1.

FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEMATIC AND DEFINING THE NEED FOR THIS STUDY William Blake (1757-1827) gave rise to the notion of free-verse in twentieth century and he acknowledges that poets have frequently chafed at the formal demands they inherit, which is why Shakespeare in his plays, and Milton in his epic poetry, derived their verse from rhyme and wrote blank verse (in Wainwright, 2004:94). Moreover, Wainwright (ibid: 95) states that there is a powerful part of free-verse which appeals to boarder hopes of liberation. As a result, the need of liberation for poetry style namely free-verse in contemporary English poetry, on one hand and the lack of framework and defined genre in contemporary English poetry, on the other hand, leads me to attempt to introduce the defined style of New Wave which already exists in the SL (Farsi/ Persian) and to make a small contribution to its development for the sake of liberation in poetry. As Poetry Fetterd Fetters the Human Race(ibid).

2. FORMULATION OF THE THESIS The well-known Persian style of New Wave poetry which is the literally translation of its term , can be established in contemporary English poetry to cover free-verse style and develop its futures in a specific genre under the name of New Wave Poetry. This will offer the liberation and truth in poetry in which Blake views the true voice as the original voice of humankind comes from divine inspiration and con not be confined (ibid). Furthermore, there are specific aims through my whole dissertation that I would like to achieve and I questioning them as follow: What variables create different styles of poetry? What impact do cultures have on shaping these styles? How these variables and cultural matters transfer in poetry translation? Could New Wave poetry define itself in contemporary English poetry? Could New Wave poetry establish the liberation sought by contemporary English poets?

3.METHODOLOGY & REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THIS FIELD The methodology employed for developing this dissertation includes two steps. First, I will translate the selected poems of New Wave genre from various poets into English and assess each translated poem on the basis of New Wave characteristics. Second, I will evaluate the impacts of the introduced style on experts in TL (English) through audiovisual interviews from Ver Poet International Poetry Club in London. The main theory implicated in poetry translation (chapter 6) is a German method of translation, Umdichtung (a poem remodelled on another) that first pointed out and distinguished by Borges in his famous 1967 Harvard lectures. I will apply this method through rendering of all poems considering the point of view Erna Bennett drew out that the translator responds to his own poetic instincts. He/She chooses which of the poem's many threads he/she will seek to interpret that here is the characteristics of New Wave which Im going to discuss these features in detail in next chapter. Also, as far as this style is contemporary, the audiences are to be considered as young adults and contemporary poets. So, having the skopos on mind, it is a fresh concept through modernism and transmitting the elements for now on and future. Moreover, in rendering New Wave poetry, it is possible to keep the form and content through remodelling the poem and this is because of the characteristics of this genre; however, there is not only differences of linguistic affiliation but also highly diverse cultures in the terms of relatedness between English and Farsi/Persian(Nida in Venuti, 2000).The rest of aspects and objectives of whole dissertation (i.e. cultural issues, ideological and political points of view and constraints) will be accomplished through incorporating Lefevere and Venuti points of view (Venuti, 2000; ibid, 1995). To get through these patterns, in next two chapters, I suggest that insights to both Farsi and English contemporary poetry will provide a better background for the new notion of New Wave.

Please refer to the Appendix for each chapter in order to observe the process of actual dissertation which contains the extracts of each. 4. ANALYSIS OF NEW WAVE STYLE IN CONTEMPORARY PERSIAN POETRY AND ITS CHARACTRERISTICS 4-1.Introducing the founder of this style and his poetry collection Ahmad Reza Ahmadi; The founder and Propagator of the New Wave Ahmad Reza Ahmadi was born on May 19th 1940 in Kerman city Iran. He moved to Tehran in 1947 and continued his studies in Dar-Al-Fonun high school. Ahmadi published his first of poems titled The Scheme (Tarh) in 1962. In those years (1961-62) a number of young poets created a style regardless of experiences and achievements of classical poetry and Nima poetry basics, called the New Wave1. Experts of the contemporary school of poetry believe that the New Wave is known by The Scheme. Ahmad Reza Ahmadis poetry was inspired by Houshang Iranis poems at that time, and one may dare to say that Ahmadi utilized Iranian poems to create the New Wave. Ahmad Reza Ahmadi is the most prominent and well-known New Wave poet, or in other words, the New Wave is always the reminder of his poetry and name. Ahmad Reza Ahmadi is the real representative and founder of this school since 1961 by publishing poetry series such as The Scheme (1962), The Glass Newspaper (1964), The Good Time of disasters (1968), I Just a Cried a White Horse (1971), The Rhyme is Gone with the Wind (1986), There Was a Stain of Life on the Wall (1989), I Confide the Ruins of Heart to the Wind (1990), One Thousand Stairs Remaining to the Sea ( 1985), All Those Years (1988), One Thousand Acacia Were Nothing in Your Eyes (1996),. As mentioned earlier, The New Wave began with The Scheme, but consolidated as a professional movement of contemporary poetry by The Glass Newspaper(Shadkhast, 2006: 311- 314).
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Ali Babachahi, Poetry Movements Since 1960s Until Today, (Adineh, 1988: 32).

4-2.Introducing Persian poets of this field Ahmadis poetry was welcomed massively at that time and many poets followed him. Poets like: Mohammad Reza Aslani, Shahrokh Safayi, Sharam Sharokhtash, Fereydoon Moazzezi Moqaddam, M. Noufel, Mohammad Reza Fashahi, Azim Khalili, Majid Nafisi, Tirdad Nosrati, Hossein Mahdavi (M. Moayyed), Javad Mojabi, Yadollah Rouyayi, Bijan Elahi, Bahram Ardebili, Hossein Rasayel, Houtan Nejat, Hamid Erfan and Parviz Eslampour (the poet of new wave and content poetry). Ismaeel Nouri Ala believes that except Hossein Mahdavi, Javad Mojabi and Rouyayi who were among rhythmist poets of the new wave, the rest were writing poems in prose . From among the contemporary poets, Bijan Najdi and Ali Ghelich Khani can be considered as new wave poets (ibid:314). 4-3.Introducing the framework and its characteristics Rhythm and New Wave Ahmad Reza Ahmadi turns to non-rhythmic poetry which corresponded with free verse. His poems are mostly lacking prosodic, even inner harmony. Putting the rhythm aside made many young poets welcome the new wave, and the magazines of that time got stuffed with poems of new wave poets. Shams Langroudi defines New Wave features in his Analytical History of the modern Poetry as follows: 1.Separation of practical and daily duty of the words and language from the words and language themselves. 2.Creation of different occasion and relations between words, pictures and objects. 3.Creation of a new and bizarre intellectual atmosphere, not by description and delineation, but by making an atmosphere, not line by line, but in wholeness of a poem (ibid: 313-315).

4-4.Including different points of view of contemporary Persian poets on New Wave poetry Mehrdad Samadi, who was among the most tenacious defendants of the new wave in those years, writes about Ahmadi: Whatever the form is, Ahmadi is extremely skillful in starting his poems and ending them, and this is very important in his notional poems without a logical flow. Endings in poems with a possible conclusion are mostly abstract and categorical, and sometimes visual. That is to say, Ahmad Reza Ahmadi is not bound to observe a specific format in poetry and in his opinion, the scheme and the story are of more importance than its format. Ahmadis poems format are stirred with notion and thought, and he uses different pictures merely to clarify his notions. Unlike content poetry ( ) which rejects simile and metaphor completely, the new wave uses them in a proper way. In addition, utilization of numerous pictures survives the new wave poetry from getting stuck in prose trap. In the new wave, instruments are put aside, and the new wave poet pays more attention to the relation of instruments than instruments themselves for a new wave poet everything is considered as being an instrument. many poets, critiques and devotees of modern poetry opposed the new wave. Although Forough Farrokhzad liked Ahmad Reza Ahmadis poems, but she suggested him to observe rhythm in his poetry. She writes in a letter to Ahmad Reza Ahmadi: Dear Ahmad Reza! Dont forget the Rhythm, dont forget it multiplied by a thousand, pay attention to this. I swear to God that I wish your talent and delicacy and taste to be flown in a reliable and strong path. Your words are worth being memorized. I believe that you havent found your form yet, and your style is not a right one. What you have chosen is not called freedom. Its a kind of indifference and lax. Its just like the condition where someone violates all moralities, saying Im tired of all these stuff, and lives in an indifferent way. While destruction, if doesnt lead to a new building, is not an adorable deed in itself. Look and live as much as you can, and understand the rhythm of this life. If you even look at the leaves of a tree, youll find out that they tremble in the wind, with an orderly rhythm. Same are a
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birds wings. When they soar, they move their wings so fast without stopping, and when they reach the peak, they keep them in a direct axis. Same is the flow of water. Ahmad Reza Ahmadi did not pay attention to Foroughs advises, and kept on going on his own way. But Ahmadis poetry was welcomed massively at that time and many poets followed him (ibid:312314).

5. ANALYSIS OF CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH POETRY 5-1.Introducing various contemporary English poets This chapter will cover selected contemporary English poets that they have poems in which distinctive characteristics of New Wave are emerged while there is no actual definition of style in the TL (English). Poets such as Martyn Crucefix and Gerald England. As mentioned in previous chapters, on free verse we saw how William Blake saw formal verse as a symptom of imprisonment: Poetry Fettered Fetters the Human Race. His fellow romantics, Wordsworth, Colerdige, Keats, Shelley, and in America Emerson, Thoreau and Whiteman, and indeed the secluded Emily Dickinson, are all absorbed by the aspiration towards freedom(Wainwright, 2004: 181). The followings are the poets that their potential style of poetry converged with defined framework of New Wave. GERALD ENGLAND was born in 1946 the son of a Yorkshire miner. He was educated at the King's School, Pontefract; Strathclyde University and Sheffield Polytechnic. He worked as an industrial chemist in the confectionary trade and as a University technician before moving to Oldham to become an insurance agent/financial advisor. His poetry has appeared in hundreds of magazines around the world and he has published eleven collections. Of his latest collection "LIMBO TIME", Poetry Quarterly Review wrote "his work is both personal and accessible and presents an original view of life".
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MARTYN CRUCEFIX works as poet, teacher, reviewer, critic, translator and competition judge. He is a tutor with the Poetry School in London. He is a founder member of the group ShadoWork, specializing in performing and writing collaboratively.He was featured in 1988 in a special edition of Poetry Review, 'New British Poets'. Martyn won a major Eric Gregory award in 1984 and a Hawthornden Fellowship in 1991. He was placed second in the 1991 Arvon/Observer International Poetry Competition. He has won several prizes in the National Poetry Competition as well as the Kent, Cardiff, Lancaster and Leek festival competitions. He won joint first prize in the Sheffield Thursday Poetry Competition, 1993, with his poem 'On Whistler Mountain'. Martyns first full collection, Beneath Tremendous Rain (1990), was published by Enitharmon Press. The Arvon prize-winning poem, At The Mountjoy Hotel, appeared with Enitharmon in Spring 1993. A second collection, On Whistler Mountain, was published by Sinclair-Stevenson in 1994. His third book was A Madder Ghost (Enitharmon, 1997), praised by Anne Stevenson: "It is rare these days to find a book of poems that is so focused, so carefully shaped and so moving". His most recent collection is An English Nazareth (Enitharmon, 2004) and his new translation of Rilkes Duino Elegies was published by Enitharmon in 2006. 5-2.Having an insight on contemporary styles of English poetry In this chapter, we are going to have a brief insight over contemporary styles of English poetry that formed through time and to proclaim that what does it look like and what does it desire to be like. As mentioned earlier, by the advent of free-verse and blank-verse, there has always been a strong desire for more liberation in poetry. Therefore, the general movement of free-verse then is towards a democratic informality that has a more flexible rhythm and a wider, more colloquial, range of words. Once freed of measure the line has gone in two main different directions. One has been toward minimalism, reduction, and the other towards expansiveness, spread (Wainwright, 2004:102).
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Meanwhile, Ted Hughes and Daniel Weissbort founded MPT in 1966 they had two principal ambitions: to publish poetry that dealt truthfully with the real contemporary world; and to benefit writers and the reading public in Britain and America by confronting them with good work from abroad. The current editors of MPT are David and Helen Constantine who continue in that tradition. 5-3.Free-verse and modernism in English Poetry Some knowledge of Anglo-Saxon fragments would prevent a mans sinking into contentment with a lot of wish-wash that passes for classic or standard poetry, wrote Pond in a typically pugnacious essay. The sentiment that verse must be dragged from contentment, a lolling posture wafted by the zephyrs of familiar rhythms, liquid consonants and mild assonance, pervades modernist poetics at this time. It goes along with disgust with the complacent, platform eloquence, the conventional oompa oompa, as one critic called it, of Edwardian public poetry in the years before the first World War. Pound, who wrote bitterly about the waste and misery of the war, wanted to make it new, to avoid being gathered into the standard voice of the time. So he sought models not only in Anglo-Saxon but in Provencal, Italian, Chinese and Japanese poetry. Later in the century some poets- or perhaps more accurately some critics- came to see the casting-off of any mask as a virtue in itself. For enthusiasts of what came to be called the confessional school of poetry the manner of speaking should be open, easy, even slangy, and the openness should reveal personal intensity and pain (ibid: 100; ibid: 57). The phrase free verse translates the earlier French vers libre, and French poetry. Most obviously in the prose poems of Charles Baudelaire (1821-67) and Arthur Rimbaund (1854-91), had been seeking its own departures from formal verse. Moreover, in 1917, Eliot in his essay Reflections on Contemporary Poetry pointed out that one of the ways which contemporary verse has tried to escape the rhetorical, the abstract, the moralising, to cover (for that is the purpose) the accents of direct speech, is to concentrate its attention on trivial or accidental or commonplace objects.(ibid:100-102).

5-4.The element of visualization in poetry In this chapter, I have suggested the semantic area of visualization which converged in New Wave definition in chapter 4.3. Rhetorical poets and makars of the traditional ballad who did not seek for novelty and just want to tell communal story, might be seen as constructors of poetry. It can be said that their method is mechanical. By contrast, imagination suggests a quite different definition of poetry. That poetry is not as conscious process but as natural surprise and non-rational process of mind. Unbidden associations and illuminations spring into the poets mind and thence on the page. Now if we put together image and imagination we bring to mind a powerful concept of the nature of poetry. It is imagination in the sense of the minds capacity to form concepts beyond those devised from external objects. Poetry can do this because its elasticity as a medium, its sensuousness and it seems to be coming as though from elsewhere: the poet is inspired (ibid: 173-175).Therefore, the visualization of the semantic area of his/her imagination in the wholeness of a poem. Next chapter includes selected poems of four New Wave poets to be translated and a brief biography of each. 6. TRANSLATIN OF SELECTED POEMS OF NEW WAVE GENRE FROM PERSIAN INTO ENGLISH 6-1.Ahmadreza Ahmadi According to chapter 4.1, the selected poems for translation are available in the appendix. 6-2.Yadollah Royaee Yadollah Rouyayi was born in Jafar Abad, Damghan on 6th May 1934. In his first poetry period, Rouyayi was influenced by two great classical Iranian poets: Hafez and Nezami Ganjavi; Hafez,
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because of his philosophic thinking, poetic lyrics, mystic view and old wisdom. Nezami because of his narrations, linguistic works, fantasy and gripe over words and pictures. Nima is another poet who influenced Rouyayi. Through these impressions, Rouyayi published his first book of poetry called On Empty Roads. It should be mentioned that Rouyayi read Nezamis works upon advises from Nima, and at that time, it was Nima who left the greatest impression on him. But after a while, rouyayi started having a tendency towards the new wave movement, and considered among difficult prose poets of the new wave (Shadkhast, 2006: 325). The selected poems for translation are available in the appendix. 6-3.Bijan Elahi Bijan Elahi was a Persian poet and translator born on16 Tir 1324 /7 July1945 and died on 10 Azar 1389/1 december 2010. Bijan Elahi, as a poet of New Wave was influential through his poems and translations in the literary environment of 1340's/1960's Iran. Elahi was fluent in a handful of languages and his translations, especially those of Federico Garcia Lorca, Arthur Rimbaud and Mansur Hallaj are a good example of obsessive endeaver in research and precision to the scale of rather a re-creation of original writings and creativities. His famous poetry collection is Some Poems of Three Yester Eras/ . The selected poems for translation are available in the appendix. 6-4.Bahareh Shirzad Bahareh Shirzad was born in Tehran, Iran in 1986. She is a New Wave poet and has two poetry collections, namely My Little Sun/ and Love Poems of Naked Wires/

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 pubished in 2008 and 2011 respectively. The selected poems for translation are available in the appendix. 7. EXAMINING THE IMPACTS OF THE INTRODUCED STYLE ON EXPERTS OF THIS FIELD IN TL THROUGH INTERVIWES 7-1.Ver Poets Club Since performance poetry has become a highly visible and popular part of the contemporary landscape, I would like to follow the process by participating in poetry nights(Wainwright,2004: 3031). As a result, I chose Ver Poets club which is an international poetry club and I would like to conduct this investigation interviewing reliable English contemporary poets. Such as Martyn Crucefix (the competition judge), Mimi khalvati (the founder of The Poetry School and the adjudicator), John Mole (president of Ver Poets)

8. CONCLUSION All and all, this introduction is a part of my dissertation that focused on the problematic of contemporary English poetry and endeavoured to offer a framework through its methodology. In other words, the structure of my research will guide me to introduce a genre which attempts to develop contemporary English poetry. The projects aim will reach complete realisation through further in depth analysis of the chosen extracts which will be exhaustively presented into the actual dissertation.

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Bibliography Ahmadi, A. (2008) All My Poetry, Tehran: Cheshmeh Borges, L. (2000) The Craft of Verse, USA: President and Fellows of Harvard College Famous Poets and Poems (2006) Gerald England, [online], Available: http://famouspoetsandpoems.com/poets/gerald_england/biography [1 Apr 2012]. Lefevere, A. (1993) Translating Literature, New York: The Modern Language Association of America Poetry Pf (2005) Martyn Crucefix, [online], Available: http://www.poetrypf.co.uk/martyncrucefixbiog.html [1 Apr 2012]. Shadkhast, M. (2006) A Bright Privacy, Tehran: Ataei Shirzad, B. (2008) My Little Sun, Tehran: Shani Shirzad, B. (2011) Love Poems of Naked Wires, Tehran: Kouleh Poshti Soleimani, F. (2010) Bijan Elahi, [online], Available: http://faramarzsoleimani.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/bijan-elahi13241945-13892010.html [01May 2012]. Venuti, L. (1995) The Translators invisibility, 2nd edition, London: Routledge Venuti, L. (2000) The Translation Studies Reader, 2nd edition, London: Routledge. Vermeer, H. (1996) A skopos Theory of Translation (Some Arguments for and against), Heidelberg Ver Poets (2012) John Mole, [online], Available: http://www.verpoets.org.uk/page_01.htm [3 Apr 2012]. Ver Poets (2012) Mimi Khalvati, [online], Available: http://verpoets.org.uk/news/competitions [3 Apr 2012].

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Wainwright, J. (2004) Poetry: The Basics, 2nd edition, Oxon: Routledge Weissbort, D. (2001) Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation, Oxford: Oxford University Press

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