CS Professional Programme Tax Notes

CS Professional Programme Tax Notes
Preparedby:CARGiridharanFCACollectedby:SanthoshThomasThaikkadan
Tax Management Tax Management is essential, Tax planning is desirable and Tax evasion is objectionable. Elaborate. Tax Planning Tax Management Tax Evasion
Tax planning is to avail Tax management refers to Tax evasion refers to ways maximum deductions, rebates etc benefit and of the steps taken to ensure and means adopted by a with the tax payer to evade tax by falsifying concealing accounts or income, exemptions, compliance
thereby provisions of the tax laws.
minimizing tax liability.
inflating expenses etc. Its fully within the Its undertaken to fulfill the Its clearly violations of law includes deceit. in India It is obligatory to exercise This is clearly prohibited, tax management. as it is fully illegal. an element of
framework of law and it requirements contained in and unethical in nature. It makes use of the beneficial the provisions of the law. provisions in law. The judiciaries
accept this concept.
It is a rewarding concept It aims at avoiding costs When proved, tax evasion for professionals/ experts arising as consequences of invites stringent penalties as it allows making use of non compliance of law. and beneficial thus liability. It is futuristic in approach Tax mgmt relates to the There is nothing like past, i.e. it aims at minimizing past the tax liability of the proceedings, future years. (assessment present or future approach appeal, in case of tax avoidance. provisions and Thus it helps the minimizing tax planning to be successful. prosecution against tax the person who is found engaged in it.
revision, rectification etc), present( filing of return) and future (corrective
Courtesy:CARGiridharanFCA

action)
Its benefits are substantial It aims at avoiding penalty, Tax particularly in the long run. interest, prosecution etc.
evasion
attracts
penalty and prosecution.
Tax Avoidance Is an arrangement if affairs so as to avoid payment of tax by the use of devices which are sham or make-believe. It defeats the basic intent of the legislature behind the statute. Objectives of Tax planning Reduction in tax liability Minimizing litigation Productive investment Healthy growth of economy Economic Stability Definition Company *sec 2(17) : Company means Indian company; or any body corporate incorporated by or under the laws of a country outside India; or any institution, association or body, declared by general or special order of the Board to be a company for specified assessment years. Indian company *sec2(26): Indian company means a company formed and registered under the companies act, 1956 and includes statutory corporation; and any institution, association or body declared by the board to be a company, if the registered/ principal office of the company, corporation, institution, association or body is in India. Company in which public are substantially interested [section 2(18)]: It means a I. A company owned by govt. / RBI or in which 40% or more of the shares are held by the Government or RBI or a corporation owned by the RBI; or

II. Company which is registered under section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956; or III. Company having no share capital, if its declared for specified years by order of the Board to be a company in which the public are substantially interested, or IV. Mutual benefit finance company; or V. Company, wherein 50% or more of the voting power was throughout the previous year held by one or more co-operative societies; or VI. A public listed company as on the last day of the previous year; or VII. A public company, if its 50% or more of voting power was throughout the previous year held by 1) Government 2) statutory corporation, or 3) any company in which public are substantially interested; or 4) any 100% subsidiary of a company in which public are substantially interested. Closely held company: A Company in which public is not substantially interested is called closely held company. The incidence The Incidence of income tax of a company depends upon its residential status. The residential status may be resident or non resident depending upon which the tax incidence is determined. As per sec 6(3) an Indian company is always resident in India. A Foreign company will be resident in India if during the previous year the control and management of its affairs is wholly situated in India. According to Sec5 (1), the incidence of income tax has been given below Tax Incidence Particulars Resident Non - Resident yes
Income received in India by him or on his Yes behalf( whether accrued in India or outside India)

Income deemed to be received in India by Yes him or on his behalf (whether accrued in India or outside India) Income accruing or arising in India( Yes Yes Yes
whether received in India or outside India) Income deemed to accrue or arise in India Yes (whether received in India or outside India) Income which accrues or arises outside Yes India(other than that covered in cases(1) to (4) above MINIMUM ALTERNATE TAX (MAT) Relevance IF the income- tax payable on total income of a company is less than 18% of its book profits, then such book profits shall be deemed to be the total income and income tax payable by such a company shall be equal to 18% of the book profits. Mode of computation of book profits [explanation to section 115 JB] Net Profit as per Profit and Loss A/c Add: ( If any of the following is debited to P&L a/c) Amount of Income tax paid/ payable or provision thereof; Amount carried to any reserves; Amount of provisions made for meeting unascertained liabilities; Amount by way of provision for losses of subsidiary companies; Amount of paid or proposed dividends; Expenditure relatable to any income exempt u/s 10 or 11 or 12, other than income exempt u/s 10(38); No Yes
The amount of depreciation

Less: Amount withdrawn from any reserve/provision, if such amount is credited to P&L A/c. Income exempt u/s 10 or 11 or 12, other than income exempt u/s 10(38), if any such amount is credited to P&L A/c; Amount of depreciated debited to the P&L a/c ( excl the depreciation on revaluation reserves); or Amount withdrawn from revaluation reserve and credited to the P&L a/c, to the extent it doesnt exceed the amount of depreciation on account of revaluation of assets; or Amount of loss brought forward or unabsorbed depreciation, whichever is LESS as per books of account. Amount of profits of sick industrial company during the period of its sickness; { Period of sickness starts from the PY in which such company becomes sick industrial company u/s 17(1) of the SICA and ends with the PY during which the entire net worth of such company becomes equal to or exceeds the accumulated losses. Book Profits of the Company u/s 115 J-B Levy of surcharge and educational cess: Surcharge: The amount of income tax under this section shall be increased by surcharge @ 10% of the amount of income tax, if the total income chargeable under this section exceeds Rs.1crore, in case of foreign companies, the surcharge will be imposed @ 2.5%. Marginal relief: Incase of companies having total income chargeable under this section exceeding Rs.1 crore, marginal relief will be provided so as to ensure that income tax, including, surcharge, on the total income doesnt exceed income tax on total income of Rs.1 crore plus the amount by which the total income exceed Rs.1crore. In other words,

MR = Income tax, including surcharge on total income [income tax on total income of Rs.1 crore + (total income Rs. 1 crore)], if such sum is positive. Cesses: The amount of income tax including surcharge, as aforesaid, shall be increased by Education Cess (EC) @ @% of income tax plus surcharge and also by secondary and Higher secondary Education cess (SHEC) @ 1% of income tax plus surcharge. Other Provisions: Section not to apply to SEZ units: This section shall not apply to the income accrued or arising from any business carried on or services rendered by an entrepreneur/ developer/unit in SEZ. Preparation of accounts: The P&L a/c of the company should be prepared in accordance with the provisions of parts II and III of schedule VI to the companies Act, 1956. Furnishing of report: Along with its return of income, every company is required to furnish a report in prescribed form from a CA, certifying the correctness of book profits.
Carry forward of losses and allowances: The provisions of this section do not affectthedeterminationofamountsoflossesandallowancestobeC/F.
Corporate Restructuring Amalgamation, Mergers & Demergers,
Conversion & Slump sale BENEFITS Shareholders of the amalgamating company As per section 47(vII), transfer of shares held by a shareholder in amalgamating company is not regarded as transfer, if such transfer is in consideration of allotment to him of shares in the amalgamated company. When transfer is exempt, then for computing CG on shares: Period of holding: period, for which shares in amalgamating company were held by assessee, will be included in computing the period of holding of shares in amalgamated company.

Cost of acquisition of shares in amalgamated company = cost of acquisition of shares in the amalgamating company. However, if the above 2 conditions arent satisfied, the transfer shall not be exempt and the shareholder shall be liable to CG tax, further if besides shares, bonds or debentures in consideration of such transfer is issued, the transfer will not be exempt. Amalgamating company the following will be exempt from CG tax. 1) Transfer of capital asset by an amalgamating company to Indian amalgamated company. 2) Transfer of shares held in an Indian company by amalgamating foreign company to amalgamated foreign company if a) at least 25% of shareholders of the amalgamating foreign company to remain shareholders of the amalgamated foreign company and b) such transfer doesnt attract CG tax in the country in which the amalgamating company is incorporated. 3) Transfer of capital asset by an amalgamating banking company to the amalgamated banking company institution, under a scheme of amalgamation sanctioned by the central government. Shareholders of the demerged company When transfer is exempt, a) Period of holding of shares in demerged company shall be included in computing the period of holding of shares in resulting company. b) Cost of acquisition : 1) shares in resulting company =[ cost of acquisition of shares in demerged company X net book value of assets transferred to resulting co. in demerger / net worth of the co. before demerger] 2) Shares in resulting co. = total cost of such shares LESS cost of shares in resulting company as computed u/s 49(2C) above. Demerged company the following shall be exempt from CG tax a) Transfer of capital assets by a demerged company to the resulting company.

b) Transfer of shares held in an Indian company by demerged company foreign company to resulting foreign company if a) shareholders holding 75% or more of value of shares of demerged foreign company continue to remain shareholders of resulting foreign company and b) such transfer doesnt attract CG tax in the country in which demerged foreign company is incorporated. Tax implications or benefits of Amalgamation or demerger a) For expenses falling u/s 35 BB (telecommunication license), or 35D (preliminary expenses), or 35 DDA (voluntary retirement) or 35 E/42 (prospecting for mineral oils), the expenditure remaining unallowed can be claimed as deduction by the amalgamating company. b) Expense on amalgamation/demerger is allowable in 5 equal annual installments us 35DD. c) Deemed profits u/s 41(1) are taxed in the hands of the amalgamated or resulting company. d) Actual cost of asset transferred or WDV of block transferred in the hands of the transferor, is taken to be the actual cost or WDV in the hands of the transferee company. e) Transfer of capital assets in course of amalgamation/ demerger is exempt from capital gains. f) Transfer of shares held in amalgamating company/demerged company by the shareholder for issue of shares in amalgamated / resulting company is exempt from capital gains. g) Unabsorbed business losses and unabsorbed depreciation is case of transferor-company are allowed to be c/f by the transferee company u/s 72A. h) The deductions allowable u/s 80I-A to 80-IC and 10A, 10AA or 10B continue to remain allowed to the amalgamated/resulting company. Reverse merger It means that the profit making company merges into the sick company thereby becoming eligible to carry forward of losses etc. without the aid of section 72S of the act. The profit making or healthy company becomes extinct loosing its name

and the surviving sick company retains its name. The reverse merger is a device, which by passes the requirements under section 72A of the act. Soon after the merger or after a year or so, the name of the company is changed to correspond with that of the profit making amalgamating company. Reverse merger has 2 advantages: a) Losses, which otherwise could not have been c/f and set off, are c/f and set off, and b) Goodwill consisting in the name of the profit making amalgamating company is also retained. Tax planning with reference to conversion of proprietorship / partnership firm into company Basis Certain transfer exempt : Firm company Proprietorship company
If all the assets and liabilities of the All the assets and liabilities of sole firm relating to their business proprietary business immediately succession before the succession become the and liabilities of the company immediately the company. before
become the assets and liabilities of assets
All its partners become shareholders Sole Proprietorships shareholding of the company in in the their same in the company is 50% or more of capital the total voting power and proportion which
a/cts stood in the books of the firm continues to be as such for 5 years on the date of succession. from the date of succession; and proprietor only of receives in form in the of the
The partner rec. consideration only Sole company. The partners shareholding in the company in aggregate is 50% or more of its total voting power and continue to be as such for 5 yrs from the date of succession.
by way of allotment of shares in the consideration allotment company.
shares

Depreciation The depreciation in the year of The depreciation in the year of succession shall be proportionately succession shall be proportionately shared by the successor company shared by the successor company and the succeeded firm. Case law In CIT v. Veerbhadra and the prop. Firm. Rao, In CIT v. Veerbhadra Rao,
k.koteshwara and co., it has been k.koteshwara and co., it has been held that successor to a business is held that successor to a business is entitled to deduction in respect of entitled to deduction in respect of debts incurred by the predecessor, as debts incurred by the predecessor, the deduction is allowed to business as the deduction is allowed to and not to assessee personally. business and not to assessee of However, identity of business after personally. and it should not be dissolved. However, identity
succession should remain the same business after succession should remain the same and it should not be dissolved. C/F and set off of loses Such loss can be c/f for further 8 Such loss can be c/f for further 8 and unabsorbed years in the hands of the successor years in the hands of the successor company of depreciation in case of company reorganization business.
SLUMP SALE Slump sale [sec 2(42C)] : means transfer of one or more undertakings as a result of the sale for a lump sum consideration w/o values being assigned to the individual assets and liabilities in such sales. Charge and nature of CG: P&G arising from slump sale shall be taxable as CG in PY in which slump sale is effected. If the capital asset, being one or more undertakings, was owned and held by the assessee for not more than 36 months, the CG will be STCG. In any other case, it shall result into LTCG.
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Method of computation of CG: Full value of consideration Less: expenses wholly and exclusively in connection with such transfer Less: cost of acquisition and cost of improvement being net worth** of the undertaking (no indexation benefit even in case of long term capital asset) ST/LT CG ** net worth shall be computed as follows Aggregate value of total assets of the undertaking or division ( ignoring any change in value of assets on a/c of revaluation) i.e. In case of depreciable assets, the WDV of the block as per sec 43(6) In case of other assets, the BV Less: value of liabilities of such undertaking or division as appearing in its books XXX XXXX XXX XXX XXX XXXX XXX XXX
Net worth of the undertaking or division
Areas of Tax planning under Financial Management and role of Tax Planner The main objective of financial management is maximization of an
organizations wealth. Tax planning may be exercised n respect of following areas of decision making 1. Designing the capital structure (financing mix decision); 2. Capital budgeting (investment decisions and growth policy); 3. Distribution of profits (dividend policy decisions);
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4. Managing working capital (liquidity decisions and funds management by their proper mobilization from short term and long term sources and their proper utilization). Role of tax planner The interest on debts is tax deductible expenditure while dividend is not. Further, dividend distributed is liable to Dividend Distribution Tax. Hence, a tax planner may prefer debts to preference shares/ Equity shares in the capital structure. Lease rent on machinery, depreciation and interests relating to the machinery purchased outright or on hire purchase are tax deductible. Hence, a tax planner may opt for leasing the machinery rather than buying it. Tax on distributed profits is charged only in case of distribution of profits as dividends and not on retained profits. Therefore, an appropriate balance between current dividend and long term capital appreciation has to be achieved. A tax planner should also consider factors such as risks, leverage, income, controls, opportunities and other relevant factors. Tax planning considerations for deductibility of interest under Income Tax Act, 1961 section 36(1)(III) of the income tax act, 1961 provides that the deduction shall be allowed in respect of the amount if the interest paid for the borrowed capital taken for the purposes of the business or profession. However, any interest paid on capital borrowed for acquisition of a new asset for extension of existing business or profession for nay period beginning from the date of borrowing till the date on which such asset is first put to use, shall not be allowed. Interest: As per section 2(28A) of the income tax Act, 1961 interest means interest payable in any manner in respect of any money borrowed or debt incurred (including a deposit, claim or other similar right or obligation) and includes any service fee or others charge in respect of the money borrowed or debt incurred or in respect of any credit facility which has not been utilized. The following references are important in respect of deductibility of interest:
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1. The interest on capital borrowed bonafide for business purposes of the company is allowed as a deduction and questions like whether the interest paid is too high, or whether there was any need to borrow because the assessee had ample funds or the company had charged lower rates of interest on money it has advanced earlier, are generally irrelevant from tax point of view as the tax payer is the best person to take decisions on these matters. In this respect, the word capital means money and not any other asset. Its also immaterial whether use of capital actually yielded profits or not. 2. However, the deduction is subject to the provisions of section 40(a) which states that a. Any interest payable outside India or in India is a non resident (not being a company) or to a foreign company; or b. Any interest payable to a resident, On which tax, hasnt been deducted at source, or after deduction, hasnt been paid during the PY, or in the subsequent year before the expiry of the time prescribed u/s 200(1), shall not be allowed as deduction. However such amount shall be allowed as a deduction ion computing the income of the subsequent PY in which it has been so deducted and paid. 3. For tax purposes, borrowing should not be illusory. The interest deduction is also subject to provisions of section 40 A, which disallow excessive expenditure in case of specified persons or if expenditure in excess of Rs.20, 000 is paid in cash. 4. The deduction is also subject to the provisions of section 43 B, which allow interest on term- loans borrowed from financial institutions and scheduled banks, only on actual payment. 5. Interest on capital borrowed but diverted to sister concern free of cost will not, generally, be allowed as deduction. However, if the diversion of funds is on account of commercial expediency, the interest on such capital borrowed will be admissible as deduction. Concept of Dividends, Deemed dividends.
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When does the dividend income accrue or arise? 1. Dividend: dividend means amount paid to or received by a shareholder in proportion to his shareholding in a company out of total sum so distributed. 2. Deemed Dividends [section 2(22)] : The following distributions by a company to its shareholders are included in dividend a) Any distribution of accumulated profits, whether capitalized or not, if such distribution entails the release of all or any part of the assets of the company. Issue of bonus shares to equity shareholders isnt dividend, as there is no release of assets. But if the bonus shares are redeemed (in case such bonus shares are preference shares), there will be release of assets and therefore, it would constitute dividend at the time of redemption. b) Any distribution of 1) Debentures, debenture stock, or deposit certificates in any form, whether with or without interest and 2) bonus shares to its Pshareholders; to the extent to which the company possesses accumulated profits, whether capitalized or not. c) Any distribution made on liquidation, to the extent to which the distribution is attributable to the accumulated profits of the company immediately before its liquidation, whether capitalized or not. Dividend excludes: Distribution in respect of any share issued for full cash consideration, where the holder thereof is not entitled to participate in the surplus assets in the event of liquidation. d) Any distribution on the reduction of capital, to the extent to which the company possesses accumulated profits, whether capitalized or not. Dividend excludes: Distribution in respect of any share issued for full cash consideration, where the holder thereof is not entitled to participate in the surplus assets in the event of liquidation. e) Any payment made by way of advance or loan made by a closely held company i.e. a company in which the public are not substantially interested, to the following , is treated as dividend
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(A) To a shareholder: such shareholder must be beneficial owner of equity shares holding 10% or more of the voting power. Any payment by any such company on behalf, or for the individual benefit, of any such shareholder is also treated as dividend. (B) To any concern (HUF/AOP/BOI/company): The shareholder referred to in (A) above must be a member or a partner in such concern and he must be having substantial interest in it.(A person is deemed to have a substantial interest in a concern, other than a company, if he is, at any time during the PY, beneficially entitled to 20% or more of the income of such concern). Such payment is considered as dividend to the extent the company possesses accumulated profits. Dividend doesnt include: Any advance or loan made to shareholder or the said concern by a company in ordinary course of its business, where lending of money is substantial part of business of company. General Exclusion: Dividend doesnt include Any payment made by a company on a buy-back of its own shares from a shareholder in accordance with the provisions of section 77A of the Companies Act, 1956. Any distribution of shares pursuant to a demerger by the resulting company to the shareholders of the demerged company (whether or not theres a reduction of capital in the demerged company) Any dividend paid by a company which is set off by its against whole or any part of any sum previously paid by it and deemed as dividend under section 2(22)(e), to the extent it is so set off. Accumulated profits: a) In case of dividends u/s 2(22) (a)/ (b)/(c)/ (d)/ (e): Accumulated profits shall include all profits of the company up to the date of distribution or payment referred therein. b) In case of dividend u/s 2(22)(c): Accumulated profits shall include all profits of the company up to the date of liquidation. However, where the liquidation is
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consequent on the compulsory acquisition of the undertaking by the Government or a corporation owned or controlled by the Government under any law, Accumulated profits shall not include any profits of the company prior to three successive PYs immediately preceding the PY in which such acquisition took place. Distribution on reduction of share capital is deemed as dividend u/s 2(22) (d) to the extent of accumulated profits and is liable for dividend tax u/s 115O. Bond-Washing transactions and provisions to prevent them Bond washing transaction is a transaction whereby owner of securities transfers his securities to another person (who is under lower tax slab) such that income of such security becomes due to such other person and the owner avoids tax theron. The following provisions tend to curb such avoidance of tax 1) Bond washing transactions [sec94 (1)]: Where the owner of any securities sells or transfers them and buys back or reacquires the same (or similar securities) with the result that any interest becoming payable in respect of the securities is receivable by a person other than the owner, then, such interest shall be deemed to be the income of the owner and not of any other person. 2) Avoidance of tax through sale of security on cum- interest basis [sec 94(2)]: where any person having any beneficial interest in any securities enters into a transaction whereby income received by him from such securities within such year is a) NIL; or (b) less than the sum of income received accrued from day to day, then the income from such securities for such year shall be deemed to be income of such person. 3) Above provisions not to apply [sec 94(3)]: the provisions of (1) and (2) above shall not apply if the said person satisfies the Assessing Officer that a) there has been no avoidance of tax, or (b) the avoidance of tax was exceptional and not systematic and there was no avoidance of income tax in his case in any of the three preceding years by any transaction referred to in (1) or (2) above. 4) Profit or loss from a bond washing transaction not to be considered in case of such another person [sec 94(4)]: in a case of falling under (1) above, if the other
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person carries on a business of dealing in securities, then such transaction shall be ignored while computing the profits arising from or loss sustained by him in the business. 5) Loss of sale of securities of units to be ignored in case of dividend stripping [sec 94(7)]: In case a person a) Buys/ acquires any securities or unit within a period of 3 months prior to record date, b) Sells/transfers the same within a period of 3 months c) The dividend/ income on such securities or unit received or receivable by him is exempt, then, the loss if any, arising to him on account of such purchase and sale, to the extent of dividend or income from securities/unit, shall be ignored while computing his income chargeable to tax. 6) Loss arising in case of a bonus stripping of units to be ignored [sec 94 (8)]: In case a person a) Buys/acquires any units within a period of 3 months prior to record date; b) He is allotted bonus units on the basis of holding such units on such date; and
c)Hesellsortransfersoranyoftheoriginalunitsreferredtoina)withinaperiodof9 monthsaftersuchdate,whilecontinuingtoholdalloranyofthebonusunitsreferred toin(b).

Then the loss, if any, arising to him on account of purchase and sale of orginal units shall be ignored in computing his total income and the loss so ignored shall be deemed to be the cost of purchase or acquisition of such bonus shares units referred to in (b) as are held by him on the date of such sale or transfer. Record date means the date fixed by a company for entitlement of dividend,
or by a mutual fund/ administration /specified company for entitlement of dividend or bonus shares. Tax treatment of expenditure on issue of bonus shares: Companys point of view:
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1) Dividend and bonus share arent tax deductible. However, while payment of dividend is liable to dividend tax u/s 115-O, issue of bonus shares to equity shareholder is not so liable. 2) It was held in Cit v. General insurance corporation [2006]286ITR 232(SC) that expenses incurred by a company, on account of stamp duty and registration fees for the issue of bonus shares isnt of capital nature, as the issue of bonus shares doesnt result in inflow of fresh funds or increase in the capital employed the capital employed remains the same. Issuance of bonus shares also doesnt result in benefit or advantage of enduring nature. Hence, its revenue expenditure allowable as deduction. 3) A bonus issue enhances the image of the company. However, it widens the capital base for future years and the dividend will have to be paid on increased capital base, including bonus shares. Thus, the company should keep into its consideration the following factors before arriving at a conclusion with regards to bonus issue or dividend policy: Size of present authorized capital; Size of the present paid up capital; Price of the shares of the company. Quantum of free reserves built out of genuine profits; Equity base in relation to the earnings of the company; Quantum of earnings in last 2 or 3 years ; Projected earnings of the company in next 2 or 3 years. Shareholders point of view: 1) Dividends from domestic companies are exempt u/s 10(34). However, dividends u/s 2(22)(e) or dividends from foreign companies are taxable in the hands of shareholders. 2) Value of bonus shares isnt immediately taxable. Further, hell be entitled to additional dividend on bonus shares. However, on sale, the tax liability would be on account of capital gains and if they are held for more than 12 months
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LTCG will arise which are taxable at a flat rate of 10%( w/o indexation) or 20%( with indexation benefit) whichever is less. Setting up and commencement of business Setting up of business is different from commencement of business. A business is set up as soon as it is ready to commence production or any other activity of business is started and its not necessary that the actual production should have so commenced. In case of newly set up business or profession, PY commences on date of its setting up. Expenditure incurred after setting up of business but before its commencement is deductible. Case law : Tuticorin alkali chemicals & fertilizers ltd. V.CIT Measures of tax planning a) After planning its installation programme, a company should see that its business is set up at the earliest. The commencement of the business may be postponed till a later date. The decisions in this regard must be taken after keeping into consideration the general tax aspects of the company viz. tax holidays and deductions, c/f of losses and unabsorbed depreciation etc.; b) The expenditure incurred prior to setting up may be eligible for deduction under section 35D as preliminary expenses. The assessee company should see to it that such preliminary expenses fulfill the requirements of section 35D and deduction thereof is claimed under that section. c) The date of commencement of business is crucial in case of deductions under section 10A, 10 AA, 10B, 80I-A to 80- IE etc. Because these deductions are available only from the date of commencement of business. Therefore, the date of commencement of business should be fixed after keeping the availability of deductions into mind. Tax planning considerations while choosing and adopting a particular method of accounting
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The choice of adopting either cash or mercantile system of accounting is available only in case of income under head 1) profits and gains of business and profession & 2) income from other sources. The method of accounting adopted by the assessee decides the accrual of income and also its taxability. If mercantile system is followed, the right to receive will amount to accrual of income, thereby leading to its taxation. By adopting cash system, the tax becomes payable only when income is actually received, thereby providing adequate resources for payment of tax. Tax planning measures a) An assessee can adopt different method of accounting for different sources of income. b) The companies are statutorily required to follow mercantile system of accounting under the companies act, 1956. c) Assessee is at freedom to follow any method regularly followed by him for valuing stock of goods. However, As-2 issued by ICAI, which is mandatory, suggests LIFO method or weighted average price method of valuing closing stock. d) Even if assessee follows mercantile system of accounting, Section 43B permits certain discussions only on actual payment. So, while planning tax liability, such provisions must be taken care of. Tax planning with reference to form of business Sole proprietorship The income earned by sole- proprietorship business
is taxed in the hands of the sole proprietor. Such income enjoys the additional tax benefits of threshold exemption limit, tax rebates and reliefs. The income is taxed at the maximum rate of 30%. Thus, tax liability in case of sole proprietorship form of business tends to be the lowest. The disadvantages of this form are unlimited liability, non availability of certain deductions, which are admissible to companies; no deductions for interest on capital and remuneration to sole-proprietor; etc.
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Partnership firm The tax rate is 30%. A partnership firm is entitled to deduction of interest on capital and salary and other remuneration paid to partners subject to the limits specified u/s 40(b). As per section 40(b), in computing income under head PGBP of a firm assessed as such, the following amounts shall be disallowed a) Any salary, bonus, commission or remuneration to any non-working partner; b) Remuneration to working partner or interest to any partner which I. Is not authorized by or is not in accordance with, he terms of partnership deed; or II. If so authorized, relates to a period falling prior to the date of such partnership deed, i.e. retrospective authorization of interest or remuneration is not permitted. Note: working partner means an individual who is actively engaged in conducting the affairs of the business or profession of the firm of which he is a partner. c) Any interest paid to any partner in excess of 12% simple interest p.a. d) Remuneration to working partners : Remuneration paid to working partners during the PY is disallowed to the extent it exceeds, in aggregate, the following limits :remuneration as per the book profits Remuneration allowable
On first Rs.3, 00,000 of book profits Rs. 150,000 or 90% of book profit or in case of a loss. On the balance whichever is higher 60% of the book profits
By virtue of section 28(v), interest or remuneration received by a partner from a firm is taxable as PGBP. Any payment of remuneration to partners, not allowed as deduction u/s 40(b), shall not be taxed in the hands of partners. However, the disallowance of remuneration / interest under sections 36(1)(III), 37(!) or section 40A(2) will be
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added back to the firms income and will be taxed in the hands of both the firm and its partners. To avoid such a situation, the partnership deed should contain a clause to the effect that no remuneration / interest inadmissible under section 36(1)(III), 37(1) or 40A(2) be allowed to the partners. If the firm is eligible for exemption us 10 A to 10B or deduction us 80I-A to 80IE or 80 JJA, remuneration and interest paid to partners will be allowed as deduction to the firm will be taxed in the hands of partners, while on the other hand the same will reduce the income of the firm, thereby reducing the quantum of deduction. Thus, the determination of remuneration to partners should be made keeping into mind overall tax effects. The major disadvantages of this form of business are unlimited liability, nonadmissibility of certain deductions, limited items of expenditure, higher taxation, etc. Company the major tax benefits and privileges available to company over the other forms of organization are :a) Remuneration to persons managing the affairs of the company and also owning its shares is fully allowable w/o any sort of limit. b) Dividends received from the company are exempt in the hands of the shareholders under section 10(34). Therefore, the investors arent liable to pay tax. c) The companies are eligible to tax at the flat rate of 30%. Despite higher net effective rate of tax than that applicable to sole-proprietors, the tax incidence tends to be lower due to allowability of wide variety of deductions. d) Due to limited liability to shareholders and free transferability of shares, the company can augment large capital resources. Such shares become long- term capital asset in the hands of shareholders after a short period of 12 months. The LTCG are taxable @ 20 % or 10% (in case of listed securities, without indexation benefit).
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Further, the LTCG arising from transfer of shares, which have been charged to securities transaction tax are exempt u/s 10(38). Any such STCG are taxable @ 10% u/s 111A. Tax planning with reference to nature of business Deduction to undertakings engaged in export in hand made articles or things [ section 10BA]: Conditions a) It manufactures or produces eligible articles or things w/o use
of imported raw material. Eligible articles or things mean all hand- made articles or things which are of artistic value and which require the use of wood as main RM. b) The export- sales of eligible articles isnt less than 90% of total sales during that PY. c) The sale proceeds of export are received in, or bought into, India in convertible foreign exchange within six months from the end of PY or within such extended period as may be allowed by the RBI or any other competent authority. d) It employs 20 or more workers in its manufacture or production during the PY. Quantum of deduction 2010- 2011. Note: export shall not include any transactions by way of sale or otherwise, in a shop, emporium, etc. not involving customs clearance. Deduction in relation to expenditure on obtaining license to operate telecommunication services [section 35ABB]: tax treatment a) If whole or part of the license is transferred and sale proceeds ( only capital sum) exceeds the expenditure remaining unallowed: deduction is NIL. The following deemed profits will be taxable in year of transfer even if business doesnt exist a) sale proceeds less expenditure remaining unallowed; or b) expenditure incurred less expenditure remaining unallowed, w.el. deduction is allowed to the extent of 100% of profits or
gains from the export of eligible articles. No deduction will be allowed w.e.f AY
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b) If whole of the license is transferred and sale proceeds are less than expenditure remains unallowed: Deduction is expenditure remaining unallowed - sale proceeds. c) If part of the license is transferred and sale proceeds do not exceed expenditure remaining unallowed [Expenditure remaining unallowed less sale proceeds]/ No. of relevant PYs unexpired at the beginning of PY transferred. d) In case of amalgamation or demerger provisions falling in (a) & (b) above, shall not apply to the amalgamating or demerged company. Amortization of preliminary expenses [section 35D] : Applicability the assessee should be an Indian company or non corporate resident assessee. Purpose of preliminary expenses : Time of incurring expenses Indian company
Before commencement of business For setting up of any undertaking or business After commencement of business Extension of the existing
industrial undertaking or setting up new industrial undertaking Benefit of sec 35D not available to a non industrial undertaking incurring expenditure in connection with extension of its business after its commencement.
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List of specified expenditure expenditure in connection with Non corporate resident assessee Indian company
1)Preparation of feasibility report, Preparation of feasibility report, project report or for project report or for conducting conducting market survey or any other survey or market survey or any other survey engineering services relating to the business of the or engineering services relating to assessee. the business of the assessee. Legal charges for drafting any agreement for setting
2) Legal charges for drafting any up or for conduct of any business. agreement for setting up or for conduct of any business. 3) expenses incurred for a) legal charges for drafting and printing
memorandum and articles of association; b) fees for registering the company under companies act; c) Issue of shares or debentures of the company, underwriting commission, brokerage and charges for drafting, prospectus. typing, printing and advertisement
Capital employed Cost of the project business.
Issued share capital + debentures + long term borrowings. means actual cost of fixed assets as shown in the books
of the assessee on the last day of the PY in which the assessee commences
Audit report non corporate assesses, the assessee is required to furnish the audit report in form 3AE along with the return of income for the first year. Case law Brooke bond India ltd share issue expenses cannot be claimed
as deduction, its allowable only u/s 35D.
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Amount transferred to special reserve by approved financial corp. / public companies providing finance for agriculture development, infrastructure facility or purchase or construction of house: Sec 36(VIII) : 1) the company /corporation should be approved by the central government. 2) Deduction shall be least of the following a) amount of reserve; or b) 20% of profit of business. 3) Reserve should not exceed twice the paid-up capital of the company; incl. general reserve. Deduction in respect of business of collecting and processing of
biodegradable waste [section 80JJA]: Applicability: all assesses. Amount of deduction: amount of profits and gains derived from certain business for 5 consecutive years beginning from the AYs in which such business commences. Business should consist of collecting, processing /treating bio degradable waste for a) Generation of power; b) producing bio gas c) Making pellets/briquettes for fuel or organic manure. Deduction available for assesses providing additional employment sec 80 JJAA : Applicability Indian company Condition company derives profit from any industrial undertaking engaged in the manufacture or production of article or thing not formed by splitting up, reconstruction or amalgamation. Period of deduction deduction u/s 80 JJAA is applicable for 3 AYs only, including the AY relevant to the PY in which employment is provided. Audit report to be furnished in form 10DA.
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Tax planning with reference to location of business Newly established undertaking in free trade zone (section 10A) : A deduction of 100% profits derived by undertaking located in export hardware technology park( EHTP) or Software technology park(STP) or specific economic zone( SEZ) from export of articles/ things/ computer software ( incl. cut and polished precious and semi-precious stones) manufactured or produced by it, is allowed from total income of the assessee. Period of tax holiday: exemption is allowed in respect of any 10 consecutive AYs beginning from the AY relevant to the PY in which it begins to manufacture or produce articles etc. No exemption from 2010 -11 onwards. Computation of profits and gains of export : = Export turnover X PGBP Total turnover of undertaking Export turnover means consideration in respect of export articles or things or computer software received or brought into India in convertible foreign exchange within said time but doesnt include Freight, telecommunication charges or insurance attributable to the delivery of such articles etc, outside India or Expenses incurred in foreign exchange in providing the technical services outside India; No deduction if return isnt furnished before the due date. Deduction for units established in SEZ on or after 1.4.2002 First 5 AYs 100% of profits and gains from export business (starting from AY relevant to year of start of production/ manufacture) Next 2 AYs 50% of profits and gains from export business
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Next 3 AYs Lower of a) 50% of profits from export business or b) amount transferred from P&L A/c to specific economic zone reinvestment allowance reserve A/c
Section doesnt apply to undertaking, which begun or begins to manufacture or produce articles or things or computer SW on or after 1-4-2005 in any SEZ. New established undertaking in special economic zones (section 10AA): Conditions a) its not formed by splitting up or reconstruction of existing business. b) Its not formed by transfer of plant or machinery previously used for nay purpose. Exceptions: condition isnt violated when a) the value of second hand plant and machinery doesnt exceed 20% of total value of plant or machinery used in that business; or B)P&M used outside Indian by any person other than assessee is imported and no depreciation has been allowed on it under this act. Note: Above two conditions are common for section 10A, 10B and 80 I-A to 80IE. Quantum of deduction : First 5 consecutive years 100% of profits and gains from export business (starting from AY relevant to year of start of production/ manufacture) Next years Further next 5 consecutive AYs 5 consecutive assessment 50% of profits and gains from export business Lower of a) 50% of profits from export business or b) amount transferred from
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P&L A/c to specific economic zone reinvestment allowance reserve A/c
Tax deduction for last AYs is allowed if Amount transferred to SEZ reinvestment reserve a/c is used for acquiring new plant and machinery, which is first put to sue within 3 yrs from the yr of creation of reserve. Until acquisition of P&M, its used for business purposes other than for distribution by way of dividend or profits or remittance outside India for creation of any asset therein. Particulars of P&M are furnished along with return of income for the PY in which such plant or machinery is first put to use. Consequences of misutilisation / non- utilization of reserve : If the amount is credited to the Taxability reserve is Used for purposes other than Amount so misutilised shall be taxable in the year of misutilisation three years Amount not so utilized shall be taxable in the year immediately following the period of 3 years. Newly established 100% Export oriented undertaking (EOU) (section 10B): 100% deduction is allowed in respect of P&G derived by 100% EOU. Deduction is allowed for 10 consecutive AY beginning with AY relevant to PY in which undertaking begins production/ manufacture. However no deduction will be allowed w.e.f AY 2010-11. Section 80 I-A deductions available to industries engaged in
acquisition of P&M Not used within
aforesaid
infrastructure development
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Section 80 I-A deductions available to industries engaged in infrastructure development Nature of undertaking Commences During Quantum deduction From Infrastructure facilities 1-4-95 To Open ended Company 100% others 100% For 10 years 4(I) out of first 15 years Telecommunication services: 1-4-95 31-3-05 100% 30% X For initial 5 4(II) years Balance period yrs 1-4-95 31-3-05 100% 30% 100% 25% For initial 5 4(II) years Balance period years Industrial park 1-4-97 31-3-09 100% 100% For 10 years 4(III) out years of 15 of 5 of 5 Of Period AY Ref (see note 2)
a) domestic satellite services b) other services viz., radio, paging, service basic or cellular networking of turnking & EDI
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Power sector a)engaged power b)engaged in transmission or distribution of power c)substantial renovation and modernization lines Undertaking established revival for Estb. of Before 30-11-05 31-03-07 100% X For 10 out of 4(v) 15 yrs of existing transmission/distribution in generation 1-4-93 or 1-4-99 1-4-04 31-3-10 31-3-10 31-3-10 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% For 10 yrs 4(iv)(a) 4(iv)(b) 4(iv) out of 15 yrs For 10 yrs
generation and distribution of
out of 15 yrs For 10 yrs
out of 15 yrs
reconstruction/
power generating plant
Common conditions: Condition : w.e.f 1-4-06, deduction u/s 80 I-A will be allowed only if the assessee furnishes the return of income u/s 139 (a) Period of deduction Ays :
For any 10 consecutive Ays out of 15 yrs beginning from the year in which the undertaking or the enterprise Develops and begins to operate any infrastructure facility; or Starts providing telecommunication services; or Develops an industrial park; or Generates power or commences transmission or distribution of power. For operation and maintenance of the infrastructure facilities referred in Para 1(c) above subject to fulfillment of conditions, the period of 15 years is substituted by 20 years.
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Transfer of industrial park/ SEZ: the transferee undertaking is entitled for deduction u/s 80 IAB for the remaining period in the 10 consecutive Ays. Section 80 I-B 1) nature of undertakings - operation of ship, hotels, industrial research, production of mineral oil, developing and building housing projects, multiplex theatres, convention centres, oeprating and maintaining a hospital in rural area. 2) audit report - accts must be audited by CA and report should be given by all assessees to claim deduction u/s 80IB. 3)return of income - ROI should be submitted on or before due date of submission of return of income. 4)No splitting up - it should not be formed by splitting up, or reconstructing an existing business. 5) quantum of deduction - 25% to 100% of profits. Section 80I-C deductions available to certain u/t s or enterprises in
certain special category states. The eligible businesses are a) in case of undertaking/ enterprise located in
notified areas under specified states: it has begun manufacture during specified period, or takes substantial expansion during that period. b) In case of undertaking/ enterprise located in any area under specified states: it has begun manufacture during specified period, or takes substantial expansion (50% or more increase in book value of P&M) during that period. Specified period and deduction:
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Particulars deduction of Undertaking/ enterprise Sikkim Himachal Pradesh, North Uttaranchal Specified period 23-12-02 to 31-3- From 07) Deduction and gains in 100% for 10 yrs 100% for first 5 100% for ten years with years starting with commencing initial 30% in AY case and the initial AY. of thereafter, 25% ( company), for next 5 years. Initial Ay: It means AY relevant to PY in which undertaking/enterprise begins to manufacture or produce articles or things or commences operation or completes substantial expansion. Section 80I-D: deduction in respect of P&G from business of hotels and convention centers in specified areas: Eligible businesses are Business of hotel located in the specified area, if such hotel is constructed and starts functioning at any time on or after 1-4-07 but on or before 31-3-10 ; or Business of building, owning, and operating a convention centre located in the specified area, if such centre is constructed and starts functioning at any time on or after 1-4-07 but on or before 31-3-10. Specified area: it means national capital territory Delhi and the districts of Faridabad, guragon, gautam, budh nagar and Ghaziabad. with of the initial AY 7-1-03 state to 24-12-97 to 31-3-07 eastern Located in States of --
07 ( finance act, 31-3-2012
respect of profits commencing eligible business
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Quantum and period of deduction: deduction = 100% of P&G derived from such business. Period of deduction = 5 consecutive Ays beginning from the Ay in which hotel starts functioning. section 80 IE : spl provision in respect of certain undertakings in north eastern states: 1) nature of undertaking : the tax payer has begun to provide eligible services during 1-4-07 and 31-3-2017 in any of the NE states -a) to manufacture and produce any eligible article or things b) to undertake substantial expansion to manf. or product any eligible article or thing. c) to carry on any eligible business. 2) Audit report - accts must be audited by CA. 3) Return of income - ROI should be submitted on or before due date of submission of ROI. 4) No splitting up : it should not be formed by splitting up, or reconstructing an existing business. 5) Quantum of deduction - 100% of profit and gains derived from such business for 10 consecutive Ay's commencing with the initial AY. Section 80 LA: deduction available for banks and financial institutions have an offshore banking unit: Eligible assessee SEZ; or b) Foreign bank and having an offshore banking unit in a SEZ; or c) Unit of international financial services centre. Conditions gross total income includes a) scheduled bank and having an offshore banking unit in a
Income from the offshore banking unit in a SEZ; Income from business referred in section 6(1) of banking regulation act, with an undertaking
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Located in SEZ; Which develops, develops and operates or operates and maintains a SEZ; Income from any unit of the international financial services centre from its business for which it has been approved for setting up in such a centre in a SEZ.
Amount of deduction
Period Quantum of deduction
For the first 5 AYs relevant to the 100% of such income PY in which permission under banking regulation act or SEBI or under obtained Next 5 years 50% of such income any other laws was
Non resident 1) Non resident individual: An individual is regarded as non resident if he is not resident in India during that PY. An individual is regarded as resident in India if He is India for a period of 182 days*** or more during the PY; OR He is in India for a period of 60 days or more during the PY and 365 days or more during the 4 years preceding the PY. ** Under the following circumstances, the period of 60 days are extended to 182 days a) An Indian citizen who leaves India during PY for the purpose of employment outside India. b) An Indian citizen who leaves India during PY as a member of crew of an Indian ship.
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c) An Indian citizen or a person of Indian origin (who is abroad) who comes to India on a visit during the PY. Note: A person is deemed to be of Indian origin, if he or either of his parents or any of his grand parents was born in Undivided India. 2) Non resident HUF: If the control and management of the affairs of HUF is situated wholly outside India, then HUF is said to be non resident in India. 3) Non resident company: According to section 6(3) an Indian company is always resident in India. A foreign company will be non resident in India if the control and management of its affairs is wholly or partly situated outside India. 4) Non resident firm/AOP/other persons: If the control and management of the affairs of Firm or AOP or other person is situated wholly outside India then Firm or AOP or such other person is said to be Non resident in India. Tax incidence on Non Resident: In case of non residents, only the income received or deemed to be received in India or, income accrued or arisen or deemed to be have accrued or arisen in India is taxable in their hands. All other incomes arent taxable. Business connection Business connection involves relation between a business carried on by a non resident, which yields profits and some activity in India, which contributes directly or indirectly to the earning of those profits. It predicates an element of continuity between business of the non- resident and the activity in India. It includes professional connection e.g. when foreign lawyer is called upon in India to plead the case in Indian courts. Definition Business activity carried through following agents of non
resident is covered Concluding agent who concludes contracts on behalf of the non resident. However, agents who only purchase goods/ merchandise for the non resident arent covered, or Stocking agent who maintains stock of goods in India from which he regularly delivers goods on behalf of the non resident.
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Indenting agent who secures orders in India mainly/wholly for non resident or, that non resident and other non- residents who exercise control over one another or are under common control. Exceptions: a) Business activity carried out through an agent having an independent status and acting in ordinary course of business isnt regarded as business connection. However, an agent working mainly/ wholly for non resident or, that non resident and other non residents who exercise control over one another or are under common control is not regarded as having an independent status.
b) In cases falling under the above three, only the income attributable to the operations carried out in India shall be deemed to accrue or arise in India. Income not to be treated as arising from or through business connection A. In case all the operations of a business arent carried out in India, only the income reasonably attributable to the operations carried out in India will be deemed to accrue or arise in India. B. In case of a non resident, income in respect of operations confined to purchase of goods in India for the purpose of export shall not be deemed to accrue or arise in India. C. In case of non resident, engaged in business of running a news agency/ publishing newspapers, magazines, journals, income arising through and from activities confined to collection of news and views in India for transmission out of India shall not be deemed to accrue or arise in India. D. In case of a non resident being a. An individual who isnt a citizen of India ; b. A firm not having a partner who is either a citizen of India or resident in India; and c. A company not having any shareholder who is either citizen of India or resident in India,
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Income arising through or from operations confined to shooting of any cinematograph film in India shall not be deemed to accrue or arise in India. levy of income tax on income pertaining to FIIs Sec Assessee Specified Income 115A Any non resident Assessee a) 20% 30% Interest 20% ->no deduction is allowed computing in such Tax rate Remarks , if any
income under any provision of Act. -->such agreement must be approved by the central or Government
from govt. or 10% Indian concern on debt given in foreign currency **
must relate to a matter covered by the of India. b) Royalty and fees for technical services received under agreement entered Between 1-4-1976 to 31-5-1997 Between 1-6-1997 to 31-5-2005 On or after 1-6-2005 115AB Overseas fund) financial LTCG from 10% of Indexation will not available computing LTCG benefit be in industrial policy of the Govt.
organization (offshore transfer
units or UTI or a mutual fund specified under section
38

10(23D), which were purchased foreign currency. 115AC Any non resident a)interest currency bonds sector company b) LTCG from transfer global depository receipts (GDRs) 115 ACA Resident employee LTCG transfer foreign currency GDRs of an Indian in company engaged specified knowledge based industry or issued service, under from 10% of Assessee must be the such company. No benefit computation LTCG. indexation in of employee of Indian of such bonds or of Indian/ public on 10% No deduction in in
Assessee**
notified foreign
computing provision indexation in LTCG.
such and no
income under any benefit
computing
39

employees stock scheme (ESOPs) 115AD Notified foreign Income respect securities other units to in 115AB than referred section in 20% of No allowable computing deduction in such option
institutional investor
income under any provision of the act and no indexation benefit computing LTCG in
Capital gains on transfer of the securitiesSTCG under section 111A Other STCG LTCG 115BBA Non sportsman foreign citizen** resident Income from being -participation in India ; advertisement ; - Contribution of articles relating to any game or sport in India in newspapers, a game/sport in 10% No allowable computing deduction in such
incomes under any provision of act Winnings lottery, puzzles taxable section they do etc 115BB not from crossword are under @ fall
30% and therefore, under this section.
40

magazines journals. Non resident sports Any association ** be such association institution any India Notes 1) **in cases falling under sections 115A, 115Ac and 115BBA, the assessee neednt file return of income if his income consists of specified incomes only and tax on such incomes has been deducted at source. 2) Additional provisions of section 115A: section 115A applies only to such royalty and fees for technical income from royalty/ fees for technical services, deduction under chapter VI-A shall be available from income from royalty/ fees for technical services taxable under this section. Section 160 Representative assessee of non resident includes his agent. Section 163: Agent of a non resident Agent in relation to a non resident includes following persons in India a) Person employed by or on behalf of the non resident. b) Person who has any business connection with the non resident c) Person from or through whom the non resident is in receipt of nay income, whether directly or indirectly, d) Trustee of the non resident or for amount to or to paid or
guaranteed payable
game/
sport played in
41

e) Any person who has acquired a capital asset in India by means of a transfer, whether such person is a resident or non resident. Section 172: tax liability of shipping business Non resident carrying on shipping business presumptive income @ 7.5% of amount payable. Transfer pricing Objective with the increase in participation of the multinational groups there
has been increase in the cross border transactions. The existence of different tax rates in different countries offers a potential incentive to multinational enterprises to manipulate their transfer prices to recognize lower profit in countries with higher taxes and vice versa. In order to monitor transfer prices for goods, facilities and services, transfer pricing regulations were introduces in the form of sections 92 and 92A to 92F. The basic intention underlying the transfer pricing regulations is to prevent shifting out of profits by manipulating prices charged or paid in international transactions, thereby eroding the countrys tax base. Provisions relating to computation of income from international
transactions sec 92 1) Income to be computed as per arms length price 2) Section not to apply when arms length prices decreases income or increases loss. Section 92A associated enterprises and deemed associated enterprises.
Associated enterprise means an enterprise which participates, directly or indirectly, in management or control or capital of other enterprise. Further, if one or more persons participate, directly or indirectly in the management or control or capital of two enterprises those two enterprises are associated enterprises. Deemed associated enterprises: two enterprises are deemed to be associated enterprises. If, at any time during the PY, -
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a) One holds, directly or indirectly shares carrying 26% or more of voting power in other enterprise. b) Any person holds, directly or indirectly shares carrying 26% or more voting power in both of them. c) A loan advanced by one to the other constitutes 51% or more of BV of total assets of other. d) One enterprise guarantees 10% or more of the total borrowings of the other enterprise. e) One appoints more than half of board of directors or one or more executive directors of the other. f) Any person appoints more than half board of directors or one or more executive directors of both. g) Manufacture/ processing of goods or business carried on by one is fully dependent on use of know how, patents, copyright, etc. owned by the other, or in respect of which other has exclusive rights. h) 90% or more of RM required by one are supplied by the other or by persons specified by other, and prices and other conditions relating to the supply are influenced by the other enterprise. i) Goods manufactured/ processed by one are sold to the other enterprise or to persons specified by other, and the prices and other conditions relating thereto are influenced by such other enterprise. j) Where one enterprise is controlled by an individual/HUF, the other enterprise is also controlled by such individual/ HUF or his relatives or jointly by such individual/HUF and such relative. k) One enterprise is a firm/AOP/BOI and other enterprise holds 10% or more interest in such firm/AOP/BOI. l) There exists between the two enterprises, any relationship of mutual interest, as may be prescribed. Section 92B international transaction
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It means a transaction entered into between two or more associated enterprise (at least one is a non resident) for purchase/sale/ lease of tangible/ intangible property or provision of services or lending/ borrowing money or any other transaction (including sharing agreements for common costs) having bearing on income and assets. Deemed associated transaction: If an associated enterprise and a third person determine the terms of a transaction between third person and another associated enterprise, such transaction shall be regarded as having being entered into between two associated enterprise. Section 92C methods under which arms length price is determined 1) Arms length price (ALP) means a price applicable in a uncontrolled transaction i.e. a transaction between non associated enterprises, in uncontrolled conditions. 2) Methods for computation of arms length price: arms length price is determined by the most appropriate of the following methods, selected as per the mode prescribed by the board a) Comparable uncontrolled price method b) Resale price method c) Cost plus method d) Transaction net margin method e) Profit split method f) Other prescribed method. 3) When more than one price determined : by the most appropriate method, the arms length price shall be taken to be the lower of the following a) The arithmetical mean of such prices, or, b) A price varying up to 5% of such arithmetical mean. Double taxation avoidance agreement - DTAA
44

Double taxation other country. DTAA are agreements entered into by the government of India with the government of other countries. Effect of DTAA a) If no liability is imposed under the Income tax Act on a particular income, then no liability will arise on that income. b) If the tax liability is imposed by the act on a particular and theres a difference between the provision of the act and the agreement then the provision or the conditions of agreement which is more beneficial to the assessee can be enforced. c) Any term used but not defined in the Act or in the DTAA shall, unless the context otherwise requires, and isnt inconsistent with the provisions of the Act or the agreement, have the same meaning assigned to it in the notification issued by the central government in the official gazette in this behalf. Two methods of granting relief under DTAA [bilateral relief] Exemption method Tax credit method Conditions for claiming relief: 1. The income should have been taxed in both the contracting countries. 2. Proof of income having suffered double taxation has to be provided. 3. If there is no tax treaty with the country levying double tax; then relief can be granted unilaterally u/s 91. DTAA- Sec 90A Between two specified associations, adopted for levy of tax. - Section 90A Meaning means taxation of same income of a person in more than one country i.e. both under Indian income tax act, 1961 and income tax law of
45

Specified association: notified institutions, associations are bodies functioning under any law for the time being in force either in India or the specified territory outside India. Specified territory: Any area outside India notified for the purposes of this section. Adoption of agreement specified association in India may enter into an
agreement with any specified association in the specified territory outside India. Through notification in the official gazette, the central Government may make such provisions necessary for adopting and implementing such agreement. Purpose of adoption a) Granting of relief in respect of Income which have suffered tax under both Indian tax laws and those of specified territory outside India, or; Income tax chargeable under this act and under the corresponding law in force in that specified territory outside India to promote mutual economic relations, trade and investment, or b) Avoidance of double taxation of income under Indian law and those governing the specified territory; or c) Exchange of information for the prevention of evasion or avoidance of income tax chargeable in both in India and specified territory , or investigation of cases of such evasion or avoidance, or d) Recovery of income tax tax under laws of both the countries/ territories. Section 91 Conditions a) The assessee must have been resident in India in the relevant PY. b) The income must have accrued or arisen outside India during that PY. c) The assessee must have paid the tax either by deduction or otherwise in respect of such income as per the law of the foreign country. unilateral relief
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d) There should be no reciprocal agreement of relief or avoidance from double taxation with the country where income has accrued or arisen.
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