What is nanotechnology ??

Nanotechnology

is defined as the study and use of structures between 1 nanometer and 100 nanometers in size. To give you an idea of how small that is, it would take eight hundred 100 nanometer particles side by side to match the width of a human hair.

HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

1959

Feynman gives after-dinner talk describing molecular machines building with atomic precision.

1974

- Taniguchi uses term nano-technology in paper on ionsputter machining.

1977

Drexler originates molecular nanotechnology concepts at MIT

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1981

- First technical paper on molecular engineering to build with atomic precision STM invented.

1985

- Buckyball discovered
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1986

First book published AFM invented First organization formed

1987 First protein engineered First university symposium 1988

- First university course.

-

1989 IBM logo spelled in individual atoms First national conference

1991 Carbon nanotube discovered 1992 First textbook published First Congressional testimony

1993
First Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for modeling a hydrogen abstraction tool useful in nanotechnology. First coverage of nanotech from White House Engines of Creation book given to Rice administration, stimulation first university nanotech center. 1994 Nanosystems textbook in first university course US Science Advisor advocates nanotechnology 1995 First think tank report First industry analysis of military applications Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for synthesis of complex three-dimensional structures with DNA molecules

1996
$250, 000 Feynman Grand Prize announced First European conference NASA begins work in computational nanotech First nanobio conference 1997 First company founded:Zyvex First design of nanorobotic system Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for computational nanotechnology and using scanning probe microscopes to manipulate molecules.

1998
First NSF forum, held in conjuction with Foresight Conference First DNA-based nanomechanical device Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for computational modeling of molecular tools for atomically-precise chemical reactions and for building molecular structures through the use of self-organization 1999 First Nanomedicine book published First safety guidelines Congressional hearings on proposed National Nanotechnology Initiative Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for development of carbon nanotubes for potential computing device applications and for modeling the operation of molecular machine desings.

2000 President Clinton announces U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative First state research initiative: $100 million in Carlifornia Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for computational material science for nanostructures and for building a molecular switch

2001
First report on nanotech industry U.S announces first center for military applications Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for theory of nanometer-scale electronic devices and for synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes and nanowires

2002 First nanotech industry conference Regional nanotech efforts multiply Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for using DNA to enable the self-assembly of new structures and for advancing our ability to model molecular machine systems 2003 Congressional hearings on societal implications Call for balancing NNI research portfolio Drexler/Smalley debate is published in Chemical & Engineering

News

Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for modeling the molecular and electronic structures of new materials and for intergrating single molecule biological motors with nano-scale silicon devices

2004 First policy conference on advanced nanotech First center for nanomechanical systems Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for designing stable protein structures and for constructing a novel enzyme with an altered function 2005 At Nanoethics meeting, Roco announces nanomachine/nanosystem project count has reached 300. Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for designing a wide variety of single molecular functional nanomachines and for synthesizing macromolecules of intermediate sizes with designed shapes and functions.

2006
National Academies nanotechnology report calls for experimentation toward molecular manufacturing Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for work in molecular computation and algorithmic selfassembly, and for producing complex twodimensional arrays of DNA nanostructures. 2007 Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for construction of molecular machine systems that function in the realm of Brownian motion, and molecular machines based upon two-state mechanically interlocked compounds

2008 Technology Roadmap for Productive Nanosytems released Protein catalysts designed for non-natural chemical reactions Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for work in molecular electronics and the synthesis of molecular motors and nanocars and for theoretical contributions to nanofabrication and sensing 2009 An improved walking DNA nanorobot Structural DNA nanotechnology arrays devices to capture molecular building blocks Design from scratch of a small protein that performed the function performed by natural globin proteins Organizing functional components on adressable DNA scaffolds Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for experimental demostrations of mechanosynthesis using AFM to manipulate single atoms, and for computational analysis of molecular tools to build complex molecular structures

2010 DNA-based robotic assembly begins Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for work in single atom manipulations and atomic switches and for development of quantum mechanical methids for theoretical and predictions of molecules and solids 2011 First programmable nanowire circuits for nanoprocessors DNA molecular robots learn to walk in any direction along a branched track

Nanochip

Nanotube

Nanomachine

What Can We Use Nanotechnology For?

NANOTUBE

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. 2 types: Single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNTs) Multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)

Depending on the direction of hexagons, nanotubes can be classified as either zigzag, armchair or chiral. Different types of nanotubes have different properties.

(a) Armchair (b) Zigzag (c) Chiral

Since carbon nanotube has extraordinary thermal conductivity and mechanical and electrical properties, they are valuable for electric, nanotechnology , optics and many else. If nanotube is put into an electric field, it will emit electrons from the end of the nanotube like a small cannon. If those electrons are allowed to bombard a phosphor screen then an image can be created. For example, Samsung are researching how to use this technology to replace the bulky electron guns of conventional TV sets with these significantly smaller carbon nanotube electron guns. In the spring of 2005, Motorola announced a new NanoEmissive Display (NED) technology that could make more energy efficient and cost-effective ultra-flat (<1 thick) display screens a reality.

NANOCHIP

A nanochip is an integrated circuit that is so small, in physical terms, that individual particles of matter play major roles.

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)

NANOMACHINE
Nanomachines could be made into nanorobots that could be injected into our bodies to carry out repairs or sent into hazardous or dangerous environments. As is so often the case, nature leads humans here. The inventions for detection of DNA hybridization and DNA damage

Function: Electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensors rely on the conversion of the DNA base-pair recognition event into a useful electrical signal. How it can be done? In biosensors, the electrode is modified with a single stranded oligonucleotides which acts as a probe to detect the specific DNA sequence or pair the damaged DNA. The signal is produced when the probe molecule base pairs (hybridization) with the target or damaged DNA strand.

Probe G A T G T A C C

Target G=C A=T T=A G=C

Hybridizatio n

T=A A=T C=G C=G

Target

T G

T=A G=C

ADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
physics biology transportation computing environment sector

PHYSICS
can revolutionize a lot of electronic product, procedures and applications Big to small energy sector more effective energy-producing, energyabsorbing, and energy storage products in smaller and more efficient devices is possible with this technology. example is batteries, fuel cells and solar cells

BIOLOGY

Cosmetic Nanoparticles are very small and can easily penetrate into the skin. help in repairing the skin tissue. the product can prevent skin aging which have the nanotechnology built into it. This technology also used in preventing the hair loss and graying issues. Medical world help cure people faster and without the side effect that other traditional drugs have.

COMPUTING
Past
Shared computing -Thousand of people sharing a mainframe computer

Now
Personal computer

Future
Ubiquitous computing -computer embedded everywhere -thousands of computers sharing each other -characterized by the connection of things in the world with computation

TRANSPORTATION

More efficient catalytic converters Thermal barrier and wear resistant coatings Battery, fuel cell technology

Improved displays
Wear-resistant tires High strength, light weight composites for increasing fuel efficiency

ENVIRONMENT SECTOR

Nanomaterials have a large surface area. Example : single-walled carbon nanotubes show ~ 1600 m2/g.This is equivalent to the size of a football field for only 4 gms of nanotubes. The large surface area enables large absorption rates of various gases and vapors Identification of pollutants through the use of the electronic sensor and thus develop recovery technology of the environment segment.

Security
o This can be done when terrorist applying this technology to create small, biological or atomic weaponry undetectable

ex: bomb fills with botulinum toxin

o 1 g of botulinum toxin can killied more that 1

million people.
o extremely hazard and can cause death.

Mass poisoning
o Have the potential to cross the blood-brain

barrier, which could cause mass poisoning or

unwanted neurological effects.

Example: i. Cosmetics
o Sun creams are now available with titanium dioxide nanoparticles

o For ultraviolet sun-blocking properties.

o Once rubbed into the skin, it would be able to enter cells and would cause mass poisoning

Example : i. Food o Silver is the most common nanoparticle that is used in the food industry. o As an anti-microbial agent. o It is important in the food industry in terms of manufacturing, preserving and storage. o This would increase the possibility of mass

poisoning.

Ecosystem
o Iron nanoparticles - remove toxic metals such as chromium and lead from contaminated water o Cause lethal to cells and micro-organisms as it is toxic to neutral cells. o Micro-organisms are essential for healthy soil as they recycle nutrients by decomposing dead matter. oThus the damaged the micro-organism part of the ecosystem could have a dominant effect on the surrounding area and cause unintentional damage to plant and animal life.

CONCLUSION
nanotechnology

is the next great technology wave and the next phase of Moores Law. lots of helpful tools has been developed.