1 ) A situational factor that led to high obedience is that we are far more likely to obey than what we

expect- 3.6 % predicted to obey compared to the 76.5% that do.

2) An event that prompted Pilliavin to investigated factors that influence helping behaviour is the
case of Kitty Genaviase, where she had been murdered in front of 30 people and none of them
seeked help, where a theory of diffusion of responsibility had been discovered.

3) Condition of the Victim ( ill / drunk)

4) A possible reason as to why the condition of the V influenced behaviour is that is due to the
perception of vulnerability of the victim. It is likely that participants perceived the ‘ill’ condition to be
more vulnerable, whereas the drunk condition could’ve been perceived as self-inflicted and less
deserving of help.

5) A reason why Levine et al links to the social area is that the individuals/ groups influences
behaviour, as shown by the different rates of helpfulness in the different cities being investigated
( cross cultural method). Levine et al found that the cultural values influenced behaviours as Brazil
operates with ‘simpatica’ values in comparison to the USA’s ‘individualism’ values, which is
represented in the results as helpfulness in Brazil was 94% compared to USA’s 42%.

6) Grant et al used an independent measures design by getting ppts to study in the ‘noisy/ silent’
condition and then take a SAQ and MCQ on psychoimmunology test in either the ‘noisy / silent
condition

7) A weakness of Grant et al using an independent measures design is that individual differences

between ppts are not controlled, as for example ppts in one condition may be more intelligent than
a ppt in another condition and therefore scored higher, consequently the test scores may not be a
cause and effect of the conditions of which ppts studied and had been tested in.

8) A dichotic listening task is where different messages are presented to both ears simultaneously.

9) In Moray the dichotic listening tasks was controlled as the experimenters had control over the
volume of the messages being played

10) A similarity between Bandura et al and Chaney et al is that they both prove behaviour is
nurtured, as behaviour can be transmitted through learning. This had been found in Bandura et al as
the social learning theory had been investigated, where it had been proven we learn behaviours
from role models, where role models may include older people of the same gender. In comparison,
Chaney et al investigated the effect of operant conditioning on children, positive reinforcement
( learning new behaviour through rewards) had been used in order to encourage children to use a
Funhaler in order to treat their asthma, where ppts were rewarded with a whistle being blown if the
Funhaler was being used correctly. This is a similarity as the social learning theory and operant
conditioning are ways behaviour can be transmitted and learnt, therefore proving the nurture
debate.

11) Post – conventional

12) Post-conventional is that the morals of ppts are democratically influenced as well as individual
beliefs.

13) The aim of Lee et al is to investigate the different moral attitudes of Canadian and Chinese ppts
aged 7,9 and 11 using a cross cultural method.
14) Sperry links to the biological area of psychology due to proving structural differences between
individuals are observable and measurable. This is because the disconnection of the corpus collosum
had made it more difficult for ppts to respond in speech/ writing where an object had been
presented to a particular visual field, and the observers could view this due to their inability to
respond, despite the corpus collosum not being involved in decisions/ speech, it is believed to be
due to the independence of the hemispheres.

15) The study is longitudinal as at 4 years old ppts 562 ppts underwent a gratification delay tests in
order to investigate whether these children were high / low delayers, and then 20+ years later a
smaller number of the same ppts conducted the same test in order for researchers to discover if our
gratification delay changes over time.

16) The self report method is unlikely to be unreliable due to the likelihood of social desirability. Due
to interviewing 52 murderers, where murder is one of the most immoral as well as most punishable
offences, it is likely that ppts answers were characterised by what society would accept, and
therefore it is likely that ppts answers may be influenced by bias due to ppts seeking the acceptance
of the interviewer as well as attempting to prevent themselves from appearing as embarrassing.

17) The determinism debate suggest that we lack control over our behaviour, due to being
characterised by individual and situational factors such as the environment and genetics. However,
the freewill debate suggests the opposite, believing we have complete control and choice over our
behaviour.

18) An example of a study that proves the determinism debate is Milgram’s study, due to the ppts
believing they had an obligation to participate in the study due to them being paid in order to do so,
and may have believed them withdrawing from the sample would result in them no longer being
paid. This is therefore deterministic as ppts believed that they had to perform what they were told
to do in order to paid, explaining the high obedience rates and lack of control.

19) An example of a study proving the freewill debate is Pilliavin, where there were differences in
rates of helping between the ill condition(98%) and the drunk condition(50%) , which could be
interpreted as the choice of the ppts as they believed the ill condition was more deserving of help,
therefore choosing to help them and choosing not to help the drunk condition. Additionally, there
was a lack of

20) A reason as to why deterministic explanations of behaviour are useful is due to providing
explanations of mental illness, in which solutions had been suggested following the research.
Gottesman et al found a genetic explanation of mental illness, specifically in Schizophrenia as well as
Bipolar disorder, as it had been found there is a 24% risk to an offspring of developing Schizophrenia
where both parents had been diagnosed, compared to 7% risk of one parent and a 1.12% risk
towards the general population. Within the conclusions of Gottesman et al’s research, it had been
suggested that those who would be vulnerable to mental illness due to their genetic background
underwent genetic counselling, which makes the research of Gottesman et al useful as although it
states that people are more vulnerable to mental illness due to our genetic
background( deterministic due to being biological) , suggestions of treating this allows us to exert
our freewill.

However, deterministic research can promote a stereotypical nature and promote segregation
across society, and where deterministic research suggest that we lack control over our behaviour,
this type of research can be very socially sensitive due to the possible political consequence of the
research. This can be found in Goulds study, who evaluated Yerkes intelligence testing of army
members in what was an ethnocentric manner. The results suggested the mean age of the White
American would be 13.04, compared to the mean age of the black man being 10.42. Although these
results both present the army members to be ‘morons’ the research had been conducted at a time
where segregation was prominent and therefore provided extra reasoning as to why segregation
should occur, which is highly unethical as well as promoting a stigma.

On the other hand, an advantage of Goulds study is that it points out that the use of intelligence
testing could be used effectively and be used in multiple manors that benefit society. For example,
intelligence testing could be used in explaining criminal behaviour ( Raine et al), as well as providing
academic by identifying those who need it the most by using this type of intelligence testing and
ones that need it less, which could boost the school educating system. Therefore, deterministic
explanations of behaviour can be proven to be useful due to the aid it can provide society.

Another reason as to why deterministic studies may not be useful is due to the lack of
generalisability of the samples. This can be proven in Freud’s study as Little Hans ( real name Herbert
Graf) was the only ppt of a clinical case study that investigated the Oedipus Complex. Little Hans was
only a toddler at the time of the study being conducted and was a boy piving in Austria ( Vienna ),
and therefore the results would only be applicable to people with similar characteristics, which
would be very few. Additionally, the behaviour of Little Hans was likely to be influenced by hid life
experiences, where everybody has a different life events , and therefore generalising the results of
one boy to all boys is almost impossible to be completely accurate.

21) The social area and the cognitive area could both be considered to be ethnocentric, meaning
there is cultural bias within the study. The cognitive area is likely to be ethnocentric due to the
similarity of the ppts, as in Loftus and Palmer ppts included a sample of undergraduate students with
a mean age of 20 years old, where it is likely that ppts lived in the same area, were white and were
not/ inexperienced drivers and thereforeis ethnocentric due to the ppts having similar
characteristics rather than having lots of different ppts with different backgrounds. The Social area
can be considered to be ethnocentric as in Levine et al, the people that rated the type of culture a
country were was likely to be influenced by their own cultural values, and rather than being
objective it is likely that each countries ratings were based of normal tradition in their own country.

On the other hand both areas can be considered to not be ethnocentric. This is because in the social
area, Milgram’s study involved a sample with a range of occupations, where 40% were white collar
workers, 22.5% professionals and 37.5% manual labourers, proving the study isn’t ethnocentric due
to ppts having a range of occupations and therefore a range of experiences. The cognitive area
included Simons and Chadbris, which is unlikely to be ethnocentric due to there being 228 ppts- a
large pool and therefore it is likely that ppts were not similar and the study hadn’t been affected by
ethnocentrism. By the samples having different occupations and being large, the ppts are likely to be
different and therefore not being ethnocentric.

22) A psychological issue raised by the article is that Rob’s fear of baked beans could’ve been a result
of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is associative behaviour, which is where a type of
behaviour is associated with a specific stimulus. The type of behaviour Rob has is getting ‘ shaking’
and ‘running away’ and the specific stimulus is the beans. The classical conditioning is likely to have
been triggered by his brothers that used to throw them at him, and since then he has associated that
kind of response to seeing beans.
23) A psychological study that relates to the idea of classical conditioning is Wilson and Rayner. This
is because the experimenters presented a rat after using a hammer which would hit the metal in A
23) A psychological study that relates to the idea of classical conditioning is Wilson and Rayner. This
is because the experimenters presented a rat after using a hammer which would hit the metal in
order to create a noise, which would then induce fear to Little Albert, who over time would
assosicate the noise with the rat and just by hearing the noise alone would cry, due the the stimulus
(noise) causing this behaviour. Similarly, Rob associated behaviour with a type of physiological
response, beans and shaking, and therefore were similar due to the classical conditioning of fear.

Additionally, Rob and Little Albert were similar due to the fear being limited in the future. This is
because Little Albert had been debriefed and this fear had been reduced, and Rob found a new
occupation in order to limit the contact with the beans. Therefore, the classical conditioning effects
had been decreased by avoiding the specific stimulus/ treating it.

24) A perspective that would explain Rob’s phobia is the behaviourist perspective as it believes that
behaviour is nurtured through learning. A form of learning behaviour is classical consitioning, which
is associative behaviour, and where Rob associated beans with the shaking and running, leading to
his specific phobia this shows that he has learnt a behaviour. A behaviourist would also believe that
we are a product of our own environment, and therefore become what we are exposed to. As Rob
had been exposed to his brothers throwing beans at him this became a fear of his and he therefore
became a product of his environment as he carried on this fear throughout his life.