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MODAL VERBS OF DEDUCTION

You may know all this already but

DEDUCTION (present events)

Degrees of Certainty

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DEDUCTION (past events)


Modal verbs of deduction + have + participle are used to express your degree of certainty about a past action or situation. If we are guessing about a situation/state in the past:
Modal verb participle + have +

Degrees of Certainty

If we are guessing about an ongoing action in the past:


Modal verb + have + been + ing

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