Title Right-handed and left handled Introduction

Handedness is a human attribute defined by unequal distribution of fine motor skills between the left and right hands. An individual who is more dexterous with the right hand is called right-handed and one who is more skilled with the left is said to be lefthanded. Minorities of people are equally skilled with both hands, and are termed ambidextrous. The factors that influence whether a person is right or left handed are complex. Genetics play a role in determining "handedness," but environmental factors can also play a main role compare to genetic factors.

Long-term impairment of the right hand: people with long-term impairment of the right hand are more likely to become left-handed, even after their right hand heals. Besides that, the hand orientation will affect the social life of human. For example, their hobby, personalities Objectives 1.to study the human variation for hand orientation 2.to study the factor affecting right-handed and left-handed 3.to study the distribution of right-handed and left-handed among UPSIs student 4.to study the effects of human hand preference on their activities and personalities
Methods In this project, we use some method : 1.Survey method We distribute about 100 questionaires form to the respodents. We choose the respondent are from different course.

Result

25

20

None One

15

Two Three Four

10

Five Six

seven Eight

0 Number of siblings-Boys Number of siblings-Girls

Graph 1 :

100 90 80 70 60 Right-handed 50 40 30 20 10 0 Hand's dominant of boy siblings Left-handed Both hand

80 70 60 50 Right-handed 40 30 20 10 0 Hand's dominat of girl sibling Left-handed Both hand

60

50

40

Art Science and Math

30

Language Technology

20

Bussines

10

0 Tendency to learn

Discussion

From the result of graph 1 above, we can discuss about the genetic factor of the right handed and left handed respectively. The graph 1 shows the majority of the respondent are right handed preferenced compare to left handed preference. The theory of the handness shows there are genes which are responsible to control the right handness. When the genes are DD gene is for right handed preference and CC gene for left handed preference, while DC gene are the chance for 50% for right handed preference and other 50% left handed. Base on this genetic factor, most of respondents give righthanded result which whether they has DD gene or DC gene. This genetic factor also can explain the graph 2 which shows majority of parents is right handed preference. We know that, parents can inherite their genetic inheritance to their sons and daughter. When the parents inherite D allele whether from their genotype DD or DC, the results of their daughter or sons to use right handed is high compare to left handed preference. The number of left handed is less compare to right handed because the less probability of parents to inherite allele C to their daughter and sons.

The results above show the percentage of left-handers for each family member, based only on the surveys completed by left-handers as "you" and ignoring all blank boxes. For example, 14% of lefthanders had a left-handed mother but only 5% had a left-handed grandmother on their mother's side (grandmother2).

In total, 11% of all left-handers' direct relatives were also left-handed The handedness of their parents was slightly higher then the generally accepted level of

10% of population being left-handed (although this figure itself has not been established by any proper large scale survey)

Left-handedness seems to reduce with additional children, both with the person's own

brothers and sisters and their own children. Could it be that the more children you have, the less left-handed they become?

Left-handedness among grandparents is below average current levels. This may be due to

the fact that at the time they were young, left-handedness was much less accepted and many people were forcibly changed to the right

Only 1.4% of left-handers in the survey had both parents left-handed, 24% had one left-

handed parent and 75% had two right-handed parents

Clare Porac, a professor of psychology at Pennsylvania State University who studies handedness, explains. Researchers who study human hand preference agree that the side of the preferred hand (right versus left) is produced by biological and, most likely, genetic causes. The two most widely published genetic theories of human hand preference argue that evolutionary natural selection produced a majority of individuals with speech and

language control in the left hemisphere of the brain. Because the left hemisphere also controls the movements of the right hand--and notably the movements needed to produce written language--millennia of evolutionary development resulted in a population of humans that is biased genetically toward individuals with left hemisphere speech/language and right-hand preference. Approximately 85 percent of people are right-handed. These theories also try to explain the persistent and continuing presence of a left-handed minority (about 15 percent of humans). The genetic proposal to explain hand preference states that there are two alleles, or two manifestations of a gene at the same genetic location, that are associated with handedness. One of these alleles is a D gene (for dextral, meaning right) and the other allele is a C gene (for chance). The D gene is more frequent in the population and is more likely to occur as part of the genetic heritage of an individual. It is the D gene that promotes right-hand preference in the majority of humans. The C gene is less likely to occur within the gene pool, but when it is present, the hand preference of the individual with the C gene is determined randomly. Individuals with the C gene will have a 50 percent chance of being right-handed and a 50 percent chance of being left-handed. These theories of hand preference causation are intriguing because they can account for the fact that the side of hand preference of individuals with the C gene (most lefthanders and some right-handers) can be influenced by external cultural and societal pressures, a phenomenon that researchers have documented. These theories can also explain the presence of right-handed children in families with left-handed parents and the presence of left-handed children in families with right-handed parents. If the familial genetic pool contains C genes, then hand preference becomes amenable to chance influences, including the pressures of familial training and other environmental interventions that favor the use of one hand over the other. The proposed genetic locus that determines hand preference contains an allele from each parent, and the various possible genetic combinations are DD individuals who are strongly right-handed, DC individuals who are also mostly right-handed, and CC individuals who are either right-handed or left-handed. These genetic combinations leave us with an overwhelming majority of human right-handers and a small, but persistently occurring, minority of left-handers.

Some researchers have hypothesized the existence of a single gene which confers righthandedness; individuals lacking this gene display random handedness with about one-half

being right-handed and the other half being left-handed. One problem with this singlegene theory is that other studies show that when both parents are left-handed they have a 30% to 40% chance of having a left-handed child. If left-handedness were a recessive trait and both parents are left-handed, then all of their children should be left-handed. Perhaps more than one gene is involved, or other more complex factors come into play. When a full gene map has been developed, the genetic factors will hopefully become clearer.