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kd &ufygwt D aejzifh vGecf ahJ om
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4
 trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwhJ trde‹f tm%m[lor# wm0eft&zDqef-u?
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vsuf&Sdaom EdkifiHwumtzGJ@csKyf}uD;wckjzpf aeeJ@ b,fvykd óJ uHawG@vmvm/ tckuwnf;
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5
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'DAGDbD/ 10 'DZifbm 2008 tcGit hf a&;ae@ ESpyf wfvnftcrf;tem; ae@
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wnf;aom vl‹tcGit fh a&; umuG,jf r‡iw fh if cGifht& at;at;csrf;csrf; pka0;cJhygw,f?
olrsm;uGe, f uf (tdwcf st f m'Dy)D u ESpf (60) usaemfwdk@u at;at;aq;aq; vkyfaomf
ajrmuf tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl‹tcGit fh a&;ae‹ jim;vnf; wzufwm0ef&o dS al wG&ŒJ aqmif&u G f
tcrf;tem;udk w&ufapm+yD; usi;f ycJyh gw,f? r_awGu vlxu k kd txdww f vef@jzpfapwJh yHpk H
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tem;udk bdkuav;/ ykodrf/ acsmif;om/ aiG ajymxm;w,f? tckvuf&Sdtaetxm;rSm
aqmif/ jynf/ ZD;ukef;/ ewWvif;/ yef;waemf Oyrm bdu k av;/ jynf/ &efuek f usaemf&adS ewJh
pwJh a'oawGu vl‹tcGit fh a&; umuG,jf r‡ifh ae&mrSmudyk J 'Dv@l tcGit hf a&;ae@e@J ywfouf
wifolawG wufa&muf=uw,fvdk‹ tcrf; vd@k v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G af ewJ[ hJ mawGukd apmifh
tem;udk OD;pD;wJh vl‹tcGit fh a&;umuG,jf r‡ifh =unfah ewmawG[m odyjf yif;xefygw,f? tJ'D
wifol OD;armifarmifav;u ajymygw,f? taetxm;rsKd;rSm usaemfwdk@ udk,fwdkifu
t&if E S p f tcrf ; tem;awG w k e f ; u vnf; +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;eJ@ vkyfcsifwJhtwGuf
tm%mydkifawGu vlpkvla0;eJ‹ aESmihf,Suf 'Dvdk&ufa&$Œqdkif;wmyg?”
6
 trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwhJ trde‹f tm%m[lor# wm0eft&zDqef-u?
tcrf;tem; usi;f y&wJh &nf&, G cf suf vGwv f w G vf yfvyf jzef‹a0cGirfh &ovdk vl‹tcGifh
udv k nf; olu ckv&kd iS ;f jyygw,f? “'Dae@ ESpf ta&;ae‹tcrf ; tem;vnf ; usif ; yvd k ‹ r&
ajcmufq,fjynfw h hJ vl@tcGit hf a&;ae@ tcrf; atmif zdtm;ay;wm;jrpfaeygw,f?
tem;or,rSm/ urBmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm vl‹tcGit hf a&;jyef‹ymG ;a&;aqmif&u G af ewJh
ukvor*~ua&m vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufr_ olw‹kd &ŒJ uGe, f ufu OD;jrifah t;tygt0if tzG‹J
awGukd b,favmuf tumtuG,af y;Ekid =f u 0if (37) OD;udk tm%mydik af wGu &mZ0wfy'k rf
+yDvq J w kd mudk odapzd@k / vdt k yfcsuaf wG &Sad o; trsKd;rsKd;eJ‹pGJqdk+yD; ESpf&Snfaxmif'%fawG
w,fqw kd mudk usaemfw@kd axmufjycsiv f @kd ? csrwS u f m rdom;pke@J a0;vHwhJ axmifawGqyD ‹kd
aemufwcsuu f usaemfw@kd vl@tzG@J tpnf; aqmifxm;ygw,f? EdkifiHwEdkifiH&JŒ vl‹tcGihf
xJrmS vnf; ESpaf jcmufq,fjynfv h monfw h ikd f ta&;tajctae wd;k wufrr_ mS tkycf sKyfoal wG
atmif wu,ft h ajccHuswhJ vl@tcGit hf a&; &JŒ tcef;u¾udk OD;armifarmifav;u ajymjy
awG uif;rJah ew,fqw kd t hJ a=umif;udk usaemf ygw,f?
wd@k u Edik if o H m;awG/ Edik if w H umrdom;pkawG/ “pmcsKyfqdkif&m uwdu0wfawGt&/
od a pcsif w J h &nf & G , f c suf u wcsuf a ygh ? 0wW&m;awGt& yxrOD;qHk;wm0ef&Sdvlxkudk
aemufwcsuu f 'DEpS af jcmufq,f jynf+h yD;wJh vl@tcGifhta&;awGcsjyzdk@ oufqdkif&m&SdaewJh/
[dzk ufae@us&if vl@tcGit hf a&; umuG,jf r‡ihf &Sv
d mvdrOhf ;D r,fh tpd;k &awG&ŒJ wm0efyg? 'gay
wifwt hJ aeeJ@ rdru d , kd rf rd d rn‡mzd@k / vl@tcGihf r,fh tJ'w D m0efawGukd rausyeG cf w hJ t hJ wGuf
ta&;udk 'Dxuftm;aumif;atmif/ vlxu k kd ,ae@ usaemfw@kd Eidk if rH mS wkid ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k
ydk+yD;awmhus,fus,fjyef@jyef@ od&Sdem;vnf nDnw G af &;vd@k yaJ jymajym/ trsKd ;om;jyefvnf
atmif/ }udK;pm;aqmif&GufEkdif=uzdk@twGuf &if=um;apha&;vd@k yaJ jymajym/ bmjzpfv@kd 'gawG
&nf&, G +f yD;awmh tJ'u D pd aP wG aqG;aEG;wdik yf if vdak ewmwke;f ? usaemfw@kd jrifwmuawmh tJ'D
+yD; tcrf;tem;udk usi;f ycJw h m jzpfygw,f?” rSm tajccHv@l tcGit hf a&;awG uif;rJch v
hJ @kd vdak e
Ed k i f i H w umrS m vl ‹ tcG i h f t a&;ae‹ wmjzpfygw,f? oufqikd &f mwm0ef&w dS hJ tpd;k
tcrf;tem;awG vGwv f w G v f yfvyfusi;f ycGifh &awGudk,fYudku 'DtajccHvl@tcGifhta&;
&Sad yr,hf jrefrmEdik if rH mS awmh tm%mydik af wG awGukd usio hf ;kH Edik af tmif Oya'awGe@J jyÏmef;
u vl‹tcGihfta&;ynmay;olawGudka&m/ +yD;awmh todtrSwfðyay;zdk@ vdkygw,f?”
avhvmolawGuykd g ud, k x f v d ufa&muf ±du k f vl‹*k%foduQmeJ‹tnD aexdkifEdkif=uzdk‹twGuf
ESuw f mawG/ &mZ0wfy'k rf trsK;d rsK;d wyf zrf; jrefrmEdik if wH iG ;f aexdik o f tl m;vk;H vl‹tcGit fh
qD;axmifcswmawG ðyvkyaf eygw,f? jrefrm a&;udk avhvm=uzd‹k e‹J vufqifu h rf;oGm;=uzd‹k
Ed k i f i H t ygt0if uk v or*~ 0 if E d k i f i H a wG vl‹tcGihfta&; umuG,fjr‡ifhwifolawGu
vufrSwfxdk; twnfjyKxm;wJh vl‹tcGihf wdkufwGef;oGm;ygw,f?
ta&;a=unmpmwrf;udk trsm;jynfo=l um; Ð
7
 udrk if;udEk ikd f tygt0if ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; csucf si;f v$w?f

uav;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_ yaysmufa&;ae@ ESihf ywfoufI

HREIB rS 'g±dkufwm OD;atmifrsdK;rif; ESifh qufoG,far;jref;csuf
a&$carmuf 12/ 'DZifbm 2008
uav;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; yaysmufae‹jzpf ao;wJhuav;awGudk ppfwyfrSm uav;ppf
ay:vmyHk = om;toHk;ðyr_twGuf vdrfvnfjzm;a,mif;
uav;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_yaysmuf +yD;awmh odr;f oGi;f vd@k &&dS ifvJ uav;ul;oef;
a&;ae@udk bmvdk@ 'DZifbmv(12)&ufae@ a&mif;0,fr_ajrmufwmyJ? ydkqdk;wmuawmh
owfrSwf&ovJqdkawmh 'Duav;uloef; jrefrmEdkifiH&JΠpD;yGm;a&;tajctaeedrfhusae
a&mif;0,fru _ kd &mZ0wfrt _ jzpf owfrw S w f hJ w,f? aemufwcg vl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufr_
pmcsKyfwpfck&Sdw,f? tJ'gudktwdkaumuf awGjzpfaewJhtwGuf uav;awmfawmfrsm;
ygvmrGefpmcsKyfvdk@ac:w,f? tJpmcsKyfrSm rsm;[m rdbawGe@J twl tvky&f Edik rf ahJ e&mudk
qdvk @kd &&dS ifawmh 'Duav;uloef;a&mif;0,fr_ oGm;w,f? oGm;&if;eJ@ xdik ;f Edik if rH mS uav;ol
udk &mZ0wfrv _ @kd owfrwS x
f m;+yD; tpd;k &tm; awmif;pm;awG/ uav;tvkyform;awG/
vH;k u tav;teufxm;+yD; wdu k zf suzf @kd pm uav;jynfw h efqmawGtjzpf twif;t=uyf
csKyfxrJ mS ygw,f? tJpmcsKyfay:ayguv f mwJah e@ a&mif ; pm;wmawG & S d w ,f ? tJ ' ga=umif h
udk tpGðJ y+yD;owfrw S x
f m;wmjzpfw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHtajctaeu awmfawmfqdk;ae
ygw,f?
tckjrefrmEdkifiHrSm jzpfay:aewJh uav;ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fr+ tajctae = uav;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr+ yaysmufa&;ae‹eJ‹
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm uav;ul;oef;a&mif; ywfoufv‹kd vlxu k bkd majymcsiyf govJ =
0,fru _ yHpk t
H rsKd ;rsKd ;jzpfaewm&Sw d ,f? awm uav;ul ; oef ; a&mif ; 0,f r _ q d k w m
&Gmu uav;awGukd òrd@}uD;udk ul;oef;a&mif; uav;awG t wG u f wu,f u d k r &S d o if h w J h
0,fwmawG&Sdovdk te,fe,ft&yf&yfu t&myJ? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh uav;awGqw kd m
uav;awGudk xdkif;EdkifiHe,fpyfudk a&mif;cH& uav;b0rSmvHkvHkòcHòcHeJ@ ynmoif=um;+yD;
wmawG&Sdw,f? +yD;awmh trsdK;orD;i,frsm; zG@H òzd;wd;k wufre_ @J aexdik &f r,fb h 0rsK;d jzpfw,f?
[mqdk&if w±kwfjynfudk owdk@orD;tjzpf tJ'DvdktajctaersdK;rSm uav;awG&JŒrod
a&mif;pm;cH&wmawG&w dS ,f? jrefrmEdik if x
H rJ mS em;rvnfr_udk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; tjrwf
awmh uav;tvkyform;awGaygh/ touf xk w f aoG ; aqmif z sm;a,mif ; wmawG & J Œ
rjynfah o;wJh uav;awGukd pm;aomufqikd f tusKd ;qufubmjzpfvq J akd wmh uav;awG
wd@k / a&vkyif ef;wd@k / ig;zrf;vkyif ef;wd@k rmS yd@k +yD; [m uav;tvkyform;awG/ uav;jynfh
awmha&mif;pm;wmawG&o dS vdk t&G,rf a&muf wef q mawG t jzpf tqH k ; owf o G m ;w,f ?
8
 trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwhJ trde‹f tm%m[lor# wm0eft&zDqef-u?
'grsKd;[m b,fvdkrSrjzpfoifhbl;? tJ'Dawmh ppftpd;k &tm%mydik af wGu ESyd pf ufni‡ ;f yef;+yD;
vkyfaqmifwJhae&m&JΠtpdk;&ydkif;rSm t"du ESpf&Snfaxmif'%fawG xyfwdk;cHcJh&yHkawGudk
wm0ef & S d w ,f ? tpd k ; &taeeJ @ Oya'awG jyefvnfajymqd+k yD;/ tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@t
jyXmef;+yD; umuG,af y;zd@k wm0ef&w dS ,f? wcsed f cGit hf a&;ae@ ESpf (60) jynfah e@rmS urBmt&yf
wnf;rSmyJ 'Dvt kd a=umif;awGukd em;vnfod &yfu jrefrmvlrsKd;awGtygt0if/ tdrfeD;csif;
wwfwJhjynfolvlxku tJ'Dvdkrjzpf&atmif Edik if aH wGjzpfwhJ w±kw/f tdE, dN tygt0if/ urBmh
óudwifumuG,fwm;qD;wm/ uav;awGudk Edik if aH wGtaeeJ@ jrefrmEdik if rH mS vl@tcGit hf a&;
todynmay;wmawG/ aemufwcgrmS tJ'v D kd csKd;azmufcHae&wmawGudk vufydkuf=unfhr
rsKd;jzpfaewJhta=umif;t&mawGudk az:xkwf ae=uyJ uln=D uzd@k wdu k wf eG ;f vdu k yf gw,f?
wifjy+yD;awmh w&m;Oya'tultnDeJ@ 0dkif; jrefrmEdkifiHrSm tkyfcsKyfaewJholawG
0ef;+yD;awmh wdkif=um;rSom uav;ul;oef; udk,fwdkif vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufaewJhtr_
a&mif;0,fr_uyaysmufr,f? 'Dwae@wnf; awG tajrmuftrsm;&Sw d thJ xJrmS owif;pm
usif ; ywmr[k w f y J e J @ uav;awG t wG u f q&m}uD; OD;0if;wif&JΠudk,fawG@jzpf&yfawG/
tE &W m,f&w dS hJ uav;ul;oef;a&mif; 0,fru _ kd rsufjrifóuHawG@cJh&r_awGuvnf; xif&Sm;wJh
ae@wikd ;f ae@wikd ;f u|eaf wmfw@kd 0ikd ;f 0ef; +yD;awmh oufaowpfcjk zpfygw,f? tJvkd ppftpd;k &u
umuG,fwm;qD;zdk@vdkygw,f? owif;pmq&m}uD;OD;0if;wif tay: zrf;qD;
tusO;f cs+yD; pdwyf ikd ;f / ±kyyf ikd ;f EdyS pf ufra_ wGe@J
jrefrmEkid if wH iG f vl@tcGithf a&;csKd;azmufrE_ iS hf ywfoufv@kd q&m}uD;OD;0if;wifu, kd w f ikd af jym
oGm;wmudk wifjyxm;ygw,f? yxrqH;k olu
ywfoufI txi txifuf & acgi acgifaf qmi
qmiftf csdKŒ. jrefrmjynf&ŒJ tajctaeudk ckvakd jymygw,f?
tjri
tjrifrf sm; “jrefrmjynf[m ckvuf&Sdtajctae
t&awmh vl@tcGit hf a&;eJ@ywfoufv@kd urBm
owif;pmq&m}u;D OD;0if;wif ud, k w f ikd f cHpm; ay:rSm tcsK;d azmufq;kH Edik if x H uJ awmfawmf
cJ&h onfh vlŒtcGit
hf a&;csK;d azmufr/+ a&S@wef;udka&mufaewJh EdkifiHwpfckvdk@ajym&
OD;0if;wifujrefrmjynf[m urBmrSm r,fxifw,f? txl;ojzifhuawmh ausmif;
vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ trsm;qHk;&SdaewJh om;vli,fawGukd zrf;w,f/qD;w,f? vlowf
Edik if w
H Edik jf zpfaeyH/k olu,
kd wf ikd f ESyd pf ufni‡ ;f yef; r_xufrsm;pGmqd;k 0g;wJEh pS }f uD;awG axmif'g%f
cHcJh&yHkawG/ axmifxJtusOf;usaepOfumv cs? wcgtv J kd axmif'g%af wGcs±w kH if ruao;
1995 ckEpS rf mS ukvor*~ vl@tcGit hf a&;aumf bl;/ rdom;pkawGe@J tvGeaf 0;vHwhJ e,faxmif
r&Sifudk oltygt0if EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; awGy@kd / tJvykd @kd jcif;[m rdom;pkawGuykd gquf
wcsKd@u vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD; tif;pdeftusOf; +yD;awmhjypf'g%af y;/ olw@kd tr_uv kd u kd w f hJ a&SŒ
axmifxu J ae v#KŒd 0Suw f ikd =f um;cJw h t
hJ wGuf aeawGuykd gjypf'g%af y; ponfjzifv h yk af ewm
9
 rw&m;zrf;qD;xm;aom &[ef; oHCmawmfrsm;tm; csucf si;f v$w?f
awGy@kd tJvykd @kd jcif;[m rdom;pkawGuykd g quf vd@k &w,f? v#KŒd 0Su+f yD; pmav;bmav;ay;vd@k
+yD;aawmhjypf'g%fay; olwdk@tr_udk vdkufwJh &w,f? 0efxrf;vpfvdk@&Sd&if pum;av;bm
a&SŒaeawGuykd g jypf'g%af y;ponfjzifh vkyaf e av;xdkifajymvdk@&w,f? tJvdkrsKd;awGawmh&Sd
wm[m vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_awG&JŒ ao;w,f?”
twd k i f ; twm[m jref r mjynf r S m b,f 1955 ckEpS 0f ef;usiu f tif;pdeaf xmif
avmuf}uD;rm;aew,fqw kd mudk xifxif&mS ; rSm q&m}uD;OD;0if;wifu tck axmif'g%f
&Sm;}uD;awG@ae&ygw,f? olu, kd w
f ikd Ef ydS pf ufcH (65)ESpf tcscx H m;&wJh (88) rsKd ;quf ausmif;
&wmeJ@ ywfouf+yD;awmhvnf; olajymjywm om; ud*k sirf D (ac: ) udak usmrf if;,k tygt0if
u- wjcm;EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGeJ@ vufwGJ+yD;
usaemft h aeeJ@ erlemwif+yD; ajym&r,f urBmu h v
k or*~ vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr&Siu f kd
qdk&if usaemf axmifxJa&mufoGm;w,f? vufrSwfxdk;wdkif=um;wJh v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfvdk@
axmifxJa&mufoGm;wJhtcg qdkygawmhAsm? axmif'g%fawG aemufxyfcsrSwfcH&yHkudk
rtdyrf ae (5) &ufw@kd (4) &ufw@kd ppfausma&; vnf; ckvq kd ufajymygw,f?
awG[mvnf; vl@tcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufrx _ J “'gayr,fhvdk@ usaemfwdk@ ajcmufESpfcGJ
rSm wpfct k ygt0ifyaJ v? aemuf+y;D awmh rsuf umvavmuf=umwJt h cgusawmh usaemfw@kd
ESmacgi;f pGy+f yD;awmh e&if;tkyo f mG ;wmawG 'g ausmif;om;aw/G vli,fawGe@J usaemf pkaygi;f
awGuawmh±;kd ae+yD? 'gt h jyif av[mjyifxrJ mS +yD;awmh vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_tajc
aqmif;wGif;vdkumv}uD;rSm vufudkaemuf taeawG tukev f ;kH udk usaemfw@kd ukvor*~
jyefvufxdyfcwf/ acgif;udk t0wfpGyf+yD;wJhcg vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr&Siu f kd yd@k wt hJ cg=uawmh
usawmh ESi;f awmxJrmS ypfxm;w,f? tJawmh usaemftygt0if (24) a,muf axmifusuek f
jrefrmvlrsK;d wpfa,mufaeeJ@uawmh Ed0k ifbm/ w,f? tJ'gvnf; axmifruscifumvrSmudk
'DZifbm qdkwmaqmif;yJAs/ tJvdktcgrsKd;rSm usaemfw@kd ukd ppfacG;wdu k yf @kd xm;w,f? rdom;pk
n(6) em&Duae aemufwae@reuf rd;k vif;wJh eJ@ vH;k 0tquftoG,rf &Sb d ;l ? axmif0ifpmwd@k
xdypfxm;wJh[mrsKd;awG 'gvnf; usaemf pm;p&mwdk@ aomufp&mwdk@ ay;zdk@udk&yfxm;
t}udrf}udrf awG@cJh&ygw,f? tJ'Dtjyifudk w,f? aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh ol@ukd ESpaf ygi;f rsm;
usaemfawG@wmawGubmvJqdkawmh Oyrm pGm wpfa,mufwnf; wdu k yf w d x f m;ygw,f
qd&k if ajcmufEpS af usmu f mvrSm usaemfwpf wJh?
a,mufxJyJydwfxm;w,f/ wdkufac:wmaygh aemufxyf usaemfaecJw h hJ vGecf w
hJ EhJ pS f
Asm? tcef;wcef; xJrmS xnf+h yD;awmhyw d x f m; aygif; (12) ESpfcGJavmufumvrSmqdkvdk@&Sd&if
w,f? a&csK;d qif;wJt h csed af vmufyJ usaemfukd usaemfu olwdk@axmufvSef;a&;XmecsKyfrSm
zGiahf y;w,f? tjcm;Edik if aH &;orm;awG/ tjcm; zGix fh m;wJh txl;aqmifqw kd t hJ xJrmS xnf+h yD;
ausmif;om;awGe@J atmf+yD;awmh pum;ajym awmh ydwx f m;wm[m bmEkid if aH &; orm;eJ@rS
10
 trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwhJ trde‹f tm%m[lor# wm0eft&zDqef-u?
rawG@&awmhyeJ @J aecJ&h wmckxu G v f mwJh tcsed f i,fawGqdkwm ajrmufrsm;pGmaomvlawG
xdygy?J qdv k wkd mu wpfa,muf ESpaf ,muf usaemfwdk@txJrSm aq;awGray;/ aemuf+yD;
EdkifiHa&;eJ@EG,fwJh tusOf;orm;rsm; usaemfh use;f rma&;ud*k ±krpdu k f ponfa=umifh touf
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tJvdkusyfcJhwm?” wdk@qdkwmawG 'gawG&SdcJhw,f? trsm;}uD;yJ
w&m;pD&ifjcif;r#wr_r&Sw d mudv k J q&m tvm;wlyJ ausmif;om;vli,fawGxrJ mS &Scd hJ
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ckvdkajymjycJhygw,f? jrLepfygwDuqdkwJholawG &JabmfawGtrsm;
“'gxufrsm;wJh csKd ;azmufra_ wGqw kd m }uD; olw@kd toufq;kH ±_;H =uw,f? usaemfem
awmh usaemfw@kd óuHvmwJh w&m;pD&ifwmrsKd ; rnfawGawmif aocsmrodawmhb;l ? bmvd@k
a&SŒaeiSm;zd@k ukd w&m;ol}uD;qDrmS ajymwJt h cg vJqakd wmh e,faxmifawGrmS jzpfwm/ &yfa0;
cGifhðyw,fvdk@ajymw,f? 'gayr,fh wu,f axmifawGrmS jzpfwm/ e,fpeG ef ,fzsm;axmif
wrf;uswt hJ cgusawmh usaemfw@kd ukd vHòk cHa&; awGrmS jzpfwm tJvakd wGjzpfwmAs?”
t& tdref @J qufo, G cf iG rhf &bl;qdw k hJ tcgus aemufq;kH rSmawmh q&m}uD;OD;0if;wif
awmh a&SŒaeeJ@vnf; usaemfw@kd pum;ajymzd@k u 'Duae@usa&mufwhJ tjynfjynfqikd &f mvl@
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bl;? 'DvdkeJ@yJusaemfwdk@awG axmifuscJh=u “tJ'ga=umifh usaemfajymcsifwmu
w,faygh?” 'Dv@l tcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufr[ _ m 'Dae@vq J uf
tJ't D jyif wjcm;Edik if aH &;tusO;f om; &Sad eygw,f? usaemf ao;ao;av;óuHc&hJ wJh
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wcsdK@toufqHk;±_H;&yHkawGudkvnf; ajymjyyg taetxm;rsKd ;udk a&mufaeyg+yD? tJ'ga=umifh
w,f? 'Dv@l tcGit hf a&; (60) jynfah jrmufwahJ e@vcdk g
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ajymovkad wmifxif&avmufatmif qif;&J azmufra_ wGukd jrefrmjynfojl ynfom;awGu
=uyfwnf;jcif;/ vl@tcGifhta&;csdKazmufcH& vnf; =unfhraeygeJ@? jrefrmjynfrSm&SdaewJh
jcif;awG&w dS ,f? od@k aomf 'gonfvsif usaemfu tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;
toufomqH;k vlxrJ mS yg0ifw,fv@kd ajymEdik f uvnf; =unfrh ae=uyge@J ? aemufwcg Edik if &H ŒJ
w,f ? bmjzpf v d k @ vJ q d k a wmh usaemf u jyifyrSm a&mufae=uwJh jrefrmEdik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;
touft&G,t f m;jzifh usaemf&h ŒJ use;f rma&; olrsm;taeeJ@uvnf; =unfhrae=uygeJ@?
tm;jzifah =umifh oufomwm/ ausmif;om;vl ukvor*~uo hJ @kd aom tD;,luo hJ @kd aom tm
11
 90 jynfEh pS &f v'f jynfo‹l vw
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vnf; =unfrh ae=uyge@J ? usaemfw@kd &ŒJ tdref ;D awmh vl@tcGifhta&;qHk;±_H;aew,fqdkwmudk
em;csi;f rsm;jzpfwhJ w±kw/f tdE,
dN ponfh Edik if H 2007 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmta&;tcif;eJ@ ywf
}uD;awGuvnf; =unfhrae=uygeJ@? usaemf ouf+yD; txde;f odr;f cHc&hJ wJh oHCmawmfawG
'Dae@ 'DtcgrmS ajymcsiyf gw,f?” eJ@ausmif;om;vli,fawG&ŒJ jzpf&yfu oufao
jyaeygw,f? wpfcg vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfa&;
jynfoŒl vGwaf wmfu, kd pf m;ðyaumfrwD pDtmyDyD om;cGirhf &Sw d mudu k sawmh bavmuf*g udak e
OuUX OD;at;omatmif&ŒJ tjrif = bke;f vwf&ŒJ jzpf&yf/ uAsmq&m udak pmvlw@kd
vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; xkwf &JΠjzpf&yfawGu avmavmvyfvyf oufao
jyefa=unmcJw h m tESpaf jcmufq,f&cdS ahJ yr,fh jyaeygw,f? txl;ojzifh &Sr;f jynfrmS qdk ajrmuf
jrefrmEdik if rH mS 'Dru
kd a&pD vl@tcGit hf a&;awG/ ydik ;f rSwyf w
kH ifuikd +f yD; awmifyikd ;f / ta&SŒydik ;f udk
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uwnf; uckcsed x f yd gy?J wu,fawmh 'DtcGihf pmayudk vGwfvyfpGmoif=um;cGifh r&&Sdwm
ta&;awGukd jyefvnf&&Szd @kd twGuf wdik ;f &if; awG pwJph wJjh zpf&yfawGaygAh sm? tcsKyftm;jzifh
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csifygw,f?
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k or*~tzG@J &ŒJ vl@tcGit hf a&;
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om;qdkwmudk ulvor*~&JŒvl@tcGifhta&; aemfw@kd wu,fjzpfaewJh 'DEikd if rH mS jzpfwmawmh
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w,fqdkayr,fh jrefrmjynfvlxktaeeJ@u tJ'ga=umihfusaemfwdk@ 0rf;enf;p&mygyJvkd@
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12
 trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwhJ trde‹f tm%m[lor# wm0eft&zDqef-u?
jynfyrSmtajcpdu k wf hJ jynfaxmifpjk ref jzpfwhJ [moynm&Sif udZk m*emeJ@bavmuf
rmEd k i f i H t rsd K ;om;aumif p D NCUB *gaezkef;vwfwdk@udk yl;wJGcsD;jr‡ifhvkdufygw,f?
&JŒajyma&; qdkcGifh&Sdol OD;jrifhod%f;uvnf; pufwifbmoHCmawmfawG OD;aqmifwv hJ y_ f
jrefrmEdik if rH mS qd&k if 'Dpmwrf;rSm &Si;f &Si;f vif; &Sm;r_e@J em*pfqidk u f vke;f '%fccH &hJ wJh tajct
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jyXmef;csuftjyifudk &Sdxm;+yD;om;tajccH RSF uajymygw,f?
tcGit hf a&;awGukd tjyif;txefcsKd ;azmufae “bavmuf*gqt k wGuf a¶G;cs,v f u kd f
wmudk cHpm;ae&wmawGukd pdwrf csr;f ajrŒzG,f wJo h al wGuawmh Zm*emeJ@ aezke;f vwfyg? ol
&mawG@jrifae&w,f? tJ'DvdkrsKd;cHpm;r_awGeJ@ wd@k uq kd ak y;vdu k w f ,fv@dk tckyaJ =unmvdu k f
ywfouf+yD;awm h'DwurBmvHk;uae tm±Hk ygw,f? qka¶G;cs,af &;tzG@J u olw@kdEpS af ,muf
pdkuf+yD;awmh ukvor*~a=unmpmwrf;}uD; pvk;H udk wcJeufa¶G;cs,cf w hJ myg”
rSmygwhJ jyXmef;csuaf wGe@J tnD umuG,af pmifh 2008 ckEpS t f wGuf RSF u qk (3) rsK;d
a&SmufEik d zf @k d vdt
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f m'pfq;D 'ef@ (ac: ) b
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rsKd ;udk 'DEpS af jcmufq,fjynfv h m+yDjzpfwhJ 'Dae@ ydwyf ifxm;wJ=h um;u owif;vGwv f yfciG t hf
tcsdefcgrSm tav;teufowdðy+yD;awmhrS wGuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm;óud;yrf;aqmif¶GufcJhol
qENðywdu k w f eG ;f &if;eJ@yJ pmwrf;udk 'Dae@usaemf trnf (10) OD;udk trnfpm&if;wifoiG ;f cJyh g
wd@k xkwjf yef&wmjzpfygw,f? w,f? urBmw0ef;u emrnfausmf owif;eJ@
(RFA owif ; XmerS pk p nf ; wif j y pme,fZif;tzGJ@awGu owif;axmuf (40)
onf?) ausmu f ae 'D (10) OD;xJrmS txl;c|eq f ;Hk jzpfwhJ
udZk m*emeJ@ udak ezke;f vwfw@kd ukd wcJeufa¶G;
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owif;axmufrsm;tzG@J u qkcsD;jr‡ifh atbmwDu qkudkay;tyfcJh+yD; udkZm*em
ud,k pf m; oli,fcsi;f jzpfol tEkynm&Siu f x kd ed f
AGDtdkat/ 4 'DZifbm2008? vif;u qkuv kd ufc&H ,lc+hJ y;D aus;Zl;wifpum;
jyifopftajcpku d f RSF ac: e,fpnf;r vnf; ajym=um;cJyh gw,f? udZk m*em&JŒZeD;eJ@
jcm; owif;axmufrsm;tzG@J }uD;u 2008 ck ol@rdom;pkukdvnf; ADG'D,kdeJ@wdkuf¶kdufquf
ESpftwGuf uGefjyLwmtifwmeuf tokH;ðy oG,+f yD; jyoxm;wmawG@&w,fv@kd vnf; rpP
+y;D vl@tcGit
hf a&;v_y&f mS ;ol qku d b f m'pfp;D 'ef@ wmba&mqJvu f ajymygw,f?
(ac: ) bavmuf*gqu k kd jrefrmEkid if o
H m;ESpOf ;D
13
 G -f u/ xºuG=u?
ppftm%m&Sif usq;kH a&;twGuf pnf;vH;k -u/ nDnw

tcrf;tem;rSm udx k ed v f if;u udZk m* wumurw&m;bl;vd@k todtrSwðf yvku d w

f hJ
emeJ@ywfouf+yD; vufcq H , k cl iG &hf cJwh hJ aus;Zl; oabmvd@k usaemfjrifygw,f/ ol@twGuaf wmh
wifpum;udk tckvakd jymcJyh gw,f? *k%f,lygw,f”
“'Dae@qak y;yGrJ mS udZk m*em ud, k w
f idk f udkaezk ef ;vwf &J @rd cif jzpf ol u awmh
wufa&muf+yD;,loifyh gw,f” jrefrmEkid if u H udak ezke;f vwfwnf&&dS m u&ifjynfe,f bm;
ppftpd;k &&JŒ tkycf sKyfra_ tmufrmS vGwv f yfpmG tH®rŒu axmifut dk oGm; vrf;rSmyJ&adS o;wm
xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG ahf wG qk;H ¶_;H cJ&h wJh trSew f a=umifh 'Dowif;udrk od&ao;bl;vk@d qykd gw,f?
&m;udk ol@&ŒJ [moynmeJ@ vlxo k ad tmifazmf
jyEkid w
f mawGuykd g y&dowfawGuakd jym=um;cJh
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ulncD w hJ hJ udZk m*em[m ppftpk;d &&JŒqk;d ¶Gm;wJh urBmah cgif;aqmif a[mif;rsm; awmif;qdk
rrSefruefaqmif¶GufcsufawGudk xkwfazmf
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ajymqdak vh&o dS jl zpf+yD; ol@&ŒJ ajym=um;csuaf wG
ukvor*~twGi;f a&;rª;csKyf befurD eG ;f
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taeeJ@ jrefrmEdik if u H kd tjrefq;kH oGm;a&muf+yD;
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jrefrmEdik if u H Edik if aH &;tusO;f om; 2000 ausmf
wif; rD', D mawGukd ajymqdck w hJ t hJ wGuf zrf;
tjrefqHk;jyefvGwfajrmufa&; óud;yrf;aqmif
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2007 pufwifbmta&;tcif;rSm ol@&ŒJ uGef
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jyLwm0Jbq f 'kd f pmrsuEf mS uwqifh jrefrmEkid if H
Edik if aH ygi;f (50) ausmu f tpd;k &acgi;f aqmif
xJrSm jzpfyGg;aewJhowif;rSefawGudk urBmu
a[mif; 112 OD;&JŒ'Dpmt&awmh tck2008 ck
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tcsed rf mS axmif'%ftESpf (20) csrw S cf cH &hJ +yD;
om;tm;vH;k vGwaf jrmufvmapzd@k ukvor*~
r=umcifurS u&ifjynfe,fu bm;tHtusO;f
twGi;f a&;rª;csKyf befurD eG ;f udk zdtm;ay;xm;
axmifudk ajymif;a¶$ŒcHcJh&ygw,f? udkaezkef;
wmyg? 'Dtcsuu f kd ukvor*~ vHòk cHa&;aumif
vwfudk EkdifiHwumuae todtrSwfðywJh
pDtaeeJ@ aqG;aEG;qH;k jzwf+yD;om;rd@k rjzpfrae
taeeJ@ tckvq kd ck s;D jr‡ichf &H wm *k%, f yl gw,f
taumiftxnfazmfz@kd vdt k yfcsuu f akd xmuf
vd@k udak ezke;f vwf&@J nu D ajymygw,f?
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“olu bmtjypfrv S nf;r&Sb d eJ @J vli,f
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wa,mufudk rw&m;axmifcsjcif;udk EkdifiH
14
 trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwhJ trde‹f tm%m[lor# wm0eft&zDqef-u?

jzpfwhJ aemfa0;Edik if u H 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; csv J f &,f awG@qakH qG;aEG;Edik rf mS yg? 'ga=umifh jrefrm
rmeJvb f ekd Apf (Kjell Magne Bondevik) u EdkifiHu 'DEdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;v$wfzdk@qdkwm
ADt G akd tudt k ckvkd &Si;f jyygw,f? EdkifiHwumtaeeJ@óudwifpnf;rsOf;udk owf
“tck jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;aemufqHk;jzpf rSwfxm;&ygr,f?”
ay:aewJt h ajctaeawGtay:rSm usaemfw@kd 'gayr,f h jref r mppf t pd k ; &uawmh
pdk;&drfrdygw,f? jrefrmhta&;eJ@ywfoufvdk@ wzufrmS olw@kd &ŒJ Edik if aH &;vrf;jyajryHt k wdik ;f
vHòk cHa&;aumifpOD uUÏ a=unmcsuu f kd 2007 vmr,fh 2010 ckEpS rf mS a&G;aumufyv GJ yk zf @kd uykd J
ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwkef;u xkwfjyefcJhyg ydkif;jzwfxm;yHk&ygw,f? rpPwmbdkeApfu
w,f? tJ'rD mS Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vH;k udk awmh 'Dtwdik ;f tajctaet&qd&k if vGwv f yf
v$waf y;zd@k awmif;qkx d m;ygw,f? 'Dvjkd refrm +yD; rSswwJh a&G;aumufyaGJ wG jzpfvmrSmr[kwf
Edik if uH Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG vGwaf jrmuf bl;vd@k ol@tjrifudk ajymygw,f?
vma&;udk ukvor*~taeeJ@ 2008 ckEpS t f “a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ tjcm;EdkifiH
wGi;f wd;k wufjzpfxeG ;f r_taeeJ@ wdik ;f wmowf a&;acgi;f aqmifawG txde;f odr;f cHae&oa&GŒ
rSwfxm;ygw,f? awmh vGwv f yf+yD;rSswwJah &G;aumufyGJ b,f
'gayr,fv h @kd 2007 ZGev f u jrefrmEdik if H vdrk S rjzpfEikd yf gb;l ? 'Drwdik cf ifrmS Edik if aH &;ygwD
rSmEdik if aH &;tusO;f om; 1,200 avmufyJ &d&S m awG/ Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifawG tm;vH;k twGuf
uae tckqdk&if 2,100 ausmftxd&dSvmyg vrf;zGiahf y;xm;&ygr,f? 'gt h jyif zJ@G pnf;tkyf
w,f? 'gvufrcHEikd pf &myg? 'ga=umifh rpPwm csKyf yHq k ikd &f mrSmvnf; jyefvnfnE‡d i_d ;f aqG;aEG;
befurD eG ;f taeeJ@ jrefrmEdik if u H o
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pd;k &taeeJ@ 'DEpS rf ukecf if Edik if aH &;tusO;f om; jrefrmEdik if t
H a&;eJ@ywfoufv@kd csO;f uyf
awG v$waf y;&r,fqw kd mudk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; aqmif&Gufr_rSm taemufEdkifiHawGeJ@ tm&S
today;&ygr,f?” bufu tmqD,/H w±kww f @kd t=um;rSmuJv G rGJ _
jrefrmEdkifiHu trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifh t"dutcsuu f awmh jypf'%fcwf zdtm;ay;
jrwfa&;a&m/ 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f a&;a&m Edik if H ta&;,lenf;eJ@tðyoabm oHwrefenf;t&
a&;jy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;zdk@qdk&if ueOD;t csO;f uyfwmawGyg? ESpzf ufpvH;k uvnf; 'gukd
qifhtjzpf EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG vGwf pdu
k v f ukd rf wfwwf usio hf ;kH cJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fh
ajrmufa&;udk Edik if w H umtaeeJ@ óudwifpnf; jrefrmEdik if t H wGuf tajzaumif;aumif;awmh
rsO;f owfrw S cf suf oabmxm;&r,fv@kd vnf; xGurf vmao;ygb;l ? 'g[m Edik if w H umuae
rpPwmbdek Apfu ajymygw,f? jrefrmhta&;udk udkifwG,fr_rSm pdwfygvufyg
“EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;v$wfzdk@qdkwm ydik ;f jzwfcsurf &dv S @kd jzpfw,fv@kd rpPwmbdek m
yxrqH;k tqifh jzpf&ygvrd rfh ,f? 'g+yD;rS ppft Apfu tjypfwifygw,f?
pd;k &&,f/ tefet f ,fv'f &D ,f/ wdik ;f &if;om;awG
15
 tm%m±l;ppftpd;k &. &ufpuf,w
k rf mr+rsm;tm; &J0phH mG azmfxw
k -f u?

“jy\emuawmh urBmt h odik ;f t0dik ;f jzpfw,f/ 0rf;omp&mjzpfw,f/ tm;&p&mjzpf

wckv;kH &JŒ wu,fwrf;pdwq f EN&rSd y_ gy?J usaemf w,f?”
t&ifwek ;f u rpPwmbefurD eG ;f udk wdu k w f eG ;f cJh tckurBmah cgi;f aqmif 112 OD; rpPwm
zl;ygw,f? jrefrmEdik if eH @J ywfoufv@kd t"duus befukd ay;yd@k wphJ mxJrmS awmh rpPwmbefjref
wJEh ikd if aH wGu xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifawGe@J tpnf; rmEdik if u H kd oGm;Edik o f nfjzpfap/ roGm;Edik o f nf
ta0;w&yf ac:,lusi;f yzd@k upd yP g? tar&duef/ jzpfap jrefrmtpd;k &taeeJ@ tckEpS rf ukecf ifrmS
tD;,l/ tmqD,/H w±kwf pwJh Edik if aH wGtaeeJ@ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awGukd v$waf y;&r,fqkd
jrefrmEdkifiHta&;eJ@ywfoufvdk@ ydk+yD;yl;aygif; wmudk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; ppftpd;k &odatmif
aqmif&GufvkyfudkifEdkifzdk@yg?” vkyzf @kd uv kd nf; wdu k wf eG ;f ygw,f? tu,fI
rpPwmbefuDrGef;taeeJ@ tckESpfqef; 'gupkd pftpd;k &u jiif;qefaeOD;r,fq&kd ifawmh
ydik ;f rSmyJ em*pfrek w f ikd ;f udpeP @J jrefrmEdik if u H o kd mG ; ukvor*~vHkòcHa&;aumifpDuae 'DEdkifiHa&;
cJzh ;l wma=umifh jrefrmtpd;k &Adv k cf sKyfawGe@J rpP tusO;f om;awG vGwv f mzd@k aemufxyfta&;
wmbef[m tquftpyf&dSaeqJvdk@ ,lq ,luikd w f , G rf a_ wG vkyzf @kd uv kd nf;wdu k w f eG ;f yg
wma=umifh rpPwmbef jrefrmEdik if u H o kd mG ;&if w,f? olw@kd taeeJ@vnf; ukvor*~e@J twl
ppftpd;k &udk wpHw k &mem;csEikd rf ,fv@kd rpPwm wom;wnf;&yfwnfomG ;r,fv@kd uwdðyxm;
bdek mApfu ,lqygw,f? rpPwmbef uDreG ;f ygw,f?
uvnf; tckESpfrukefcif ol jrefrmEdkifiHudk tckay;pmxJrmS awmh tar&duefjynf
oGm;r,fv@kd ajymcJw h myg? axmifpu k orRwa[mif; a*smt h yd cf s'f AvsL
'gayr,fv h @kd +yD;cJwh hJ ukvor*~tpnf; bk&/Sf *sirf u D mwm/ tm&Suqd&k ifawmh ud&k m
ta0;wckrmS yJ cdik rf mwJh wd;k wufrw _ pHw k &m ZeftmuDEG /kd uifa';*sK/H &mrd@k p[ f w
kd m/ udt k ZD ;l
rawGŒ&bJ jrefrmEdik if u H kd roGm;oifb h ;l vd@k ,q l rD;/ tjcm;xif&mS ;olawGjzpfwhJ t*Fvef0ef}uD;
ajymqdw k hJ tm&SEidk if aH wGvnf;&dcS yhJ gw,f? jref csKyfa[mif;wdkeDbvJ/ *|efar*sm/ rm*&uf
rmEdkifiHu wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpf oufcsm/ aemufcsuEf ikd if u H Am;qvyf[m;
wJh OD;usi&hf iS ;f xef uawmh rpPwmbefurD eG ;f AJv/f tdik , f mvefu r,f&aD &mbefqef pkpak ygi;f
vmEkid o f nfjzpfap/ rvmEdik o f nfjzpfap tck 112 OD; yg0ifvufrw S fx;kd cJ=h uygw,f?
vdk urBmah cgi;f aqmifawGu jrefrmhta&;wdu k f
wGe;f aqmif&u G wf t hJ ay:rSm pdwt f m;&rdw,f
vd@k ADt G akd tudk ajymygw,f? vlwdkif;onf touf&Sif&yfwnfEdkifcGifh/ vGwfvyf
'DOpPm tvkt d yfq;Hk yg? befurD eG ;f vm cGifhESifh touftdk;tdrfvHkòcHa&;twGuf umuG,f
onfjzpfap/ rvmonfjzpfap/ urBmu tJ'D apmifha&SmufydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
tjynfjynfqdkif&m
vkv d yk w f m usaemfw@kd 0rf;omvk@d yg? tJ'v D q kd EN
vlŒtcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf;/ tydk'f (3)
ðywm usaemfw@kd twGuf trsm;}uD;óudqpdk &m
16
 trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwhJ trde‹f tm%m[lor# wm0eft&zDqef-u?
tzG@JcsKyf±;kH rSm ckctH m;usqif;olrsm;ae@
tcrf;tem;usif;y
2008 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv (2) &ufaeŒ
,ae@ trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf A[dk
XmecsKyf±Hk;wGif urBmhattdkif'Dtufpfae@
tcrf;tem;udk ðyvkyu f si;f ycJyh gonf? tcrf;
tem;od@k a0'emcHpm;aeolrsm;/ ‚if;wd@k . rd
om;pk0ifrsm;/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
tzG@J 0ifrsm; pkpak ygi;f (400)cef@wufa&mufchJ
=uygonf?
tcrf;em;wGif &efuek w f ikd ;f vli,f tul
tnDay;a&;tzG@J 0if udak t;Edik rf S tcrf;tem;
rSL;ðyvkyI f OD;vSrif;rS yxrOD;pGm olw@kd . at
tdik 'f t D ufpf section pwifay:ayguv f myHk
udk rdwq f ufajymjycJo h nf? xd@k aemuf rjzLjzL
oif;rS olw@kd .vkyu f ikd cf yhJ rkH sm;udk &Si;f vif;ajym
jycJ+h yD; a0'em&Sirf sm;tm; tultnDay;aeol
udk&mZmrS vkyfief;tcuftcJrsm;udk quf
vuf&iS ;f vif;ajymjycJ=h uonf? trsK;d om;'Drkd
ua&pDtzG@J csKyf OuUÏ}uD; OD;atmifa&$rv S nf;
trSmpum;ajym=um;cJhygonf?
wufa&mufvmaoma0'em&Sirf sm;ESihf
‚if;wd@k .rdom;pk0ifrsm; pkpak ygi;f (250) OD;udk
ykq;kd / xrde/f rsuEf mS okwyf 0k gEiS hf tjcm;ypPn;f
uHprf;rJjzifhrJazmufay;cJh+yD; wufa&mufvm
aomolrsm;xJrS uav;oli,f aygi;f (35) OD;
udv
k nf; t±kyv f ufaqmifrsm;ay;cJyh gonf?
A[dkowif;ESifhjyef-um;a&;
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90 jynfhESpf ta¶G;cs,fcHv$wfawmf
ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@eJ@zGJ@xm;wJh jynfol@v$wf
awmfukd,fpm;vS,f ukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwD
CRPP &JŒtpnf;ta0;ukd 'DZifbm (4) &uf
'Duae@ &efuek f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
¶k;H rSm usi;f ycJw
h ,fv@kd od&ygw,f?
'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm CRPP &JŒa&SŒa&;t
ygt0if vuf&jdS zpfaewJh Ekid if aH &;tajctaeeJ@
ywfouf+yD;aqG;aEG;cJhw,fvdk@ tpnf;ta0;
wufa&mufcJholawGu ajymqkdygw,f? +yD;cJh
wJh pufwifbmvwwd,ywfu ESpf&Snft
usO;f axmifawGuae jyefvw G v f mwJh NLD
A[kt d vkyt f r_aqmif CEC tzGJ@0ifESpfOD;jzpf
wJh q&m}uD;OD;0if;wife@J prf;acsmif;òrdŒe,fa&G;
aumufcH jynfol@vGwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f
OD;cifarmifaqGwdk@udk CRPP tzGJ@0iftjzpf
vufcHa=umif; 'Duae@tpnf;ta0;rSm qkH;
jzwfcJhw,fvdk@vnf; od&ygw,f? 'Duae@
usi;f ywJh CRPP tpnf;ta0;eJ@ywfouf+yD;
twGi;f a&;rSL;OD;at;omatmifu tckv&kd iS ;f
jyygw,f?
17
 a':atmifqef;pk-unf/ OD;wifO;D ESihf Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; csucf si;f v$w?f
“OD;0if;wifeJ@ OD;cifarmifaqGwkd@ukd
CRPP tzG@J 0iftjzpf tpnf;ta0;&JŒqk;H jzwf
csufeJ@ wkd;csJŒ+yD;awmhzGJ@pnf;wmawG pwif
vufcyH gw,f? +yD;awmh vuf&EdS idk if aH &;tajc
taeeJ@ Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wG b,fvq dk uf+yD;awmh
&yfwnfrvJqw dk mawGudk us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@
aqG;aEG;=uygw,f”
tpnf;ta0;rSm tm%mykid af wGtae
eJ@vw $ af wmfac:ay;zd@k e@J vuf&t dS wnfðyxm;
wJh tajccHOya'ukd jyefo;Hk oyfay;zd@k oabm
xm;awGukd aqG;aEG;cJhw,fvdk@od&ygw,f?
'Dae@rmS CRPP tzG@J 0ifjzpfvmwJh OD;cifarmif
aqGu 'Duae@aqG;aEG;cJrh w _ csK@d udk tckvadk jym
jyygw,f?
“tzG@J csKyfu pufwifbm (22) &ufae@
uxkwfxm;wJh txl;a=unmcsuftwkdif;yJ
qufoGm;=uzdk@ tm;vkH;oabmwl=uw,f?
wjcm;vrf;a=umif;r[kwfawmhbl;/ oabm
xm;u/ eHygww f pfuawmh wkid ;f &if;om;tm;
vk;H u tzG@J csKyfe@J y;l aygi;f +yD;awmh aqmif¶u G f
vky+f yD;awmhum &wJt h xd yl;aygi;f aqmif¶u G f
oGm;r,fqw dk hJ qk;H jzwfcsurf sK;d yJ tefu,fw@dk
vkyfvkd@&cJh=uw,f”
jynfol@v$wfawmf ukd,fpm;ðyaumf
rwDudk 90 jynhEf pS af ¶G;aumufyt JG Ekid &f uk,
d f
pm;vS,fawGukd ppftpkd;&uv$wfawmfac:
ay;zd@k ysuu f u G cf w hJ ahJ emufyidk ;f NLD eJ@ wkid ;f
&if;om;ygwD (4) ygwu D uk,d pf m;vS,f (10)OD;
u 1998 ckEpS f pufwifbmvu p+yD;zG@J pnf;
cJhwmjzpfygw,f? CRPP tpnf;ta0;ukd
vpOfðyvkyo f mG ;zd@k &w dS ,fv@dk vnf; od&ygw,f?
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a&;vrf;a=umif; wckyiG o hf mG ;r,fayg/h tJ't
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onf?
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hf a&;
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a-unmpmwrf;/ tydk'f (19)?
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18
 trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwhJ trde‹f tm%m[lor# wm0eft&zDqef-u?
2008 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmv twGi;f etz ppftpd;k &. rw&m;tjypf'%frsm;
csrSwt
f a&;,lccH &hJ aom trsdK;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyfrS tzGŒJ 0ifrsm;
trnf tzG@J ESpf axmif
udn
k n
D rD if; trsKd ;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (2)ESpf oHw/JG
&cdik jf unfe,f?
a&$armif trsKd ;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (8)ESpf tif;pdef
&efuek w f ikd ;f ?
aZmf0if; trsKd ;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (8)ESpf tif;pdef
&efuek w f ikd ;f ?
oef;aX; trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (4)ESpf tif;pdef/
&efuek w f ikd ;f ?
aiGp;kd trsKd ;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (4)ESpf tif;pde/f
&efuek w f ikd ;f ?
cifxeG ;f trsKd ;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (4)ESp6f v tif;pde/f
&efuek w f ikd ;f ?
pd;k a&$ trsKd ;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf tif;pde/f
&efuek w f ikd ;f ?
atmifausmaf usmf trsKd ;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (14)ESpf tif;pde/f
&efuek w f ikd ;f ?
tkypf ;dk (c)pd;k tkyf trsKd ;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (2)ESp(f 6)v tif;pde/f
&efuek w f ikd ;f ?
vSat; trsKd ;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (2)ESp(f 6)v tif;pde/f
&efuek w f ikd ;f ?
aeZmrdsK;0if; trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (5)ESpf &rnf;oif;/
(vli,f)(a'gyHk) rE Wav;wdkif;
atmifaZmfO;D trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (5)ESpf tif;pdef
(vli,f) awmif-uD; &efuek w f ikd ;f ?
cspcf if trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (2)ESp(f 6)v tif;pde/f
(wGaH w;) &efuek w f ikd ;f ?
pHabm trsKd ;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (2)ESp(f 6)v tif;pde/f
(wGaH w;) &efuek w f ikd ;f ?
19
 trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr). v+yf&Sm;r+yHk&dyfrsm;

xdkif;EdkifiHodk@a&muf&Sdvmaom vpfb&,ftifwmae&Sife,f tzGJ@ESifh awGŒqHkpOf

NLD(LA) ESifh NCUB wdk@awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;

xdkif;EdkifiHawmifydkif; pnf;&Hk;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; tvkyform;rsm;ESifh awGŒqHk

P.O BOX - 34, Mae Sot P.O, Tak 63110,Thailand
Email: goldenkhamauk@gmail.com

20