Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

VCCA-2011
ng dng phng php iu khin moment trc tip cho b bin i ma
trn iu khin ng c khng ng b dng logic m
Direct torque control for matrix converter fed induction motor drive using
fuzzy logic controller
Nguyen Phuong Duy
1
, Huynh Trung Nam
2
, Huynh Thai Hoang
3
, Nguyen Van Nho
4

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
e-Mail:
1
npduy@hcmut.edu.vn,
2
htnam@hcmut.edu.vn,
3
hthoang@hcmut.edu.vn,
4
nvnho@hcmut.edu.vn

Tm tt
Hin nay, cc b bin i ma trn ang nhn c s
quan tm rng ri vi nhng u im ln so vi cc
b bin i c trung gian mt chiu truyn thng. Bi
bo ny trnh by k thut iu khin moment trc
tip ng dng cho b bin i ma trn. Cc u im
ca phng php moment trc tip v b bin i ma
trn s c kt hp to ra mt h thng c p
ng nhanh v cht lng tt. B iu khin PI m
cng c s dng ci thin cht lng h thng
khi hot ng tc thp cng nh khi thay i
moment yu cu. Cc kt qu thc nghim s c
phn tch kim chng u im ca h thng ny.

Abstract
Matrix converter has recently attracted much concern
because of its advantages over the traditional DC link
converter. This paper presents a control method for
Matrix Converter fed induction motor drive system by
applying Direct Torque Control (DTC) technique. The
advantages of matrix converter and DTC are
combined to make a fast response and high quality
system. A fuzzy PI controller in which proportional
and integral gains can be adjusted by the fuzzy rules
is also proposed to improve the system performance
at low speed as well as under changes of torque
command. The significant experimental results will be
analyzed to verify the advantages of the proposed
strategy.

Symbol
Symbol Meaning
s r
,
Stator and rotor flux linkage space
vectors in stationary reference frame
s s
u , i Stator voltage and current space vector
L
m
Mutual inductance
L
s
, L
r
Stator and rotor self-inductance
T
e
Electro-magnetic Torque

s
,
r
Stator vector and rotor vectors angle
p Number of poles

Acronym
DTC Direct Torque Control
FOC Field Oriented Control
MC Matrix Converter
SVM Space Vector Modulation
DSP Digital Signal Processor
FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
VSI Voltage Source Inverter
LPF Low Pass Filter

1. Introduction
Three phase Matrix Converter has been recognized to
have many advantages such as providing bidirectional
power flow, sinusoidal input/output waveforms and
controllable input power factor [1-2]. Furthermore, it
allows a compact design due to the lack of DC-link
capacitors for energy storage. Recently, the invention
of four-step commutation has dramatically enhanced
the feasibility of matrix converter topology in
industrial applications. It fulfills all requirements of
safe operation and high quality. Since the Direct
Torque Control (DTC) method has been proposed in
the middle of 1980s, it became one of the new quick-
torque-response and high efficiency control strategy
for induction motor [5]. Comparing to the Field
Oriented Control (FOC) technique, DTC requires no
coordinate transformation and provides faster
dynamic response. More importantly, while FOC is
highly affected by the parameter changes in the
machine, the DTC strategy uses only the stator
resistance in its calculations, so less sensitive to the
machines parameter changes [7]. However, because
of the simplicity in choosing the switching states, it
causes sluggish system response during startup or
when loads and reference speed change as well as the
large torque ripple. Many strategies have been
proposed to deal with these problems such as:
modified DTC using space vector modulation and a
deadbeat control, twelve sectors modified DTC or
multilevel inverters, etc. Among them, a type of
controller that allows the control rules to be adjusted
according to the value of the inputs is a fuzzy logic
controller. Such controller is often been found to be
superior to conventional controllers especially when
some information is uncertain [8]. In general, fuzzy
logic control is one of the simplest and easiest
designs, yet still improves the dynamic response
significantly. This paper presents a PI fuzzy logic
controller for DTC matrix converter fed induction
motor drive system.


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2. Matrix Converter
Matrix Converter (MC) is an advanced AC/AC
converter which eliminates DC link as in traditional
indirect converters. It consists of nine bidirectional
switches that allow any output phase to be linked to
any input phase, as shown in Fig. 1.

Va
Vb
Vc
M
Load
SAa
SAb
SAc
SBa
SBb
SBc
SCa
SCb
SCc LC FILTER
Bidirectional switch
IGBT
A
B
C
Figure 1: Basic scheme of Matrix Converter
There are two key rules in controlling commutation
between switches of MC: 1) The input phases should
never be short-circuited; 2) The output phases should
never be open-circuited. Based on Space Vector
Modulation strategy, the following equations of line-
to-neural output voltage vector and input current
vector can be assumed:
( )
o
j (t) j2/3 j4/3
o oA oB oC o
2
v = v +e v +e v =v (t)e
3
(1)
( )
i
j (t) j2/3 j4/3
i ia ib ic i
2
i = i +e i +e i =i (t)e
3
(2)
Among 27 available switching configurations which
satisfy two above rules, only 21 switching
configurations belonged to active group (two output
phases connected to the same input phase) and zero
group (three output phases connected to the same
input phase) are useful (Table 1).
Safe commutation is the important technique in MC
because it requires a high accurate calculation in s as
well as a synchronous and continuous pulse
generation. Using FPGA and four-step commutation
method can meet all those constraints. The
relationship between input and output factors of MC
can be described as below equations:
o i
V (t)=M(t).V(t) (3)
T
i o
I (t)=M .I (t) (4)
Aa Ab Ac
Aa
Ba Bb Bc Aa
sampling
Ca Cb Cc
M M M
t
M(t)= M M M ; M =
T
M M M
(
(
(
(


M
Aa
: duty cycle of switch S
Aa
.
t
Aa
: period of time that switch S
Aa
is ON.

1;2;3
7;8;9
4;5;6
I
II III
IV
V VI
v
o
o

a)
1;4;7
2;5;8
3;6;9
I
II III
IV
V VI
i
i
i

b)
Figure 2: Line-to-neural output voltage (a) and input
current (b) space vector.

Switching
configuration
A B C v
o

o
i
i

i

+1 a b b 2/3v
ab
0
A
2/ 3i -/6
-1 b a a -2/3v
ab
0
A
-2/ 3i -/6
+2 b c c 2/3v
bc
0
A
2/ 3i /2
-2 c b b -2/3v
bc
0
A
-2/ 3i /2
+3 c a a 2/3v
ca
0
A
2/ 3i 7/6
-3 a c c -2/3v
ca
0
A
-2/ 3i 7/6
+4 b a b 2/3v
ab
2/3
B
2/ 3i -/6
-4 a b a -2/3v
ab
2/3
B
-2/ 3i -/6
+5 b c b 2/3v
bc
2/3
B
2/ 3i /2
-5 c b c -2/3v
bc
2/3
B
-2/ 3i /2
+6 a c a 2/3v
ca
2/3
B
2/ 3i 7/6
-6 c a c -2/3v
ca
2/3
B
-2/ 3i 7/6
+7 b b a 2/3v
ab
4/3
C
2/ 3i -/6
-7 a a b -2/3v
ab
4/3
C
-2/ 3i -/6
+8 c c b 2/3v
bc
4/3
C
2/ 3i /2
-8 b b c -2/3v
bc
4/3
C
-2/ 3i /2
+9 a a c 2/3v
ca
4/3
C
2/ 3i 7/6
-9 c c a -2/3v
ca
4/3
C
-2/ 3i 7/6
0
a
a a a 0 - 0 -
0
b
b b b 0 - 0 -
0
c
c c c 0 - 0 -
Table 1: Switching configurations of the MC used in DTC
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3. Conventional DTC
The DTC method performs independently control of
the stator flux and electromagnetic torque at the same
time, which is also known as decoupled control. The
main purpose of this control method is to minimize
the torque and flux errors to zero by using a pair of
hysteresis comparators whose outputs, along with the
position of stator flux vector (sector), will determine
the best inverter voltage vector should be applied for
VSI. In every cycle period, a proper inverter voltage
vector is selected to maintain the estimated flux and
torque within the limits of two hysteresis bands. The
overview of conventional DTC scheme is shown in
Fig. 3.
VOLTAGE
SOURCE
INVERTER
(VSI)
IM
VECTOR
SLECTION
(Switch
configuration)
Sa
Sb
Sc
Flux_ref
Torque_ref
FLUX &
TORQUE
ESTIMATOR
--
--
CTe
C
+
+

V1
V2 V3
V4
V5 V6
I
II III
IV
V VI
is
vs Flux_est
Torque_est
load
Vdc/2
Vdc/2
SA SB SC
VSI
Vdc
Figure 3: The conventional DTC schematic
- Direct flux control:
The stator flux linkage in stationary frame can be
written as:
( ) s s s s
= u -R i dt
}
(5)
In induction machines, impact of inductance is greater
than the one of impedance. Stator resistance (R
s
) of
most high power motors is even tiny (in m).
Neglecting the voltage drop on stator resistance and
calculating in a short period t, equation (5) becomes:
s s
=u t (6)
Equation (6) shows that the magnitude and orientation
of the stator flux can be control directly by selecting
appropriate voltage vector.
Sector of
stator flux
vector
Increase Decrease
k V
k
, V
k+1
, V
k-1
V
k+2
, V
k-2
, V
k+3

V
k
, V
k+3
are generally avoided because of their quickly
affection the flux.
V
0
, V
7
are used to keep stator flux constant.
- Direct torque control:
The electromagnetic torque can be written as:
' m
e r s s r '
r s
L 3
T = p . sin( - )
2 L L
(7)
The rotor time constant is usually larger than the
stator one in other words, the rotor flux changes
more slowly than the stator flux does. Actually, the
rotor flux can be assumed constant. As long as the
stator flux modulus is kept constant, then the
electromagnetic torque can be controlled easily by
changing the angle =
s

r
.

t = t
1
t = t
1
+ t
V
k+1
, V
k+2

t = t
1
t = t
1
+ t
V
k-1
, V
k-2
, V
0
, V
7

Figure 4: The affection of VSI vector to torque
Three-level hysteresis comparator is employed
because the machine may operate in motoring mode
as well as braking mode. DTC allows induction
machine to operate in all four-quadrant of its torque-
speed plane.

Sector of stator
flux vector
Increase Decrease
k V
k+1
, V
k+2
V
k-1
, V
k-2
, V
0
, V
7


Sector
of
s

C

= -1 C

= 1
C
Te
=-1
C
Te
=0
C
Te
=1
C
Te
=-1
C
Te
=0
C
Te
=1
I V
2
V
7
V
6
V
3
V
0
V
5

II V
3
V
0
V
1
V
4
V
7
V
6

III V
4
V
7
V
2
V
5
V
0
V
1

IV V
5
V
0
V
3
V
6
V
7
V
2

V V
6
V
7
V
4
V
1
V
0
V
3

VI V
1
V
0
V
5
V
2
V
7
V
4

Table 2: Looking-up table for selecting VSI output vector
- Flux and torque estimation:
In order to exactly calculate the stator flux and torque
errors, an accurate estimator of stator flux is
necessary. Most of the stator flux calculation is based
on voltage model, current model or the combination
of both models. Among those, the voltage model is
the most popular one because it only requires the
stator resistance (R
s
) for its calculation (equation 5).
However, using equation 5 shows some troubles
referred as the integration drift due to appearance of a
DC component in measured motor back emf (Electro
Motive Force). The DC offset can also be generated
when the feedback signal of stator voltage or current
is not balanced sine wave because of sensor circuits
inaccuracy. These problems can be resolved by
replacing the pure integrator (1/s) with a first-order
low pass filter LPF (G/(1+Ts)). In fact, LPF does not
still give accurate result in the high frequency range
of motor (lager than cut-off frequency of LPF)
because it will generate errors in magnitude and phase
angle.
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There were many solutions given by many researchers
in years to overcome this limit. The most effective
one is of Wu and Hu [9]. They added a feedback
compensation signal and an amplitude limiter to the
traditional integrator as the block diagram below:
1+
G
sT
1
1+ sT
Vs is*Rs
+
+
Limitter
s
ref

Figure 5: The advanced flux estimation diagram

4. DTC For Matrix Converter
The DTC for MC was developed from the
conventional DTC for VSI. Based on the optimum
inverter vector which is selected for VSI and some
other parameters, the corresponding switching pattern
will be determined for MC.
Whatever VSI output vector is selected in the
conventional DTC, there are always six switching
configurations that can be applied to MC to generate
the same output vector (Fig. 2 a). For example,
switching configurations 1; 2; 3 can be applied to
MC to generate vector V
1
, V
4
, similarly for 4, 5, 6
and V
2
, V
5
; 7, 8, 9 and V
3
, V
6
. Actually, at any
instance, the magnitude and direction of MC output
vectors depends on the position of the input line-to-
neural voltage vectors e
i
(Fig. 2 b). Once the
position of e
i
is determined, then only two among six
switching configurations, which have the same sector
as e
i
does in its space vector, are acceptable. For
instance, if it is assumed that the VSI output vector is
V
1
and e
i

is being in sector I, it can be inferred that
switching configuration +1 or -3 will be used. The
average value of sin(
i
) (
i
is the angle between the
input current vector and the corresponding input line-
to-neutral voltage vector) is employed as the third
parameter to determined one final switching
configuration which causes the less value of sin(
i
)
than other does. The purpose of controlling
i
sin( )
is to improve on the input power factor so its
proximity to zero should be achieved. Value of
i
sin( ) is obtained by applying LPF to its
instantaneous estimated value and it is also controlled
via two-level hysteresis comparator with
i
ref
sin( )
= 0.
-1
1
C
sin(wi)
<sin(w
i
)>

Figure 6: Hysteresis comparator of
i
sin( )

Table 3: Optimal switching configurations for DTC-based
Matrix Converter

5. Fuzzy PI Controller
The DTC-based MC still has some disadvantages
including sluggish response during startup and under
changes of torque command. A fuzzy PI controller is
proposed as a possible solution for this problem. It is
well know that fuzzy logic control consists of four
elements: a rule-based, an inference mechanism, a
fuzzification interface and a defuzzification interface.
There are two input variables and two output
variables for the fuzzy PI controller as shown in Fig.
7. The inputs include speed error and change of speed
error while the outputs are K
P
and K
I
factor of the PI
regulator. Fig. 8 (a) and (b) shows membership
functions of input variables E(t) and dE(t)
respectively, which are with conventional triangular
shapes and with 50% overlapping. Each membership
is divided into five fuzzy sets: NB (negative big), NS
(negative small), Z (zero), PS (positive small), PB
(positive big). Fig. 8 (c) and (d) shows membership
functions of output variables K
P
and K
I
. Each
membership function is also assigned with five fuzzy
sets, which are VS (very small), S (small), M
(medium), B (big) and VB (very big).
Fuzzification
de/dt
Inference
engine
Rule-based
Defuzzification PI regulator
E(t) = Speed error
dE(t)
K
P
K
I
Torque ref
Figure 7: Block diagram of a fuzzy PI controller
Sector
of e
i

I II III IV V VI
i
sin( )
C

+1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1
V
S
I

O
U
T
P
U
T

V
E
C
T
O
R
V
1
-3 +1 +2 -3 -1 +2 +3 -1 -2 +3 +1 -2
V
2
+9 -7 -8 +9 +7 -8 -9 +7 +8 -9 -7 +8
V
3
-6 +4 +5 -6 -4 +5 +6 -4 -5 +6 +4 -5
V
4
+3 -1 -2 +3 +1 -2 -3 +1 +2 -3 -1 +2
V
5
-9 +7 +8 -9 -7 +8 +9 -7 -8 +9 +7 -8
V
6
+6 -4 -5 +6 +4 -5 -6 +4 +5 -6 -4 +5
V
0,7

Select zero configuration which causes the
minimum number of commutation.
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NB NS Z PS PB
-50 -25 0 25 50
[E(t)]
E(t)

a)
NB NS Z PS PB
-20 -10 0 10 20
[dE(t)]
dE(t)

b)
VS S M B VB
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
(Kp)
Kp

c)
VS S M B VB
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
(Ki)
Ki

d)
Figure 8: Membership functions of input variables (a,b) and
output variables (c,d)
There are two rule-based tables for two outputs
variables K
P
and K
I
, each consists of 25 linguistic
rules, as shown in Table 4, and gives the changes of
the output of fuzzy logic controller in terms of two
inputs. Those rules are established using literature and
our experiences with the help of the simulation on
computers. In this paper, the inference method used is
Mamdanis procedure based on max-min decision and
the widely used Center of Area (COA) method is
employed for defuzzification.
K
P

E(t)
NB NS Z PS PB
dE(t)
NB VB B VS S B
NS VB M VS M B
Z B M VS M VB
PS B M VS B VB
PB B S VS B VB
a)

K
I

E(t)
NB NS Z PS PB
dE(t)
NB VB B VS S B
NS VB M VS M B
Z B M VS M VB
PS B M VS B VB
PB B S VS B VB
b)
Table 4: Linguistic rule base for output K
P
(a) and K
I
(b)
By Table 4, some of the rules are interpreted:
If E(t)=NB and dE(t)=NB Then K
P
=VB and K
I
=VB.
Here, both the speed error and the change of error are
very big. Therefore, we need large K
P
and K
I
to
achieve a fast response.
If E(t)=Z and dE(t)= NS Then K
P
=VS and K
I
=VS.
Now, the speed error is very small or almost zero and
changes slightly. We set the K
P
and K
I
small to avoid
large overshoot.
Both the Table 4 (a) and (b) are not absolutely
symmetric because of the non-linear response of the
induction motor.

6. Experiment Hardware and Results
To confirm the validity of the proposed method, the
experiments are carried out. The block diagram of the
experiment is shown in Fig. 10. The system consists
of a 3-phase induction motor fed by a matrix
converter. The motor is mechanically coupled with a
DC generator which is used as a changeable load of
the motor. The control system consists of a 32-bit
DSP (TMS320F28335) and Xilinx FPGA. The clamp
circuit plays an important role in protecting IGBTs
from harmful voltage spikes (just in case). The input
voltage and output current are measured by 12-bit
A/D converter which is on-board DSP. The cycle
period is 50 s. The four-step commutation time is
carried out within 2s.
3 phases
source
Input
Filter
Bidirectional
switch Module
DC Suppply
+15V/-5V
Driver circuit
KIT FPGA
Spartan 3E
DSP
TMS320F28335
IM
Encoder
Voltage
Sensor Circuit
Clamp
Circuit
RS232
Current
Sensor Circuit

Figure 10: The experimental block diagram of a DTC-based
matrix converter
Fig. 11 (a) and (b) show the experimental hardware
setup of power and control circuits, and induction
motor and load, respectively. The induction motor is
of 380V, 50Hz, 2 poles, 2.2KW whose stator
resistance values is R
S
=3. Fig. 12 explains the block
diagram in implementing the proposed method.

a)
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b)
Figure 11: The experimental set (a) matrix converter and
control circuit (b) induction motor and DC generator (acted
as load)
MATRIX
CONVERTER
VSI
VECTOR
SLECTION
Flux_ref
Torque_ref
FLUX &
TORQUE
ESTIMATOR
--
--
CTe
C
+
+
Flux_est
Torque_est
load
Fuzzy PI Controller
(rpm)
IM
i
o
vo
io
vi
s
DTC-Based MC
VECTOR
SLECTION
i
sin( )
Calculation
vi
o
i
ii io
vi
Csin(i)
Set speed
Figure 12: The whole block diagram in implementing the
DTC-Based Matrix Converter

a)

b)
Figure 13: Line-line output voltage (a) and output current
with f
o
= 25Hz; f
i
= 50Hz; R-L load (R = 11; L= 40mH)



a)

b)
Figure 14: Line-line output voltage (a) and output current
with f
o
= 75Hz; f
i
= 50Hz; R-L load (R = 11; L= 40mH)


a)

b)

c)
Figure 15: Induction motor performance at 400rpm with
1.5Nmn: (a) Stator phase current (b) Line-line stator
voltage (c) Input line-to-neural voltage and input phase
current

Figure 16: Rotor speed at 300rpm with 1.5Nm using
Normal PI Controller


Figure 17: Rotor speed at 400rpm with 1.5Nm using Fuzzy
PI Controller
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Figure 18: Rotor speed changes from 350rpm to 450rpm to
400rpm with 1.5Nm using Fuzzy PI Controller
To make sure four-step commutation works well with
designed DTC-Based MCs hardware, simple
experiments with Space Vector Modulation (SVM)
method for MC should be implemented firstly as a
dry-run test. The maximum possible supply voltage is
also determined in this step to verify the maximum
power of MC. Fig. 13 and 14 show the experimental
results of the steady state performance with RL load
using Indirect-SVM method. The line-to-line output
voltage and output phase current are both smooth. The
low order harmonics and distortion which are not
desirable are almost eliminated.
Fig.15 to Fig. 18 are the results of designed DTC-
Based MC operated with induction motor as load. Fig.
15 shows the result of the steady state performance
with indcution motor at speed 400rpm. The line to
line output voltage and output phase current are
similar to those of operation with RL load. However,
there are more distortions and the phase current is not
pure sinusoidal because of the highly dynamic
response of the induction motor. It can be clearly seen
that the input current is in phase with the input line-
to-neural voltage, confirming the unity input power
factor which is one of the most significant advantages
of this proposed method.
Fig. 16 shows the speed dynamic response using
normal PI controller. According to the result, we can
see the large overshoot in transient response and the
ripple during steady state as well.
Fig. 17, 18 desmonstrate the speed dynamic response
of the DTC method using fuzzy PI controller. Fig. 17
show the dynamic response of the system at the speed
reference 400rpm while Fig. 18 shows the response of
the system when the speed reference changes
suddenly. It can be seen from the results that the fuzzy
DTC method can achieve fast response during startup
and changes of the speed reference (or load). In
addtion, with fuzzy PI controller, the speed ripple and
overshoot are much smaller than those of normal
DTC method.

7. Conclusion
This paper presents the practical implementation of a
new method, using a fuzzy logic controller associated
with direct torque control method for matrix converter
fed induction motor. The experimental results suggest
that the DTC-based matrix converter has many
advantages over other control methods, yet remains
some drawbacks including slow response during
startup, torque ripple and variable switching
frequency. To deal with such problems, a fuzzy logic
controller is proposed in order to adopt fast dynamic
and high performance. Since each scheme and method
has individual advantages and limitations, rigorous
investigation is being carried out to improve the
performance.

References
[1] A.Alesina, M.G.B.V., Analysis and Design of
Optimum-Amplitude Nine Switch Direct AC-
AC Converters. IEEE Trans. On Power
Electronics, 4 (1989)
[2] D. Casadei, G.S., A. Tani, and L. Zari, Matrix
Converters Modulation Strategies: A New
General Approach Based on Space-Vector
Representation of the Switch State. IEEE
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Nguyen Phuong Duy was
born in Kien Giang province,
Vietnam, in 1989. He
received his Bachelor Degree
of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering from Ho Chi
Minh City University of
Technology, Vietnam, April
2011. He is currently
working as research assistant
and teaching assistant at
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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

VCCA-2011
Automatic Control Lab, Division of Automation and
Control, EE Dept, HCMUT. His research interests
include power electronics, intelligent control and real
time embedded systems.
Contact: npduy@hcmut.edu.vn

Huynh Trung Nam was
born in Binh Phuoc
province, Vietnam, in
1988. He received his
Bachelor Degree of
Electrical and Electronics
Engineering from Ho Chi
Minh City University of
Technology, Vietnam,
April 2011. He is currently
working as research
assistant and teaching assistant at Automatic
Manufacturing Lab, Division of Automation and
Control, EE Dept, HCMUT. His research interests
include power electronics, computer vision.
Contact: htnam@hcmut.edu.vn


Huynh Thai Hoang was
born in Vietnam, in 1974.
He received the M.S. and
PhD. degrees in electrical
engineering from Ho Chi
Minh City University of
Technology, Vietnam in
1999 and 2005,
respectively. Since 1996,
he has been with
Department of Electrical
and Electronics
Engineering, Hochiminh
City University of Technology, Vietnam, where he is
currently a Vice Dean. He was with University of
Haute Alsace as a post-doc fellow for one year in
2007. His research interests are in the areas of
intelligent control and computer vision.
Contact: hthoang@hcmut.edu.vn


Nguyen Van Nho was
born in Vietnam, in 1964.
He received the M.S. and
PhD. degrees in electrical
engineering from
University of West
Bohemia, Czech
Republics in 1988 and
1991, respectively. Since
1992, he has been with
Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Hochiminh City
University of Technology, Vietnam, where he is
currently an associate professor. He was with KAIST
as a post-doc fellow for six months in 2001 and a
visiting professor for a year in 2003-2004. His
research interests are in the areas of modeling and
control of ac motors, active filters and PWM
techniques.
Contact: nvnho@hcmut.edu.vn

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