, 2008


..........................................................................................5
1. .......................................................................5
2. ........................................11
........................................................................................16
...............................................................................16
o.................................................................16
1.1. ...........................................................16
1.2. ...............17
........................................................................17
1.2.1. ..............................17
1.2.2. .............................21
1.3.
.................................................................39
1.4. ..............45
...............................................................45
1. 5.

.............................50

1.5. ...................................................52
.............................................................................58
..............................58
2.1.1. ...................................................................59
2.1.2. ......................59
2.1.3. ...............................................................66
2.1.4. ................................................................71
2.1.5. ..............................................................74
(2). ....................................................75
(5). ...............................................76
(6). ................76
T.................................................................................77
3.1. .......................................................77
........................................................................................79
............................................................................................79

.............................................................................79
1. .........................................................................79
2. ......................................................................80
3. .......................................................................................80
4...........................................................................................81
5. .........................................................82
6..............................................................................83
2

7. ..............................................................84
8. ..............................................................98
......................................................................................111
.....................................................................111
..............................................................................111
1.1. ...................................111
1.2. ............................114
( )...............................114
1.3. ....................................................117
1.3.1. .....................................................117
1.3.2. ...............................................123
...........................................................................129
...................................129
2.1. .................................................129
. - . ..............................................129
. S. lom..............................................133
Bloom.......................................................139
. ..................140
. . ......................................141
. . ....................................142
2.2. ............................................................143
2.2.1. / ........................................................144
2.2.2. ....................................................145
. ......................................................................146
. ..........................................................................149
. ( ) .......................149
.1. ..................................................149
.2.
. .................................................................................152
.3. ().........................................154
.4. .......................................................................158
.5.
()............................................................................................160
. ..............................................161
. ..............................................................162
. ............162
2.2.3. .............................163
2.2.4. - . 169
2.2.4.1. .....................................171
2.2.4.2. ...........................................172
3

2.2.4.3. .............................................173
2.2.4.4. .........................................175
2.2.4.5. .............................179
2.2.5. .....................................181
. ...............................................181
. ...............................182
. ....................................................................184
. ........................................................................184
. ...............................................................185
. .............................................186
........................................................................................188
1.................................................................................191
2. ..............................................192
...................................................................................192
........................................................................................192
.................................................................................196


1.

,
,
, .
, ,
,

,
,
,

.

,
, .

1

,
,

.2
, .,(2004). . ,
. : , .21
2
-,.( 2005).
. : ,.39
1

 (1999) ,

, ,

.

:
1 .

-.
2 .


3 .


/ .3
4 . (
2000) 16

,


,
,
,

,
, ,

(1997)
,
,,(2003), ,:
, .32
3

4. -
-

, ,
5.
,

,

. ( , 1999)
- 6

,

.7
, ,

,

, ,
,
.8
-, .., . 11
, , (2000), (.).

, , ....- ,.7
6
T-,,(2003).-
E. : , . 11
7
Bonniol,J-G,Vial,M, (2007), , ..143
8
,,(1993), ,
: , .156
4
5


, :

, (

, )
,

.9

, ,
,

.10

.11

.12

. 2525/97 2986/2002-

,, (1997),
Bernstein, B. (1975), On the Classification and Framing of Educational
Knowledge, Class, Codes and Control, vol. 3, R.K.P., (
Bernstein, B. (1989) , .
, ).
11
Psacharopoulos, G. (1995), Tracking the Performance of Education Programs:
Evaluation Indicators, New Directions for Program Evaluation, No. 67: 93-104.
12
, , (2004) ,.. ,.271
9

10

.
,

:
) ,

,

,
,
.

,
.
,

) 13

,


.14
,

,

13
14

, ,(2003), . : , .20
, ,(2003), .. .20
9


.
, ,



.
,

.
,
.

,
,

10

:
,

,
.

, ,
,

.
- -
, .

.
2.
,
,

,
11

15.

, ( ,

, )

.16


.
,

-
,


(Duke, 1995).
,
,

, ,
.17

.18

,
: ,
, / ,
..
16
Bonniol,J-G,Vial,M, (2007),.., .143
17
, ., (2005),
.:
. .64
18
, .., 2003,.86
15

12

) ,

)

.
) /
,

.


-

,
,
, .19
,

.20
, ,

, ,
21,


( ) ,
,
19

20
21

Slavin ,Robert,(2007) , (. ), :

,.,(1998), ..144
Bonniol,J.J,& Vial,M, (2007),...139
13


. 22


.

,

--

,

,
-
-
,
(Webb & Northon,1999).
,

, de
facto '
,
.
,

(Sergiovanni

&

Starratt,

2002),,

, ,

22

Bonniol,J.J,& Vial,M, (2007),.. 139

14

15



o
1.1.

,
.
,

(,
1999)23:

[...] ,

(Conseil

Scientifique

de

Evalution,1998,.16-17).
,
(.. .63)
..,
,
,
.


(.C.D.., 1997).


, (1999) ,
. :. . 41
23

16

.24
,

.
,
, ,
,
,
.25

1.2.

1.2.1.
, (1997),
.

1970.26

27

, ,

T-,.,.., . 16
., .;
:, .17
26
,.(1999),,
,:

: ,
. :. . 101
27
. ,
1
.
24
25

17


(-) ()
28.

: '
,
,
()

(..

, ,
,

...).

,
,
.29

, .30

1981,

1987,
(

,,(1993), ,
: , .156
29
, ..,.156 , .,(1993)
. : .161
30
,..,.156
28

18

 ),
.31
,
1982

.


.32



. ,


.
1304/82 . 1566/85 -

80 ( .. , ). 33

. 2525/1997, 8

.34
,

200235,

(
,..,.44
,..,.157
33
,..,.158
34
,., ..,. 44
35
N.2986/2002,
, ,

31
32

19

 ),
,

.
:
.



.36
, ,

. (. ,

1993)
.

.37

(1999)

-.38
.
: , ,

.
, (

),

-
. , ,
,
' ( = )
.39
, '

,
36
37
38
39

,.(1999), ... 101

.
,.(1999), ..,. 101
..,. 44
20


, , ,
.40
1.2.2.
.

,
.
20 ,
.
,
'
,

. , yler

. 1950

.

.


.

,

.41

.
..,. 45
, .,(1999). . :
, .:
. .62

40
41

21


,

.
, ,
,
,
.
,
, ,

.42

, . , ,
.
,
,
.43
,

.

, ,, , .
,
. ,
,
,
.

42
43

, .,(1999)..., .62
, .,(1999)..., .63
22


.
,
(.. , ).44

- .
. ,
,

.45 ,
,

,
,

46.

,
, -.
- ,
- ,

.

, ,
.

(primary schools)
, .,(1999)..., .64
, .,(2003),
, 36,
46
,.,,.,,.,,., (1997),
.
. . : .117-146
44
45

23

 (secondary schools)
.
(first school),
,

(middle school),

, ,
(high school),
.47

.

, ,
.


,
,
,

.48

, ,
,
.49
, Department for Education

. ,

47
48
49

,, et al,.., .119
,, et al,.., .118
,, et al,.., .122-125
24

 . ,

, School Curriculum and Assessment Authority ,

,
, ffice for Standards in education
(FSTED), ,

. ,
,

.50

, .
.
,
, .

,

80%

20%

50

,, et al,.., .123
25

 achelor of Education achelor

.

.


(School Development lan),
oo

.
,
,
( , , )
.




.51

,

, 1988,

,

.52

51
52

,, et al,.., .124-125
,, et al,.., .131-132
26

 - ,

,


, , ,
.53
-,



.
,

,
,
, ,
.54


55.
,

.



53
54
55

, ., at al, ... 127-129

, ., at al, ..,. 132-137
, ., at al, ..,. 138
27

 .
,

, .




.
,
,

.
,
, ,
.

,
, -

, ,

.
,
.

.56

56

,, et al,.., . 139-140.
28

, ,
.57

,

.58
,



.

,
FSD,
,
,
,

,
, .


FSD, ,
,
.
57
58

,, et al,.., . 140.
,., et al,..,. 140.
29

 ,

,
.

.59

,

.
, , ,
,


.

FSD
,
,

.

,

.
,
,

.
,
, .

59

, ., et al,.., . 141-143.
30

 ,
.60
T
:

.
.
.
.

,
,
, , , .


,


,

.

,

,
, .61
60
61

, ., .., .6
,, .. .., .81
31


,

. ,

,
.62
.
, .
, ,
.
.
,
. ,


.63

Commission Administratif Pariter,

.

.
, , ,

,
,
.

.
.64
62
63
64

,, .. .., .84
,, .. .., .79
,, .. .., .79
32

 ,
,
( )

( ...).
, ,
,
1990.
65 .
.

( ,
)
, ,
...
.

,

. , ,
, 1997-98
.

, , .

.66

'70

. '90
, ,
65
66

, .,(2003),.,.
, .,(2003),.,.
33

 () -
.
1973
,
.

1997,

,

.

67.
68,
,
.
,


.

.
. ,


.

, ,
, ,
.69

67
68
69

, ., .40, .156-164.
, ., .40, .157-158.
,Et al, ..,.93
34


,
.

, .
,
,
, , management.

70.
, ,
,
,
.

.


,

,
-
, ,
71.

:
70
71

,Et al, ..,.100

,Et al, ..,. 89
35

 ,
,
,

, , , ,

.

, , ,
,

72.


, 73:
.


. ,

, ,

.

,
,
72
73

,Et al, ..,.90-92

,Et al, ..,.95-96
36

 ,

.

, .

, ,

.

,

. , ,
,

, , ,

,
, , , .

,
.
37

(,,

,
.), .74


,

,

.


. , ,
,

. ,

,

.

.75
...

,
'

.76
74
75
76

,Et al, ..,.96-97

,Et al, ..,.106
, ., .94
38

1.3.

.
,
77

, ,
,
, .



,
,

.

:

()
. ,
()
, ()
, ()

.78

,

:
77

78

, ,(1996), .:
, .9
, .,(1996),.. .9
39

()
aylor, 1900,
()
ayo, 1930
() -
Chester Barnard , Herbert
Simon, Douglas c Gregor, Warren Bennis ,Chris Argyris Rensis
Likert, 1950.
, ,

.79

aylor 20
,
,
.80

, ,
,
. ,

(..

).81
(
)
( ),
( ),
.82
,

,
,
.65
81
,
82
,
79
80

.,(1996),..,.10
.,(2005),H ,
.,(1996),..,.10
.,(2005),o.., .65
40

 (
)
.

, .
,
(1993),
. 1791,
Jeremy Bentham
, ,
, ,
.
83.

,

, (, 1990
,1989).
,

. 84 ,

. ,

,
.

()
()

, .,(1993), .:
, . 136
84
, .,(1996) ,..,.10
83

41

.85

Laissez Faire supervision ( ).

. ,

.
,
,
, , .
'
,
.86

'50,

( ,
).
aylor,

( c Gregor),

,

,
( c Gregor).87
-
85
86
87

, .,(2005) ,..,.65
, .,(1996) ,..,.10
, .,(2005),..,.66
42

, , ,
.
,

(, , ),

.


,
,
,

).

,
( )
.



.88
,
.
,
, , ,
,

. , ,
,
(, 1994).
Argyris (1964) ,Bennis (1961), c Gregor (1960) iles (1965)

, ,
88

,.,(1996),..,.11
43

 ,

.
,
,
, ,

. , ,
,


.89
, ,
(,
1984).

.
-
.90


.
,
,
(..)
,
, .
, ,

,
89
90

,.,(2005),..,.67
,.,(1996),..,.12
44

 .91

, ,

(pple, 1979). , ,
,
.
1.4.

,
,
:

,
,

. '

,
,

(Sergiovanni & Starratt,2002).
(1996)

,
,
,
,
,
, ,

.
91

,,(2005),..,.68
45

 ,
,
,

. , (1990) , (1985)

92

.
,
.

.93
, - ,
(1996), Sergiovanni Starratt (2002),
.
, ,

.94
,

,.,(2004),
, : ,.75
93
, ., (2005), ,
: , . 69
94
,.,(1996), ,:,
.13
92

46

 ,

, .95
,,

.96

.
,

.
,

,

,
,
(Stronge, 1995).
,
, ac Beath (1999) ,

.
95
96

, ., (1996), .., .13-14

,.,(2000) .: ,. 266
47

 ,
.

.

,

(.eeler,1989). . eeler

,
.
-
,
.
, ,
.

,
.97

(
,
, ).

.

,
(Wish and others).

. Jensen, (1981)How teachers view teachers evaluation ,in

Education,vol.102,2, . 130-137
97

48



(.. 581/84 318/92).

.98


.

( )

(1993)99
. ,

45% , 30% 5%.

,

Gass).

. Gauss

,

(B.T.Keeler,1988).
,

, .100

27/2/85 ,... 575/576 ,

1985
99
N.1566/85 1304
100
,.,(2000),;o..,. 267
98

49

1. 5.

, .
,
,

,

101.

102
,
. ,
,

. ,
,
, ,
,
.103
,
,

,

.

T , ..,.24
, ..,. 35-36.
103
,..,.234
101
102

50



,

.104
,

,
()

,
,
,

.105
,

( Miller,1972,Gage,N, 1959),

,
. ,
,
,
(Manaut,
Palmer,Hidlebaught,1976,.21).
Creemers (1994)

, , yriakides , Campell Cristofidou
(2002), /
104
105

T , ..,.24
, .., .
51

 .

: 1)
,
,
, 2) ,

,

( ., 2000 ) , 3)

,

( , 1999).
1.5.

,
,
. ,
,
.
' ,

,
.
.

,

.



52

.
,
,
, ,

.
,
,

.



.106
,
-
,

( )
. ,
.
,

,

( . ,1991).

,
,

106

,,(2000), , :,.221
53

.
,

.107

,
,

.

108

109.
, ,

, .
.110
, ,

,., , , ,, (2002),
, , ;. : , .173-174
108
,., ,, ,,(2002),
, , ;. : , .220-221
109
,., ,, ,,(2002),
, , ;. : , .221
110
,., ,, ,,(2002),
, , ;. : , .227-228
107

54

-
.
, .
Wright (1979),

.
, , ,

.111
,
(. , 1993):
. .
. .
.
.
.
.

:
. ,

.
. ,

.

111

. , (1993), ..,. 29-30

55

, .
.

, .

112,

,
,
.
, ,

,

.
, ,
,
,


.

,
.


112

(1993),.,..187
56

.113

,
, , .

.
. (1993),


.
114:
.

, ,

.
. ,
,

.
.
,

.


standadrs
.
.

,,(2000), ,:,.233
, ,(1993), ,:
,.151-153
113
114

57

.
.

.
,

.115

.
: 1)
, 2) , 3) , 4)
, 5) .
115

, ,(1993),.,.,.153
58

2.1.1.


(N
2986/2002)

.
(1)
,

,
, ...,
.
(2)

,
.
,
.
2.1.2.

:
) ,
,
, (
). ,

,
,
[ (.), 1999].


59

 , ,

, .116

( . :
, ).

.
.1.

, ,
.

19
. 20


.117
,

,
,
,
,
,
, ,
.
118
,
116
117
118

,(1998),..,.11
,(1998),..,.11
, (1998), .., . 15-18
60

, ,

,

,
,

,
,
, .

. ,

, ,
,

.119
,

,

, ,
,

,

.
,

119

, (1998), .., . 16-17

61

 - ,
,

120.
.2. 121

. ,

,
,

.
, ,
,
.
.3.

,
,
,
.

(...)
(...). , ,

120
121

, (1998), .., . 17
, (1998),.., . 17
62

.
) , (
)
, . ,
,
.

,
.
, ,
.
, ,

().

(, .)
.122
,

.



,
.

. (Marsh & Hocecar
1984, Cohen 1981).

,,(1999), ,
, .23
122

63

 Dressel (1976),
'
' .123

.
, ,

.124

. ,

.
,
,

.
,

125.

126.

, ,( 2004),
, .260
124
,., (1999), . ., . 19
125
Car,W & Kemmis,S,(2000), . :
.212
126
,.,(1996),.., . 138
123

64

 ,
, ,

.
,

, , ,

,
.
,
...127

,
,
,
,
,
128. , ,

.
,

. ,

.

127
128

,., (1999), . ., . 19
,., (1999), . ., . 19
65

,
,

129.

,
,


--. ,

.130
2.1.3.

.
,

129
130

,., (1999), . ., . 19.

Car,W & Kemmis,S,(2000),...221-231
66

 , , .131


. , ,
,
.

. 20

.132
,
, ,
, ,
,


.

(/,

),

( ,
).


, Fitz-Gibbon (1990)


, .
,,(2003), .:
,. 98
132
,, (2003),. 98
131

67


, ,
Pelgrum et al.
(1995) 170.
.

,

,

.133

: (1)
' , (2)
, (3) ,
, (4)
, (5) , (6) ,
(7)

(..

, .).134

,
.
.
,
(1) (2) .
(1) ,

.
(2) ,
, ,
133
134

,, (2003),. 30
, , .., .261
68


, .
. ,
(1) (2) .135
(1) .
' .
, ,
,
.. -,
, ,
,
, '
, ,
,
, .
(2) , ,
,
. ,
, ,
,
, , /
, ,
, .
. ,

(1) ,

(2) -

(3) .136
(1)

...
(2) -

.
135
136

, , .., .262 ,.,(2003),. 99

, , ..,.136
69

(3) , ,
,
.
. ,
(1) , (2)
(3) .137
(1)

...

.
(2)
, .
(3)

, , .
,
, .

2000

16

,
:138
. ,
. ,
.
.
,
,

. ,
, ., ..,.136



,

137
138

70


,

,

.139
,, .
,

,
-.140
2.1.4.

, ( ) .

, (1) , (2)

(3)

, (4) /
, (5) , (6) , (7)
, (8) ( ,
,
.).141

.
, ( . ,, ,,
(2002), ,, ;, , )
.


,

.
140
, .,.. 136 , (2003),..,. 99
141
, .,.. .262
139

71

(1)
, ,
:
(..
)
.

.142
(2)
143 ,
.
,
, ,
. ,
.
,
.


, .
, , ,
, ,

,

(gfrd 1987).
(3)
,

.
142
143

, .,.. .263
, .,.. .264
72

: (1)

, (2)

(3)

.
, ,
,
( ).


( ).

.
(4)
/
,
,
.
.
(5) ( )
,

.144

.
(6)

144

, .,.. .264
73

145,

,
, ,
. , ,

(..
, ).


,

' .
(7)
,
,
.
,
.
2.1.5.

.
.
.
, ,
.146

.
,
, :
145
146

, ,.. .265
, .,.. .267
74

 . ,

.
(1).

: ,
,

.
(2). 147
,

.

.
. ,
: (1)
, , (2)
.

.
. ,
(1) , (2)
.
(3).

148

,
' ( )
.
(4). -149
,
147
148
149

, .,.. .194
, .,.. .198
, .,.. .199
75

 , ,
.
(5). 150
.
,
.
.
' . ,
,
, , ,
.
. , '
,
.
(6). 151
,
, , .
,

( )

..

150
151

, .,.. .201
, .,.. .202
76

 T
3.1.
,
, ,
,
. '
- ,
- .
.152
1. .

.

(,

1989

, 1982).

152

, .,.. .37
77

2.

.
,
.
3.

,
. ,
,
5% ,
,

.153
4. ,
- . ,
,
,
;
5.
, . ,
.
6. ,


.
, , ,
.
7.


153

, .,.. .37
78

(.. , .).
8. ,

(le,1974c Dnld,
1989). ,
, .
,
.154

.
1.



, .

.

, .
154

, , . 38
79

2.


.
,

:
)
.
)
.
)
-
.
)

)
3.

80

)
, )
,
, ) ,

,
)
, /
,

(Cohen &

Manion,2000).
4.
Cohen & Manion155
, ,
,

.
To
,
,

.
1
76 . 50

66%

(
).
Cohen,L.,& Manion, L.,(2000),
.:, .129
155

81

 26%

8%

.


. 1 27

28%

.
1

(%)

(%)

((%
50 (67) (%)

18 (30)

20 (26)

06 (33)

06 (08)

03 (50)

76 (100)

27 (33)

.
( 8
30% ),
,

.
20
,
.
5.

- 156

, ,

. (Cohen L. &
156

82


.
(1998),

.157

:)

)
, .

( ,1984Cohen & Manion, 2000).

, /

.

.
27 ,

. 27 22
.
6.
,

/

.
Manion L.)
157
, . . . 229
83

)
, )
)

( Javeau,2000).
,
,

,

(Burgess,1985, .57).

(objects)
(Blumer, 1966)

.
,
,

:
(Meinefeld, 1976).


,
,
.
7.

.

84

 , 26 (96%)
,
:
,
,

,

,

,

,

,

,
,
(4%)
.


,

, .
14 (55%)
/

.

15 (85%)
/
85

 .


2 (10%)

, ,
(5%)

.
2 (66%)

5 (85%)
,
,

(34%) (15%)
( ..
) .
-

:

(100%)

,

.

.
/
,
86

,

, ,
.

, 95%
100%

( , , ,
, ).
(5%)

. (24%)

, ,
.
87

, (22%)

.
(78%)

,
, :
,
,

.


, 100%

.
(40%) , 2 (66%) 3 (50%)

.
-

.
12 (66%)

88

 , ( 17%) ,

,

( 17%)

.
2 (66%)
, (34%)

.
(66%)

, (34%)
,
,

,
.

/ . (16%)

.

,
.
89

(22%) ,

,

.
12 ( 66%) , 2
(66%) 100%

.
, 6 (33%)
(33%)

, .

,
.

, 3 (100%)
(100%) ,
,

, .
(100%)
- (33%) -
90

 (28%)

.


100% (20)
.
, 100% (6)
: (
,
) ,
( ,
) , (
,
,

), (
).
(100%)

( , ,
).
12 (66%)

. ,

.
(100%)
, ,

.
91

:
) ,

,
)

,
)

.
83% (14) , 66% (2)

, 90% (17)
66% (2)
90% (16) 66% (2)

.

,
.
, 17 (84%)

, .
(18%)

92

 , 22% (4)

, 11% (2)
( )

, 22% (4)
, 45%

(8)

.
(100%)

-

.

66% (4)

, 34%
(2)

.

93

 -
,

.
,

, 13(70%) , (33%)
(17%)

, :)


)
, , )

, , )
, 4 (24%), 2
(66%) 4 (66%) ,

: )

,
, )
, )

.
, , (6%)
(17%)

,
.

94

, 88% , 100%
100%

: )

) -
( /,
, ), )

.
(24%),

.
12% (2)

,
,

.


.

)

)
.

95

 ,
, .... ,
, , ..
32% (5)

, ,
.

62% (13) , 100% (3)
100% (6)

,

.
3 (17%) , (33%)

(34%)

,
.
28% (5)

,
.
,
94% (18)
. ,
, ,

.
(6%)
,
.

96

 (66%) ,

,

, (33%)
,

.
5 (85%)

, (15%)

,

.
,

, 14 (75%) ,3
(100%) 4 ( 66%)
,

,
.
4 (25%) 2 (34%)
,


.
,

.
76% (16)
, 100% (3) 100% (6)
97

,
.
,
, ,
,

.
24% (4), ,
,
,
, ,
, ... -

- ,

....
,
,

.
8.



.
,

:
.

98

 1,2,3,4,5,12 (.
2)

,
.
(1996),
., (1998) ..

, :
,

,
-
-
, - ...


. ,

, .158

,
,

-
,

, , , , , (2005),
, , . 51
158

99

 ,
,

.

(1993) ,

(1993),

(2002)

..,

,
.

, ,


.
.
.
( , , , )
6,7,8,10,11,13,14,15,16,
17,18 (. 2)

:
100

1.

.

,
-
,
, ,
.
: ,(1991),
Everard & Morris, (1999)

(1995)

:
) ,

,
.
)
.
)


)
.
, ,
, ,
,
,
101

 ( .2986/2002, .4-5),
, (2004)

,

,

.
2.

(12%)
,
,
, ,
,
, ,
.

(2000)
(
,

),
,
.
,

, ,

, ,
,

102

,
(1999).
, Sergiovanni Starratt (2002)

.
3.

13 (70%) ,
(33%) (17%)
.

(Harris,1986).

(Marsh & Hocecar
1984 Cohen 1981).
Dressel (1976) ,

.
4.

.
,

.


103

.
5.

( ,2003,2002),

(-

,2005). (,2003)

77,3%

70%

, .
6.

.

.

,

104

7.

( , 2001).
,
.
,

.

,
,

,
.

,
.

(Medley, D.M., Shannon, D.M 1995).


(Glass, 1974).

, ,

(Van der Maren 1978).
105

8,9,19,20

,

,

,
.
:
,
,
,

, ,

, ,

106

( , ., 1985 Harris, 1986 , ., 1990

Sergiovanni & Starrat, 1993 , . 1996).
,


,
, ,

( & iskel, 2001)

(Odden & elley, 1997).

.
,
,


.
: ,

. ,
,


( & iskel, 2001 Odden
& elley, 1997).
,

(Jacobson, 1991).

.
,
107

(Johnson,

1986).
, (2005)
...

,
.

,

,

.
- .2525/97 .2986/02 ,
.

, ,
,
,
( , 2000) , (1989) ,
(1983) , 1983).
.
21,22,23
(.
2)
-:
1.
94% ,
66%

85% -

,
108

 ,
, .


.
.
,

.


(2005)
,

, .
2.

(1993)

,
.

.
,

,
,
,
(Sergiovanni & Starratt,2002).
109



.
3.

.
,

,
,
,
,
: )

)
( ,1999).

110




1.1.

'
159.
,
,
160.

,,(1993),
.: , .120
160
,., (1999),
, .49.
159

111


,
,
,

,

161.
,
,
. --
. , ,
,
,
162.
,

, , ,
, ,
, ,
.163

.

.
,

.164
161
162
163
164

,,, ,:,1995,.120-121
,.,...49
, .., .50
,,(1993),..,. 120
112

 165
,
.

,
()
.

-
,

()

,

.166
, ,
,
,
.

.
, , ,
,

.167

.
,

.
,., & ,,( ),
1979,.40
166
,.,(1999), ,
.50
167
, , .50
165

113


,
.

,
,
, ..
,
,
,
:168
1.2.
( )

,

.169
,
.
,
.


, ,



. , ,
168
169

, , (1998) , , .142
,,(1999), .
: , .50
114

.
Bloom (1977 )
,
.



,
. , ,
, ,
.


.
,

.

.170

, .



.

170

, , 2004:. 305-306
115

 .
.

,

,

,
.

, .
,
,

.
,

.

, .

,

.171 ,

'

,

.
,
171

, ., , . 144
116

 .172


,
.

.



. ively

.173
1.3.

.

( , ..)
.
1.3.1.

(Webber
1999,Wiggins 1999)
, , ,

,
()

(Dempsten,1991).


172
173

,, ,,. 27
, ..,. 29
117


174.

175. ,
,

(Gold,

Reilly,

Silberman&

Lehn,1971).

.



. Skiner

. ,
,
,
( BargetDrowns, Kulik & Morgan, 1991).


. ,

.
'
.176
174
175
176

Slavin,R,(2007), .:,.549
Slavin,R,(2007),o..,.551
Slavin,R,(2007),o..,.555
118

5 10

.
,
,

.

,

,
.

,

(),
(

),

. 177

,
,


177

,, - ,
, :, 1989, . 23-25.
119

 ,

.178 ,

,

.

.
,
.

, ,

.179


,
,
.
(Crooks,1988, Kulik & Morgan, 1991).
180
,
,
.

, ,
,
,
, , , , ,
, : , 1977, . 427.
179
Slavin,R,(2007),o..,.551
180
,.,(1989), -
, , :,. 26
178

120

 .
.
,
""
.

.
,
.


. ,

,
.181

,

.
.182

:



.

. ,
,


(Barth,1979). ,
181
182

Slavin,R.,(2007),..,.552
- , ..,.28
121

 ,
,

.(

Natriello

&

Dombusch,1984). , ,
,
, .

, ,

.
, , -

,
.

. '

.183

, ,

. ,
.184

.
,

183
184

, , (1998) , , .142
Slavin,R.,(2007),..,.550
122


.
1.3.2.
.. (22/12-94 86/04-01)
,


:185
- .
-


.
- ().
- . ..

10 .
-
.
,
(1994),
, :
) ,
)

,
)
,
.

185

..

,,(2000),.., .168
123

, ,

.186
,
,

-
.187 ,

.188

, ,
,

.189
186
187
188
189

,,(2000),.., .166
,,(1993),..,.43
,.,(1993),..,.52
, 1998 " :
124


, Illich
(1976)

status qu

,




.

Illich (1976)
.
, ,


. ' , ,
.

,

.
.

( )

. '
" Virtual
School, The sciences of Education Online, 1, 2, 1998
http://www.auth.gr/virtualschool/1.2/TheoryResearch/CongressSolomon.html
125

 ,


.190

allard,

,
,


.

(1993),

,
.
,

191

, choc

190
191

76

,.,(1999),.., .41
, ,.(1980). , . , .
126

 , ,
, .192

,
,

.193

,
Skinner.
.
,
Skinner,
.

,
,


.

.194

. , ,
.195
,

,.,(1978). ,
... . . 60 75.
193
,.,(1999),.., .44
194
,.,(1999),.., .45
195
,.,(1999),.., .46
192

127

 ,
,
,
,
, ...

'
.196

197
.


.


,
.

,.,(1999),.., . 47

( Illich )
.

.
,
. (,., .42)
196
197

128



2.1.

,
:

. - .
,

.198

.
,

. ,
.

,

, () .
, ,
,
198

,.,.., . 94
129

,
.199



.
,
.

,

.200
R. F. ager

.
,
:
) .
) .
)

.
)

.201



-
-

199
200
201

,.,..,. 95
,,(1999),..,. 113
,,(1999),..,. 113
130

 ,
( Hamilton,1985).
,

,
.
ager
:
)

) .

, ,

,
.
A
Slavin (2007)

202

,
,

.
( .
Slavelson,1987) ,

( Brown, 1988).
,

, Slavin (2007),

,
202

Slavin, R,(2007),.., .541

131

. H
.
Cooley

Leinhardt

1980)

.

, .


, .


. ,
,

.
, .

. ,
,
.

, rhathwohl (1964), Gagne

(1965) .. 203
Debesse,M-Mialret,G,(1985),Traite des Sviences Pdagogiques.
. :,.1985
203

132

lom ,
.
. S. lom.
1956 lom (D. R. rathwohl, . assia
)
, , : )
, ) )
.

.
.

,
,
.
,
.
. lom

. ,
lom (
):
1. ( ):
lom.

.204
,
, .
2.

(,

):
204

,.,(1995), .:, . 213

133



,
.

, ,
,
.
3. (
).

.

.
,

, , .

.205

,
.
4. (

):

,

205

,.,(1995),..,. 213
134


.

.

.206

,

,
,

.207
5. ( ):

. H ,

.
-
- .
,
,
, ,
, .



.208

, ,


.209
206
207
208
209

,.,(1995),..,. 226
Slavin,R.,(2007),..,.546
,.,(1995),..,. 106,226-230
Slavin,R.,(2007),..,.546
135

.
)
. '

,

.
)
, .
,
,
:) ,
)
,

.210

,
,
.211
6.

):
,
.
,

, .

210
211

,.,(1995),..,. 228-229
,.,(1995),..,. 197-198
136

:212
) ,

) ,
, ,
, , .
lom
,
() (, ).
,

.213
lom

. ,

,
.


.
.214
.

.215


212
213
214
215

,.,(1995),..,. 230-232
Slavin,R.,(2007),..,.546
,.,(1999),..,.133-139
Slavin,R.,(2007),..,.546 ,.,(1995),..,. 228-229
137

 ,
,
.
,
.
,
,

.
.
, .

, ,
.


.

,

,
. ,

, .
, ,

138



.


(, , , ...),

.


.

..

,

.216
Bloom.
H Bloom .

loom
.
, De Corte R.Gagn,

.

.217
216
217

,.,(1999),.139 .235-244
. , .,(1999),..,. 145-151
139


,

,
/
.218

:, , ,
loom,
,
.
,
. .. , Stoker
Kropp (1964)

, , Madaus, Wood

Nuttal (1973)

. Guilford
(1967)

.
G.De Lamdsheere (1974)
. '

.
. .


, .
,
,

. , ,
218

, .,(1999),..,. 144
140


().

,
.

.

.
, .., ,
.
,
.

.

.219


,
.
. .
.
,

,
, ,

.


.
219

, ,(1999),..,.96
141



.220

.
,
,
.
. .
,
-- ,

221.
,

.

.

.
,

,
.
,
. 222

;. , , ,
, , ,
, ..
220
221
222

, ,(1999),..,.98
Slavin,R.,(2007),..,.543
,,(1999),.., .97
142

(
).
,

.223 , ,

,
,

. ,

.

.
2.2.

,
223

Slavin,R.,(2007),..,.543
143

. -

,

,

.
,
,
,
- ( ),
/ ,

(..

(),

).224
2.2.1. /


.

( , ,
)
.225

(.. ,

, , ...),

(.., ,
...)
224
225

(..

,,(1999),.. . 202
, , ,(1995),H , .30
144

...)

.


.

( ).226
, ,
, ,
, .227
,
.
,

.
2.2.2.
:
) , ,
.
) , ,
, , ,, .
) ,
, , .
) (..
), .228
,

, ,
226
227
228

,.,(1999), .., . 202

, ,. .30
,.., . 29
145


229.
.

230
.231


.
,

(Airsian, 1994).
,
(Clark .., 1979)

(Fagan, Hasler &
Szabo,1981 Gall, 1984).



(Dunkin & iddle, 1974 Gall
.., 1978 Stallings & askowitz, 1974).
,

,

.

(Rwe, 1974 bin & Capie,
229
230
231

,.,(1999), ..,. 29
, . ,(1995), .. .61
. 2817/2000
146

1982).O

,
.
,

(Anderson,Eventson & Brophy 1979). bin, (1986)

3

,
. ,
6

(Duell, 1994).

-

- .232

.


.

,
.

.

.

.
,

232

,..,.244
147


.

:233
) ,
.
) ,
,
.
) , .
) ,

.
)

.
) ,
,
.

.
)

.
,
, .
)
, .. ,
.
)

.

233

,..,.245
148

)

: ;,
...234
,
,
, , .
.


.
(
),
,
, .235
. ( )
,
, ,
,
,
. ..
,

.
:
1. 2. ( ).
.1.

. :
)

234
235

, ,..,.61
.. 268/1982123/1987 ,.. 409/1994
149

 , ,
.236
) ,

.237
.

.

,
.
,
.
,

. ,

. '

.238



, .

, ,
.239
:
Slavin,R.,(2007),.., .569
-,..,79
238
Slavin,R.,(2007),.., .570
239
Slavin,R.,(2007),..,. 570
236
237

150


.

,

.
, .
, (
) ,
( ),
(
,
),
(

),
( ).

,
.
, ,

.

151

.2.
.


, , ...,
,
, ,
.


. ,

, ,

, , .240

,
.

, , ,

, ,
, ,
...241

.

, , ,
,

.

.

240
241

Slavin,R.,(2007),..,. 569
,.,(1999),
.:Gutenberg,.222
152

.242
,
.
243


.

+ 0,60 - 0,70 0,70

.

.244

.

.

, ,

.245
,

( , ,
, , ).

,
242
243
244
245

,., (1999),..,.72
Slavin,R.,(2007),..,. 570
,.,(1999),..,.223
Slavin,R.,(2007),..,. 570
153

 ,
.246
,

.
.3. ()
,
,

.

20
' , :
. .247
,
.
: ;
. .248 ,

.
: ...........

.
,
,

.249 :
,.,(1999),...224
,.. . 168 , , ,(2003), .:
,.278
248
,.. . 168 Slavin,R.,(2007),..,. 568
,, (1999),..,.224
249
Slavin,R.,(2007),..,. 568
246
247

154

. ... [
].
. 2 .. [
]

,
.
. .

(Gronlund,2000Hadadyna,1999),

. ,
,

4-5

.

, .
.
,
.

.
, .
,
.
.250

.

. 4 5.
: ;
250

,(1999),..,.162-163
155

( ' )
490 ..
479 ..
480 ..
481 ..
.
. : - .


.
,
.251

, ,

.252
-

50% .


.
-
,
. (
)
-.253
: ,
.
.
.
251
252
253

Slavin,R.,(2007),..,. 568 ,,(1999),..,.224

,,(1999),..,.225
,.,(1999), ..,. 164-165
156

.
. 254.
,
.. .
.
.

.

).

. .

.
,
,

.
:

.

254

,.,(1999),..,. 165-166 Slavin,R., (2007),..,.568

157

. .255
,
.
..
, 1 ,
2 .

lm
.
.4.
256
( )

,
.

,
255
256

,.,(1999) ..,. 167

,.,(1998), ..110
158

 .
,
,
.

,
.

.


,
.

. ,
,
.

.
,

. ,
,

.

. ,

, .257

,.,(1998), ..,..111-113 Slavin, R., (2000),..,.602-607

,., (2003),.., .365-367
257

159

.5.
()
-
-

.258
,

.
, , ,

.259

,

.


,
.
,

.260

.
,
,
, .

.
258
259
260

,.,(2004), ..,. 323

,.,(1999),..,.229
,.,(1999) ..,.175
160

 ,
,
,
.261

.262
.
'

. , , ,
,

.

,

, .263
'
.

264.
,

.
265

.
100 - 65
261
262
263
264
265

, ,(1999),...177
,.,(1999),..,.229
,., (2003),.., .301
, ,(1999),...217
, ,(1999),...217
161

 .
,
. ,
266.
.
,
.

, ,
,
267

.
. 1/3
.
,

.

.268
.

100 (%)
.269
, :
,., (2003),.., .302

,
.[ ,., (2003),.., .302]
268
, ,(1999)..,.211
269
,., (2003),..,.306
266
267

162

D=Nc X 100
Nr
Nr
Nc o .
,
50%.
.
.

.

,
.270
2.2.3.

,
, ,
..
.
,
,
.
:271
. .

. ( )

, ,

,.,(1999),..,.212
,.,(1999) ..,.219 Slain,R.,(2007)..627 ,.,
(2003),..,.319
270
271

163

 ,
.
..
,
.

2)

1)

3)

.
1)

272.

, .
..

,
.

,
.

,

.273
,.,(1999) ..,.220
. W.Tucman,Measuring Educational Outcomes,Hatcourt
Brace Jovanovich,New York,1975,.235
272
273

164

2) .274

,
.

,
(,,
..).
.
.

.
.
%
.

.

.
,
,

275.

.


.

,.,(1999) ..,.220-224 , .,(2003),..,.320

100
: - 65
.
( ,., (1979), .
,.58
274
275

165


.
,
,

.

.

,
,
.

,
:

.

, ,
.

.
3) 276.

. ,

,
276

,.,(1999), ..,.224 , .,(2003),..,.320

166

 .

,
,
, '

, .

' .


.


.
) .

.

0 1.
.
0,90 .277
:
1. .


.
277

,.,(1999) ..,.224 Slain,R.,(2007)..629

167


.
,

.
,
,

.278
2. .279

, .
.
,

, .

.

Spearman-Brown:
=2r
1+r
) . ,

,
,

, , .
,
.


278
279

, .,(1999), ..,.225
,.,(1999), ..,.226 , .,(2003),..,.328
168

.280
) .
.
, , , ,
.

.281
) . ,
,

.



200 .. .

, ,
. 282

2.2.4.

(.. )


,
.

280
281
282

, ..,.232-233
, ..,.231
,.,(1999), ..,.233-234
169

 , '
, .283

,
,
.

,

.
, ,
,
, .
- -


.


, .
,
,

. ..
, (1-5),
(1-10), (1-20) (1-100)
,

,

.
283

170

 .


. , 7
, , ,

,
.284
, ,
, ,
,

,
.


.
2.2.4.1.


(Marzano,2000 unk & ursuck,1998 ).
, , ,

,
.285
,
,
( Marzano,2000).

,
284
285

,.,... 324
Slavin,R,(2007),..,.586
171


.
..
17 16 .
;
;

;

,
.
.. 16
18 ,
12 14 ,
(2
).286
,


.

.
2.2.4.2.


, :

90-100%

80-89%

70-79%

60-69%

286

,.,(1999),,.,.269
172

60%

, ,
,
:

. ,
- ( 60%)

20%

( 80%
). ,
, 60%
.


. ,
60-70-80-90% ,

. 287

, .

.
(0 60%)
. ,
.288
2.2.4.3.
,

287
288

Slavin,R,(2007),..,.587-588 , .,(1998),..,.138
Slavin,R,(2007),..,. 588
173

 . ,
, ...

,
.

,
. 289

,
,
-
.

, .

. ..
.

.290


. ,

, ,

.291

289
290
291

Slavin,R,(2007),..,.588
, .,(1998),..,.140
Slavin,R,(2007),..,.588
174

2.2.4.4.


,
,
.

.
,
.
, ..
, . ,
. ,
C.Chase(1969), .
(1980) 292.
, ,

,
,

293.

..

,
, , .
R. Rosental-L.Jacobson,R.Weiss

Chase, C.,(1969),The impact of some obvius variables on easy test scores
Journal of Educational Measurement ,.5,.315-318 ,.,(1980),
(
(),,.14-15
293
,.,(1977),
. , , . ,
.47-62
292

175

 ,
,
,
( , ,
.)294.
adley

,
295 .
.
296

50%

,
297.

,

.

,
,
,
, .
Weiss,R.,(1969)The Reliability of the Number Marking System An Austrian study,
J.,Launers D. Scalon,Examinations ,Evans Brothers,Londres,.101-107
Rosental,R.& Jacobson, L.,(1968), Pygmaliion l cole,Casterman.Paris
295
Hadley,S.,(1954),A School Mark Fact or Fancy? Educational Administratio
and Supervision,.40,.12
296
,.,(1980),..,.53
297
,.,(1977), ,., . 53
294

176



, 298.

.

,

, .
,
,
, .

,

.
..
,
,
,

(,

).299

.

. , ,
,

.300
,
.301

298
299
300
301

,.,(1999),,.,.65
,.,(1979), ,,.137
, .,(1999),,.,.66
,.,(1980),..,.55
177


,


.

, ,
.302


.

.


.303

(1998) ,
:

.
(..
, ,
, ).
,
.

(..
, , ,
, , , .).

302
303

, .,(1999),...,.67
, .,(1999),...,.67
178

..

10, 9, 8 .
,
.
, .
,

,
. ,

.304
2.2.4.5.

, .
, ,

.305
,

,
,
-
,

,
.306
, .,(1998),..,,.142
, .,(1989). , .
: ... ,. 97
306
, ,,.,.103
304
305

179

.
,
,
.

.
,
.

,
,
,
( ).


,

. ,
,
,
.307
, ,
,


.


.
307

,.,(2004),..,.325
180

,
,
, .308
,
,
. , ,
,
()

,
,

,

. ,
,

,
.
2.2.5.
.
- -
,
,

.309
.

:
308
309

,., (1993), .., . 122

,.,(1995), .., .62
181

, (, ),
, , ,
,
, .310

(
,
, , ,
...),

, , .311


,

.312

,
( )


.313
.

.
310
311
312
313

,.,(1995),
,.,(1995),
,.,(1995),
,.,(1995),

..,
..,
..,
..,

.62
.62
.62
.62
182


,
.314
,

,
.315
: ,
,
,
,
.
, ,
.

, , .
316

,

.317
-
-
,

318.

,..,.323
,.,(1999),.., . 293.
316
T-,.., .43
317
T-,.., .43
318
, .,(1999),. 293-294
314
315

183

().

319

,
.
- -
,
.320
, , ,
,
,
,
.321
.

322

,
, , , .
,
.

1979 .
, , ( )
.
. 323
,
, ,

, .

319
320
321
322
323

T-,.., .43
,.,(2004), ..,. 323
T-,.., .43
,.,(2004),.., .326
,.,(2004),..,.326
184

 ,
,
, ,
:
,
.
.

.
,
,
,
.324

,
,

- ,
.325

,

.326
,

, ,

.327
324
325
326
327

, .,(2004),..,.326
Slavin,R.,(2007),..,.589
.. 121/95
,., (1989), . 2, . 931
185

,
,

,
,

.

,

.
,
, ,

.328

,

,
.329
. 330
,
,
.331
,
, , ,
328
329
330
331

.. 121/95
, (2004),.., . 326
,.,(2004),..,. 327
,.,(2004),.., . 287
186

 , ..

, .
,

-
332. ,

,

.
, ,
75%

80%,

. , ,

.333

332
333

, .,(1989). . . . 77
,.,(2004),..,. 327
187


,

,

,
,
, , , ,

,
:
188

 ,
,
.

acBeath

(2001)

,
.

,
,

.
,

,

(), .

189

.
, ,

,..334

,


.

.

,
.

( ,

)
.

, , (1979), ,. . A. :.
,.60
334

190

 ,
.

1.

/
, :

25-23,01

'

23-21,01

'

191

21-17

'

17

:
.

, , , 1990, 108 ., . 78-79.

2.

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.

8.
9. '

10.

11.

192

12.
13.

14.

15.

16.

: :
- , 2000

/

1.
;
2.
/ ;
3.

4.

;
5.
;
6. ;
193

7.

;
;
8.

.
;
9.

;
10.

.
;
11.
;
12. -
;
13.
/ ;
14.
;
15.

;
16.
.
;
17. , ,
,
/;

194

18. , ,
,
/;
19.

.
;
20.

;


;
21. ;
22.
.
;
23.

/ .
;

195


Airsian,P.M.(1994),Classroom assesment.New York: McCraw Hill
,.,(1990).

...

,(.83-130)
Anderson,Eventson & Brophy, (1979),An experimental study of effective
teaching in first-grade reading groups.Elimentary School
Journal,79,193-223
, .,(2003), :
. :
-
,., & , .,(1990).
. :
pple, ,W,(1979),Educational Evalution:Analysis and
Responsibillity.Berkery:McCutcham

196

Bloom, B. S. & Krathwohl, (1986). ,

: , ,
-, .,(1978).
( ).
,.,(1978). ,
. : ...
, .,(1989). . .
, (1999) ,
. :. . 41
,.(1999),,,:
: ,
. :. . 101
,,(1999),
. :
, .,(1995). . :
Car,W & Kemmis,S,(2000), .
: .212
Chase, C.,(1969),The impact of some obvius variables on easy test scores
Journal of Educational Measurement ,.5,.315-318
Cohen, E.G.(1986),Designing grouwork:Strategies for the heterogenous
classroom.New York:Academic Press
Creemers, B.P.M.(1994),The effective classroom.London:Cassell
, .,(2002),
.
,33,28-44
,.,(1989), -

, , :
, .,(1991). . (
). :
De Landsheere,V.&G, (1982). Definir les objectifs de leducation.PUF
Duke,D.,L.,(1990).Developing teacher evaluation systems that promote
professional growth Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education,4 131-144
Duell, O.K.(1994),Extended wait time and university student achievement.
American Educational research Journal,31(2),397-414
Dunkin,M.J & iddle,B.J, (1974),A study of teaching. New
York:Hot,Rinehart and Winston
197

Dressel,P,L (1976),A Handbook of Academic Evation.Washington: JosseyBass

Fagan,E.R,HaslerD.M., & Szabo,M,(1981),Evaluation of questioning
strategies in language arts instruction.Research in the teaching of
English,15.267-273
Fitz-Gibbon (1990),School effects at A-level:Genesis of an informational
system?In D.Reynolds & P. Cuttance(Eds),School effectivensess:Research,
policy and practice (pp. 96-120).London :Cassell.
Gage,N, (1959),The obviousness of social educational research results.
Educational researcher,20(1) ,10-16
Gall,M,Ward,B.,Berliner,D.,Cahen,L.,Winne,P.,Glashoff,J.,&Stanton,G
,(1978),Effects of questioningtechniques and recitation on student
learning.American Educational research Journal,15,175-199
Gall,M, (1984),Synthesis of research on teachers questioning. Educational
Leadership,42,40-47
Hadley,S.,(1954),A

School

Mark

Fact

or

Fancy?

Educational

Administratio and Supervision,.40

Harris,B

(1986),Developmental

teacher

evalution.Boston:Allyn

and

Bacon,Inc
,W.K., & iskel,C.G. (2001),Edycational administration:Theory,
research,and practice.New Jersey:Prentice Hall.
Javeau,J.,(2000), H . :
Jensen,.,

(1981)How

teachers

view

teachers

evaluation

,in

Education,vol.102,2, . 130-137
Illich,I.,(1976). (. . , .
). :
, ., (1985).
.; :,40 .156-164
, ., (1989). .
, 2 (. 617-620). :

,., (2003). .
:
, , (1999). . ,
,, . :
,

.,

&

.,

.(2002).

198

. , . :
,,(1999),

,
,.,(1980),
(), ,.14-15
MacBeath,J.(1999),

Schools

must

soeak

for

themselves.London:

Routledge
Mac Beath, J. (2001). . ,
. . & . . : .
,.,(1977),
. , , .
.
Marzano,R.Z ,(2000), Trasfoming classroom grading.Alexandria, VA:ASCD
Marsh,H,D & Hocecar ,D,(1984) ,The Factoral invariance of Student
Evalution of College Teachers.American Eduacation research
Journal,21,2,341-366
, , (2000), (.)

, , . . . .- .
,.,(2004). . :Gutenberg
Miller,P.H,(1972),Theories of develomental psychology. New York:
Freeman
,, (.2000),
. :.
M, . (1993).
,
M, ., , ,

M, . (2002). :
. . , & . (.),
. , (. 139-149). : .
unk,D & ursuck,D,(1998 ),Can grades be helpful and Fair? Educational
Leadership,55(4),44-47
,.,(2003), .
,.44-45

199

Odden,A., & elley,C., (1997),Paying teachers for what they know and
do:New andsmarter compensation strategies to imimprove schools.
Thousand Oaks,CA:Corwin Press.
,(1986), . ,.586.
....

(1992)

, , , ....
,(1993),
. ,.639.
,.,,.,,.,,.,
(1997), .
. . :
,.,(2003),

:
,,(1993),

. :
,.(1993). . :

, ,. (1980). . :
.
, .,(1979), ,
, ., (1996), .
:
,, ,, ,., (2005).
. :
Rosental,R.& Jacobson, L.,(1968), Pygmaliion l cole, Paris, Casterman
Rwe, (1974), Wait time and rewards as iinsrucional variables ,their
influence on language,logic,and fate control.I:Wait time Journal of research
in Science Teaching 11,81-94
Sergiovanni,T.J & Starratt, R. (2002). Supervision:A redefinition (7th
Edition) New York MacGraw-Hill.
Slavin,R.,(2007), . :
Stallings,J,M

&

askowitz,D,(

1974),Follow

throung

classroom

observation evaluation 1972-73.Menlo Park,CA:Standard Research Institute

Stronge,J.H,
educational

(1995).
personnel

Balancing

individual

evaluation:A

and

concptual

istitutional

goals

in

Framework.Studies

in

Educational Evaluation ,21(2),131-151

200

Stronge,J.H., (1995),Evaluating teaching:A guide to current thinking and

best practice.United States :Corwin Press Inc.
, .,(1998)

" :

"
Virtual School, The sciences of Education Online, 1, 2,
1998 :
http://www.auth.gr/virtualschool/1.2/TheoryResearch/CongressSolomon.ht
ml
, ., (1998),(.)
. , 1.1. ,
, , .
bin & Capie, (1982),Relationships between c ;assroom process variables
and middle-school science achievement.Journal of Educational
Psychology,74,441-454
,, .,(1998) . :

T-,.,(2003). -

. :
,

.,(1999).

. : ,
. :..61-69
, .,(1995),
. :
, ., (1977),, ,
, , :
,.,(1998). .
Webb,L.D

&

Northon,M.S.

(1999).

Human

resources

administation:personnel issues and needes in education 93rd ed.).New

Jersey :Prentice Hall
Weiss,R.,(1969),The Reliability of the Number Marking System An Austrian
study,

J.,Launers

D.

Scalon,Examinations

,Evans

Brothers,Londres,.101-107
,.,(1999),
.:Gutenberg,.223
,

,(1995),H

:
201

,.,(2003), . :
,

(2003)

, ,36, 114- 132.

202