CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study Language is a means of communication which fulfill the basic human needs to communicate with other. It is constantly used by human in their everyday life and has an important role in their life. In communication, people express thought, feeling, experience, knowledge and so on in the form of language. Chomsky states that language is an individual phenomenon and that no two individuals share exactly the same language (1988: 36). Language is seen as having an active, constitutive role in interaction, as being very much a matter of initiative rather than response (Coupland 2001b; Schilling-Estes 2004). Meanwhile Chaika (1994:6) states:
Language is multilayered and does not show one-to-one correspondence between message and meaning as animal language do. For this reason, every meaning can be expressed in more than one way and there are many ways to express any meaning. Language differs from each other, but all seem suited for the tasks they are used for. Language change with changing social conditions.

In all human activities, there are some factors that influence the language used. People commonly use language in accordance with social structure of the society. The internal and external differences in human societies such as sex, age, class, occupation also influence their language. Generally, people use the most appropriate code or variety in accordance with the person they are talking to, the topic of the communication, and the setting of communication takes place. In everyday communication, people select one language variety rather than another to convey

their message. There are different ways of expressing the same idea in a given

language is a fundamental element of peoples everyday linguistic awareness as Sapir (2007:5) remarked, everyone knows that language is variable. Means that it changes its form of expression on different place with different people on how to express something toward others. Saussures theory of language (1997:63) define A language is a system of differences. A language is a system of signs. This means two things. First, the sign (for instance, a word) is a combination of a form (the signifier) and a meaning (the signified), and the relation between form and meaning is based on convention. Language also used all the time to make things happen for example : when asking someone to pass the salt; when ordering pizza or even when making a dental appointment, etc. Speech acts include asking for something, promising to do something, ordering something, threatening to do something and so on. Some special people can do extraordinary things with words, like a Priest baptizing a baby, the President declaring war or a judge sentencing a convict, etc. In every chance of interaction, people as social creatures need to contact with other people. Conversation is playing its role by means of language. It is ruled to everybody. The conversation can succeed when there is no misinterpretation. The speaker should be conscious of what he or she is doing with the language and the listener has to try to understand the speakers intention. When a speaker utters, The glass is empty, he may intend to express that the glass is not full or he wants someone to pour the water into the glass. Therefore,

the hearer should know the speakers intention in producing an utterance. This is one of the realizations of certain social communication that is closely related to speech act. The speech act only takes effect if it is understood by a hearer. The communication intention is simply that the hearer should recognize the utterance spoken by speaker, and that the should recognize it as having the conditions of satisfaction which the speaker really intends to do it in the future. Therefore the hearer should have not only a meaning intention, but also a communicating intention. Communicating intention is meaning intention that should be recognized by the hearer. Successful communication consists of recognition by the hearer toward speaker's meaning intentions (Searle: 2002) One thing that commonly happens in a conversation between one person with another in a context of situation is when the speaker commits himself to some future action in which an intention is expressed with commissive expressions (Yule 1996). When Speaker proposes to place himself or herself under an commitment. Commissives is an obligation that is created in the speaker not in the hearer, for instance: the promise that creates an obligation in the person who made promise. The speaker should be able to produce appropriate forms of commissives since it can be used in lots of way for example guarantee, bet, oppose, swear, offer, agree, volunteer, pledge, vow, undertake and threat. Commissives, such sentences as I promise to pay you the money", and I pledge allegiance to the flag", and I vow to get revenge", Ill be back, Im going

to get it right next time, well not do that , they are the examples of commissive of promising and still many other forms that can be found related to commissive. Most people express commissives quite differently when they express it to different people: to a child, to a friend, to a boss at work. With some people they feel relax, with someone else they are formal, some other they are very close, and others are like strangers. They even express commissives differently to same person when they are in different circumstances. Commissives are acts which put the speaker to some future course of action. They include promises (and their converse, threats: the difference depends on how the hearer will be affected by the offered act); commissives are common in the discourse of characters in fiction of film, but rarer in the narrators discourse in mostly literary works such as novel, poems, though arguably the beginning of some novels functions as a commissive, but Henry Sussman in J. Hillis Miller (2005:1) identifies three different possible ways integrating parts of speech act ( commissive, declarative, expressive, directive) in literary works unlike in film which is easily for speech act to play its part. Literature and film is two ways of telling, the researcher found some statements defining literature. Jonathan Culler (1997) stated: Literature as fiction. (.) The literary work is a linguistic event which plans a fictional world that includes speaker, actors, events, and an implied audience. In fiction, the relation of what speakers say to what authors think is always a matter of interpretation. The same as commissive of speech act which is a matter of interpretation between speaker and the hearer. The possibility of

misinterpretation is sometimes occurred depending on the circumstances where and when the utterances spoken and how the hearers condition at the time the conversation occurred. Literature is one of the best tools to master a language. Literature plays an important role in teaching four basic language skills; reading, writing, listening and speaking. Sundarsingh (2010:230) states language teachers should realize the fact that their goal is not teaching English literature but teaching a language . Teachers should try to teach basic language skills as an integral part of oral and written language use, not merely as an aspect of the oral and written production of words, phrases and sentences. By studying literature such as film and other possible literary works, The students can identify the conversational strategies that the characters in the story employ, and try to use the same in conversations with their fellow students in the class. They can perform the story as a team / role play. According to the Film Policy Review Group (FPRG, 1998), 'Film is regarded as the most complete story-telling medium; watching an enjoyable film is still one of the most satisfying, absorbing and appealing forms of entertainment' Christian Metz (2001:1) wrote that 'a film is difficult to explain because it is easy to understand'. We all have an intuitive sense of what a film is, and what it means. There are two major classes of film, namely documentary film and fictional film. The difference between Documentary and fiction film is not so much in their relation to reality, but more in the strategies they use to present their

worlds as real as possible. Still, these differences are a matter of degree, and they are conventional.

Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the fourth series of book of J.K Rowlings works. The movie was directed by Mike Newel and was released in 2005. It was in 1990, that J.K.Rowling first imagined of the idea about Harry Potter. The films have magnified the success of the books, making Harry Potter into one of the most recognizable media products. Under the close guidance of J.K.Rowling, the films have sought to stay close to the original plot; also at J.K.Rowlings request all the actors are British. In Harry Potter Films, the researcher found that there are various forms of commissives employed by the characters of the film. The variants of the commissives are influenced by the certain social and situational backgrounds used in the film. The use of commissives expressions in the films is something uncommon concerning that most of the audiences of Harry Potter Films are children. From above explanation about what commissive really is as it said commissive can be used in lots of ways defining future action the speaker intends to do and there are different kinds of commissive forms used in film in different situation. Study of speech act in teaching English showing how such theory of speech act, in this matter commissive could be presented to learners of English to be performed through class activities and opportunities for communicative practice. By means of watching the movie for example, and analyzing the conversations, categorizing into which of speech act it is, how the speech act

deliver by characters in the movie, learners could be made aware of the fact that, in order to make an appropriate utterances in every situation, the use of speech act especially commissive expression available for suggestions, but several factors need to be considered, such as the situations where the conversation take place and the relationship between different status participants in the film. Therefore, it is very challenging to be analyzed such experience.

B.

Scope of the Study The researcher discovers the commissives expresion applied in the film

Harry Potter and The Goblet of Fire Film by J.K Rowling. The analysis is concentrated on what kinds of forms of commissives applied by the characters of the film and what affecting the characters choice in using commissive.

C.

Statement of the Problem

1. What kinds of commissive expressions are used by the characters in Harry Potter and The Goblet of Fire Film by J.K Rowling ? 2. How do the characters deliver commissive expression in Harry Potter and The Goblet of Fire Film by J.K Rowling ? 3. What is the reasons of affecting the characters in using the commissive expression in Harry Potter and The Goblet of Fire Film by J.K Rowling ?

D.

Purpose of the Study The Purposes of the research are :

1. To figure out the kinds of commissive expressions used by the characters in Harry Potter and The Goblet of Fire Film by J.K Rowling. 2. To describe the forms of commissive expressions used by the characters in Harry Potter and The Goblet of Fire Film by J.K Rowling 3. To describe the reasons of affecting the characters in using commissive expression in Harry Potter and The Goblet of Fire Film by J.K Rowling.

E.

Significance of the Study

The result of the study bring advantages for the readers of this thesis to obtain more experiences in speech act especially commissives speech act. They get more knowledge about the relationship between the form of commissive expressions and the contexts that go along with them. For further researcher, it can be used as an extra reference in learning speech act or to make a contrast for the similar research. Therefore, it is expected that this research is able to give comprehensive understanding about commissive expression, especially

commissive expression in Harry Potter and The Goblet of Fire Film by J.K Rowling.