 1943 ckESpfrSpI awmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifcJh_yD; rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrS wGif trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf zGŒJ pnf;onft h cg rsKd;cspf&aJ bmfa[mif;rsm;tzGŒJ .
ArmhwyfrawmftopfwiG f t&m&Sjd zpf&ef av#mufxm;cJo h nf? oka‹d omfvnf; t&m&Sd acgif;aqmifykdif;rSaeI yg0ifyl;aygif;cJhonf? atmifqef;pk-unfu taxGaxG
a&G;cs,fa&;tzGJŒu olu ‹ kd ra&G;cs,fcJhacs? pdefvGifu &Jabmftjzpf pm&if;oGif;cJh_yD; twGi;f a&;rª; yxrwGif olu 'kw, d OuU@ jzpfonf? xka‹d emuf OuU@ jzpfvmonf?
trSwf (4) AsL;&pfzf (4th Bur:f) wyf&if;rª;jzpfol Akdvfrª;ae0if;. ukd,fykdiftr+ 1989 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf pnf;±kH;aepOf olESifh
xrf;tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf[k ,kH-unf&onf? xkad‹ emuf t&m&SdjzpfvmcJhonf? atmifqef;pk-unfwkd‹ ESpfOD;vkH;ukd tdrfwGif;tus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif;cHcJh&onf?
1951 ckEpS f -o*kwv f wGif yxrqk;H emrnf}uD;zk‹d jzpfvmcJo h nf? xkpd Ofu 'k=Adv k rf ;ª }uD; xka‹d emuf ppfc±Hk ;Hk u olu ‹ dk tvky-f urf;ESihf axmif'%f (3) ESpf csrSwcf _hJ yD; 1992 ckEpS f
at;armif. uGyu f rJ a+ tmufwiG f u&ifjynfe,f v+id ;f bGŒJ teD; autif't D pdk cef;ukd azazmf0g&DvwGif aemufxyf (7) ESpf xyfrw H ;dk jr‡ichf ohJ nf?
19
0kid ;f &mwGif olyg0ifc_hJ yD; wku d yf tJG wGi;f u&ifacgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;ukd tao&rd OD;atmifcif=“ae0if;/ EkdifiHa&;±kyfykHv$m”/ tykdif; (2) {&m0wDpmapmifyg
onf? xka‹d emuf taz}uD;. opPmawmfcH aemufvu dk Ef iS hf vlowform;tjzpf 1962 aqmif;yg;/ csif;rkdif twGJ (8) trSwf (9)/ pufwifbmv 2000 ckESpf/ pmrsufESm
ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif wuUokdvfausmif;om; &maygif;rsm;pGmukd taoypfcscJhaom (28)? “ae0if;[m ol&JŒ vkH;0O\kHjzpfwJhtm%mukd b,fvkdwefzkd;ukdyJ ay;&ay;&
wyfprk sm;ukd ol uGyu f cJ ohJ nf? orkid ;f 0if ausmif;om;or*~taqmufttku H v dk nf; ay;_yD; vGefcJhwJh tESpf (40) ausmftwGif; tm%mukd vk,lxdef;odrf;cJhw,f? ol‹&JŒ
azmufcGJ°zdcscJhonf? olt ‹ aejzifh aoG;v$rf;r+trsKd;rsKd;twGuf wm0ef&SdcJh_yD; OD;oef‹ -ydifzufawGukd xkwfypfcJhw,f? ol&JŒ rdwfaqGawG/ &Jabmf&Jbuf aemufvkdufawG
psmye ±kyfysufqif;ysufjzpf&r+ESifh &Spfav;vkH; &ufpufr+rsm;u olt ‹ wGuf emrnf tay:rSmvJ opPmazmufcw hJ ,f?
tysu&f qk;H rsm;jzpfco hJ nf? ae0if;u olu ‹ dk ol.,kwrf m&ufpufaom vkyaf qmifr+ 1977 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvrSm usif;ycJhwJh rqv&JŒ wwd,t}udrf nDvmcH
rsm;twGuf aumif;pGmcs;D jri‡ chf o hJ nf? 2002 ckEpS f rwfvwGif olq ‹ &mocif tdrt f us,f usif;ypOfu v#Kd0‹ u S rf aJ y;wJt h cg ygwDacgif;aqmiftpOfvu dk rf mS ol[m eHygwf (4)
csKyfozG,fcH&_yD;aemuf r-umrDyif olvnf; w&m;r0if&&Sdaeaom cHpm;cGifhrsm;/ ae&mukd tqifhusoGm;cJhw,f? okd‹aomfvJ olwkd‹[m ol‹tay:rSm qkd&S,fvpf'Drkd
-oZmtm%mrsm; qk;H ±+;H cJ_h yD; rjzpfpavmufaom ppfwyfyifpifvpmav;jzifh qif;&J ua&pDudk ±k;d om;pGm ,k-H unfo&l ,fv‹dk em;rvnfrv + cJG w
hJ mjzpf_yD; olu ‹ adk v#mhwu G f
EGrf;yg;pGm &SifoefaecJh&onf? ol. tpmtdrfa&m*gtwGuf pifumylwGif ukor+cH cJh-uwmjzpfw,f? tJ'Dtcg ol[m ygwDEkdifiHa&;ukd pdwf0ifpm;ykHrjyayrJh axmuf
,l_yD;tjyef 2003 ckESpf {_yDv (9) &ufae‹wGif &efukef°rdŒ Y aoqkH;cJhonf? vS rf;a&;wyf&JŒ tultnDukd&,l_yD; ygwDoef‹pifa&;ta-umif;jycsufeJ‹ ygwD0if
18 (54˜000) ukd xkwyf pfvu dk w f ,f? tJ't D csed u f tpk;d &tvkyrf mS ygwD0ifjzpfa&;[m
'kw,d urBmppftwGi;f Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;vufatmuf&dS bDtidk af twyfo‹dk
Advk cf sKyf}uD;a[mif; ol& wifO;D ,ck NLD 'kw, d OuU@ 0ifa&mufcphJ Ofu touf r&Srd jzpfvt dk yfaeygw,f? tJ'aD emuf olq ‹ ENtwkid ;f [m t&m&mukd csKyfuidk v f myg
(16) ESpo f m&Sad o;onfh vli,fwOD;jzpfonf? vGwv f yfa&;r&rD Armhwyfrawmfudk w,f? okd‹aomfvJ ygwDoef‹pifa&;[m ae0if;tay: }uD;}uD;rm;rm;wefjyef±kduf
347 348
347 348
rSwcf surf sm; Adv
cwfr+jzpfcJhygw,f? 1978 ckESpfrSm ygwDu xkwfy,fcH&wJh ref;aiGatmif acgif; (17) &ufwGif (49) }udrfajrmuftpnf;ta0;odk‹ wifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpm tD;§pD
aqmifwJhtzGJŒ[m ae0if;ukd vkyf}uHowfjzwfzkd‹ ¯ud;pm;cJh-uygw,f? olwkd‹u tif 4§ 1993§37 / pmrsufESm 19 (u)=armifaomfu (c) OD;baomf/ touf
olt‹ wGif;pnf;xJu vlawGukdyg z,f&Sm;ypfzkd‹ ¯ud;pm;cJh-uygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'D (65) ESpf (trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf A[dkaumfrwD0if) onf 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkif
}uHpnfr+[m taumiftxnf razmf&ao;cifrSmbJ ay:aygufoGm;_yD; }uHpnfol v (23) &ufwGif zrf;qD;jcif;cHcJh&onf? ta&;ay:jy@mef;r+ tufOya'. yk'fr 5
rsm;tm;vkH; ao'%ftjypfay;cH-u&w,f? okda‹ omfvJ olwkdu ‹ kd rpD&ifrD vGwf_idrf; (u) ESifh 5 (c) t& 1989 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvwGif olu ‹ dk tvkyf-urf;ESihf axmif
csrf;omcGifhtrdef‹ (1980 ckESpf) u ref;aiGatmifukd toufcsrf;om&m &apcJhyg '%fEpS (f 20) tjypf'%fcsrSwcf o hJ nf? olonf aemufausm tm±Hak -umr}uD; a&m*g
w,f? ref;aiGatmif[m axmifuxGufvm_yD; (2) ESpft-um autif,lu wckjzpfonfh vnfyif;cdkifa&m*gudk jyif;jyif;xefxef (severe Spondylitis) cHpm;&
&efukefukdwkdufckduf&mrSm OD;aqmifcJhjyefw,f? okd‹aomfvJ oleJ‹taygif;ygrsm;ukd vsuf&Sd&m 1990 ckESpf/ pufwbFmvtwGif;wGif tif;pdefaxmifxJY tpmiwfcH
vsijf refpmG zrf;rdcjhJ yefygw,f?” qENjyaepOf t}uD;tus,ft±du k cf cH &hJ onf? xda‹k -umihf ol. nmbufwjcrf; ao
20
bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ a':atmifqef;pk-unf= “usr oGm;cJhonf? 1991 ckESpf/ ZGefv (9) &ufwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf?
azazudk jrefrmjynf&J‹ar#mfvifhcsuftjzpf vlawGujyef-unfhaewm[m usr 'Drdk 23
a':atmifqef;pk-unfonf _Adwo d #vlrsKd;jzpfol rdu k uf ,ft&J pf ( Michael
ua&pDv+yf&Sm;r+}uD;xJ yg0ifvm&jcif;&J‹ ta-umif;t&if;jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dawmh Aris) udk 1972 ckESpfwGif vufxyfcJhonf? a'gufwm rdkufu,f ADvefukwf tJ&pf
usrrSm ulnzD w ‹kd m0ef&adS ew,fv‹kd cHpm;rdygw,f”? onf wdAufESihf [dr0Eœmavhvmr+ESihf ywfoufaom atmufpfzdk‹'f (Oxford)
21
þat;&Sm;0dcf (Asia Week)/þ1993þckESpf rwfv (3) &uf/ aqmif;yg;. wuUodkvf. okawoeynm&Sifjzpfonf? atmufpfzdk‹'fwuUodkvf pdef‹tefaxmfeD
yxrykdif;= urBmajray:&Sd t}uD;rm;qkH;tmCmw (txufwGif aemufqkH;ykdif;ukd aumvdyf. ausmif;tkyftjzpf 1998 ckESpfwGif xrf;aqmifaepOf uifqma&m*g
ukd;um;_yD; tcef; (1) eHygwfpOf=6) “aemifwGif &JabmfokH;usdyf” [k ausmf-um; zdpD;r+cHcJh&onf? &efukefwGif&Sd ol‹ZeD;onftm; aemufqHk;E+wfquf&ef jrefrm
vmrnfholrsm; *syef.vufatmufY ppfoifwef;oif,laepOfuyif jrefrmEkdifiH. ppftkyfpktm; jynf0ifcGifhADZmay;yg&ef arwWm&yfcHcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ppfAdkvf
vGwfvyfa&;ol&Jaumif;jzpfvmrnfh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: ae0if;u rnfr# csKyfrsm;u u±k%mw&m; acgif;yg;pGmjzihf ADZmay;&ef jiif;qefcJhonf? a'gufwm
rkef;wD;a-umif; jrefrmwkdif;od&Sd-uonf? tJ&pfonf 1999 ckEpS /f rwfv (27) &ufae‹/ ol. (53) ESpaf jrmufarG;ae‹wiG f vef'ef
ol.ajymjyIyifroifah om vlra+ &;tusiyhf surf r+ sm;twGuf vltrsm;a&Sw › iG f &Sd csmcsDaq;±HkwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf? ppftpdk;&onf olwdk‹.om;ESpfOD;jzpfonfh
ol‹udk t&SufuGJapaoma-umifh ae0if;u ol‹xuftouf (3) ESpf i,faomfvnf; tJvpfZENm; jrifhqef;atmifESihf uif (rf) xdefvif;wdk‹. EdkifiHul;vufrSwfwdk‹ukd
ynmtvGefxl;c|ef_yD; rsm;pGm±kkd;om;aom vli,facgif;aqmiftm; rkef;wD;cJhonf? ESpt f awmf-umuyif zsuo f rd ;f cJoh nf? olwu ‹kd kd olr‹ cd ifxv H nfywf&ef wcgw&Hro S m
OD;ae0if;onf ‚if;tjzpftysufrsm;tjyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ol‹tm; tjcm; cGiðhf ycJo
h nf?
usL;vGerf r+ sm;twGuf tqifch scjhJ cif;rsm;ukv d nf; rnfonft h cgr# rarhaysmufcahJ cs? 24
bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ rSwfwrf;±kyf&Sifonf AdkvfcsKyf.
wcgaomf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u ae0if;ukd pdwyf suvf eG ;f onft h wGuf 'kw, d wOD;wnf;aomorD;jzpfo. l pl;&Sem-unf;zG,af jymqdrk j+ zpfonfh “usr azazom
urBmppf. rkew f idk ;f qefaomESprf sm;twGi;f *syefrS trdajrokt‹d jyef a&vrf;c&D;wGif toufxif&Sm;&SdaecJhr,fqdk&if 'Drdkua&pD[m touf0if v+yf&Sm;aecJh rSmjzpf_yD;
ickH;rwaumifa-umifh wavSvkH;rykyfcif ae0if;ukd z,f&Sm;ypf&efxd olcsdefqawG; wnfwahH ecJrh mS jzpfw,f? olu ‹ kd qH;k ±+;H cJ&h wm[m aysm&f i$ zf , G &f m 'Dru
kd a&pD jrefrmEdik if H
awmpdwfY armcJh&a-umif;ukd &JabmfokH;usdyf0if Adkvf&efEkdiftm; ajymjy_yD; wm0ef awmfukd wnfaqmufz‹kd tcGit hf a&;udk usrwdq ‹k ;kH ±H;+ cJ&h wm jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fv h J
ay;cJah o;onf[k tqk&d ydS gonf? 'kwd,tcGifhta&;awG[m t_rJvmwwfp_rJrdk‹ usrwdk‹ wwfEdkifwkH; tJ'DtcGifhta&;
22
ukvor*~ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlr+a&;aumifpD. vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif awGukd t&trd zrf;udik &f rSmjzpfygw,f” [laom pum;&yfrsm;jzihf tqH;k owfxm;
txl;udk,fpm;vS,f ,dkZdk,dkumwm (Yozo Yokata) u 1993 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv avonf?
349 350
349 350
Adv
cH0efxrf;=1947) ESihf awGŒqHkar;jref;cJh&mrS olESihf ol‹vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm; 1947
ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;Y&Sdaea-umif; ajym-um;csufudk
tcef; (7) &v'f aumufEw k af zmfjyxm;onf? “aumifpcD ef;reJ‹ tawmfe;D wJh ±H;k cef;xJrmS u|efawmf
1
wnf;jzwf/ jzefa‹ 0ol a'gufwmausmf0if;? atm&ifhudk‹ (pf) aumvdyf (Or- wdk‹ wckckpm;aomufae-uwkef;/ atmfwdkrufwpf aoewfoH ESpfcsufoHk;csufudk
ange Coast College)/ u,fvz D ;kd eD;,m; (California, USA) ygarmuQwm0efrS tem; u|eaf wmfw‹kd ±kww f &uf-um;vdu k &f ygw,f” olonf aumifpcD ef;rodþ‹k oGm;a&mufchJ
,l_yD; tar&durSmyif aexdkifygonf? 1987 ckESpfwGif pDtm'DbD tjynfjynfqkdif&m &m Todk‹ jrifcJh&onf? “ae&mwumrSm aoG;awGcsnfhyJ/ tawmhfudkrsm;w,f/
(CRDB International) yxr OuU@jzpfcJh_yD; Twm0efudk OD;wifarmif0if;u 'DvdkaoG;rsKd; u|efawmf wcgrS rawGŒzl;bl;? bmjzpfvdk‹vJqdkawmh teD;uyf_yD;
qufvufxrf;aqmifonf? 1997 ckEpS rf mS a'gufwmausm0f if;u wzef OuU@jzpfjyef aoewfawGe‹J ypfcw hJ mr[kwv f m;? aoewf'%fa-umifh pm;yGw J iG ;f u ypPn;f awGe‹J
um 2003 ckEpS q f ef;wGif OD;bDvmftrf/ &m&Spf (Bilal M. Raschid) u xkw d m0efudk pm;yGJtpdwftydkif;awGvJ wppDusKd;yJhysufpD;ae-uw,f? aoG;tdkifawGxJrSm
,lygonf? (bDvmvf&m&SpfrSm OD;Ek/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ponfh av;pm;tyfaom uefausmufvGifhxGufoGm;wJh zdeyfawG&Sdae-uygw,f”? tqifhjrifh _Adwdo#t&m&Sd
rsKd;cspfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;wGif yg0ifcJhol OD;trf/at/&m&Spf (M.A.Raschid) . trsm;tjym;onf twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;twGif;wGif olw±dk‹ Hk;cef;rsm;&Sdae-uonf?
6
om;jzpfonf? [l;wifum.‘jrefrmEdik if /H þvGwv f yfa&;¯ud;yrf;r+þ1944=48’þpmrsuEf mS þ(872)?
2 7
bDbDpD (2) wDAGD 1997 ck/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf (txufygtpDtpOf)/ qm/ bOD;onf xdktcsdefu w&m;v$wfawmf. w&m;ol}uD;ESihf zGJŒpnf;
toHv$ifholu “OD;apmeJ‹cifrif&if;ESD;wJh _Adwdo#t&m&SdawGudk &Ju pwifpHkprf;ppf yHkOya'tzGJŒwGif ta&;ygaomtzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfonf? 1952=57 wGif EdkifiHawmf
aq;ygw,f? vky}f uHrj+ zpfymG ;aepOf _Adwo d #axmufvS r;f a&;t&m&Sw d OD;u OD;apm orRwjzpfonf?
udk wu,fyJ w,fvzD ek ;f qufajymcJyh gw,f” [kajym_y;D aemufwiG f atmufygAdv k rf ;ª armifarmif (Adv k rf ;ª csKyfa[mif;) “oHCmrSomrefvo l ”‹dk jrefrmEkid if .
H trsKd;
[l;wGdKif (ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;=1947) ESihf awGŒqHkar;jref;cef; aumufEkwfcsufudk om;a&;v+y&f mS ;r+rsm; 1980 ykEH ydS /f pmrsuEf mS (260)/ rSwcf suf (20)? w&m;±k;H csKyfwiG f
qufvufvi$ x hf wk af y;cJo
h nf? ‘w,fvzD ek ;f a&'D,v kd ikd ;f u wckcck |waf csmo
f mG ;wm acwWw&m;ol}uD;wm0ef,lxm;aom OD;bOD;onf txl;w&m;ckH±kH;wGif yg0if_yD;
a-umifh (11) em&DrmS pm;&dyo f mxJa&mufaewJo h al wGtm;vH;k u|eaf wmfwa‹kd jymwm q&mpHukd ppfaq;cJhonf? OD;bOD;tm; pma&;olu o±kyfazmfxm;onfrSm ‘bcif
tm;vHk; a&'D,dkuwqifh -um;ukef-uygw,f? aemuf em&D0ufvJ-uma&m olwdk‹ e,fyidk 0f efaxmufonf OD;OwWrtm; yxrjypf'%f pD&ifcsucf sco hJ jl zpfonf?’
8
wawG vkyf}uHr+jzpfwm odukef-uawmh OD;apmudk oHo,0if-uygw,f? oHo, z&ef/‹ tif/ xa&*g (Frank N.Trager) jrefrmEkid if H “bk&ifEh idk if rH S orRwEkid if H
t0ifc&H wm aemufwa,muf&ydS gao;w,f? tJ'g u|eaf wmfjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh ok”d‹ (Burma: From Kingdom to Republic) (vef'ef ayg(vf) arm(vf) ykHESdyfwkduf
uHaumif;axmufrpGm tJ'D oHo,u aysmufuG,foGm;cJhygw,f? 1966 ckEpS )f pmrsuEf mS 105? “'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f u trSwf (136) _Aw d o d #wyfzŒJG
3
OD;xGef;vSatmif/ w&m;vdkjyoufaotrSwf(38)/ txl;cHk±Hk;a&S›Y usrf; . wyfzŒJG0ifa[mif;rsm;yg0ifaom u&ifrsm;ukd taxmuftyHah y;a&;}uHpnfrw + &yf
usdefxGufqdkjcif;? ukd 1948 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif azmfxkwfcJhonf?” [l;wifum (Hugh Tinker)
4
1995 ckEpS /f rwfvwGix f w k af 0aom wyfrawmfordik ;f / wwd,wG/J pmrsuf “jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if þH vGwv f yfa&;yxrESprf sm;ukþd avhvmr+”þ(vef'efþatmuf(pf)
ESm (151=152) u twnfðycsufr&Sdaom owif;pm owif;ay:wGif tajccHxm; zk'‹d w
f uUov kd þf pmykEH ydS wf udk þf 1957þckEpS þf pmrsuEf mS 37)? “umvuwWm;&Sd 'k=Akv d rf ;ª }uD;
onfhol‹tjrifudk a&;om;xm;onfh Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif.pmtkyf/ pmrsufESm a*s/pD/wl;avmh(cf)(J.C. Tulloch-M.C.) trf/pD/ ESihf &efuek &f dS a'vDar;(vf)owif;pmrS
(317) ESihf (339) udkvnf; aumufE+wfudk;um;xm;onf? tvufZENm; uif;bJ(vf) (Alexander Campbell) (ESpfOD;vkH;rSm 136 wyfzGJŒrS jzpfcJh
5
bDbpD D (2) wDADG ±ky&f iS f (1947 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v
f 19 &uf) ‚if;wDA±DG yk &f iS tf wGuf -uonf) wkd‹. v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;ukd jrefrmtpkd;&u &SmazGawGŒ&SdcJh_yD; uif;bJ(vf)ukd
qm/ eDudkvyf (epf) varm (Sir Nicholas (Nick) Larmour) (jrefrmyÉdnmOf &efukefrS xkwfypfjcif;cH&onf?” aemuftr+wckrSm Seventh-Day Adventist
351 352
351 352
&v'f Adv
c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;wOD;jzpfol a*s/ 'AvsL/ abmf(vf)'0if (J.W. Baldwin) . tr+ ol‹tcef;u¾” (umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme/ 21 }udrfajrmufxkwfa0jcif;/ 1999)
jzpfonf? vGwv f yfa&;r&ao;rD _Adwo d #wu ‹dk olu
‹ dk jrefrmEkid if rH S jynfEiS 'f %fcwfcH pmrsufEmS 36?
&onf? olonf vef'efwiG f “jrefrmEkid if H awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwaf qGrsm;tzGŒJ ” “æAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;pdwful;cJhonfrSm _Adwdo#wkd‹xHrS vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;
tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd oGm;a&mufwufc_hJ y;D 1949 ckEpS w f iG f autif,o l ‹dk oGm;a&muf aemuf jrefrmEkid if . H vkt d yfcsufrsm;ESit hf nD zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya' (1947
yl;aygif;cJo h nf? 1951 ckEpS t f xd olwE‹dk iS t hf wlaexkid cf _hJ y;D tzsm;a&m*gjzifh uG,v f eG f ckEpS )f ukd jyefvnfjyifqif&efjzpfonf? uHta-umif;raumif;vSpmG TonfrmS jzpf
cJhonf? ol‹ocsKõif;tkwf*lay:wGif “Tae&mwGif u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;ukd cspfcifjrwf ay:rvmcJah wmhacs? tb,fa-umifq h adk omf r-umao;cifuyif _Adwo d #owif;Xme
Ekd;olwOD; vJavsmif;ae onf” [laom pmwrf;a&;xkd;xm;onf? rsm;okd‹ xkwfjyefay;cJhaom tvGeftxl;ta&;}uD;aom taxmuftxm;rsm;t&
9
arm&pf/ aumvpf (Maurice Collis) “jrefrmjynfY aemufq;Hk ESihf yxrqk;H ” _Adwdeftajcpkduf “jrefrmEkdifiH awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;” tzGJŒu
(1941=1948) azbmESihf azbmvDrw d uf/ vef'ef) pmrsufEmS 25§26? vGwfvyfa&;r&rD AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh 0ef}uD;tzGJŒukd vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ESifh
10
rl&if; jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmudk 1914 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHY pwif 1947=48 ckEpS f ywf0ef;usifrsm;wGif u&ifaomif;usef;r+rsm; jzpfymG ;atmif pDr! H e¸ f
wnfaxmifcJh_yD; 1969 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (31) &ufae‹wGif ppftkyfpku jynfolydkif -um;cJjh cif;jzpf_yD; ‚if;wko ‹d nf _Adwed . f ukv d edk eD ,fcsJŒ “uGeq f maA;wpf” tpk;d &ESihf
odrf;cJhonf? 1998 ckESpf/ ZGefv (15) &ufrSpI befaumufwGif acwfòydif*sme,f wdusaom tquft oG,frsm;&SdaecJhonf?
16
pmyHEk ydS wf ukd rf S jyefvnf±u kd Ef ydS x
f w
k af 0cJoh nf? a':atmifqef;pk-unf. ‘atmifqef;’ (uGif;pfvef;wuUodkvf=-opa-w
11
tdv k AD m *d;k vfprpf (Oliver Goldsmith) . ‘oabmaumif;þa,mufsm;wOD;’ vs/ 1984) pmrsufESm=(33) ‘olyGifhyGifhvif;vif;0efcHcJhouJhodk‹ olonf rrSm;r,Gif;
12
bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ wifqufol = atmifqef;udk Edkifaomol r[kwfyg? odk‹aomf ol.pdwfrSm tpOft_rJ us,fjyef‹vsuf&Sdaom
zrf;qD;jcif;rðyEkid rf D 0ef}uD;csKyf uvD;rif/h tufwvD (Clement Altee) u bk&ifcu H kd pdwjf zpfum tpOfrjywf zGŒH òzd;wd;k wufEidk af om pGr;f tm;&Sad eonf?
17
jyefac:vdkufonf? vlawGŒar;jref;cH&ol tJ&pf/ bufwmpbD= “qma':refprpf w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;r+ESifh vHkòcHr+wdk‹udk tpm;xdk;Edkif&efESifh 'Drdkua&pD
uawmh aemifwr&ao;bJ aemufrS rdwfaqGwOD;pD pma&;vdkufwmu= usKyfwdk‹ a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf óudwifjyifqifr+rsm; ðyvkyfEdkif&ef vkyfydkif
u atmifqef;&JŒ ola‹ vmufta&;rygwJh vkyaf zmfuikd b f ufawGukd qGóJ ud;cs_y;D om;yJ? cGifhtm%m tyfESif;vsuf tpdk;&w&yfudk OD;aqmifEdkif&eftwGuf 1958 ckESpf/
'ga-umihf olu b,fta-umif;a-umihf *sL&Da&Sr› mS tcGit fh vrf; r,lEidk o f vJqw kd m atmufwdkbm vwGif jrefrmEdkifiHawmf jynfolv ‹ $wfawmfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk
usKyfem;rvnfEkdifbl;? olu ‹ dk aopm;aoap pD&ifcsufcs&if usKyfwdku ‹ oem;u±k emrnfpm&if;wif tqdðk ycJo h nf? ae0if;tm; uefo ‹ wfxm;aom wm0efoufwrf;
%may;zd‹k aocsmrSmaygh? 'gayr,fh tJ'v D kd tajctaeay:rSom ta&;,lEidk rf mS ”? rSm 1958 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvrS 1960 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&Dvtxdjzpfonf?
18
13
[l;wifum (Hugh Tinker) t,f'w D m “jrefrmEkid if H vGwv f yfa&;¯ud;yrf;r+” npmpm;yGw J ckY vl0ifpm;r+ta-umif; ajym-um;r+wckudk wqifch H jyefvnf
vef'ef/ bk&ifr}uD;. pma&;ud&, d m ±k;H cef;/ 1983=84 twGJ (1) pmrsufEmS 543/ -um;od&_yD; ,if;rSm &$ifjrL;zG,f[k xif&aomfvnf; ta&;}uD;onfh ykHjyifwyk'f
tcsuf 563? jzpfonft h wGuf xyfcgxyfcgajymjcif;jzifh ykrd adk umif;rGev f mygvdrrhf nf? ol.tkypf ;dk r+
14
bDbpD D (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ atmifqef;pk-unf= “armihb f ufwef apmapmykdif;wGif tm%m&Sifae0if;onf xkdif;rif;orD;wyg;ukd EkdifiHawmfnpm
(Mountbatten) u em;vnfr+&Sdwmu usrzcif[m jrefrmjynfrSm todtrSwf pm;yGJw&yfjzifh wnfcif;{nfhcHonf? rif;orD;u olronf 1767 ckESpfu jrefrmwkd‹
ðy&r,fh tiftm;jzpfa-umif;eJ‹ olu vufccH w hJ muvJ trSet f wdik ;f r[mrdwaf wGukd t,k', < -rdŒawmfudk odr;f yku d pf Ofu olt ‹ ukEd iS t hf wl uGyrf sufjcif; cHc-hJ u&aom rif;
Armhwyfrawmfu xl;uJpGm tultnDay;Ekdifa-umif;udk ,Hk-unfw,fqdkwm usr orD; jyefvnf0ifpm;cJjh cif;jzpfonf[k ae0if;ukd ajymjyonf? tu,fI aemufb0
xifygw,f”? rsm;wGif tcsed -f um&Snpf mG uGu J mG cJ&h aom olt ‹ ukEd iS hf jyefvnf qkq H nf;&ef ar#mv
f ifch hJ
15
'k=Adkvfr;ª }uD;vS rif;/ “jrefrmEkdifiH. EkdifiHa&;tajctaeESifh a'otwGif; _yD; olwE‹dk pS Of ;D yl;aygif;I jrefrmEkid if u H dk zsuq f ;D vufpm;acs &ef olrraorD used q f cdk hJ
353 354
353 354
Adv
a-umif; olru ajymjyjyefygonf? ae0if;u olrbuf tenf;i,f,drf;vkduf_yD; wl t"dutcsufrsm;tay: tajccHaom u|efawmfwkd. ‹ tufaq;rsm;ESifh tawG;
olrem;em;uyfum wk;d wk;d av;ajymygonf? “igu rift h ukyd ?J -unfah v? ig jrefrm tjrifrsm;onf “at;&Sm;0dcf” r*~Zif;wGif 2003 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif “b0&Sifrif;
jynfukd bmvkyfxm;ovJ? at;æ'gtpyJ&Sdao; w,f” [l.? w&m;ae0if;” ESifh 1993 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif “ol&Jaumif;wOD;.t&dyf” tjzpf
19
a'gufwmwifah 0 BA, MBBS (Rgn), MRACMA, MM (Psychotherapy) azmfjycH&_y;D befaumufrS xkwaf 0aom “acwf°ydi”f *sme,fwiG f &Spaf v;vk;H ESpyf wf
(Sydney), FRANZCP onf Westmead aq;±kHwGif pdwfa&m*g txl;ukq&m0ef vnftxdr;f trSwpf mapmiftwGuf “ae0if;.0Suv f uf” tp&So d nfh aqmif;yg;rsm;
(Staff Specialist Psychiatrist) wa,mufjzpf_yD;/ jyifyukd,fykdifaq;ukcef;wGif azmfjycHc&hJ onf? ,if;oka‹d om aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd u|efawmf vkyaf zmfuidk zf ufrsm;ESihf
pdwaf 0'em cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmukx;Hk jzifh ukool q&m0ef (Psychotherapist) wa,muf u|eaf wmfu, dk w
f idk f pDtm'DbD “owif;rsm;ESihf tjrifrsm;” pmapmifwiG f a&;om;xkwf
jzpfonf ? ‚if;pdwfyg0ifpm;onfh bmom&yfrsm;xJwGif tºuGif;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf a0cJo h nf?
22
vufatmuf aexkid &f jcif;. tusK;d quf&v'frsm;ESihf tqkyd g&v'frsm;. om;pOf ae0if;ESifhtwl ol‹orD; cifpENm0if; (owif;rsm;wGif ol.q&m0eftjzpf
ajr;qufwidk f qk;d usK;d oufa&mufapr+rsm;/ ppfajy;'kuo Q nfrsm;ESihf n‡O;f yef;ESyd pf ufc/H azmfjy-uonf)/ olr. cifyeG ;f at;aZmf0if;ESihf ajr; ausmaf e0if;wk‹d vku d yf gcJ-h uonf?
"m;pmcHrsm;twGuf pdwaf 0'em ukx;Hk rsm; ponfwy‹dk g0ifonf? _yD;cJhaom tESpf (20) twGif; tusifhysufqkH; urBmhacgif;aqmif (10) OD;pm&if;wGif
20
Tae&mwGif u|eaf wmf t*Fvyd b f momjzifh a&;cJo
h nfph mtkyw f iG f ',fe&D ,f ql[m wkt d aejzifh xdyq f ;Hk tqift
h jzpf Ekid if w
H umjrifomxifomtzGŒJrS xkwaf 0aom
(vf)'Dz;dk (Danicl Defoe:1661-1731) . pmayrS avsmu f efonfh atmufyga&;om; urBmvk;H qkid &f m tusiyfh surf t + pD&ifcpH mu 2004 ckEpS f rwfvwGif tqifo h wfrw S cf H
csufukd ukd;um;jyxm;ygonf? &onfrmS pdw0f ifpm;zG,jf zpfonf?
23
The best of men cannot suspend their fate: ±+armifonf ti,fwef;pma&;av;tjzpf tvkyfvkyfzuf a':wifwifukd
The good die early, the bad die late. 1930 ckEpS v f nfwiG f vufxyfc_hJ yD; om; (2) OD; xGe;f um;cJo h nf? olwu ‹dk _JG yD;aemuf
21
a-u;rkOH ;D aomif;/ xif&mS ;ausm-f um;aom owif;pmq&mESihf pma&;q&m? Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;tjzpf rpPpaf uwDawmif}uD; (c) auwDboef; (c) cifaroef;ukd
tar&duefEidk if H zavmf&'D ge,fwiG f ,cktcg aexkid v f su&f _dS y;D ±+armif (c) ae0if;. 1950 ckEpS t f apmykid ;f wGif vufxyfco hJ nf? olrwGif orD;ok;H OD;yg&Sv d mcJ_h y;D ae0if;ESihf
b0jzpfpOfrsm;ukd taumif;qk;H ykaH zmf Ekid o f jl zpfonf? olonf pmtkyw f apmifwzGŒJ jzpf orD; (2) a,muf/ om; (1) a,muf &&Scd o hJ nf? olronf 1972 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG cf hJ
atmif atmufygukd,fa&;twˆKy`wWdrsm;ukd taumif;tqkd; r¹cGif;rcsefa&;om;cJh onf? 1970 ckEpS v f nfwiG f a':-umqef[ak c:aom &ckid t f rsK;d orD;wOD;ukd ZeD;r,m;
onf? «ycJhonf[k aumvm[vjzpfcJhonf? ukef;abmifrif;qufrS bk&ifrif;wkef;rif;.
(1) “Adv k af e0if; ppf"m;jyvrf;pOf”/ 1944 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f wGif a&'D,b dk m;rm;/ jrpfawmfol *|e±f p‹dk f b,fvmrD (June Rose Bellamy) (c) &wemewfr,fudk 1975§76
rme,fyavmu ykEH ydS x f w k af 0onf? ckESpfwGif w&m;0ifvufxyfcJhjyefonf? ,if;tdrfaxmifrSmvnf; acwWr#omcH_yD;
(2) “owif;pmq&mwOD;/ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;wOD;ESihf jrefrmjynf&dS ppfwyfwwyf”/ tdrw f iG ;f &efjzpfrt + wGi;f aq;vdyjf ymzefcu G jf zifh ypfaygufrj+ zifh tqk;H owfomG ;cJo h nf?
1995 ckEpS w f iG f 0+u d vf ;dk wyfp/f befaumufEiS hf csiferD mS ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cJo
h nf? rnfou l pypfaygufonfEiS yhf wfoufI owif;jyefy‹ mG ;r+twGi;f 0d0g'uGv J rJG r+ sm;&Scd hJ
(3) “Adv k af e0if;Zmwfvrf;±+yo f r#” (Akv d af e0if;. ±+yaf xG;ayGvD Zmwfvrf; onf? aemufqkH;od&Sd&onfh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;r+rSm &efukefwuUokdvforkdif;XmerS
tjynft h pk)H 2001 ckEpS w f iG f uk,
d w
f idk xf wk af 0 _yD; “OD;ae0if;. jymwqky”f / 2004 okawoe uxdu a':eDejD rifEh iS jhf zpfonf? olrESiu hf _JG y;D jyefvnfvufxyfjyefonft h
ckEpS w f iG f uk, d w f idk xf wk af 0? trSwf (2) rSvI JG uset f m;vk;H jrefrmbmomjzifjh zpfonf? wGuf ,if;ukd ESpf}udrf[kwGufv#if pkpkaygif; (6) }udrf&Sdonf?
Ekid if &H yf jcm;a&muf jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;onf ae0if;ESiyhf wfoufI aqmif;yg;rsm; 24
Tpmyk'd Ef iS yhf wfoufI u|eaf wmf t*Fvyd b f momjzifh a&;cJo h nfh pmtkyw f iG f
ykHrSefa&;avh&Sd-u&m tcsKd‹rSm ol.oDva-umifh tusifhysufr+rsm;tajctae/ ±+dwfpyD;,m; (William Shakespeare: 23.4.1564-23.4.1616: in ‘Julies Caesar’)
bufvu dk rf r+ sm;ESihf tawG;tac:vGaJ csmaf er+rsm;tay: txl;«yxm;-uonf? tvm; a&;om;csufrsm;rS jrefrmjynf. vuf&SduH-urRmESifh oufqkdif&m pum;rsm;ukd
355 356
355 356
Adv
atmufygtwkdif; ukd;um;cJhonf? acwf°ydi*f sme,f 2006 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv pmrsuf ESm (5)? &efuek af jrmufbuf (244)
“There is a tide in the affairs of men, - Which taken at the flood, leads rkdiftuGm&Sd ysOf;rem;°rdŒ -uufajy;&yfokd‹ etzu °rdŒawmfajymif;a&$onfESifh
on to fortune; - Omitted all the voyage of their life - Is bound in shallows, and
in miseries.” ywfoufaom aqmif;yg;? oHwrefa[mif;wOD;jzpfol pma&;q&mu vuf&Sd
25
t,f'wD mxHay;pm= “{&m0wDpmapmif” csif;rkid /f xkid ;f Ekid if H = 2003 ckEpS f tm%m&SiEf pS Of ;D jzpfonfh Adv
k cf sKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$EiS hf 'k=Advk cf sKyfr;ª }uD; armif;at;wku
‹ d dk
{_yDvwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0? pmrsufESm (6)/ acgif;pOf “&mZyv†ifokd‹trSm;” a&;ol “i±l;” ESihf “irl;” [lI trnfwyfvu dk o
f nf? trSew f u,ftm;jzifh jrefrmtrsm;pkrmS
cifatmif/ -opa-w;vs? cefr‹ Sef;csufukd em;vnfoabmayguf_yD;jzpfI olwkt d‹ ay: rauseyfr+ukd vGwfvyf
“oif. 2003 ckEpS f Zefe0g&D=azazmf0g&Dxw k pf mapmif (twGJ 11/ trSwf 1) aomurBmwGif tcGifh&wkdif; vGwfvyfpGmajymqkdvsuf&Sd-uonf?
27
rsufESmzkH;wGif AdkvfcsKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$ukd a&S;±kd;pOfvm jrefrmbk&ifrsm;. taqmif atmifqef;pk-unf “a-umuf&GHŒ jcif;rS uif;vGwfa&;” yif*Gufpmtkyfwkduf
ta,mif0wfpjHk zifh azmfjycJjh cif;rSm olt ‹ yd rf ufpw d uf ;l tjrifjzpfEidk af omfvnf; u|eaf wmf t*Fvef 1991/ 'Drkdua&pD&SmykHawmf pmwrf;rsm;/ pmrsuf 177?
wkt ‹d wGurf mS ajcmuftyd rf ufozG,jf zpfaeonf? yef;csq D &mu bk&ifrif;wke;f rif;ukd
ykaH zmfonfEiS þhf qefu
‹ sizf uf b,fbufo‹dk olu ‹ dk ,dr;f aeatmif yef;csu D rSerf eS u
f efuef
ykaH zmfEidk yf gonf? wHqyd t f jynfEh iS hf ppf0wfpt Hk wGi;f rSmxuf olu yk-d unfah umif;ae
ygonf? 1990 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvxkwf at;&Sm;0dcfpmapmifyg “bk&ifrif;w&m;}uD; pmwGJ
ae0if;” ykHukd u|efawmhftm; jyefvnfowd&apygonf? ,if;aqmif;yg;wGif rukdËf
o&zlaqmif;bk&ifjzpfcsiaf om ae0if;. b0&nfreS ;f csuu f dk cefr‹ eS ;f wGuq f a&;om; vky}f uHrE+ iS hf ±k;H wifw&m;pGq
J rdk E+ iS hf
cJhonf? ae0if;taejzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifcJhaom &JabmfokH;usdyf
trsK;d om;ol&aJ umif;rsm;. taiGŒtoufudk ¯uduo f nfjzpfap/ r¯uduo f nfjzpfap ywfoufaom a-u;eef;pmtcsK‹d
qifjref;xm;cJo h nf? ae0if;u Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. txl;av;pm;cH&aom acgif;
1
aqmifr+ukd tarGqufcHcJh&onf[k aºuG;a-umfcJhonf? okad‹ omfvnf; vkyf}uHowf aemufwae‹wGif &ef‹ (Rance) u yufopfavm&ifh (Pethick-Lawrence)
jzwfr+ yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+}uD;wGif ol yg0ifywfoufaeonfrSm xifomjrifom &SdvS udk ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef;eHygwf 122/ (20;15) em&DwiG f ta-umif;-um;jcif;rSm olt ‹ ae
onf? vGeaf v_y;D aom aemifww&m; &roGm;&Smonfh ae0if;taejzifh aumufuspf jzifh atmifqef;tm; xyfrHawGŒqHkjyD; tr+aqmiftzGJŒwGifcef‹&ef trnfrsm; wdkifyif
,kwrf mapumrl wpkw H &m pGaJ qmifr&+ _dS yD; ±kyo f iG t
f & -unfah ysmf±a+ ysmf aysmf&adS o; -uygonf? pum;vufqHkjcif;rSm cifrifpGm&Sda-umif;udkyg aygif;xnfhvdkufonf?
onf? eef;yv†ifrS wpufrS ra&$Œol vuf&Sd ppftm%m&SifrSmrl csD;rGrf;p&mqkdI oydwaf rSmufacgif;aqmifrsm;ESiahf wGŒqI kH olwu‹kd aemufq;kH wGif aphpyfjcif; jyefvnf
wuGufrS r&Sdacs? &ufpuf,kwfoGrf; vl&rf;um; tm%m&Sifrsm;. jycef;aqmif zGiv
hf pS &f ef oabmwl-ua-umif;udv k nf;ygonf? OD;apm.toufay:wGif }uHpnf
twGi;f ^m%fynmESihf ±ky&f nftm;jzifh teD;pyfq;Hk wlorl mS ,l*ef'grS Adv k cf sKyf bD't
D rif jcif;rSm atmifqef;u uG,f&mwGif yg0ifcJhonf[k axmufjyjcif; vHk;0r&Sdyg?
2
jzpfonf? olwE‹dk pS Of ;D rSm ±kywf rl sm;jzpf-u_y;D tqifoif&h EdS iS _hf y;D ±kyaf jymifumwGe;f rsm;u xifjrif&onfrSm Ta-u;eef;udk bk&ifcHu vkyf}uHr+ESifhywfoufonfh
oufaojyESi_hf yD;jzpfonf? olwE‹dk pS Of ;D vk;H uk, d pf w D iG f olw. ‹dk tao;pm;av;awGEiS hf owif;-um;-um;csif; tvsifpvdk ydkv ‹ dkufygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSm yGJcsif;_yD;
&Hvsuf&Sd_yD;jzpfonf? ,l*ef'gtm%m&Siftaejzifh xkdufwefonfhjypf'%fukd vGwf aoqH;k onf?
3
ajrmufaeapumrl w&m;Oya'ukd pD&if&ef Ekid if w H um w&m;±k;H rsm; tqifoif&h adS e *|ef'±dkif'if (John Dryden) = ‘rpPwm uGef*&dxH ay;pmrsm;’ (Epistles to
av_y?D ” Mr. Congreve).
26 4
ta0;a&mufow H refwOD;. = “°rdŒawmfjyefx;D a[mif;avmif;rif;w&m;” &ef‹uvpfwdk0J (vf) (Listowel) udk a-u;eef;eHygwf 371/ -o*kwfv (14)
357 358
357 358
Adv
&uf/ (15;00) em&D/ aemufxyfta-umif;-um;jcif;rSm rdk;. xGufqdkcsuftm; ±kH;/ vef'ef? twGif;a&;pm (1169/ 12/ 48) &ufpGJ &efukef 1948 ckESpf arv (8)
us,fjyefp‹ mG jzefa‹ 0jcif;r&Sd (aemufxyf=r&S)d I xdyw f ef;v#KdŒ0u S t f qihf qufvuf &uf?
xm;rnfukd ar#mfvifyh gonf? txufygpmukd qifqmwnf;jzwf_yD; ykHpHjzifh tufzftkd 371§69472 tjzpf
5
Tpmudk &efu ‹ jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;vufoa‹kd y;cJ&h m 0ef}uD;u pmjyef&efrvdk 1966 ckEpS f atmufwb dk mv (7) &ufae‹wiG f jynfor‹l w S wf rf;±k;H ok‹d xkwaf y;cJo h nf?
a-umif; rSwcf sufcsygonf? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;vky}f uHc&H onfh tESpf (50) ajrmuftjzpf ,lauwGif xkwv f i$ hf
6
arm&pf/ aumfvpf “jrefrmjynfY aemufq;Hk ESihf yxrqk;H ” (1941= 1948) jyocJhaom “atmifqef;ukd trSefwu,fb,folowfovJ” rSwfwrf;±kyf&Sifukd
azbmESihf azbmvDrw d uf/ vef'ef pmrsufEmS 22=24? ±kduful;cJhaom bDbDpD (2)/ wDAGD'g±kdufwm/ xkwfvkyfolwkd‹. okawoetzGJŒu
“a':refprpf jrefrmjynfo‹dk a&mufvmonft h csed 0f ,f (1941/ arv) OD;apmrSm ‚if;pmukd xkwf,lcJhonf?
0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfaeonf? olwEkd‹ SpfOD; awGŒqkH-uonfhtcgwGif uHaumif;axmufrI oufaotaxmuftxm;topfrsm;ukd xkwfjyEkdifaom rdepf (50) -um
oifhoifhjrwfjrwf&Sd-uonf? a':refprpfu OD;apm. vlqkd;vlaw p±kdufukdyif xkwv f i$ rhf . + aemufq;Hk tykid ;f wGif ar;cGe;f jzpfaeonfh Tpmukd Zmwfa-umif;jyefol
cifrifEpS v f zdk ,G af umif;aom Oy"d±yk f wpkw H &mwck[k xifjrifco hJ nf? 0ef}uD;csKyfu u atmufygtwkid ;f azmfjycJo h nf?
olu‹ , dk o f l pdwt f m±kw H iG f jrefrmvlrsK;d tm; vGwaf jrmufa&; atmifjrifpmG vkyaf qmif “1948 ckEpS f arvtwGi;f ¯ud;ay;wJah e‹u &efuek rf mS &Sw d hJ _Adwed o f t H rwfu
ay;Ekid rf nfh acgif;aqmifjzpfa-umif; xifaejcif;rSm b0ifcu dk af ponf? oka‹d omfvnf; 0+ud af [mok‹d v#K0‹d u S af -u;eef;pmwapmif a&;cJyh gw,f? tJ'D a-u;eef;pm[m ESpaf ygif;
TuJo h a‹dk qmif&u G af epOfþolt ‹ w
d uf yfuydk gþtjynfjh znfo h mG ;rnfuadk wmhaocsmonf? (50) cef‹ rayguf-um;oifo h nfph mtjzpf xde;f odr;f xm;cHc&hJ ygw,f? vtenf;i,ft
aumufuspv f rd n f maom pdwEf iS hf t-urf;zufrv + yk af omfjim;vnf; olr‹ mS ESpv f zdk ,
G f -umrSm EkdifiHjcm;a&;±kH;u 'DtpDtpOf&JŒ okawoerª;xH ‚if;pmtm; xkwfay;&ef
t&nftaoG;&Sdoljzpfonf? olonf [moajrmufI a,musfm;yDooljzpf_yD; qk;H jzwfcyhJ gw,f? ,if;a-u;eef;f pmu &Jt}uD;tuJ u oHtrwfudk ajymjycsut f m;
v+dufvSJysLiSmpGm vl‹obm0ESifh jynfhpkHoljzpfonf? a':refprpfu olESifhtqif xkwaf zmfxm;ygw,f? u|efawmf uk;d um;jyygr,f? “vky}f uHowfjzwfrr+ mS _Adwo d #
ajyEkid rf nf[k ,k-H unfonf? OD;apmbufrq S vdk #if bk&ifco H nf azmfa&Gaom trlt&m wkd‹ yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+ &Sdw,fqkdwm u|efawmfwkd‹ wu,fhukd ,kH-unfaea-umif;?
jyvsuf e*ko d bm0aumif;yk&H I bk&ifct H m; cifrif&efyif&o dS nf? &Jt}uD;tuJu qm&,f*seD ,fa':refprpfudk oHo,&So d tl jzpf axmufjycJah -umif;?
7
azmfjy_yD;pmtkyf? pmrsufESm 25=26? bk&ifcH a':refprpfu pma&;olukd -um;twGif; v+yf&Sm;olrSm &efukef&Sd _Adwdo#aumifpDrS bif*av (Bingley) [k
ajymjycJhonfh ajymqkdr+? qm&,f*sDe,fu OD;apmukd “aeygOD;? rEœav;u ac:onfh vljzpfonf[k ol ,kH-unfa-umif;?”
tvkyw f ckcefw ‹ mrSm cifAsm;u aiGwaomif; awmif;w,fv‹dk owif;jzpfaew,f?” ‚if;pmukd &efuek &f dS _Adwo d #oHtrwfrS 0+u d af [mok‹d ay;ykc‹d o hJ nfh xdyw f ef;v#Kd‹
OD;apmu rcef‹w&ef‹ rsufESmvkyfvkduf_yD; “bk&ifcHrif;/ u|efawmfu tvkyfawG 0Surf w S w f rf;tjzpf xde;f xm;cJo h nf? oHtrwf rpPwm Adu k mxH owif;ay;ykc‹d o hJ . l
a&mif;pm;w,fv‹dk qkv d w dk mvm;” “r[kwyf gbl;/ 'Dtvkyw f cktwGuf aiGwaomif; emrnfudk rl&if;pm. (ok;H ae&mwGi)f zsux f m;cJ_h y;D jzpfaomfvnf; u|eaf wmf.bcif
cifAsm;awmif;w,fv‹dk u|efawmfow d myg?” “u|efawmfrvkyyf gbl;” [k OD;apmu u xkdokd‹ bGif;bGif;}uD;ajymcJhjcif;omjzpfa-umif; xkwfjyefcJhonf?
t°yH;av;wpjzifh ajymvku d f onf? “'gqk&d if cifAsm; b,favmufawmif;aeovJ” (±+= yl;wGt J oHvi$ Zhf mwfa-umif;jyefo. l tcsKyfajymjycsufEiS hf pmzwforl sm;
OD;apmrsuEf mS rSm tm;&yg;&t°yH;ok‹d oufoufomom ajymif;oGm;onf? “waomif; E+id ;f ,SOEf idk &f ef tqkyd g xdywf ef;v#K0‹d u
S rf w
S wf rf; . yxrpmrsuEf mS ukd jyefvnfazmfjy
ig;axmifyg? aemif u|efawmf rvkyfawmhygbl;?” vku d yf gonf)
8
attdk'D (AOD) atat'D (AAD) &efukefòrdt › wGif;&Sd yifrvufeufwdkuf vef'ef&Sd _Adwdef=jrefrmtoif;u tifwmeuf0ufbfqkd'fzGihf_yD; bDbDpD
ESihf yifr cJ,rf;rD;ausmufwdkufudk qdkvdkonf? taxmuftxm;±kyf&SifESifhywfoufI a0zefcsufrsm;ay;&ef urf;vS rf;onfhtcg
9
jrefrmEkid if q H idk &f m _Awd ed o
f tH rwfrS trft;D 'efeif;/ tD;tufusL Ekid if jH cm;a&; u|eaf wmfu 1998 ckEpS f arv (24) &ufae‹wiG f tD;arvfwapmifyv ‹ dk u
dk _f y;D oufqidk f
359 360
359 360
Adv
&m pmykd'fwykd'fukd atmufygtwkdif; ukd;um;ay;cJhygonf?

“bDbpD u D tus,zf iG jhf yocJah om wckwnf;aom taxmuftxm;topfrmS
r-umrDurS tjyifo‹dk xkwaf y;cJah om 1948 ckEpS f arv (8) &ufae‹ pGw J yfxm;onfh
vef'ef&Sd rpPwm trftD;'efeif;xH _Adwdo#oHtrwfu ay;ykd‹aompmjzpfonf?
u|eaf wmfbcifrmS xkt d csed u
f tprf;cef‹ &JcsKyfjzpf_y;D aumhaw;ygwDpum;0kid ;f rSmuJo h ‹ dk
oHtrwfukd pdwfaygufovkd t,kHoGif;ajymrnfh jrefrmwOD;r[kwfonfrSm aocsm
vSonf? “u|efawmf. bcifukd oHtrwfu aumif;pGmodcJh_yD; “ppfrjzpfcifu
OD;apm. aemufvkdufwOD;” [k pmwGif a&;om;cJhouJhokd‹ olu &nf!e¸ f;vdrfhrnf
r[kwfacs? qifqmwnf;jzwfxm;onfhpmtjzpf oufqkdif&m tufzftkd &nf!e¸ f;
r+wiG f u|eaf wmhb f cifemrnfudk tok;H «yxm;vdrrhf nf[k u|eaf wmf em;vnfryd gw,f?
&JcsKyfvnf; “u|eaf wmfw‹dk wu,fu h dk ,kaH e_y”D [laom oD0&D ukid pf x JG m;olwOD;jzpf
onf[k ajymcJrh o d l tjypf&o dS l ta&;}uD;Ekid if aH &;orm;wOD;tm; zk;H uG,&f eftwGuf
xkud ohJ ‹dk «yvkycf jhJ cif;jzpfayvdrrhf nf? rnfoq ‹dk adk p/ vky}f uHowfjzwfra+ e‹&ufrsm;txd
jyefvnfomG ;cJv h #if taxGaxGaom pGypf cJG sufrsm;rSm topftqef;r[kwaf cs?”
rSwfcsuf?
trft;D 'efeif;? Ekid if jH cm;a&;±k;H ESihf avmh'v
f ;l 0pfarmifb
h ufwef (r[mrdww
f yf
aygif;pk.aoemywd) . Ekid if aH &;t}uHay;t&m&Sd csKyf? aemifwiG f qmtufpv f m'ef
eif;/ aupDtrf*sD/ tdyfcsftrf *syefEkdifiHqkdif&moHtrwf}uD;?
Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô
361 362
361 362

ဦးခင္ေအာင္ - ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းကုိ ဘယ္သူသတ္သလဲ

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ဦးခင္ေအာင္ - ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းကုိ ဘယ္သူသတ္သလဲ

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Adv

© rlyidk f= OD;cifatmif ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk Ö uGeyf sLwm

b,f o l o wf o vJ Ö jrefrmbmom (wwd,t}udrf)

Ô ±kdif;vdkufav rsKd;rppfwJh tcif;ayxifh

rmwdum tu,fI ,cktcsdeftxd OD;atmifqef;omtoufraobJ&SifaecJhaomf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 255

p tcsdeu f qdyk gv#if vGwv f yfonfEh ikd if aH wmf ay:aygufvm&ef taetxm;rsm;pGm

jyouJhodk‹ OD;cifatmif. pmtkyfrSmvnf; tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom taxmuftulwck

ppfwyf’ yHkpHjzifh zGJŒpnf;xm;aom jynfol‹&JabmftzGJŒ0iftcsKd‹wdk‹ apmifh-uyfaeonfh

atmif usnfqefu a&Smifxu G o f mG ;jcif;a-umifh ab;roD&efrcbJ vGwaf jrmufc&hJ

ua&pDusihfoHk;aom tpdk;&toD;oD;tm; csOf;uyfvsuf jrefrmppftpkd;&udk,fwdkif

bmomjzifh xkwaf 0vdak oma-umihf bmomjyeftjzpf wm0ef,rl yd gonf? uHaumif;

OD;tke;f armif (34) ESpf/ o,f,lyadk‹ qmifa&;ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;Xme/ 'kwd,

'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd (54) ESp/f pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&mESihf 'D;'kw*f sme,f. t,f'w D m/

oufESif;/ aoewform;/ usKdufvwf-rd›rS *VKefwyfzGJŒ0ifa[mif;jzpf_yD; ,if;-rd› xGuftajy;wGif vGwfajrmufEkdif&ef tultnDay;a&;twGuf ajcmufvkH;jyL;ao

&ef}u;D atmif/ touf (18) ESpo

arG;zGm;onf? &efuek °f rd/› *syq

ocifoef;xGe;f / ysOf;rem;°rd›Y 1915=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? ausmif;q&mtjzpf

tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ (1941–46) ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f jrefrmEdik if . H bk&ifcw H OD;jzpfum &ef‹/ Adv

axmifhwGif &yfwef‹vdkufonf? um;xJwGif ‚if;wdk‹tzGJŒxJrS armifeDwOD;om um;

rSm òrd›awmftwGif; ysHŒESH‹oGm;_yD; wwdkif;wjynfvHk; ylaqG;aomu a&muf-u&av

1946 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (27) &ufae‹wGif cef‹tyfvdkufonfh bk&ifcH. 0ef}uD;tzGJŒæ

aemufwef; 0JrS,m? ocifjr/ OD;atmifZHa0ESihf ocifodef;az?

twGi;f 0efO;D tke;f armif

&Jabmf ukad xG;

1947/ Zlvdkifv (19)

vkyf}uHr+t_yD; bk&ifcH. 0ef}uD;tzGJŒESihf {nfhonfrsm;æ

atmuf(p) zdk‹'Fòrd›Y emwmvl;yGJcsdef? 1983/ a':atmifqef;pk-unfaetdrfwGif rdom;pkrsm;ESihf rdwfaqGrsm;yg pk±Hk;vsuf? (a':atmifqef;pk-unf

ydwv f suf yl;aygif;uln0D ef;&Hay;cJ-h uonf?

aoqHk;cJh_yD;/ (9˜000) rSm tzrf;qD;cH&um axmifoGif;tusOf;cscHcJh-u&onf? xkd‹aemufykdif;wGif txrajrmufcJhaom v,form;ykefuefxºuGr+a-umifh

jrefrmEdik if uH kd vH;k 0vGwv f yfonfh Edik if t

±kyfzsuf0wfqifxm;&_yD; oGm;wkyg wyfqifxm;&onf? ociftkyfpk (2) ckt-um; r-umrDyif rausvnfr+rsm; jzpfay:vmcJhonf? 18

tpOfukd ol±kyfodrf;vkduf&onf? *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmfu ArmhvGwfvyfa&; ta&;}uD;aom trsKd;om;EkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD; (3) ck yl;aygif;_yD; “ArmhxGuf

onf? olw. ‹dk v+y&f mS ;r+udk t}uD;tus,o f o

v+y&f mS ;r+rsm;ukd jyefvnftouf0ifapcJo h nf? jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;uvnf; (AdkvfcsKyf&mxl;udk &aeygvsuf) wyfrS

TAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;±Hk;cef;ESihf 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ0ifrsm;. 1947/ Zlvdkif (19) &ufae‹wGif xkdifyHktpDtpOfrSm

vkyf}uHr+wGif vlowform;[k pGyfpGJcH&olrsm;= armifpdk;/ oufESif;/ pdef}uD;ESihf &ef}uD;atmifESihf }uH&myg

axmifrª; OD;pHwifhxH OD;apmvufa&;jzifh a&;ydk‹vdkufaom pmwdkESpfapmif? (w&m;0ef}uD; OD;aomif;pdefpkaqmif;cJhaom ypPnf;rsm;rS)?

w&m;qdkifjcif;udk tif;pdef&Sd txl;cHk±Hk;awmfwGif aemufqHk; pwif«yvkyfEdkif

-u&rnf r[kwyf gavm? olxdkif_yD;r-umrD OD;apmu xkdav;a,mufvHk;udk txl;ojzifh OD;atmifqef;

csKyfu ,if;toem;cHv$mrsm;udk aocsmpGm pOf;pm;vsuf aemufqHk;wGif y,fcs rsm; «yvkyo f nft

o,faqmifoGm;cJhonf? t_rJwrf; wyfrawmfom;rsm;u c&D;pOfwav#muf xdef;

1963/ &efukefòrdŒ? _Adwdo#oHtrwf ‘tm;vfarmifhbufwef’ twGuf {nfhcHyGJwGif armifhbufwefu

atmfajymvdkufonf? jrefrmESpfOD; zsufqD;a&;vkyfief; qufvufvkyfudkifaeqJrSm

odka‹ omfvnf; jynfolvlxkrSm pdwfv+yf&Sm;ae-uonf? EkdifiHa&;tajctae &aom OD;tAŠ'&l mZwf. wljzpfaeavonf?

t&m&Sdrsm;. v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk tcsdeftwef-um teD;uyfapmihf-uyf-unfh±+aecJh OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&_yD; aemufqufwGJ tusKd;quftjzpf ,if;tpD

urBmppf}uD;_yD;oGm;_yD;onfhaemufwGifvnf; wkdif;jynfqlylxºuGatmif v+Ha‹ qmfr+ ygoenf;?

uifbm&mòrd›awmfY 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;olrsm; qENjy&mwGif cifOD;atmifESihf xGef;vSatmifwdk‹ wyfOD;rS yg0ifcsDwuf-upOf (1996)?

1991/ -opa-w;vsjynf/ uifbm&mòrd›awmf ‘8=av;vHk;’

pnfol Akdvf}uD; ausmfodef;vGif OD;aqmifvsuf *sLAvD cef;raqmifrS tmZmenfAdrmefodk‹ wyfOD;rS taES;csDwufvmyHk?

wl '¾m&DqefqefZmwfvrf;rsm;onf OD;atmifqef;ESihf ol‹vkyfazmfudkifbuf wif;pmrsm;uvnf; tmZmenf}uD;rsm;ESifhywfoufI t,f'Dwmhtmabmfrsm;

yDt,fvaf t wyfrawmfrmS vnf; xdt k usKd;quftjzpf tpdwpf w d t

taejzihf pdwfoufom&m&um usdwf_yD; 0rf;tom}uD;omaeayvdrfhrnf[k ,lq xkwaf jymjyavawmhonf?

u|efawmf b,favmufjrefjrefarmif;vdkufvJ rodbl;? tdrfudk b,fvdkjyefa&muf “OD;ae0if;onf Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;ESihf wkdifyif_yD;oumv tcGihfta&;

twGif; vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;’ [k aºuG;a-umfoHray;bJ _Adwdo#tpkd;&tm;‘'kdrDeD,ef’ tvm/ toHv$ifhXmeYþ(3)þ&ufr# aexkdifoGm;-upOftwGif;/ u|efawmhftm; &efukef

oGm;onfhta-umif;t&m tcsuftvufwpHkwckay:wGif tajcðyvsuf orkdif;udk

0JrS,m apmvGifOD;/ a'gufwmat;ausmf/ yD=awm±kd/ rmvfuGefbGwfum;/ OD;cifatmif/ a'gufwmwifha0ESifh a':trmcsKd?

1992 ckESpf/ rwfv?

1990 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv?

w,f? vlpkvla0; tpnf;t±Hk;udk tajccHwJh acgif;aqmifr+ enf;twwfynmeJ‹

OD;apm. aoewform;rsm; twGif;0ef±Hk;twGif; 0ifa&muf_yD; OD;atmif

1948/ arv (8) &ufae‹/ tif;pdefaxmifwGif; t±k%fwufcsdefwGif

wOD;ESifh ‘bif*av’ onf taygif;toif;jzpfvsuf&Sdonf? rSm cifAsm;wdk‹&ufa&mwmxuf u|efawmfwdk‹u ydk&ufa&mw,fqdkwm cifAsm;em;

vm_yD;aemuf tpnf;ta0;ukd 0ufpfrifpwm yef;_cHtwGif;þ1948þckESpfþZGefv (30) &Snfvsm;aomuGef&ufjzifh ukdvkdeDEkdifiHwkd‹. pD;yGm;a&;ukd tykdifpD;tkyfpkd;xm;-u