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Origin
The twelve days of Christmas in the song are the twelve days from the birth of Christ (Christmas, December 25) to the coming of
the Magi (Epiphany, January 6, or the Twelfth Day). Thus, the twelve days are December 25 through January 6.
Although the specific origins of the chant are not known, it possibly began as a Twelfth Night "memories-and-forfeits" game, in
which a leader recited a verse, each of the players repeated the verse, the leader added another verse, and so on until one of the
players made a mistake, with the player who erred having to pay a penalty, such as offering up a kiss or a sweet.
This is how the game is offered up in its earliest known printed version, in the children's book Mirth without Mischief (c. 1780),
which 100 years later Lady Gomme, a collector of folktales and rhymes, described playing every Twelfth Day night before eating
mince pies and twelfth cake.
Twelfth Night is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as "the evening of the fifth of January, preceding Twelfth Day, the eve of
the Epiphany, formerly the last day of the Christmas festivities and observed as a time of merrymaking."[3]
The song apparently is older than the printed version, though it is not known how much older. Textual evidence indicates that the
song was not English in origin, but French, though it is considered an English carol. Three French versions of the song are known,
and items mentioned in the song itself—such as the partridge, which was not introduced to England from France until the late 1770s
—are indicative of a French origin.
Variations
There are many variations of this song in which the last four objects are arranged in a different order (for example — twelve lords a-
leaping, eleven ladies (or dames a-) dancing, ten pipers piping, nine drummers drumming). At least one version has "ten fiddlers
fiddling," and another has "nine ladies waiting." Still another version alters the fourth gift to "four mockingbirds."
The authoritative, traditional version of the chant in England appears in The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, as follows:
The twelfth day of Christmas, | My true love sent to me | Twelve lords a-leaping, | Eleven ladies dancing, | Ten pipers piping, | Nine
drummers drumming, | Eight maids a-milking, | Seven swans a-swimming, | Six geese a-laying, | Five gold rings, | Four colly birds, |
Three French hens, | Two turtle dove, and | A partridge in a pear tree.
There are some regional variants of the verb in the opening line of each verse. In the United States the true love "gave" the gifts to
the singer. In the British version, the true love "sent" the gifts to the singer.
It has been suggested by a number of sources over the years that the pear tree is in fact supposed to be perdrix, French for partridge
and pronounced per-dree, and was simply copied down incorrectly when the oral version of the game was transcribed. The original
line would have been: "A partridge, une perdrix."
Some misinterpretations have crept into the English-language version over the years.
The fourth day's gift is often stated as four calling birds but originally was four colly birds, using another word for a blackbird. The
fifth day's gift of golden rings refers not to jewelry but to ring-necked birds such as the ring-necked pheasant.
When these errors are corrected, the pattern of the first seven gifts all being birds is restored.
There is a version of "The Twelve Days of Christmas" that is still sung in Sussex in which the four colly birds are replaced by
canaries. In Australia, a number of versions are sung, all of which replace the traditional gifts with items (mainly native animals)
more likely to be found in that country.
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Six paparazzi